Matt Abrams

Annotated Bibliography

Lukachko, Alicia, Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, and Katherine M. Keyes. "Structural racism and myocardial

infarction in the United States." ​Social Science & Medicine​ 103 (2014): 42-50.

While research on racism in the United States has been done, far less has been done on the

impact of systemic racism on the health of Black Americans. This study shows that blacks are

discriminated against systematically in the United States in 4 different regards. Further, these

effects impact not only social standing, but the health of these individuals as well. Myocardial

infarction, or a heart attack, were more common in the groups shown to be systematically

discriminated against in the United States.

Doane, Ashley. "What is racism? Racial discourse and racial politics." ​Critical Sociology​ 32.2-3 (2006):

255-274.

This source is integral in the dissection of the origins and causes of racism. It takes a look at

many source in current media and uncovers what racism lies underneath. It also uncovers the

different definitions of racism that are held by different groups throughout the country, and

discusses how this can contribute to more conflict. These different understandings of racism are

giving advocates of the discriminated a platform on which to stand. It connects these ideas to

color-blindness, the idea that some people ignore race, and the overarching theme of systemic

racism.

Feagin, Joe, and Zinobia Bennefield. "Systemic racism and US health care." ​Social science & medicine

103 (2014): 7-14.

Similarly to my first source, this source focuses on systemic racism against African-Americans,

and the effect on the health of those. It asserts that this problem has existed since the 17th

century, and was created by Eurocentrism, or as it was put, the white-centric mind of the United
 States. Medicinal practices vary greatly in perspective between black and white practitioners, and

often limit the services available. Further, systemic racism causes disparity in resources available

to those in need of healthcare, causing similar issues. It also describes some solutions that have

been put into place thus far.

Epstein, Kitty Kelly. "The whitening of the American teaching force: A problem of recruitment or a problem

of racism?." ​Social Justice​ 32.3 (101 (2005): 89-102.

This focuses on the education system in the United States. Despite the fact that nearly half of

current American students are non-white, and soon that percentage will be higher, there are

relatively few teachers in public schools of non-white ethnicity. This gives all young students the

view of a world of white professionals, and gives them the notion that people of their color cannot

be intellectuals or people of influence. Without a role model, they grow up perpetuating the

systemic racism that caused the issue to begin with. Because so few are hired as teachers, it also

limits potential careers later in life.

Kleven, Thomas. "Systemic Classism: Systemic Racism: Are Social and Racial Justice Achievable in the

United States." ​Conn. Pub. Int. LJ​ 8 (2008): 37.

The source again focuses on the definition of systemic racism and its sources. It also develops

systemic classism, the dividing of the population by economic status, and details how these two

phenomena can overlap. It concludes that Hispanics and African-Americans have often been the

target of this racism, and as a result, fall into lower classes where they are further subjugated.

The author explains that these two ideas cause opportunity and wealth to be unfairly distributed

towards a rich, white minority, rather than the majority of lower class citizens that it discriminates

against.

Neubeck, Kenneth J., and Noel A. Cazenave. "Welfare racism: Playing the race card against America's

poor." (2002).
 This book covers the idea of the poor in our country being African-American, and being

undeserving of the aid that they receive. America has become so normalized to this that is has

become acceptable and even welcome for politicians to call this to attention in order to support

welfare reform. It goes on to mention that the fixing of this issue is a difficult task, as many white

Americans deny that racism is a problem in the present. However, it shows that many federal aids

to those who are impoverished have been abolished simply because welfare has been deemed

by the public as an issue for those of color.

Antoinette. “Exposing Bias: Race and Racism in America.” ​Harvard Extension School​, 18 Oct. 2016,

https://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/exposing-bias-race-racism-america​.

An interview about where racism comes from, why it persists, and what it does to our country. “At

its most basic level, racism is a lens through which people interpret, naturalize, and reproduce

inequality.” Racism was born out of a need for freedom and the persistence of slavery in our

country. In the past, it was stated that the slaves were not equal biologically, and this notion

continued in our culture, and has become ingrained in the minds of those who do not even know

it. Blacks and whites were further divided by the rich elite to keep themselves safe, and prevent

the coming together of the races.

“Hate Crimes in the United States Increased Last Year, the FBI Says.” ​Washington Post,​

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/11/13/hate-crimes-in-the-united-state

s-increased-last-year-the-fbi-says/. Accessed 2 Apr. 2019.

Notes the increase in hate crimes in the United States over the past few years. This has caused

further unease in public, and therefore even further divide between races as the unease leads to

discussion and more violence. The number of American hate groups has increased, as they are often

accepted by the current government. “Hate crimes demand priority attention because of their special

impact. They not only hurt one victim, but they also intimidate and isolate a victim’s whole community and
weaken the bonds of our society.” The hate crimes were committed twice as often by whites than by

blacks.

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones