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Candidiasis: The genus candida encompasses more than 150 species ubiquitous in
nature these organisms are found on inanimate objects in foods and on animals and are
normal commensals of human. Candida is a small this walled, ovoid yeast that measures
4-6 mm in diameter and reproduces by budding organisms occur in three.

The human pathogens are C albicans, C guithermondii, C Krusei, C glabrate and few
other. They vitamin the gastrointestinal tract, the female genital tract and the skin.

Etiologic Agent: Candida is a small this walled, ovoid yeast that measures 4-6 mm in
diameter and reproduces by budding. The organism of this genus occurs in three forms
in lessue as blastospores, psendo hyphen and hyphen.

Pathogenesis: In the most serious form of Candida infection the organism¶s disseniate
homogenously and form micro abscesses in organs

Innate immunity is the most important defense mechanism against disseminated

Candidiass.

Main clirical manifectations are mucoentaneous candidiasis and deeply invasive

candidiases.

Mccourtaveous: The chemical manifestations are mostly thrust and vulvo vaginal
candidacies. The influence of reproductive harmones in adolescents cause vast changes
in the tissues and increase susceptibility of infection.

Vulvovaginal candiasis: Vulvovaginal candidiasis produces valuar pruritis, burning and

irrilation sings of candidiasis include valvar erythema, edema, fissures and tenderness.

A white scanty, vaginal discharge in the form of white plagnes or cotton cherse like
curds adherent loosely to vaginal mucosa. C albicans accounts for nearly all cases of
vaginal candidiasis. Volvovaginal candidiasis occure in women with mentrolled diabetes,
pregnancy debilitation and immune suppression.

Diagnostic Criteria: Chemical and laboratory based on chemical fudings, scanty

discharge with thick cheesy or curdy precipitate adherent to the vagina and labia
associated with intense purities. May be accompanied by excoriation and inflammation of
valve and vagina.

Lab diagnosis: The diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis on is by demonstration of

psendo hyphae or hyphae by microscopic examination of vaginal fuid.

To a drop of the suspension of vaginal discharge in saline on a slide, add or drop of 10%
KOH sohetion and examinine under microscope.

Gram stained smeas of vaginal discharge shous ± oval budding yeast calls.
Culture ± on saborauds metimom reveals rounded oroval shaped colomies 1-2mm in
diameter within 48-72



Microbiology: Various species of trichomonads can be found in month and

gastrointestinal tract trichomenos vaginalis one of the most prevalent protozoal
parasites is a pathogen of the genitor irrirary tract and a major cause of symptomatic.

Vaginitis: Trichomonas vaginelis is a pear shaped, actively motile organism that

measures about 10x7mm inhabits the lower genital track of females and the urethreat
and prostate of males.

Clinical features of vaginal trichomoniasis vaginal trichoniasis characteristically produces

a profuse, yellow, purulent, homogenous vginal discharge with varlvar and valval
epithehium and pefechical lesions on the cessi and The so called straw berry cesvix.

  

Wel preparation technique: The swab is agitated in 0.9% saline and a drop of this is
observed under wet mount microscopy. Motile pear shaped organism is seen in positive
specimens. Culture is the gold standard technique with a sensitivity of more than 70%
but takes upto 7days for results to be obtained.

Polymerase chain reaction and vatex agghtinetion.

 

Bactirial vaginosis is caused by G. Vaginal¶s, Mycoplasma honious and several anaerobic

bacteria ± mobiluncs prevolulla species and pepto ± streptococcus spp

Hacurophils vaginalis or gardnerella naginalis is the most associated organism.

Chiwcalfealurss: Bacterial vaginosis is connentionally diagnosed clinically with

1. Increased white homogenous molodorous vaginal discharge.

2. Vaginal discharge with a PH of 4.5

3. Liberation of a distinct fishy odor attributable to volalite amines.

4. Microscopic demonstration of clue cells coated with coccobacillary organisms which

have a grannler appearance and indistinct boarders.

