Seminar Report

On,

STUDY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Submitted By
RituRaj
(Department of Civil engineering)
(DYPCOE, Ak)

Guided By,
Col. B K Bhonde
(Asst. Prof. of Civil Engg. Department)

D. Y. Patil College of Engineering,

Akurdi, Pune-411044

Department of Civil Engineering

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. RITURAJ has satisfactorily completed the seminar

work entitled

Study of Solid Waste Management

Which is carried out by him under the supervision of Col. B K Bhonde and it

is approved for the partial fulfillment of requirement of Savitribai Phule Pune

University, for the award of the degree of Bachelors of Engineering (Civil

Engg.) for the academic year 2018-19.

Col. B K Bhonde Dr. Ashok B. More

(Seminar Guide) (Head of Civil Department)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure, I present the seminar report as part of the curriculum of

the T.E. Civil Engineering. I wish to thank all the people who gave us an

unending support right from when the idea was conceived.

I express sincere and profound thanks to Col. B K Bhonde

, Seminar Guide, who is ready to help with the most diverse problems that I have

encountered along the way. I express sincere thanks to all stand colleagues who

have helped directly or indirectly in completing this seminar successfully.

RITURAJ ROLL NO. T150080162 (Div.) Signature

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter No. Content Page No.
1.0 Abstract 5
2.0 Introduction 5
3.0 Literature Review 5
4.0 Nature Of Solid Waste 6
4.1 Advantages or Benefits of waste management 6

4.2 Limitations 7
5.0 Methods Of Waste Management 8
5.1 Composting 8
5.2 Vermi Composting 9
5.3 Anaerobic Digestion and Biomethanation 9
5.4 Incineration 11
6.0 Drawbacks in present solid waste management 11
6.1 No storage of water at source 11
6.2 No system of primary collection at door step 11
6.3 Irregular street sweeping 11
6.4 Waste storage depots 11
6.5 Transportation of waste 11
6.6 Processing waste 11
6.7 Disposal of waste 11
7.0 Application 12
8.0 Some Major Example 13
9.0 Future scope 13
10.0 References 16

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CHAPTER1.0 ABSTRACT
Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services provided by
municipal authorities in the country to keep urban centers clean. However, it is among the most
poorly rendered services in the basket. The systems applied are unscientific, outdated and
inefficient; population coverage is low; and the poor are marginalized. Waste is littered all over
leading to insanitary living conditions. Municipal laws governing the urban local bodies do not
have adequate provisions to deal effectively with the ever- growing problem of solid waste
management. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. The urban population has
grown fivefold in the last six decades with 285.35 million people living in urban areas as per 2010
Census.

CHAPTER2.0 INTRODUCTION:

The improper disposal of municipal waste has a serious and dangerous impact on a
wide range of areas. Garbage thrown in the street or in open spaces creates a public health
hazard, while waste dumped near rivers, lakes and streams contaminates the water supply.
Rubbish that is burned in the open rather than disposed of properly creates pollution and releases
toxic fumes into the environment. Non- biodegradable materials thrown into open drains make
their way into the sewerage system, clogging pipelines and damaging infrastructure. The hazards
posed by the dumping of untreated hospital and industrial waste are even greater, with the release
of pathogens and toxic compounds posing a grave threat not just to human life but also to plants
and animals. Garbage dumped in the countryside is not simply an eyesore; entire landscapes are
ruined and unique habitats for flora and fauna are lost. All of these problems are common in
India, where vast quantities of solid waste remain uncollected in the streets, along major roads, in
empty plots of land downhill slopes and in illegal dumps.

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CHAPER3.0 LITERATURE RIVIEW
Various reports of NEERI (National Environmental Engineering Research
Institute), CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board), ISWA (Indian Solid Waste Act), JNNURM
(Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission), World Bank, NGOs (Non-Governmental
Organizations) to understand practice of waste management across the world and within India,
economics of the sector, its impact on livelihoods, principles of zero waste management and
decentralized systems, role of formal and informal sectors, and linkages between various
institutions and stakeholders.

