1.

When a body is accelerating, the resultant force acting on it is equal to its

A. change of momentum.

B. rate of change of momentum.

C. acceleration per unit of mass.

D. rate of change of kinetic energy.

(1)

2. An object on the end of a light flexible string rotates in a circle as shown below.

o b je c t

The tension in the string is T when the string is at angle θ to the vertical. Which of the following
is true?

State Resultant force

A. not in equilibrium T

B. not in equilibrium T sinθ

C. in equilibrium T

D. in equilibrium T sinθ
(1)

1
3. A sphere of mass m strikes a vertical wall and bounces off it, as shown below.

w a ll

m o m e n tu m p B

m o m e n tu m p A

The magnitude of the momentum of the sphere just before impact is pB and just after impact is
pA. The sphere is in contact with the wall for time t. The magnitude of the average force exerted
by the wall on the sphere is

 pB – pA 
A. t .

 pB  p A 
B. t .

 pB – pA 
C. mt .

 pB  p A 
D. mt .

(1)

4. The weight of a mass is measured on Earth using a spring balance and a lever balance, as shown
below.

s p rin g b a la n c e le v e r b a la n c e

2
 What change, if any, would occur in the measurements if they were repeated on the Moon’s
surface?

Spring balance Lever balance

A. same same

B. same decrease

C. decrease same

D. decrease decrease
(1)

5. This question is about an experiment designed to investigate Newton’s second law.

In order to investigate Newton’s second law, David arranged for a heavy trolley to be
accelerated by small weights, as shown below. The acceleration of the trolley was recorded
electronically. David recorded the acceleration for different weights up to a maximum of 3.0 N.
He plotted a graph of his results.

a c c e le ra tio n
h e a v y tro lle y p u lle y

w e ig h t

3
 (a) Describe the graph that would be expected if two quantities are proportional to one
another.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) David’s data are shown below, with uncertainty limits included for the value of the
weights. Draw the best-fit line for these data.

1 .4 0
a c c e le ra tio n
/ m s–2 1 .2 0

1 .0 0

0 .8 0

0 .6 0

0 .4 0

0 .2 0

0 .0 0
0 .0 0 0 .5 0 1 .0 0 1 .5 0 2 .0 0 2 .5 0
w e ig h t / N

(2)

4
 (c) Use the graph to

(i) explain what is meant by a systematic error.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) estimate the value of the frictional force that is acting on the trolley.

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(iii) estimate the mass of the trolley.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

6. This question is about the kinematics of an elevator (lift).

(a) Explain the difference between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass of an object.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)

5
6
 An elevator (lift) starts from rest on the ground floor and comes to rest at a higher floor. Its
motion is controlled by an electric motor. A simplified graph of the variation of the elevator’s
velocity with time is shown below.

v e lo c ity / m s –1

0 .8 0
0 .7 0
0 .6 0
0 .5 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s

(b) The mass of the elevator is 250 kg. Use this information to calculate

(i) the acceleration of the elevator during the first 0.50 s.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) the total distance travelled by the elevator.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(iii) the minimum work required to raise the elevator to the higher floor.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

7
 (2)

(iv) the minimum average power required to raise the elevator to the higher floor.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(v) the efficiency of the electric motor that lifts the elevator, given that the input power
to the motor is 5.0 kW.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(c) On the graph axes below, sketch a realistic variation of velocity for the elevator. Explain
your reasoning. (The simplified version is shown as a dotted line)

v e lo c ity / m s –1

0 .8 0
0 .7 0
0 .6 0
0 .5 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s

(2)

8
The elevator is supported by a cable. The diagram below is a free-body force diagram for when
the elevator is moving upwards during the first 0.50 s.

te n s io n

w e ig h t

(d) In the space below, draw free-body force diagrams for the elevator during the following
time intervals.

(i) 0.5 to 11.50 s (ii) 11.50 to 12.00 s

(3)

A person is standing on weighing scales in the elevator. Before the elevator rises, the reading on
the scales is W.

9
 (e) On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the reading on the scales varies during the
whole 12.00 s upward journey of the elevator. (Note that this is a sketch graph – you do
not need to add any values.)

re a d in g o n s c a le s

0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s

(3)

(f) The elevator now returns to the ground floor where it comes to rest. Describe and explain
the energy changes that take place during the whole up and down journey.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(4)
(Total 25 marks)

10
7. An object is moving at constant velocity. Which one of the following quantities must have zero
magnitude?

A. Weight of object

B. Momentum of object

C. Kinetic energy of object

D. Resultant force on object

(1)

8. This question is about the kinematics of an elevator (lift).

(a) Explain the difference between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass of an object.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)

An elevator (lift) starts from rest on the ground floor and comes to rest at a higher floor. Its
motion is controlled by an electric motor. A simplified graph of the variation of the elevator’s
velocity with time is shown below.

v e lo c ity / m s –1

0 .8 0
0 .7 0
0 .6 0
0 .5 0
0 .4 0
0 .3 0
0 .2 0
0 .1 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s

11
 The elevator is supported by a cable. The diagram below is a free-body force diagram for when
the elevator is moving upwards during the first 0.50 s.

te n s io n

w e ig h t

(b) In the space below, draw free-body force diagrams for the elevator during the following
time intervals.

(i) 0.50 to 11.50 s (ii) 11.50 to 12.00 s

(3)

A person is standing on weighing scales in the elevator. Before the elevator rises, the reading on
the scales is W.

(c) On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the reading on the scales varies during the
whole 12.00 s upward journey of the elevator. (Note that this is a sketch graph – you do
not need to add any values.)

re a d in g o n s c a le s

0 .0 0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 1 1 .0 1 2 .0
tim e / s

(3)

12
(d) The elevator now returns to the ground floor where it comes to rest. Describe and explain
the energy changes that take place during the whole up and down journey.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(4)
(Total 13 marks)

13
9. A small electrically charged sphere is suspended vertically from a thread. An oppositely charged
rod is brought close to the sphere such that the sphere is in equilibrium when displaced from the
vertical by an angle of 45°.

+ –

Which one of the following best represents the free body diagram for the sphere?

A . B.

C. D .

(1)

14
10. An elevator (lift) is used to either raise or lower sacks of potatoes. In the diagram, a sack of
potatoes of mass 10 kg is resting on a scale that is resting on the floor of an accelerating
elevator. The scale reads 12 kg.

e le v a to r
10 kg

s c a le

The best estimate for the acceleration of the elevator is

–2
A. 2.0 m s downwards.

–2
B. 2.0 m s upwards.

–2
C. 1.2 m s downwards.

–2
D. 1.2 m s upwards.

(1)

11. A ball of mass m, travelling in a direction at right angles to a vertical wall, strikes the wall with
a speed v1. It rebounds at right angles to the wall with a speed v2. The ball is in contact with the
wall for a time Δt. The magnitude of the force that the ball exerts on the wall is

m v1  v 2 
A. t .

B. m(v1 + v2)Δt.

m v1  v 2 
C. t .

D. m(v1 – v2)Δt.

(1)

15
12. A truck collides head on with a less massive car moving in the opposite direction to the truck.
During the collision, the average force exerted by the truck on the car is FT and the average
force exerted by the car on the truck is FC. Which one of the following statements is correct?

A. FT will always be greater in magnitude than FC.

B. FT will always be equal in magnitude to FC.

C. FT will be greater in magnitude than FC only when the speed of the car is less than the
speed of the truck.

D. FT will be equal in magnitude to FC only when the speed of the truck is equal to the speed
of the car.

(1)

13. This question is about waves and wave motion.

(a) (i) Define what is meant by the speed of a wave.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Light is emitted from a candle flame. Explain why, in this situation, it is correct to
refer to the “speed of the emitted light”, rather than its velocity.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) (i) Define, by reference to wave motion, what is meant by displacement.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

16
17
 (ii) By reference to displacement, describe the difference between a longitudinal wave
and a transverse wave.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(3)

The centre of an earthquake produces both longitudinal waves (P waves) and transverse waves
(S waves). The graph below shows the variation with time t of the distance d moved by the two
types of wave.

d / km P w ave S w ave
1200

800

400

0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
t / s

(c) Use the graph to determine the speed of

(i) the P waves.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

18
 (ii) the S waves.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

The waves from an earthquake close to the Earth’s surface are detected at three laboratories L 1,
L2 and L3. The laboratories are at the corners of a triangle so that each is separated from the
others by a distance of 900 km, as shown in the diagram below.

900 km

L 1 L2

L3

The records of the variation with time of the vibrations produced by the earthquake as detected
at the three laboratories are shown below. All three records were started at the same time.

L1

L2

s ta rt o f tra c e L3

tim e

On each record, one pulse is made by the S wave and the other by the P wave. The separation of
the two pulses is referred to as the S-P interval.

19
(d) (i) On the trace produced by laboratory L2, identify, by reference to your answers in
(c), the pulse due to the P wave (label the pulse P).

(1)

(ii) Using evidence from the records of the earthquake, state which laboratory was
closest to the site of the earthquake.

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(iii) State three separate pieces of evidence for your statement in (d)(ii).