  

Grams stained smear of vaginal discharge shows ± clue cells with bacilli, gram negative
roads of gram which are gardeneralla vaginalts and plcomorphic bacteria¶s which include
other anaerobic bacteria.
Mucopurulent cervicits refers to inflammation of the columnas epithelwon and
subepithlivrn of the endocervix and contigons columner epithetium that exposed an
epithetium position on the exocercix.

Mucopurulent cerlicts is caused by Nisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis

v  

The terms pelvic inflammatory disease usually refers to infection that ascends from revix
or vagine to involve the endometrial and/ or fallopian tubes. Infection can extend
beyond the reproduction treet to cause peritonitis, perihepathis, pewsplenitis or pelvic
abscess.

The agents most after implicated in PID include the primary causes of endocercities ±
Nisseria gnorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachmetis.



Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection of epithelium and eomononly maniferts as

cericitis, urethritis, proctitis and conjunctivitis. If untreated lead to complications such as
endometritis, salpingitis, tuboovariam abscess, bartholivitis and peritonitis in female
patients. Gonorrhoea is transmitted from males to females more efficient by than in
opposite direction.

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Neisseria gonorrhea is a gram negative non motile, non- spore forming organism that
grows singly and in pairs. Neisseria gonorrhoeae other species by their ability grow on
selective medva.

Clinical manifestations: Gonococcal infection in females in the most common STI in

women women infected may remain asymptomatic or develop symptoms which include
± Scant vaginal discharge and deserve and dysparwnea.

Physical examination way reveal a prulent discharge (Mucopus) from the cervical os

Laboratory diagnosis: Grams stain of vaginal discharge ± Gram negative infracelluler

monococci and diplococcic

Polymorphonuclear leucocylee (Poly morphe Nucholytes) (PMNS) are often seen an the
endocervix on grams stain vaginal discharge should be inocluted on to a plate of Thayer
± martin medium for culture.

Nucleic acid pro be tests are sometimes substituted for culture for alirect defection of N.
Gonorrhoeae in urogential specimens.




Three Chlamydial species cause human infections Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia

and Chlamydophite pneumonia

Chlamydia are obhigate intracellular bacteria that are classified in order Chlamydiales

Chlamydia possess both DNA and RNA, have a cell wall and ribosomes similar to those of
gram negative bacteria.

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Unique feature of all Chlamydia is their complex reproductive cycle. Two forms of
microorganism the extra cellular elementary body (EB) and the intracellular reticulate
body (RB). EBs attaché to susceptible target cells and enter the cells inside a
phagosome and reorganize into RBS which are adapted to intracellular survival and
multiplication.

Pathogenesis: Chlamydia trachomatis preferentially infects the columnar epithelium of

the eye and the respiratory and genital tracts.

Clinical manifestations: Non gonococcal uretheitis in men and muccopurulent cervicitis in

women. C. trachometis is identified in fallopian tubes of 50% of women with pelvic
inflammatory disease. Mucopurulent cercicitis is followed by endowmetritis,
endosalphingitis and pelvic peritintis.

Lymphogramuloma venerum is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis strains of the L1, L2

and L3 serovars.

Laboratory diagnosis

Four types of laboratory procedures are available to confirm C trachomatis infection 1.

Direct microscopic examination of issue scrapings for typical intracy to plasmic inclusions
or EBs.

Isolation of organism in cell cultures Direct immune fluorescent antibody slide test by
straining with fluorescein ± conjected monoclonate antibody for Chlamydial antigens ±
Observation of fluorescing EBs confirms the diagnosis.

ELISA techniques are available for detection of Chlamydial antigens.

NAAT can defect Chlamydia genes in forst void urine samples and vaginal discharge
swabs.

(ELISA ± Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay)

(NAAJ ± Nucleic acid amplification test)

!

Syphilis, a chronic systemic infection caused by treponema pollidum subspecils pallidum

is usually sexually transmitted.

The spirochaetales include three genera that are pathogenic for humans.

Leptospira which causes human leptospirosis Borrelia which causes ± Lyme disease.

Genus Treponeura includes T pathidum subspecies pallidum eaures veneral syphilis,

T.pathidum subspecies pertenue which causes yews subspecies endemicum which
causes endomic syphilis or beject and T. carateum which causes.