CHAPTER4.0 NATURE OF SOLID WASTE

Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.2 kg and 0.6 kg per day in the Indian cities
amounting to about 1.15 lakh MT of waste per day and 42 million MT annually. Also, as the city
expands, average per capita waste generation increases. Waste Generation per Capita in Indian
cities the waste generation rates in India are lower than the low-income countries in other parts of
the world and much lower compared to developed countries. However, lifestyle changes,
especially in the larger cities, are leading to the use of more packaging material and per capita
waste generation is increasing by about 1.3 per cent per year.
With the urban population growing at 2.7 per cent to 3.5 per cent per annum, the yearly
increase in the overall quantity of solid waste in the cities will be more than 5 percent. The Energy
and Resources Institute (TERI) has estimated that waste generation will exceed 260 million tons
per year by 2047—more than five times the present level. Cities with 100,000 plus population
contribute 72.5 per cent of the waste generated in the country as compared to other 3955 urban
centers that produce only 17.5 per cent of the total waste and practices continue to be outdated and
inefficient.
No serious efforts are made to adapt latest methods and technologies of waste
management, treatment and disposal. Though a large portion of the municipal budget is allotted
for solid waste management, most of it is spent on the wages of sanitation workers whose
productivity is very low. There are no clear plans to enhance their efficiency or improve working
conditions through the provision of modern equipment and protective gear. Unionization of the
workers, politicization of labor unions and the consequent indiscipline among the workforce are
all results of bad working conditions and inept handling of labor issues.

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4.1 ADVANTAGES OR BENEFITS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
As said above, Waste management involves the collection and disposal of both
hazardous and non-hazardous wastes from all the sectors of a society. We shall now look in detail
the benefits of proper garbage disposal.
1. This practice is highly lucrative: - The journal of Waste management says that the revenues
generated by the waste management would top by $60 million by 2018. But, there are only a few
people who sincerely consider this as an industry into various facets of waste management like
recycling and reusing, and reap the benefits. Now many companies are looking forward to
associate themselves with this industry and are ready for a long term investment.
2. Keeps the environment clean and fresh: - Perhaps, the greatest advantage of waste management
is keeping the environment fresh and neat. These waste disposal units also make the people go
disease free as all the resultant wastes are properly disposed and taken care of. More number of
waste disposal units can be placed in all the tier-1 and tier-2 cities so that the waste disposal process
can be prepped up. Also a point worthy of our consideration here is that this advantage can be
taken into account only if extensive and proper safety measures are implemented along with proper
waste disposal techniques. There is no use in simply implementing a half-baked technique which,
if no use to both the people and the environment. This is the best effects of proper waste disposal.
3. Saves the Earth and conserves energy: - This characteristic of waste management includes
specifically the recycling aspect. As recycling of waste helps in reducing the cutting down of trees.
This cutting of trees is mainly done for the production of paper. By using this method, we can use
the recycled waste to make quality papers rather than relying on trees. Also, recycling needs only
a minimal amount of energy for utilization and complete processing. The resultant product we
obtain

4. Reduces environmental pollution1:-As explained above, waste management if done in a proper

manner not only eliminates the surrounding waste, but also will reduce the intensity of the
greenhouse gases like methane, carbon monoxide which is emitted from the wastes accumulated.
The depth of the existing landfills and incinerations will be curbed, thereby cutting down the
harmful factors that affect the environment. Also, the amount of fossil fuels will get reduced in
this manner, leading to a cleaner and a greener environment we can reduce the pollution.

5. Waste management will help you earn money:-Can you believe if I say that what I have said
above is absolutely true? Yes, waste management earns you a few extra bucks every month.
Actually, there are many companies which will pay you for your waste. Right from old and used
bottles to tin cans and e-wastes, all kinds of wastes are collected and paid. These wastes are then
segregated according to the extent of pollution they cause to the environment and these wastes are
recycled accordingly for various purposes. There are also crash courses available which will aid
you to reuse your trash. Above all, by following this method you can create an awareness to your

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fellow.

6. Creates employment:-Again, this aspect too is unbelievable for you… right? You may even ask
how come this is possible. But in all the facets of waste management, a huge amount of labor is
needed. Right from the collection to the final step of segregation, every phase needs manpower
and ultimately a large number of employment opportunities get opened up. This claim is evident
from the labor statistics provided by the US government, according to which around 3.1 million
new jobs are produced due to the waste management factor.

4.2 LIMITATIONS:
The solid waste disposal indicator reported on landfills that receive
municipal, industrial and hazardous waste. It did not report on other waste disposal facilities, for
example waste disposed of to clean fills or to landfills that accept only industrial and/or
hazardous waste, incinerated waste or legacy waste (eg; stockpiled tyres or agrichemicals). The
indicator did not specifically report on liquid, gaseous and hazardous wastes, although some
potentially hazardous waste is included in estimates of solid waste disposed of to landfills.