(3)

1. .................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................

2. .................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................

3. .................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................

(iv) The S-P intervals are 68 s, 42 s and 27 s for laboratories L 1, L2 and L3 respectively.
Use the graph, or otherwise, to determine the distance of the earthquake from each
laboratory. Explain your working.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

Distance from L1 = ......................km

...........................................................................................................................

Distance from L2 = ......................km

...........................................................................................................................

Distance from L3 = ......................km

...........................................................................................................................

20
 (4)

(v) Mark on the diagram a possible site of the earthquake.

(1)

There is a tall building near to the site of the earthquake, as illustrated below.

b u ild in g

g ro u n d

d ire c tio n o f v ib ra tio n s

The base of the building vibrates horizontally due to the earthquake.

(e) (i) On the diagram above, draw the fundamental mode of vibration of the building
caused by these vibrations.

(1)

The building is of height 280 m and the mean speed of waves in the structure of the building is
3 –1
3.4 × 10 ms .

(ii) Explain quantitatively why earthquake waves of frequency about 6 Hz are likely to
be very destructive.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 25 marks)

21
14. The centripetal force that causes a car to go round a bend in the road is provided by

A. the force produced by the car engine acting on the wheels.

B. the friction between the tyres and the road.

C. the weight of the car.

D. the force exerted by the driver on the steering wheel.

(1)

15. For an object to be in translational equilibrium

A. it must be at rest.

B. it must be moving with a constant acceleration.

C. no external force must be acting on it.

D. the net force acting on it must be zero.

(1)

16. A light inextensible string has a mass attached to each end and passes over a frictionless pulley
as shown.

p u lle y

s trin g

m ass M

m ass m

22
 The masses are of magnitudes M and m, where m < M. The acceleration of free fall is g. The
downward acceleration of the mass M is

 M  m g
A.  M  m .

 M  m g
B. M .

 M  m g
C.  M  m .

Mg
D.  M  m .
(1)

17. This question is about equilibrium.

Explain whether each of the following is in equilibrium.

(a) A satellite in orbit at constant speed round the Earth.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

23
 (b) A small weight suspended on a string and blown to one side by a wind so that the string
makes a constant angle with the vertical, as shown below.

W in d

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

18. This question is about induced emf’s.

In the diagram below, a thin rod made of conducting material is moved along the conducting
rails X and Y at constant speed. The rails are in a region of uniform magnetic field of strength B
that is directed at right angles to the plane of the rails. A conducting wire is connected between
the rails as shown.

B = 0 .2 0 T

re g io n o f u n ifo rm fie ld
0 .3 0 m

v = 5 .5 m s –1 Y
c o n d u c tin g w ire

24
The distance between the rails, X and Y is 0.30 m, the magnetic field strength is 0.20 T and the
–1
speed v of the rod is 5.5 m s .

(a) On the diagram above, draw arrows to show the direction of

(i) the force on the electrons in the rod (label this FE).

(1)

(ii) the force on the rod due to the induced current (label this F M).

(1)

(b) (i) Calculate the emf induced in the rod.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Calculate the force required to move the rod at constant speed due to an induced
current in the rod of 0.80 A.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) Deduce that the mechanical power required to move the rod at the constant speed of
–1
5.5 m s is equal in value to the electrical power dissipated in the rod.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

25
19. Two blocks having different masses slide down a frictionless slope.

Which of the following correctly compares the accelerating force acting on each block and also
the accelerations of the blocks down the slope?

Accelerating force Acceleration

A. Equal Equal

B. Equal Different

C. Different Equal

D. Different Different
(1)

20. This question is about estimating energy changes for an escalator (moving staircase).

The diagram below represents an escalator. People step on to it at point A and step off at point
B.

30m

40°
A

26
(a) The escalator is 30 m long and makes an angle of 40° with the horizontal. At full
capacity, 48 people step on at point A and step off at point B every minute.
2
(i) Calculate the potential energy gained by a person of weight 7.0 × 10 N in moving
from A to B.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Estimate the energy supplied by the escalator motor to the people every minute
when the escalator is working at full capacity.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(iii) State one assumption that you have made to obtain your answer to (ii).

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

The escalator is driven by an electric motor that has an efficiency of 70%.

(b) Using your answer to (a) (ii), calculate the minimum input power required by the motor
to drive the escalator.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

27
21. This question is about conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.

(a) State Newton’s third law.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) State the law of conservation of momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

The diagram below shows two identical balls A and B on a horizontal surface. Ball B is at rest
and ball A is moving with speed V along a line joining the centres of the balls. The mass of each
ball is M.
v

B e fo re c o llis io n A B

During the collision of the balls, the magnitude of the force that ball A exerts on ball B is FAB
and the magnitude of the force that ball B exerts on ball A is FBA.

(c) On the diagram below, add labelled arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of
the forces FAB and FBA.

D u rin g th e c o llis io n A B

(3)

28
The balls are in contact for a time Δt. After the collision, the speed of ball A is +vA and the
speed of ball B is +vB in the directions shown.
vA vB

A fte r th e c o llis io n A B

As a result of the collision, there is a change in momentum of ball A and of ball B.

(d) Use Newton’s second law of motion to deduce an expression relating the forces acting
during the collision to the change in momentum of

(i) ball B.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) ball A.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(e) Apply Newton’s third law and your answers to (d), to deduce that the change in
momentum of the system (ball A and ball B) as a result of this collision, is zero.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(4)

29
 (f) Deduce, that if kinetic energy is conserved in the collision, then after the collision, ball A
will come to rest and ball B will move with speed V.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 17 marks)

22. A weight is suspended from a spring. The variation with weight of the length of the spring is
shown below.

16
le n g th / c m

14

12

10
0 2 4 6 8
w e ig h t / N

What is the value of the spring constant (force constant) of the spring?

–1
A. 0.4 N cm

–1
B. 0.5 N cm

–1
C. 2.0 N cm

–1
D. 2.5 N cm

(1)

30
23. Which one of the following objects is in equilibrium?

A. A stone trapped in the tread of a rotating tyre

B An air molecule as a sound wave passes through the air

C. A steel ball falling at constant speed through oil

D. An electron moving through a metal under the action of a potential difference

(1)

24. A mass is suspended from the roof of a lift (elevator) by means of a spring balance, as illustrated
below.

lift (e le v a to r)

m ass

The lift (elevator) is moving upwards and the readings of the spring balance are noted as
follows.

Accelerating: Ra

Constant speed: Rc

Slowing down: Rs

31
 Which one of the following is a correct relationship between the readings?

A. Ra > Rc

B. Ra = Rs

C. Rc = Rs

D. Rc < Rs

(1)

25. This question is about momentum and the kinematics of a proposed journey to Jupiter.

(a) State the law of conservation of momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

A solar propulsion engine uses solar power to ionize atoms of xenon and to accelerate them. As
a result of the acceleration process, the ions are ejected from the spaceship with a speed of
4 –1
3.0 × 10 m s .

x e n o n io n s s p a c e s h ip
s p e e d = 3 .0 × 1 0 4 m s –1
m a s s = 5 .4 × 1 0 2 k g

(b) The mass (nucleon) number of the xenon used is 131. Deduce that the mass of one ion of
–25
xenon is 2.2 × 10 kg.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

32
 18
(c) The original mass of the fuel is 81 kg. Deduce that, if the engine ejects 77 × 10 xenon
7
ions every second, the fuel will last for 1.5 years. (1 year = 3.2 × 10 s)

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

2
(d) The mass of the spaceship is 5.4 × 10 kg. Deduce that the initial acceleration of the
–5 –2
spaceship is 8.2 × 10 m s .

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(5)

33
 The graph below shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the spaceship. The
solar propulsion engine is switched on at time t = 0 when the speed of the spaceship is 1.2 × 103
–1
ms .

1 0 .0

9 .5

a / × 1 0 – 5m s – 2
9 .0

8 .5

8 .0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0
t / ×107 s

(e) Explain why the acceleration of the spaceship is increasing with time.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(f) Using data from the graph, calculate the speed of the spaceship at the time when the
xenon fuel has all been used.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

34
 (4)

(g) The distance of the spaceship from Earth when the solar propulsion engine is switched on
is very small compared to the distance from Earth to Jupiter. The fuel runs out when the
–11
spaceship is a distance of 4.7 × 10 m from Jupiter. Estimate the total time that it would
take the spaceship to travel from Earth to Jupiter.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 19 marks)

26. A general expression for Newton’s second law of motion is

Δp
F = Δt

What condition is applied so that the law may be expressed in the form F = ma?

A. The mass m is constant.

B. The acceleration a is constant.

C. The force F is constant.

D. The direction of the force F is constant.

(1)

27. A small boat in still water is given an initial horizontal push to get it moving. The boat gradually
slows down. Which of the following statements is true for the forces acting on the boat as it
slows down?