Actiologic Agent

T. pallidurn subspecies pallidum is a thinspirale organism, has a cell body surrounded by

a trilaminea cytoplasmic membrane, a delicate peptidogycan layer and a lipid rich onter
membrane-

Pathogenesis: T pathiduon penetrates infect mucons membranes or micro babrasions in

skin and mucons membrances and enters the lymphaties and blood to produce systemic
infection and snetastaicfoci.



Primary syphilis: Primary chancre is a single painless papule that rapidly crodes and
becomes indurated with a characteristic cartilaginous consistency a palpation of the edge
and base of the ulcer. Common sites of occurrence are cerix and labia in women.

Secondary Syphilis: The protean manifestations of secondary syphilis are localized or

diffuse mucoculaneou lesions and generalized non tender lymphadenopathy.

Typical skin rash consisting of macular, popular, papulo squmous and pustalar lesions
muconspatches. Papules enlarge to produces condylomata late.

Typical mucons pateh is a painless siluverygrey erosion evith a red periphery. Latent
syphilis ± Positive serologic tests for syphilis and absence of clinical manifestations.

  "

Dark field microscopy and immunoflooure antibody and training are done to identify
spirochete in most lesions.

Serologic tests for syphilis:

a) Non treponemal tests RPR and VDRL tests measure JgG and JgM directed against a
cardiolip lecithic ± cholesterol antigen complex.

b) Trepomal Tests: Flourscent treponemal antibody absorbed (FTA ± ABS) test.

Micro heamagglutination assay to T. pathidurn.

Uses of serologic tests

1. Screening or diagnostic pruposis (-RPR-VDRL)

2. Quantitative measurement of antibody to assess clinical syphilis activity and monitor

response to therapy.

3. Confirmation of a syphilis diagnose in patients reactive to RPR and VDRL

± !!"  #

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 HSV-2) produce a variety of infections involving

mucoculaneons surfaces, central nervons system and on occarion visceral organs.

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The genome of Herpes Simplex Virus is a linear double strand DNA molecule that
encodes more than 90 transcription units.

The viral genome is packaged is a regular icosahedra protein shall composed of 162
copsomeres. The onter covering of the virus is a lipid containing member are acquired as
DNA containing eapsid buds through the inner nuclear membrane of the bost cell

Pathogenesis: Exposure to HSV at nucosal surfaces or abrabled skin sites permits entey
of virus and initiation of its replication in cells of epidermis and dermis.

Genital infections: First episode of primary genital herpes is characterized by fever,

headache, malvse and majalgins pain, itching dysuria vaginal discharge and tewder
inguinal lymphodenopethy are the predominant local symptoms widely speaced bilateral
lessons of external genelaua are characteristic.



Clinical diagnosis: Presence of characteristic multiple vesicular lesions on an

erythemators base.

Lab diagnosis: Staining of scrapings from the base of lesions with weights, Giemsa¶s
Tzank preparation, or paparicolovn¶s stain to defect gaint cells or intranceclear inchisions
of herpes virus infection.

HSV DNA detection by PCR is the most sensitive laboratory technique.

±#!!  #

Human papillma viruses selectively infect the epithlim of skin and mucous membranss.
These infections may be symptomatic, produce warts and are associated with a variety
of being and mehignant neoplarms.
Etiologic Agent papilloma viruses are members of the family pabillomaviride. They are
non evveloped, measure ± 50.55mm in diameter, have icosahedral capsids compsed of
72 capsoneres and contain a double. Strand circular DNA genome of 7900 base pairs.

HPV-1 causes planter waters

HPV-6 causes anogental warts and GPV = 16 infection can produce cervical dysplasia
and inverine cervical cancer.

Pathogenesis: The incubation period of HPV disease is usually 3-4 months and may
range from 1 month ot 2 years. All types of squamous epithelium can be infected by
HPV.

Episomal HPV DNA is present in the nuclei of infected cells in benign lessons caused
HPV. HPV infection also elicits a detectable serologic response in many patients.