Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
A Thesis
of Cornell University
Doctor of Philosophy
by
August 1987
A Theoretical and Experimental study of Airlift Pumping
theoretical predictions.
iii
Douglas entered in a Doctoral Program in
iv
Dedication
Mitakuye Oyasin
v
Acknowledgments
Warhaft.
vi
Table of Contents
Chapter One
Thcnry ~f ~ma]l oiamatQr Airlift Pumps 1
l.nt:ICoduul~on 1
Theory . . . . . . 3
Experimental Procedure 11
Conclusion 17
Chapter Two
Introduction . . . 27
Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Experimental Procedure 35
Conclusion . . . . . . 42
Chapter Three
Introduction . . . . . . 52
Experimental Procedure . . . . 56
Conclusion . . . . . . . 60
Chapter Four
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 66
Production . . . . . . . 81
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . 82
Appendix A
Appendix B
References . 93
vii
List of Tables
viii
List of Figures
Figure 1.1.
Figure 1. 2.
Typical Airlift Pump.
·
· · · · · · 19
Figure 1. 3.
Experimental Apparatus. ·
Velocity Profile Coefficient ·vs.
· · · · 20
Figure 1. 4.
Reynolds Number. · · · Tube.
Efficiency vs. Gas Flow, 3.18 mm · · · · 21
22
Figure Efficiency vs. Gas Flow, 6.35 mm Tube.
Figure
1. 5.
1. 6. Efficiency vs. Gas Flow, 9.53 mm Tube. · 23
24
Figure 1. 7. Theoretical Efficiency vs. Gas Flow. 25
Figure 1. 8. optimum Flow Characteristics vs. Tube
Diameter. .
·
· · · · · · · · · 26
Figure 3.1.
Figure 3 .2.
Typical Airlift Pump. · ·
Flow Patterns in Airlift Pump · · · · · 62
operation. · · · ·· · · 63
Figure 3 . 3 •
Figure 3.4.
Experimental Apparatus. ·
Oxygen Transfer Coefficient vs. · 64
Reynolds Number · · · · · · · · · · 65
ix
Chapter One
Introduction
Theory
[1 . 1 ]
where
[1 . 2 ]
where
where
Qg
Ql' = ----1' Qg' = ----1' Vts' 1
[1. 4 ]
A (g D) 2" A (g D) 2" (g D) 2"
where
[1. 6 J
where
~ = submergence ratio
Zl = lift height (m) (See figure 1.1)
[1. 7]
where
Ps = f [1. 8]
where
(Njm 2 )
Re = v
[1. 10]
gives:
rate and the submergence ratio, the liquid flow rate may
in Table 1. 1.
(NiCklin, 1963):
n = efficiency
Pa = atmospheric pressure (N/m 2 )
5 meters:
7
n = Qg' ex:.
[1. 14 ]
a
~ = ------:2 [1. 15]
p g D
where
y = -- [1. 16]
where
Y fluid viscosity/surface tension parameter
Dabolt, 1986).
et al., 1978).
[1. 18 J
n = Co (Ql '+ Qg') + Vts' - Qg'
Decreasing tube diameter in the range where surface
Experimental Procedure
model.
regime.
frictionless case.
Conclusion
airlift pumps.
18
Table 1.1
Summary of Airlift Equations
Qg
,
E = ex = (I-E) (1+f/2 (Ql '+Qg') 2)
1.2(Ql'+Qg')+Vts'
Q1 Qg ZS
Q1' = Qg , = ex =
1 1
A (g D) "2 A (g D) "2 Zl + Zs
Vts
, = 0.352 (1 - 3.18 2: - 14.77 2: 2 )
0.316 D(Q1 + Qg ) a
f = Re = 2: = 2
ReO. 25 l/ A p g D
19
...-AIR INPUT
I•
MANOMETER.
COMPRESSOR
1.4
*
#.
,
'"'0
1.3
o
,"* 'i
... # 4
0
'V
l-
zw
0
ott
,* I: J
•
0
,1
0
t
ti ",
0
0
+
q. + t
+ 4
J..