A. There is a forward force that diminishes with time.

B. There is a backward force that diminishes with time.

C. There is a forward force and a backward force both of which diminish with time.

D. There is a forward force and a backward force that are always equal and opposite.

(1)

35
28. A friction force f is acting on a block of weight w sliding down an incline at a constant speed.
The force N is the normal reaction of the incline on the block. Which of the following free-body
diagrams best represents the forces acting on the block?

A . N f B. N f

w
w

C. f D . N
N

w
w

(1)

36
29. This question is about circular motion.

A linear spring of negligible mass requires a force of 18.0 N to cause its length to increase by
1.0 cm.

A sphere of mass 75.0 g is attached to one end of the spring. The distance between the centre of
the sphere M and the other end P of the unstretched spring is 25.0 cm, as shown below.

P M

2 5 .0 c m

The sphere is rotated at constant speed in a horizontal circle with centre P. The distance PM
increases to 26.5 cm.

(a) Explain why the spring increases in length when the sphere is moving in a circle.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) Determine the speed of the sphere.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(4)
(Total 6 marks)

37
30. This question is about collisions and radioactive decay.

(a) (i) Define linear momentum and impulse.

Linear momentum: ..........................................................................................

..........................................................................................

Impulse: ..........................................................................................

..........................................................................................

(2)

(ii) State the law of conservation of momentum.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(iii) Using your definitions in (a)(i), deduce that linear momentum is constant for an
object in equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

220
A stationary radon-220 ( 86 Rn ) nucleus undergoes α-decay to form a nucleus of polonium (Po).
The α-particle has kinetic energy of 6.29 MeV.

(b) (i) Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.

220
86 Rn ® Po +

(2)

38
 (ii) Calculate the kinetic energy, in joules, of the α-particle.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

7 –1
(iii) Deduce that the speed of the α-particle is 1.74 × 10 m s .

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

The diagram below shows the α-particle and the polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
The direction of the velocity of the α-particle is indicated.

-p a rtic le
p o lo n iu m n u c le u s

(c) (i) On the diagram above, draw an arrow to show the initial direction of motion of the
polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.

(1)

(ii) Determine the speed of the polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(3)

39
 (iii) In the decay of another radon nucleus, the nucleus is moving before the decay.
Without any further calculation, suggest the effect, if any, of this initial speed on
the paths shown in (c)(i).

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

The half-life of the decay of radon-220 is 55 s.

(d) (i) Explain why it is not possible to state a time for the life of a radon-220 nucleus.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Define half-life.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

40
A sample of radon-220 has an initial activity A0.

(iii) On the axes below, draw a graph to show the variation with time t of the activity A
for time t = 0 to time t = 180 s.

A 0

0
0 40 80 120 160 200
t / s

(2)

(iv) Use your graph to determine the activity, in terms of A0, of the sample of radon at
time t = 120 s. Also, estimate the activity, in terms of A0, at time t = 330 s.

Activity at time t = 120 s : ……………………................................................

Activity at time t = 330 s : ………………………............................................

(2)
(Total 25 marks)

41
31. A friction force f is acting on a block of weight w sliding down an incline at a constant speed.
The force N is the normal reaction of the incline on the block. Which of the following free-body
diagrams best represents the forces acting on the block?

A . N f B. N f

w
w

C. f D . N
N

w
w

(1)

42
32. A horse pulls a boat along a canal at constant speed in a straight-line as shown below.

h o rse

P F

L boat d ire c tio n o f tra v e l

The horse exerts a constant force F on the boat. The water exerts a constant drag force L and a
constant force P on the boat. The directions of F, L and P are as shown. Which one of the
following best represents a free-body diagram for the boat?

A . B. F

L L

P P

C . D . F

L L

(1)

43
44
33. If the resultant external force acting on a particle is zero, the particle

A. must have constant speed.

B. must be at rest.

C. must have constant velocity.

D. must have zero momentum.

(1)

45
34. The velocity of a body of mass m changes by an amount v in a time t. The impulse given to
the body is equal to

A. mt.

v
.
B. t

v
m .
C. t

D. mv.

(1)

46
35. A ball is held at rest at point X and is then released. It drops on to a flat horizontal surface and
rebounds to a maximum height at point Y.

p o in t X

p o in t Y

b e fo re a fte r

Which one of the following graphs best shows the variation with time t of the momentum p of
the ball as it moves between point X and point Y?

A . B .
p p

0 0
0 t 0 t

C. D .
p p

0 0 0
0 t t

(1)

47
36. A ball of weight W is dropped on to the pan of a top pan weighing balance and rebounds off the
pan.

pan

0 0 .0 0

At the instant that the ball has zero velocity when in contact with the pan, the scale will read

A. zero.

B. a value less than W but greater than zero.

C. W.

D. a value greater than W.

(1)

48
37. A small ball P moves with speed v towards another identical ball Q along a line joining the
centres of the two balls. Ball Q is at rest. Kinetic energy is conserved in the collision.
v

P Q a t re st

Which one of the following situations is a possible outcome of the collision between the balls?

A . v v B. v
v = 0

P Q P Q

C . v 3v D . v v
4 4 2 2
P Q P Q

(1)

49
38. This question is about a balloon used to carry scientific equipment.

The diagram below represents a balloon just before take-off. The balloon’s basket is attached to
the ground by two fixing ropes.

b a llo o n

basket

fix in g ro p e fix in g ro p e

50 50
g ro u n d

3
There is a force F vertically upwards of 2.15 ´ 10 N on the balloon. The total mass of the
2
balloon and its basket is 1.95 ´ 10 kg.

(a) State the magnitude of the resultant force on the balloon when it is attached to the ground.

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) Calculate the tension in either of the fixing ropes.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(3)

50
 (c) The fixing ropes are released and the balloon accelerates upwards. Calculate the
magnitude of this initial acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(d) The balloon reaches a terminal speed 10 seconds after take-off. The upward force F
remains constant. Describe how the magnitude of air friction on the balloon varies during
the first 10 seconds of its flight.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

39. Kinematics

(a) State the principle of conservation of energy.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) An aircraft accelerates from rest along a horizontal straight runway and then takes-off.
Discuss how the principle of conservation of energy applies to the energy changes that
take place while the aircraft is accelerating along the runway.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

51
 (3)

3
(c) The mass of the aircraft is 8.0 ´ 10 kg.

(i) The average resultant force on the aircraft while travelling along the runway is 70
–1
kN. The speed of the aircraft just as it lifts off is 75 m s . Estimate the distance
travelled along the runway.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

(ii) The aircraft climbs to a height of 1250 m. Calculate the potential energy gained
during the climb.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

52
 When approaching its destination, the pilot puts the aircraft into a holding pattern. This means
–1
the aircraft flies at a constant speed of 90 m s in a horizontal circle of radius 500 m as shown
in the diagram below.

500 m

(d) For the aircraft in the holding pattern,

(i) calculate the magnitude of the resultant force on the aircraft;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) state the direction of the resultant force.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 11 marks)

40. Linear momentum

(a) Define

(i) linear momentum;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) impulse.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

53
(b) Explain whether momentum and impulse are scalar or vector quantities.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) By reference to Newton’s laws of motion, deduce that when two particles collide,
momentum is conserved.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(5)

A rubber ball of mass 50 g is thrown towards a vertical wall. It strikes the wall at a horizontal
–1 –1
speed of 20 m s and bounces back with a horizontal speed of 18 m s as shown below.

sp e e d b e fo re  2 0 m s –1

s p e e d a fte r  1 8 m s –1

The ball is in contact with the wall for 0.080 s.

(d) (i) Calculate the change in momentum of the ball.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

54
(ii) Calculate the average force exerted by the ball on the wall.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(iii) Suggest, in terms of Newton’s laws of motion, why a steel ball of the same mass
and the same initial horizontal speed exerts a greater force on the wall.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 15 marks)

55
41. A particle moves under the influence of a force F. The graph below shows the variation of the
force F with the distance d moved by the particle.

0
0 d

The shaded area is equal to

A. the average value of F.

B. the impulse produced by F.

C. the work done by F.

D. the power produced by F.

(1)

42. The velocity of a particle is changing. The rate of change of the momentum of the particle is
equal to the

A. acceleration of the particle.

B. net force acting on the particle.

C. work done on the particle.

D. change in kinetic energy of the particle.

(1)

56
43. A block of mass m is pulled along a horizontal, frictionless surface by a force of magnitude F.
The force makes an angle q with the vertical.

b lo c k

The magnitude of the acceleration of the block in the horizontal direction produced by the force
F is

F
.
A. m

F sin θ
.
B. m

F cos θ
.
C. m

F tan θ
.
D. m

(1)

44. Two spheres of masses m1 and m2 are moving towards each other along the same straight-line
with speeds v1 and v2 as shown.

p o s itiv e d ire c tio n

m 1 v 1 v 2 m 2

The spheres collide. Which of the following gives the total change in linear momentum of the
spheres as a result of the collision?