Waste composition data is based on physically sorting or visually estimating the

various components of the waste stream in each vehicle sampled. Because of the high degree of
variation in the proportions of waste types in each vehicle sampled, the measurements have a
precision of ±20 per cent for major components. The precision is likely to be lower for smaller
components of the waste stream. Please note that the results presented by this indicator are,
therefore, indicative estimates rather than statistically significant measurements. The indicator
did not measure activities aimed at minimizing waste and increasing resource efficiency, such as
improvements to production methods. Nor did it measure the decoupling of waste generation
from influencing factors, such as population and economic growth.

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CHAPTER5.0 METHODS FOR PROCESSING, TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
The main technological options available for processing/treatment and disposal of MSW
are composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion/ Biomethanation, incineration, gasification
and pyrolysis, plasma pyrolysis, production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as
palletization.

5.1 COMPOSTING:
Composting is a technology known in India since times immemorial. Composting
is the decomposition of organic matter by microorganism in warm, moist, aerobic and anaerobic
environment. Farmers have been using compost made out of cow dung and other agro-waste. The
compost made out of urban heterogeneous waste is found to be of higher nutrient value as
compared to the compost made out of cow dung and agro-waste. Composting of MSW is,
therefore, the most simple and cost effective technology for treating the organic fraction of MSW.
Full-scale commercially viable composting technology is already demonstrated in India and is in
use in several cities and towns. Its application to farm land, tea gardens, fruit orchards or its use as
soil conditioner in parks, gardens, agricultural lands, etc., is however, limited on account of poor
marketing.
Main advantages of composting include improvement in soil texture and augmenting
of micronutrient deficiencies. It also increases moisture-holding capacity of the soil and helps in
maintaining soil health. Moreover, it is an age-old established concept for recycling nutrients to
the soil. It is simple and straightforward to adopt, for source separated MSW. It does not require

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large capital investment, compared to other waste treatment options. The technology is scale
neutral. Composting is suitable for organic biodegradable fraction of MSW, yard (or garden)
waste/waste containing high proportion of lignocelluloses materials, which do not readily degrade
under anaerobic conditions, waste from slaughterhouse and dairy waste.
This method, however, is not very suitable for wastes that may be too wet and during
heavy rains open compost plants have to be stopped. Land required for open compost plants is
relatively large. Also, issues of methane emission, odor, and flies from badly managed open
properly carried out there is possibility of toxic material entering the stream of MSW.

5.2 VERMI-COMPOSTING:
Vermi-compost is the natural organic manure produced from the excreta of
earthworms fed on scientifically semi-decomposed organic waste. A few Vermi composting plants
generally of small size have been set up in some cities and towns in India, the largest plant being
in Bangalore of about 100 MT/day capacity. Normally, Vermi-composting is preferred to
microbial composting in small towns as it requires less mechanization and it is easy to operate. It
is, however, to be ensured that toxic material does not enter the chain which if present could kill
the earthworms.

5.3 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND BIOMETHANATION:

Biomethanation is a comparatively well-established technology for disinfections,
deodorization and stabilization of sewage sludge, farmyard manures, animal slurries, and industrial
sludge. Its application to the organic fraction of MSW is more recent and less extensive. It leads
to bio-gas/power generation in addition to production of compost (residual sludge).

This method provides a value addition to the aerobic (composting) process and also
offers certain other clear advantages over composting in terms of energy. This method is suitable
for kitchen wastes and, other putrescible wastes, which may be too wet and lacking in structure for
aerobic composting. It is a net energy-producing process (100–150 kWh per tons of waste input).
A totally enclosed system enables all the gas produced to be collected for use.

A modular construction of plant and closed treatment needs less land area. This plant
is free from bad odor, rodent and fly menace, visible pollution, and social resistance. It has
potential for co-disposal with other organic waste streams from agro-based industry. The plant can
be scaled up depending on the availability of the waste.

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5.4 INCINERATION:
This method, commonly used in developed countries is most suitable for high calorific
value waste with a large component of paper, plastic, packaging material, pathological wastes, etc.
It can reduce waste volumes by over 90 per cent and convert waste to innocuous material, with
energy recovery.