+
,
1.2 TO oro t to t
0 t +0 + +
Q t
ii: + # +
11.
w
0 ! #
0
w 1.1 0 t
.J
ii:
0 I
0::
a. •
1.0 D = 3.18 mm
~
0 *
0
.J + D = 6.35 mm
w
>
0.9 - o D = 9.53 mm
• D = 19.1 mm
0.8 I T r T I I r -T ,
0 2 4 6 8 10
(Thousands)
REYNOLDS NUMBER
1.0
NUMBERS ON GRAPH BODY INDICATE PERCENT
71
0.7
57
0.6
>t)
Z
w
0 0.5 ~ THEORY
Ii:
IL
w
0.4 sr. THEORY +
t 71r. THEORY
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
1.0
86 62
0.9 79 6.35 mm TUBE
62
0.8 80r. THEORY
¥ 78 62
0.7 t-~-
60r. THEOR~
0.6
>- 82
0
z
III
0
iL
IL
III
0.5
0.4
" 93
81
0.3
NUUBERS ON GRAPH BODY INDICATE PERCENT 90r. THEORY
0.2 SUBMERGENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL POINTS.
0.0 +------.---"""'T"""---.------...........- - - - r - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - j
1.0
NUMBERS ON GRAPH BODY INDICATE PERCENT
0.9 9.53 mm TUBE SUBMERGENCE OF EXPERIMENTAl.. POINTS.
SOUD UNES INDICATE THEORETICAL
0.8 UNES OF CONSTANT SUBMERGENCE.
0.7
>
0
z
0.6
.
701. THEORY
71
48
w
0 0.5
iL
lL
w
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
DIAMETER (mm)
Diameter.
Chapter Two
Introduction
27
28
much smaller than the tube diameter and the bubbles are
Theory
point:
v ' = _J' + -gJ
-g V .1 [2.1]
30
[2.3J
<E J'>
Cb = --=""'""=-:-
E <!:II>
[2.4 J
al., 1962):
[2.6J
Retaining the physical interpretation that the rise
be expressed as:
Q = [2.9]
(Giles, 1962):
f = 0.31625 [2.11J
ReO.
cr = (1 - E) + (1 + 1.8E)F [2.12J
and for bubbly slug flow:
table 2.2.
Experimental Procedure
were used to measure air and water flow rates. The gas
pattern.
36
flow measurements.
table 2.3).
37
the value chosen for the bubble rise velocity (Vbs) , and
et al. (1985).
equation:
v'
g = 1.1 <J'> + 0.75 Vts' [2.15]
(R 2 = 0.90)
slug flow will ever exist in the airlift pump with the
2 .7) •
in the literature.
Conclusion
systems) .
43
Table 2.1
= A
[L/TJ
Slug
Qg + Ql f <~,>2 0.316
<~'> = F = f =
A(g D)' 2 0.25
Re
Table 2.3
+-AIR INPUT
d c h g
OJ 01 OJ 01
BUBBLE FLOW BUBBLY SLUG FLOW SLUG FLOW
1.0
0.9
----------~
lOCAl BUBBlE VElOCITY IN UQU/D SlU~
0.8
~
------
0.7
0.3
0.1
"
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
RISER
TUBE
MANOMETER
COMPRESSOR
0.1
0.0 +----.------r---...,-----r------r-----.----~
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Vg' PREDICTED
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
lJl
>
0.5
BUBBLY SLUG UOOEL Vrf = 1.1 <JI) + 0.75 Vts'
0.4 S'
S = SLUG FLOW, TAP WATER
0.3
s = SLUG FLOW, WASTE WATER
0.2
so = SLUG FLOW, TAP WATER, NO DIFFUSER
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
<J')
10.0~-----
38.1 mm ruBE
100'; SUBMERGENCE • • • • • • • •d . • • •
~ I ••• .;. • • 00
o
-'
II.
~ '+++ 000000
o .. +++ 0
J
o .. +
+
00
0
J 1.00
+ 0
III + 0
III
W
+ 0
-' E= 0.2 - .+ 0 ~ E = 0.3
Z
o o
III
BUBBLE FLOW + 0 BUBBLY-SLUG FLOW
Z
W + 0
Z
Q
o
+
o
o
0.1 O+-.___.__---.----,-....--__.____.-..----~__r____,.___._____r_____.-.,...___.____.-._____r___1
0.01 0.10 1.00
Introduction
to the present.
52
53
smaller than the tUbe diameter and the gas void ratio is
flow regime has been found to occur only when the riser
e
- KIa t
[3.1]
where
Re=~ [3 •2 ]
v
where
given by:
[3 •3]
~xperlmental ~rocedure
3.4.
where
follows:
KIa = KIa' ~
V
[3.5]
r
58
where
Vs total liquid volume in the system
where
T = temperature (OC)
(j = 1. 02
estimate = 0.009) :
above about 0.25. When the waste water was used the
[3 •8 J
where
drop across the diffuser and the gas transfer rate will
not increase.
61
Table 3.1
Water Quality Parameters
pH 7.8 6.9
.-AIR INPUT
RISER~lrJ
TUBE
>
::1
MANOMETER ----I~
COMPRESSOR
0.11
s
0.10
s
0.09
0.08 s
"
r-
0.07
I b s
u
W
III 0.06 s
w
'"' 0.05
0
l'l
v
0
y 0.04 b = BUBBLE FLOW, WASTE WATER
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(Thousands)
REYNOLDS NUMBER
Introduction
storage.
of scale.