A. 0

B. m1v1 + m2v2

C. m1v1 − m2v2

D. m2v2 − m1v1

(1)

57
45. An object of mass m is initially at rest. An impulse I acts on the object. The change in kinetic
energy of the object is

I2
.
A. 2m

I2
.
B. m

2
C. I m.
2
D. 2I m.

(1)

46. Momentum

(a) State the law of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) An ice hockey puck collides with the wall of an ice rink. The puck is sliding along a line
that makes an angle of 45 to the wall.

w a ll
45 45

ic e rin k

d ire c tio n o f p u c k d ire c tio n o f p u c k

b e fo re c o llis io n a fte r c o llis io n

The collision between the wall and the puck is perfectly elastic.

(i) State what is meant by an elastic collision.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

58
 (1)

(ii) Discuss how the law of conservation of momentum applies to this situation.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(c) The diagram below is a scale diagram that shows the vector representing the momentum
of the puck before collision.

Scale: 1.0 cm = 0.10 N s

By adding appropriate vectors to the diagram, deduce that the magnitude of the change in
momentum of the puck as a result of the collision is 0.71 N s.

(4)

59
(d) The sketch-graph below shows the variation with time t of the force F exerted by the wall
on the puck.

0
0 t

The total contact time is 12 ms. Estimate, explaining your reasoning, the maximum force
exerted by the wall on the puck.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

60
47. Electric motor

(a) In an experiment to measure the efficiency of a small dc electric motor, the motor is
clamped to the edge of a bench. The motor is used to raise a small weight that is attached
to a pulley wheel by cotton thread. The pulley wheel is rotated by the motor. The thread
wraps around the pulley wheel, so raising the weight.

axel

m o to r p u lle y w h e e l

c o tto n th re a d

w e ig h t
S id e v ie w E n d -o n -v ie w

The time taken for the motor to raise the weight through a certain height is measured. It is
assumed that the weight accelerates uniformly whilst being raised. The weight of the
cotton thread is negligible.

(i) Draw a labelled free-body force diagram of the forces acting on the accelerating
weight.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

61
 (ii) The weight has a mass of 15 g and it takes 2.2 s to raise it from rest through a
height of 0.84 m. Calculate the tension in the thread as the weight is being raised.
−2
(Acceleration of free fall g = 10 m s .)

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(4)

(b) In a second experiment, the current is adjusted so that the weight of mass 15 g is raised at
constant speed. The motor is connected to a 6.0 V supply and it now takes the motor 3.4 s
to raise the weight through 0.84 m.

(i) Suggest how it might be determined that the weight is being raised at constant
speed.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Determine the power delivered to the weight by the motor. (Acceleration of free
−2
fall g = 10 m s .)

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

62
(iii) The current in the motor is 45 mA. Estimate the efficiency of the motor.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 13 marks)

63
48. A ball of weight W slides along a frictionless surface as shown below.

At time T, the ball has moved from point P to the edge E of the surface. The ball then falls freely
to point Q. Which graph best shows the variation with time t of the resultant upward vertical
force F acting on the ball between point P and point Q?

A . F B. F
+W +W

0 0
0 T t 0 T t

-W -W

C . F D . F
+W +W

0 0
0 T t 0 T t

-W -W

(1)

64
49. The engine of a rocket ejects gas at high speed, as shown below.

ro c k et

h ig h s p e e d d ire c tio n o f
gas m o tio n o f ro c k e t

The rocket accelerates forwards because

A. the momentum of the gas is equal but opposite in direction to the momentum of the
rocket.

B. the gas pushes on the air at the back of the rocket.

C. the change in momentum of the gas gives rise to a force on the rocket.

D. the ejected gas creates a region of high pressure behind the rocket.

(1)

50. Which one of the following is the condition necessary for an object to be in translational
equilibrium?

A. The lines of action of all the forces acting on the object must pass through a single point.

B. Every force must be balanced by another force that is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.

C. The resultant of all the forces acting on the object in any direction must be zero.

D. The total upward force on the object must be equal to the total downward force.

(1)

65
51. A frictionless trolley of mass m moves down a slope with a constant acceleration a. A second
similar frictionless trolley has mass 2m. The acceleration of the second trolley as it moves down
the slope is

1
a.
A. 2

B. a.

C. 2a.

D. 4a.

(1)

52. A stationary metal plate is hanging freely on a string. A steel ball, travelling horizontally, hits
the plate. The speed of the ball after the collision is less than before, but still in a horizontal
direction, as shown below.

s trin g

b e fo re c o llis io n
m e ta l p la te

a fte r c o llis io n

Which one of the following gives a correct statement, with a valid reason, about the type of
collision between the ball and the plate?

Type of collision Reason

A. inelastic The sphere has changed its momentum during the collision.

B. inelastic The sphere has lost kinetic energy during the collision.

C. unknown The change in momentum of the plate during the collision is unknown.

D. unknown The kinetic energy of the plate after the collision is unknown.
(1)

66
53. This question is about nuclear energy.

(a) Define nuclear binding energy.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) A neutron collides with a nucleus of uranium-235 and the following reaction takes place.

235 1 96
92 U  0 n ® 37 Rb  138 1
55 Cs  20 n

State the name of this type of reaction.

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

67
(c) The mass of nuclei can be expressed in terms of unified mass units (u).

(i) Define the term unified mass unit.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Using the data below, calculate the energy, in MeV, that is released in the reaction.

235
massof 92 U  235.0439u

96
massof 37 Rb  95.9342u

138
massof 55 Cs 137.9112 u

massof 01n 1.0087u

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(4)

(d) Explain the importance of the two neutrons produced in the reaction.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(e) Each neutron accounts for about 2 MeV of the energy released in the reaction. Suggest
what accounts for the rest of the energy released.

...................................................................................................................................

68
 ...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(f) The reaction in (b) is more likely to take place if the colliding neutron has an energy of
about 0.1 eV. In certain types of nuclear reactors in which this reaction might take place,
the neutrons produced have their energy reduced by collisions with nuclei of graphite
12
( C). The law of conservation of momentum can be used to estimate the number of
collisions required to reduce the energy of the neutrons to 0.1 eV.

State the law of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(g) A neutron has a kinetic energy of 2.00 MeV. Deduce that the speed of the neutron is 1.95
7 −1
´ 10 m s .

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

69
(h) You may assume that the mass of a nucleus of graphite is twelve times the mass of a
neutron. In a certain collision between a neutron and a stationary graphite nucleus, the
neutron of kinetic energy 2.00 MeV, rebounds from the graphite nucleus in a direction
along a line joining the centres of the nucleus and neutron.

1 .9 5 10 7m s –1
1 .6 5 107m s –1
v = 0 .3 0 0 10 7m s –1

g ra p h ite
n e u tro n

b e fo re c o llis io n a fte r c o llis io n

7 −1
The rebound speed of the neutron is 1.65 ´ 10 m s .

7 −1
(i) Deduce that the speed v of the graphite nucleus after collision is 0.300 ´ 10 m s .

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

(ii) Using your answer in (i), deduce whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

70
 (iii) Use your answer to (ii) to deduce that each time a neutron collides in this manner
with a graphite nucleus it loses about 30% of its kinetic energy.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(iv) State the fraction of the total initial energy lost by a neutron in its second collision
with a graphite nucleus.

.........................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 25 marks)

54. Three forces of magnitude F1 = 3.0 N, F2 = 4.0 N and F3 = 6.0 N act at a point. The point is in
equilibrium. The magnitude of the resultant of F1 and F2 is

A. 1.0 N.

B. 5.0 N.

C. 6.0 N.

D. 7.0 N.

(1)

71
55. A body starting from rest moves along a straight-line under the action of a constant force. After
travelling a distance d the speed of the body is v.

in itia l p o s itio n
v

d
The speed of the body when it has travelled a distance 2 from its initial position is

v
.
A. 4

v
.
B. 2

v
.
C. 2

v
.
D. 2 2

(1)

72
56. A toy cannon is mounted vertically on a cart. The cart is moving along a straight-line with
constant speed. A spring inside the cannon shoots a ball vertically upwards.

cannon

c a rt

No resistance forces act on the cart and on the ball. Which one of the following statements is
true about the position where the ball will land?

A. The position depends on the speed of the cart.

B. The ball will land behind the cannon.

C. The ball will land inside the cannon.

D. The ball will land in front of the cannon.

(1)

73
57. Mandy stands on a weighing scale inside a lift (elevator) that accelerates vertically upwards as
shown in the diagram below. The forces on Mandy are her weight W and the reaction force from
the scale R.

lift
a c c e le ra tio n

s c a le

The reading of the scale is

A. R + W.

B. W.

C. R.

D. R – W.

(1)

74
58. A body of weight 2W hangs vertically from a string attached to a body of weight W. Weight W is
released and both bodies fall vertically.

2W

Air resistance may be neglected. What is the tension in the string during the fall?

A. Zero

B. W

C. 2W

D. 3W

(1)

75
59. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the magnitude of the net force F acting on a
body moving along a straight-line.

0
0 t

The shaded area represents

A. the total work done by F.

B. the change in the kinetic energy of the body.

C. the change in the momentum of the body.

D. the change in the velocity of the body.

(1)

76
60. A fan and a sail are mounted vertically on a cart that is initially at rest on a horizontal table as
shown in the diagram below.

fa n a ir
s a il

When the fan is turned on an air stream is blown towards the right and is incident on the sail.
The cart is free to move with negligible resistance forces.

After the fan has been turned on the cart will

A. move to the left and then to the right.

B. remain at rest.

C. move towards the right.

D. move towards the left.

(1)

61. A body moving along a straight-line has mass 3.0 kg and kinetic energy 24 J. The motion is then
opposed by a net force of 4.0 N. The body will come to rest after travelling a distance of

A. 2.0 m.

B. 6.0 m.

C. 8.0 m.

D. 12 m.

(1)

77
62. A brick is placed on the surface of a flat horizontal disc as shown in the diagram below. The disc
is rotating at constant speed about a vertical axis through its centre. The brick does not move
relative to the disc.

b ric k

d is c

a x is o f ro ta tio n

Which of the diagrams below correctly represents the horizontal force or forces acting on the
brick?

A . B.

C . D .

(1)

78
63. This question is about vectors.

A student sets up the apparatus shown below to investigate forces.

s p rin g
b a la n c e B

s p rin g
b a la n c e B

1 0 N w e ig h t

The weight of 10.0 N is suspended from spring balance A by means of a light string. Spring
balance B is also attached to the string. The spring balance B is pulled horizontally as shown.

(a) Using the grid on the diagram, draw a scale diagram to determine the readings on each of
the spring balances.

Reading on spring balance A: ...................................................................................

Reading on spring balance B: ...................................................................................

(4)

79
(b) Suggest why it is not possible for the whole length of the string joining spring balances A
and B to be horizontal with the weight still suspended.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

80
64. Collisions

A large metal ball is hung from a crane by means of a cable of length 5.8 m as shown below.

In order to knock down a wall, the metal ball of mass 350 kg is pulled away from the wall and
then released. The crane does not move. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the
speed v of the ball after release.

3 .0

2 .0
v / m s– 1

1 .0

0 .0
0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 1 .4
t / s

The ball makes contact with the wall when the cable from the crane is vertical.

(a) For the ball just before it hits the wall,

(i) state why the tension in the cable is not equal to the weight of the ball;

81
.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

82
(ii) by reference to the graph, estimate the tension in the cable. The acceleration of free
–2
fall is 9.8 m s .

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

83
(b) Use the graph to determine the distance moved by the ball after coming into contact with
the wall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

84
(c) Calculate the total change in momentum of the ball during the collision of the ball with
the wall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

85
(d) (i) State the law of conservation of momentum.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

86
(ii) The metal ball has lost momentum. Discuss whether the law applies to this
situation.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

87
(e) During the impact of the ball with the wall, 12% of the total kinetic energy of the ball is
converted into thermal energy in the ball. The metal of the ball has specific heat capacity
–1 –1
450 J kg K . Determine the average rise in temperature of the ball as a result of
colliding with the wall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(4)
(Total 16 marks)

88
65. A block of mass M is held at rest on a horizontal table. A heavy chain is attached to the block
with part of the chain hanging over the table. The block and the chain can slide without friction.

b lo c k
ta b le

c h a in

The block is released. Which one of the following graphs best represents the variation with time
t of the speed v of the block as it moves on the table?

A . v B. v

0 0
0 t 0 t

C . v D . v

0 0
0 t 0 t

(1)

89
66. Collisions

A large metal ball is hung from a crane by means of a cable of length 5.8 m as shown below.

c a b le
c ra n e

5 .8 m
w a ll

m e ta l b a ll

In order to knock down a wall, the metal ball of mass 350 kg is pulled away from the wall and
then released. The crane does not move. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the
speed v of the ball after release.

3 .0

2 .0
v / m s– 1

1 .0

0 .0
0 .0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 1 .4
t / s

90
The ball makes contact with the wall when the cable from the crane is vertical.

(a) For the ball just before it hits the wall,

(i) state why the tension in the cable is not equal to the weight of the ball;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) by reference to the graph, estimate the tension in the cable. The acceleration of free
–2
fall is 9.8 m s .

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

(b) Use the graph to determine the distance moved by the ball after coming into contact with
the wall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(c) For the collision between the ball and the wall, calculate

(i) the total change in momentum of the ball;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

91
 (ii) the average force exerted by the ball on the wall.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(d) (i) State the law of conservation of momentum.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) The metal ball has lost momentum. Discuss whether the law applies to this
situation.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(e) During the impact of the ball with the wall, 12% of the total kinetic energy of the ball is
converted into thermal energy in the ball. The metal of the ball has specific heat capacity
–1 –1
450 J kg K . Determine the average rise in temperature of the ball as a result of
colliding with the wall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(4)
(Total 18 marks)

92
93
67. A uniform metal bar XY of weight W is hung from a horizontal support at point P by two wires
of negligible mass.

T T

X Y

Each wire makes an angle q with the vertical.

Which of the following is equal to the tension T in one of the wires?

W
A. cos θ

W
B. 2 cos θ

W
C. sin θ

W
D. 2 sin θ

(1)

94
68. An object is dropped from rest from a point several hundred metres above the surface of the
Earth at time t = 0. The object strikes the ground at t = T and air resistance is not negligible.

Which of the following sketch graphs best shows the variation with time t, of the speed v of the
object?

A . B .

v v

0 0
0 T t 0 T t

C . D .

v v

0 0
0 T t 0 T t

(1)

95
69. A picture is supported vertically by a wire that is looped over a horizontal light peg P. There is
no friction between the wire and the peg.

P
peg

w ire

X Y

p ic tu re

The mass of the picture is uniformly distributed and PX = PY.

Which of the following best represents the free body diagram of the forces acting on the peg?

A . B .

C. D .

(1)

96
70. The net force acting on a body is zero. Which of the following quantities must also have zero
magnitude for this body?

A. Momentum

B. Velocity

C. Speed

D. Acceleration

(1)

97
71. A constant force of magnitude F acts on a body. The graph shows the variation with time t of the
momentum p of the body.

200

180

160

140

120
–1
p /k g m s 100

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t / s

The magnitude of the force F is

A. 1000 N.

B. 200 N.

C. 20 N.

D. 0.05 N.

(1)

98
72. A block on a frictionless horizontal table is attached by a light, inextensible string to an object P
of mass m that hangs vertically as shown below.

p u lle y
M

P
m ass m

The pulley has zero friction and the acceleration of free fall is g. The acceleration of the block
and object P is

A. g.

m g.
B. M

m g.
C. mM

mM
g.
D. m

(1)

73. Two objects collide inelastically. For this system of two objects

A. only momentum is conserved.

B. only kinetic energy is conserved.

C. both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

D. neither momentum nor kinetic energy are conserved.

(1)

99
74. This question is about energy and momentum.

–1
A train carriage A of mass 500 kg is moving horizontally at 6.0 m s . It collides with another
train carriage B of mass 700 kg that is initially at rest, as shown in the diagram below.

6 .0 m s –1

tra in c a rria g e A tra in c a rria g e B

500kg 700kg

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocities of the two train carriages
before, during and after the collision.

v / m s –1
6 .0
tra in c a rria g e B
5 .0

4 .0

3 .0

2 .0

1 .0

0 .0
1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 9 .0 1 0 .0 t / s
– 1 .0
tra in c a rria g e A
– 2 .0

100
(a) Use the graph to deduce that

(i) the total momentum of the system is conserved in the collision;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) the collision is elastic.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the average force experienced by train carriage B.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

101
75. Motion of a ball

A ball of mass 0.25 kg is projected vertically upwards from the ground with an initial velocity
–1 –2
of 30 m s . The acceleration of free fall is 10 m s , but air resistance cannot be neglected.

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocity v of this ball for the upward part
of the motion.

v / m s–1 3 0 .0

2 5 .0

2 0 .0

1 5 .0

1 0 .0

5 .0

0 .0
0 .0 0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0 2 .5 3 .0
t/s

(a) State what the area under the graph represents.

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

102
(b) Estimate the maximum height reached by the ball.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) Determine, for the ball at t = 1.0 s,

(i) the acceleration;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

(ii) the magnitude of the force of air resistance.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(d) Use the graph to explain, without any further calculations, that the force of air resistance
is decreasing in magnitude as the ball moves upward.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

103
(e) The diagram below is a sketch graph of the upward motion of the ball.

Draw a line to indicate the downward motion of the ball. The line should indicate the
motion from the maximum height of the ball until just before it hits the ground.

v / m s– 1 30

20

10

0 .0
0 .0 2 .0 4 .0 t / s
–10

–20

–30

(2)

(f) State and explain, by reference to energy transformations, whether the speed with which
–1
the ball hits the ground is equal to 30 m s .

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(g) Use your answer in (f) to state and explain whether the ball takes 2.0 s to move from its
maximum height to the ground.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 15 marks)

104
76. Block on an inclined plane

A block is held stationary on a frictionless inclined plane by means of a string as shown below.

s trin g

b lo c k

in c lin e d p la n e

(a) (i) On the diagram draw arrows to represent the three forces acting on the block.