1981) .
71
Intensive aquaculture practiced in reuse systems
market.
pound) .
aquacultural systems.
76
on 25 June was 21 C.
0
While this temperature is
production of fish.
reduced 65%.
80
however.
resources.
Conclusion
Table 4.6
Protein Production and Land Area
Table 4.1
US Fishery Products Supply
(Million Metric Tonnes)
From (USDA, 198~
Table 4.2
Consumption of Selected Protein Products in the US
(Million Metric Tonnes)
from (USDA 1986)
Table 4.3
Energy and Cost Analysis
(See Appendix A for Details)
Table 4.4
sensitivity Analysis
Cost Energy
$jkg ($jlb. ) 10 3 kcaljkg
whole fish whole fish
A B C D E F G
A B C D E F G
Table 4.5
Energy Inputs for Various Protein Production Systems
10 1 kcal I
I kg protein
!Isalmonids in water
reuse systems (1) 122-554
US Agriculture
Pork (2) 171
Beef (2) 100
Eggs (2) 71
Milk (2) 47
Broilers (2) 39
Aquaculture
Salmonids
Salmonids, flow through(l) 133
Trout-Britain, ponds(3) 93
Trout, raceway(4) 118
Trout, automated hatchery(4) 512
Other Species
Catfish US (2) 137
Catfish-Thailand, ponds(3) 125
USA, ponds(3) 213
Catfish, ponds(4) 450
Milkfish-Taiwan, ponds(3) 12
Philippines, pens(3) 2
Tilapia-Africa, ponds(3) 1
Thailand, ponds(3) 38
Carp-Philippines, ponds(3) 4
Germany, ponds(3) 60
Fishing
Herring-Inshore sea fishing(3) 6
Cod-Deep sea fishing(3) 74
Flounder, fishing(4) 94
(1) estimates from this study
(2) Pimentel and Hall, 1984
(3) Edwardson, 1976
(4) Rawitscher and Mayer, 1979
Appendix A
Energy and Cost Analysis Details
Capital costs
Culture System:
Tanks: Combined rearing and treatment volume 73 m3 jtonne
cc, 1.6:1 rearing to treatment volume, $20jm 3 for wooden
tank (1)
1.54XIO b kcaljm 2 residential building, (2)
wooden tanks assumed to have similar energy cost as
residential building since construction materials and
techniques are similar
$1460jtonne cc 7.0xl0 6 kcal jtonne cc
88
89
Appendix A Continued
Building:
Insulated pole building with insulated perimeter, 80
m2 jtonne cc, building cost $110jm 2 (1)
422,000 kcal/m 2 for farm buildings (2)
$8800jtonne cc 33.8xl0 6 kcaljtonne cc
Land:
Near population center with site preparation, 0.01 Ha
per tonne cc, $4900jha (estimated)
$50/tonne cc 0.5 xl0 6 kcaljtonne cc
Operating costs
Feed:
feed cost $550 per tonne ($0.25 per pound), 1.4 feed
conversion (1)
Energy input 6140 kcaljkg (3)
$770/tonne p 8.60xl0 6 kcaljtonne p
Fingerling Stock:
$0.25 per 8 cm fingerling to produce one 0.25 kg
fish,xIO% mortality (1)
energy input estimated from production
of adult fish
$1100jtonne p 5.2xl0 6 kcaljtonne p
airlift pump
0.5 kW mechanical power, 1.3 service factor, 8760 hours,
$O.lOjkWhr (1)
$ 570jtonne cc 16.3xl0 6 kcal/tonne cc
90
Appendix A continued
Transportation:
80 km average delivery distance, $0.25/km/tonne
transport cost (estimated)
0.83 kcal/kg/km (2)
$20/tonne p 0.lxl0 6 kcal/ tonne p
season.
1.5 air changes per hour. The total UA value, per tonne
91
92
investigation.
1985 Ithaca average daily temperature data was used
T air
Building
Heat Loss
T room
93
94
Clark, N.N., and R.J. Dabolt, 1986, "A General Design
Equation for Airlift Pumps Operating in Slug Flow,"
AIChE Journal, Vol. 32, No.1, pp. 56-64.
Lin, C.H., B.S. Wang, C.S. Wu, H.Y. Fang T.F. Kuo, and
C.Y. Hu, 1976, "Oxygen Transfer and Mixing in a
Tower Cycling Fermentor," Biotechnolgy and
Bioengineering, Vol. XVII, pp. 1557-1572.