(3)

(ii) The angle q of inclination of the plane is 25. The block has mass 2.6 kg. Calculate
–2
the force in the string. You may assume that g = 9.8 m s .

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

–1
(b) The string is pulled so that the block is now moving at a constant speed of 0.85 m s up
the inclined plane.

(i) Explain why the magnitude of the force in the string is the same as that found in (a)
(ii).

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

105
 (ii) Calculate the power required to move the block at this speed.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(iii) State the rate of change of the gravitational potential energy of the block. Explain
your answer.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

77. A net force of magnitude F acts on a body for a time t producing an impulse of magnitude Y.
Which of the following is the magnitude of the rate of change of momentum of the body?

A. F

B. Ft

C. Y

D. Yt

(1)

106
78. The graph below shows the variation with load F of the length L of a spring.

F 2

F 1

0
0 L 1 L 2 L

Which of the following expressions gives the force per unit extension (the spring constant) of
the spring?

F1
A.
L1

F2
L2
B.

 F2  F1 
C.
L2

 F2  F1 
D.
L2  L1

(1)

107
79. A rocket is moving through space. The rocket engine ejects a mass m of exhaust gases in time t.
The speed of the exhaust gases, relative to the rocket, is v as shown below.

ro c k e t
d ire c tio n o f m o tio n
exhaust gases, speed v
o f ro c k e t

Which of the following expressions is the magnitude of the force exerted on the rocket by the
exhaust gases?

A. mv
2
B. mv

C. mvt

mv
D. t

(1)

108
80. In a fairground ride, a car of mass M travels on rails around a vertical loop of effective radius R.
At the top of the loop, the speed of the car is v. The car stays in contact with the rails, as shown
below.

The acceleration of free fall is g.

Which of the following is the correct expression for the force that the rails exert on the car?

Mv 2  Mg
A. R

Mv 2
B. R

C. Mg

Mv 2  Mg
D. R

(1)

109
81. This question is about Newton’s laws of motion, the dynamics of a model helicopter and the
engine that powers it.

(a) Explain how Newton’s third law leads to the concept of conservation of momentum in the
collision between two objects in an isolated system.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(4)

(b) The diagram illustrates a model helicopter that is hovering in a stationary position.

0 .7 0 m 0 .7 0 m

ro ta tin g
b la d e s

d o w n w a rd m o tio n o f a ir

The rotating blades of the helicopter force a column of air to move downwards. Explain
how this may enable the helicopter to remain stationary.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(3)

110
(c) The length of each blade of the helicopter in (b) is 0.70 m. Deduce that the area that the
2 2
blades sweep out as they rotate is 1.5 m . (Area of a circle = pr )

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

(d) For the hovering helicopter in (b), it is assumed that all the air beneath the blades is
–1
pushed vertically downwards with the same speed of 4.0 m s . No other air is disturbed.

–3
The density of the air is 1.2 kg m .

Calculate, for the air moved downwards by the rotating blades,

(i) the mass per second;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) the rate of change of momentum.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

(e) State the magnitude of the force that the air beneath the blades exerts on the blades.

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

111
(f) Calculate the mass of the helicopter and its load.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(g) In order to move forward, the helicopter blades are made to incline at an angle q to the
horizontal as shown schematically below.

While moving forward, the helicopter does not move vertically up or down. In the space
provided below draw a free body force diagram that shows the forces acting on the
helicopter blades at the moment that the helicopter starts to move forward. On your
diagram, label the angle q.

(4)

(h) Use your diagram in (g) opposite to explain why a forward force F now acts on the
helicopter and deduce that the initial acceleration a of the helicopter is given by

a = g tan q

where g is the acceleration of free fall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(5)

112
 (i) Suggest why, even though the forward force F does not change, the acceleration of the
helicopter will decrease to zero as it moves forward.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 25 marks)

82. Three forces F, T and W act at a point P as shown below.

P F

Which of the following gives the condition for point P to be in equilibrium?

A. W = F tanq

B. W = F cosq

C. F = W tanq

D. F = W cosq

(1)

113
83. This question is about Newton’s laws of motion, the dynamics of a model helicopter and the
engine that powers it.

(a) Explain how Newton’s third law leads to the concept of conservation of momentum in the
collision between two objects in an isolated system.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(4)

(b) The diagram illustrates a model helicopter that is hovering in a stationary position.

0 .7 0 m 0 .7 0 m

ro ta tin g
b la d e s

d o w n w a rd m o tio n o f a ir

The rotating blades of the helicopter force a column of air to move downwards. Explain
how this may enable the helicopter to remain stationary.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(3)

114
(c) The length of each blade of the helicopter in (b) is 0.70 m. Deduce that the area that the
2 2
blades sweep out as they rotate is 1.5 m . (Area of a circle = pr )

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

(d) For the hovering helicopter in (b), it is assumed that all the air beneath the blades is
–1
pushed vertically downwards with the same speed of 4.0 m s . No other air is disturbed.

–3
The density of the air is 1.2 kg m .

Calculate, for the air moved downwards by the rotating blades,

(i) the mass per second;

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) the rate of change of momentum.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

(e) State the magnitude of the force that the air beneath the blades exerts on the blades.

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

(f) Calculate the mass of the helicopter and its load.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

115
 ...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(g) In order to move forward, the helicopter blades are made to incline at an angle q to the
horizontal as shown schematically below.

While moving forward, the helicopter does not move vertically up or down. In the space
provided below draw a free body force diagram that shows the forces acting on the
helicopter blades at the moment that the helicopter starts to move forward. On your
diagram, label the angleq.

(4)

116
(h) Use your diagram in (g) to explain why a forward force F now acts on the helicopter and
deduce that the initial acceleration a of the helicopter is given by

a = g tanq

where g is the acceleration of free fall.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(5)

2
(i) The helicopter is driven by an engine that has a useful power output of 9.0 ´ 10 W. The
engine makes 300 revolutions per second. Deduce that the work done in one cycle is 3.0
J.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

117
(j) The diagram below shows the relation between the pressure and the volume of the air in
the engine for one cycle of operation of the engine.

p re ssu re

B C

A
v o lu m e

(i) State the name given to the type of process represented by D®A.

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) During one cycle of the engine, the gas absorbs Q1 units of thermal energy and Q2
units of thermal energy are transferred from the gas. On the diagram above, draw
labelled arrows to show these energy transfers.

(2)

(iii) The efficiency of the engine is 60%. Using your answer to question (i), calculate
the values of Q1 and Q2.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 30 marks)

118
84. A rocket accelerates vertically upwards by ejecting high-speed gases vertically downwards as
shown in the diagram below. At the instant shown the weight of the rocket is W and the
magnitude of the force the rocket exerts on the gases is T.

d ire c tio n o f
a c c e le ra tio n

gases

The magnitude of the net force on the rocket is

A. W.

B. T.

C. T + W.

D. T − W.

(1)

119
85. A fire-fighting helicopter is flying at constant speed along a horizontal straight-line carrying a
bucket of water as shown in the diagram below. The rope to the bucket makes a fixed angle with
the vertical.

c o n s ta n t s p e e d

ro p e

b u c k e t o f w a te r

Which of the following diagrams is the correct free body diagram of the forces acting on the
bucket?

A . B.

C . D .

(1)

120
86. The diagram below shows a trolley of mass 4.0 kg moving on a frictionless horizontal table with
–1
a speed of 2.0 m s . It collides with a stationary trolley also of mass 4.0 kg.
–1
2 .0 m s

4 .0 k g 4 .0 k g

Which of the following diagrams shows a possible outcome?

A . 0 .0 m s – 1 2 .0 m s –1 B . 2 .0 m s –1

4 .0 k g 4 .0 k g 4 .0 k g 4 .0 k g

C . 2 .0 m s –1 0 .0 m s – 1 D .
0 .0 m s –1

4 .0 k g 4 .0 k g 4 .0 k g 4 .0 k g

(1)

87. Which of the following quantities must be zero for a particle in equilibrium?

A. Kinetic energy

B. Acceleration

C. Velocity

D. Momentum

(1)

121
88. The diagram below shows five wooden blocks joined by inelastic strings. A constant force
accelerates the blocks to the right on a frictionless horizontal table.

W X Y Z a c c e le ra tin g
fo rc e

ta b le

In which string is the tension the greatest?

A. W

B. X

C. Y

D. Z

(1)

89. This question is about circular motion.

A stone is attached to an inextensible string. The stone is made to rotate at constant speed v in a
horizontal circle. Diagram 1 below shows the stone in two positions A and B.

D ia g r a m 1 D ia g r a m 2

B A

A v

Diagram 2 above shows the velocity vector of the stone at point A.

(a) On diagram 2, draw vectors to show the change in velocity v of the stone from point A
to point B.

(3)

122
 (b) Use your completed diagram 2 to explain why a force, directed towards the centre of the
circle, is necessary to cause circular motion.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

90. Momentum

(a) State the law of conservation of linear momentum.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) A toy rocket of mass 0.12 kg contains 0.59 kg of water as shown in the diagram below.

h ig h -p re s s u re a ir

w a te r

n o z z le , r a d iu s 1 .4 m m

The space above the water contains high-pressure air. The nozzle of the rocket has a
circular cross-section of radius 1.4 mm. When the nozzle is opened, water emerges from
–1 –3
the nozzle at a constant speed of 18 m s . The density of water is 1000 kg m .

123
 –
(i) Deduce that the volume of water ejected per second through the nozzle is 1.1 ´ 10
4 3
m.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Deduce that the upward force that the ejected water exerts on the rocket is
approximately 2.0 N. Explain your working by reference to Newton’s laws of
motion.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(4)

(iii) Calculate the time delay between opening the nozzle and the rocket achieving lift-
off.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

124
 –1
91. Sand falls vertically on a conveyor belt at a rate of m kg s .

sand
v
b e lt

In order to keep the belt moving at constant speed v the horizontal force that must be exerted on
the belt is

A. mv.

1
mv .
B 2

2
C. mv .

D.
1
2
mv 2 .

(1)

125
92. Linear motion

At a sports event, a skier descends a slope AB. At B there is a dip BC of width 12 m. The slope
and dip are shown in the diagram below. The vertical height of the slope is 41 m.

A
(n o t to s c a le )

s lo p e
41m

B C D
1 .8 m

d ip 12m

The graph below shows the variation with time t of the speed v down the slope of the skier.

2 5 .0

2 0 .0

1 5 .0
v / m s –1
1 0 .0

5 .0

0 .0
0 .0 1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0
t / s

The skier, of mass 72 kg, takes 8.0 s to ski, from rest, down the length AB of the slope.

126
(a) Use the graph to

(i) calculate the kinetic energy EK of the skier at point B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) determine the length of the slope.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(4)

(b) (i) Calculate the change EP in the gravitational potential energy of the skier between
point A and point B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Use your answers to (a) and (b)(i) to determine the average retarding force on the
skier between point A and point B.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

127
128
 (iii) Suggest two causes of the retarding force calculated in (ii).

1. ...............................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................

(2)

(c) At point B of the slope, the skier leaves the ground. He “flies” across the dip and lands on
the lower side at point D. The lower side C of the dip is 1.8 m below the upper side B.

Determine the distance CD of the point D from the edge C of the dip. Air resistance may
be assumed to be negligible.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(4)

(d) The lower side of the dip is altered so that it is inclined to the horizontal, as shown below.

B C D
s lo p e
1 .8 m

d ip
12m

(i) State the effect of this change on the landing position D.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(1)

129
 (ii) Suggest the effect of this change on the impact felt by the skier on landing.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 20 marks)

93. Temperature, specific heat and latent heat

(a) Outline how a temperature scale is constructed.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) Discuss why even an accurate thermometer may affect the reliability of a temperature
reading.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(2)

130
(c) (i) Define specific heat capacity.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) The table below gives data for water and ice.

–1 –1
specific heat capacity of water 4.2 kJ kg K
specific latent heat of fusion of ice –1
330 kJ kg

A beaker contains 450 g of water at a temperature of 24C. The thermal (heat)

capacity of the beaker is negligible and no heat is gained by, or lost to, the
atmosphere. Calculate the mass of ice, initially at 0C, that must be mixed with the
water so that the final temperature of the contents of the beaker is 8.0C.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(4)

131
Ideal gases and heat engines

(d) An ideal gas is contained in a cylinder by means of a piston as shown below.

c y lin d e r

id e a l g a s
p is to n

The piston is pushed quickly into the cylinder.

For the resulting change of state of the gas,

(i) state, and explain, whether the change is isochoric, isobaric or adiabatic.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) use the molecular model of an ideal gas to explain why the temperature of the gas
changes.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

132
(e) A heat engine operates between a high-temperature source and a sink at a lower
temperature as shown below.

so u rc e

e n g in e W

680J

s in k

The overall efficiency of the engine is 15%. The engine transfers 680 J of energy to the
sink.

(i) Determine the work W done by the engine.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) There is a gain in entropy as a result of the engine doing work W. Identify two
further entropy changes and, by reference to the second law of thermodynamics,
state how the three changes are related.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(4)
(Total 21 marks)

133
94. A small steel ball falls from rest through a distance of 3 m. When calculating the time of fall, air
resistance can be ignored because

A. air is less dense than steel.

B. air resistance increases with the speed of the ball.

C. the air is not moving.

D. air resistance is much less than the weight of the ball.

(1)

95. An object is falling, in air, towards the Earth’s surface.

What changes occur in the acceleration and in the velocity of the object as it approaches
terminal velocity?

acceleration velocity
A. decreases to zero increases continuously
B. decreases to zero increases to a constant value
C. constant increases to a constant value
D. constant increases continuously
(1)

134
96. Two unequal masses M and m are joined by a light inextensible string. The string passes over a
light frictionless pulley as shown.

p u lle y

M m

The masses accelerate when released.

Which diagram is the correct free-body diagram for the two masses?

A . B. C. D .

M m M m M m M m

(1)

97. What is the condition for an object to be in translational equilibrium?

A. The forces acting upwards are equal to the forces acting downwards.

B. The object must be at rest.

C. The object must be moving at constant speed.

D. There is no resultant force on the object in any direction.

(1)

135
98. A ball of mass M hits a wall at speed V normal to the wall. It rebounds with speed v normal to
the wall as shown below.

w a ll
V

le ft rig h t

What is the magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball and the direction of the force that
the wall exerts on the ball?

change in momentum direction of force

A. M(V – v) to the right
B. M(V – v) to the left
C. M(V + v) to the right
D. M(V + v) to the left
(1)

99. A rocket is fired vertically into the air. When the rocket reaches its maximum height, the rocket
explodes.

What change, if any, occurs in the momentum and in the kinetic energy of the rocket during the
explosion?

momentum kinetic energy

A. increases increases
B. increases constant
C. constant increases
D. constant constant
(1)

136
100. A stone of mass m is attached to a string. The stone is made to rotate in a vertical circle of radius
r, as shown.
v

At the point where the stone is vertically above the centre of the circle, the stone has speed v.

Which of the following expressions gives the tension in the string?

mv 2
mg 
A. r

mv 2
B. r

mv 2
 mg
C. r

mv 2
 mg
D. r

(1)

137
101. This question is about the breaking distance of a car and specific heat capacity.

–1
(a) A car of mass 960 kg is free-wheeling down an incline at a constant speed of 9.0 m s .

s p e e d = 9 .0 m s -1

15

The slope makes an angle of 15° with the horizontal.

3
(i) Deduce that the average resistive force acting on the car is 2.4×10 N.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

138
(b) The driver now applies the brakes and the car comes to rest in 15 m. Use your answer to
(a)(ii) to calculate the average braking force exerted on the car in coming to rest.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(c) The same braking force is applied to each rear wheel of the car. The effective mass of
–1 –1
each brake is 5.2 kg with a specific heat capacity of 900 J kg K . Estimate the rise in
temperature of a brake as the car comes to rest. State one assumption that you make in
your estimation.

estimate:

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

assumption:

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(4)
(Total 9 marks)

139
102. This question is about momentum and energy.

(a) Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum.

definition:

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

relation:

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) By applying Newton’s laws of motion to the collision of two particles, deduce that
momentum is conserved in the collision.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(5)

140
(c) In an experiment to measure the speed of a bullet, the bullet is fired into a piece of
plasticine suspended from a rigid support by a light thread.

24cm
b u lle t
speed V

p la s tic in e

The speed of the bullet on impact with the plasticine is V. As a result of the impact, the
bullet embeds itself in the plasticine and the plasticine is displaced vertically through a
–3
height of 24 cm. The mass of the bullet is 5.2×10 kg and the mass of the plasticine is
0.38 kg.

(i) Ignoring the mass of the bullet, calculate the speed of the plasticine immediately
after the impact.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Deduce that the speed V with which the bullet strikes the plasticine is about
–1
160 m s .

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

141
103. This question is about momentum and energy.

(a) Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum.

definition

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

relation

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) By applying Newton’s laws of motion to the collision of two particles, deduce that
momentum is conserved in the collision.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(5)

142
(c) In an experiment to measure the speed of a bullet, the bullet is fired into a piece of
plasticine suspended from a rigid support by a light thread.

24cm
b u lle t
sp eed V

p la s tic in e

The speed of the bullet on impact with the plasticine is V. As a result of the impact, the
bullet embeds itself in the plasticine and the plasticine is displaced vertically through a
–3
height of 24 cm. The mass of the bullet is 5.2×10 kg and the mass of the plasticine is
0.38 kg.

(i) Ignoring the mass of the bullet, calculate the speed of the plasticine immediately
after the impact.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Deduce that the speed V with which the bullet strikes the plasticine is about
–1
160 m s .

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

143
 (iii) Estimate the kinetic energy lost in the impact.

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................

(3)

(d) Another bullet is fired from a different gun into a large block of wood. The block remains
stationary after impact and the bullet melts completely. The temperature rise of the block
is negligible. Use the data to estimate the minimum impact speed of the bullet.

–3
mass of bullet = 5.3×10 kg
–1 –1
specific heat capacity of the material of the bullet = 130 J kg K
–1
latent heat of fusion of the material of the bullet = 870 J kg
melting point of the material of the bullet = 330°C
initial temperature of bullet = 30°C

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(5)
(Total 19 marks)

144
104. The graph below shows the variation with load of the length of a spring.

le n g th
L

X
0
0 W lo a d

For a load W the length of the spring is L.

Which of the following areas on the graph represents the energy stored in the spring when it is
stretched to a length L?

A. X

B. Y–X

C. Z

D. X+Y

(1)

145
105. The graph below shows the variation with load of the length of a spring.

le n g th
L

X
0
0 W lo a d

For a load W the length of the spring is L.

The spring constant of the spring is given by

A. the gradient of the graph.

1
B. gradientof the graph .

W
C. L .

L
D. W .

(1)

106. A fireman is holding a hosepipe so that water leaves the pipe horizontally. The hosepipe has a
constant cross-sectional area. The magnitude of the force that the fireman exerts to hold the
hosepipe stationary is F.

The volume of water delivered by the hose per second doubles, the force that the fireman must
now exert is

A. 2F .

B. 2F.

C. 4F.

D. 8F.

(1)

146
107. Two trolleys P and Q, are connected by a rubber band. They are at rest on a horizontal surface.
The mass of Q is twice that of P. The trolleys are pulled apart so that the band is stretched and
are then released.

magnitudeof initial acceleration of trolley P

The ratio magnitudeof initial acceleration of trolley Q is

1
A. 4.

1
B. 2.

C. 1.

D. 2.

(1)

108. An object of mass M is suspended from a spring. The extension of the spring is e. The same
object is suspended from an identical spring on the Moon where the acceleration of free fall is
less than that on Earth. Which of the following is correct?

Mass of the object on Moon Extension of spring on Moon

A. M e
B. less than M less than e
C. M less than e
D. less than M e
(1)

147
109. An impulse I acts on a body of mass m that is initially at rest. What is the distance moved by the
body in a time t after the impulse has been delivered?

It
A. m

Im
B. t

I
C. m

D. It

(1)

–
110. Two identical springs A and B each have a force constant (force per unit extension) of 2.5Ncm
1
. One end of each spring is attached to a trolley and the other ends are attached to rigid
supports, as shown.

su p p o rt tro lle y

s p rin g A s p rin g B

The springs are horizontal and, when the trolley is at rest, the extension of each spring is 3.0 cm.
The trolley is displaced 1.2 cm to the right.

su p p o rt tro lle y

s p rin g A s p rin g B

d is p la c e m e n t 1 .2 c m

148
 (a) Calculate the magnitude of the force on the trolley due to

(i) spring A alone.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) spring B alone.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) The trolley is released. Determine the initial acceleration of the trolley of mass 0.75 kg.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

111. This question is about momentum.

(a) Define

(i) linear momentum.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) impulse.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

149
(b) In a ride in a pleasure park, a carriage of mass 450 kg is travelling horizontally at a speed
–1
of 18 m s . It passes through a shallow tank containing stationary water. The tank is of
–1
length 9.3 m. The carriage leaves the tank at a speed of 13 m s .

1 8 m s–1 w a te r-ta n k 1 3 m s –1
c a rria g e , m a s s 4 5 0 k g

9 .3 m

As the carriage passes through the tank, the carriage loses momentum and causes some
–1
water to be pushed forwards with a speed of 19 m s in the direction of motion of the
carriage.

(i) For the carriage passing through the water-tank, deduce that the magnitude of its
total change in momentum is 2250N s.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Use the answer in (b)(i) to deduce that the mass of water moved in the direction of
motion of the carriage is approximately 120 kg.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(iii) Calculate the mean value of the magnitude of the acceleration of the carriage in the
water.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(3)

150
(c) For the carriage in (b) passing through the water-tank, determine

(i) its total loss in kinetic energy.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(3)

(ii) the gain in kinetic energy of the water that is moved in the direction of motion of
the carriage.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(d) By reference to the principles of conservation of momentum and of energy, explain your
answers in (c).

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 15 marks)

151
112. This question is about linear motion.

A car moves along a straight road. At time t = 0 the car starts to move from rest and oil begins to
drip from the engine of the car. One drop of oil is produced every 0.80 s. Oil drops are left on
the road. The position of the oil drops are drawn to scale on the grid below such that 1.0 cm
represents 4.0 m. The grid starts at time t = 0.

d ire c tio n o f m o tio n

1 .0 c m

(a) (i) State the feature of the diagram above which indicates that, initially, the car is
accelerating.

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) On the grid above, draw further dots to show where oil would have dripped if the
drops had been produced from the time when the car had started to move.

(2)

(iii) Determine the distance moved by the car during the first 5.6 s of its motion.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

152
 (b) Using information from the grid above, determine for the car,

(i) the final constant speed.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) the initial acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

113. A trolley of mass 1.5 kg is pulled along a horizontal table by a force of 5.0N.

f o rc e 5 .0 N

The frictional force acting on the trolley is 0.50N.

The acceleration of the trolley is

–2
A. 0.30 m s .
–2
B. 0.33 m s .
–2
C. 3.0 m s .
–2
D. 3.3 m s .

(1)

153
114. This question is about units and momentum.

(a) Distinguish between fundamental units and derived units.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) The rate of change of momentum R of an object moving at speed v in a stationary fluid of
constant density is given by the expression
2
R = kv

where k is a constant.

(i) State the derived units of speed v.

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Determine the derived units of R.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(iii) Use the expression and your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) to determine the derived
units of k.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

154
(c) Define

(i) linear momentum.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) impulse.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(d) In a ride in a pleasure park, a carriage of mass 450 kg is travelling horizontally at a speed
–1
of 18 m s . It passes through a shallow tank containing stationary water. The tank is of
–1
length 9.3 m. The carriage leaves the tank at a speed of 13 m s .

1 8 m s–1 w a te r-ta n k 1 3 m s –1
c a rria g e , m a s s 4 5 0 k g

9 .3 m

As the carriage passes through the tank, the carriage loses momentum and causes some
–1
water to be pushed forwards with a speed of 19 m s in the direction of motion of the
carriage.

(i) For the carriage passing through the water-tank, deduce that the magnitude of its
total change in momentum is 2250N s.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

155
 (ii) Use the answer in (d)(i) to deduce that the mass of water moved in the direction of
motion of the carriage is approximately 120 kg.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(iii) Calculate the mean value of the magnitude of the acceleration of the carriage in the
water.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(3)

(e) For the carriage in (d) passing through the water-tank, determine

(i) its total loss in kinetic energy.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(3)

(ii) the gain in kinetic energy of the water that is moved in the direction of motion of
the carriage.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

156
 (f) By reference to the principles of conservation of momentum and of energy, explain your
answers in (e).

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 20 marks)

115. This question is about linear and circular motion.

A car moves along a straight road. At time t = 0 the car starts to move from rest and oil begins to
drip from the engine of the car. One drop of oil is produced every 0.80 s. Oil drops are left on
the road. The position of the oil drops are drawn to scale on the grid below such that 1.0 cm
represents 4.0 m. The grid starts at time t = 0.

d ire c tio n o f m o tio n

1 .0 c m

(a) (i) State the feature of the diagram above which indicates that, initially, the car is
accelerating.

...........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) On the grid above, draw further dots to show where oil would have dripped if the
drops had been produced from the time when the car had started to move.

(2)

(iii) Determine the distance moved by the car during the first 5.6 s of its motion.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

157
 (1)

(b) Using information from the grid above, determine for the car,

(i) the final constant speed.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) the initial acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(c) The car then turns a corner at constant speed. Passengers in the car who were sitting
upright feel as if their upper bodies are being “thrown outwards”.

(i) Identify the force acting on the car, and its line of action, that enables the car to
turn the corner.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Explain why the passengers feel as if they are being “thrown outwards”.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 13 marks)

158
159
116. A general expression for Newton’s second law of motion is

p
F .
t

What condition is applied so that the law may be expressed in the form F = ma?

A. The mass m is constant.

B. The acceleration a is constant.

C. The force F is constant.

D. The direction of the force F is constant.

(1)

117. Mandy stands on a weighing scale inside a lift (elevator) that accelerates vertically upwards as
shown in the diagram below. The forces on Mandy are her weight W and the reaction force from
the scale R.

The reading of the scale is

A. R + W.

B. W.

C. R.

D. R – W.

(1)

160
118. Two spheres of masses m1 and m2 are moving towards each other along the same straight-line
with speeds v1 and v2 as shown.

The spheres collide. Which of the following gives the total change in linear momentum of the
spheres as a result of the collision?

A. 0

B. m1v1 + m2v2

C. m1v1 − m2v2

D. m2v2 − m1v1

(1)

119. A frictionless trolley of mass m moves down a slope with a constant acceleration a. A second
similar frictionless trolley has mass 2m. The acceleration of the second trolley as it moves down
the slope is

1
a.
A. 2

B. a.

C. 2a.

D. 4a.

(1)

161