CHAPTER6.0 DRAWBACKS IN PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANGEMENT

SERVICES:

6.1. No Storage of Waste at Source: There is no practice of storing the waste at source in a
scientifically segregated way. Citizens have not been educated to keep domestic, trade, and
institutional bins for storage of waste at source and stop littering on the streets.
6.2. No System of Primary Collection from the Doorstep: There is no public system of primary
collection from the source of waste generation. The waste discharged here and there is later
collected by municipal sanitation workers through street sweeping, drain cleaning, etc. Street
sweeping has, thus become the principal method of primary collection.
6.3. Irregular Street Sweeping: Even street sweeping is not carried out on a day-to-day basis in
most cities and towns in India. Generally commercial roads and important streets are prioritized
and rest of the streets are swept occasionally or not swept at all. Generally, no sweeping is done
on Sundays and public holidays and a back log is created on the next working day.
The tools used for street sweeping are generally inefficient and out - dated. For
instance, the broom with a short handle is still in use forcing sweepers to bend for hours resulting
in fatigue and loss of productivity.
Traditional handcarts/tricycles are used for collection, which do not synchronize with
the secondary storage systems. Waste is deposited on the ground necessitating multiple handling.
There are no uniform yardsticks adopted for street sweeping. Though, some states/cities
have prescribed work-norms, these are not very scientific. Most of the cities allocate work to
sanitation workers on ad hoc basis. The work distribution ranges between 200 meters to 1000
meters of street sweeping each day. Some sanitation workers are found under worked while some
overburdened.
6.4. Waste Storage Depots: As waste is collected through traditional handcarts/tricycles that can
carry only a small quantity of waste at a time, there is a practice to set up depots for temporary
storage of waste to facilitate transportation through motorized vehicles. Generally, open sites or
round cement concrete bins, masonry bins or concrete structures are used for temporary bulk

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storage, which necessitates multiple handling of waste. Waste often spills over which is both
unsightly as well as unhygienic.
6.5. Transportation of Waste: Transportation of waste from the waste storage depots to the disposal
site is done through a variety of vehicles such as bullock carts, three-wheelers, tractors, and trucks.
A few cities use modern hydraulic vehicles as well. Most of the transport vehicles are old and
open. They are usually loaded manually. The fleet is generally inadequate and utilization in
optimal. Inefficient workshop facilities do not do much to support this old and rumbling squad of
squalid vehicles. The traditional transportation system does not synchronize with the system of
primary collection and secondary waste storage facilities and multiple manual handling of waste
results.
6.6. Processing of Waste: - Generally no processing of municipal solid waste is done in the country.
Only a few cities have been practicing decentralized or centralized composting on a limited scale
using aerobic or anaerobic systems of composting. In some towns un- segregated waste is put into
the pits and allowed to decay for more than six months and the semi-decomposed material is sold
out as compost. In some large cities aerobic compost plants of 100 MT to 700 MT capacities are
set up but they are functioning much below installed capacity. A few towns are practicing Vermi-
composting on a limited scale.
6.7. Disposal of Waste: - Disposal of waste is the most neglected area of SWM services and the
current practices are grossly unscientific. Almost all municipal authorities deposit solid waste at a
dump-yard situated within or outside the city haphazardly and do not bother to spread and cover
the waste with inert material. These sites emanate foul smell and become breeding grounds for
flies, rodent, and pests. Liquid seeping through the rotting organic waste called leachate pollutes
underground water and poses a serious threat to health and environment.
Landfill sites also release landfill gas with 50 to 60 per cent methane by volume.
Methane is 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide aggravating problems related to global
warming. It is estimated by TERI that in 1997 India released about 7 million tons of methane into
the atmosphere. This could increase to 39 million tons by 2047 if no efforts are made to reduce the
emission through composting, recycling, etc.

CHAPTER7.0 ACTION PLAN

Issues in MSWM are no system of door to door collection of waste, no
segregation of waste at source, Inadequate community bin facilities, Burning of waste on roads/
bins, People throwing waste on streets, open space, drains, naalas etc., No separate system for
collecting of disposal of construction waste and /or Industrial waste, Problem& restaurant waste,
No system of collection of garden waste, Issue of plastic begs / plastic with less than 20 microns,
Crude dumping of waste, Use of Plastic begs / plastic thinner than 20 micron, Lacking of public
awareness, High level of subsidy and low level of recovery for SW service.

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 Municipal Corporation should have to strengthen its capacity and institutional
arrangement to handle all solid waste in City. To handle all the solid waste in city, Municipal
Corporation must take help of NGO‟s, researchers, universities and colleges. People’s
participation is essential to ensure a well-managed system. There is also need to conduct an
education campaign on waste management and health related issues. Also NGO‟s (Janwani) and
environmental sustainable companies (Teri) should have to arrange seminars, street plays. Also
Municipal Corporation must spread messages through radio, television, newspapers and hoarding
about the advantages of clean city. Such efforts will reduce the open waste and waste at storage
sites. There is need of scientific planning of the solid waste collection at each household, collection
points and easiest way of transportation up to land fill sites. An increase in population has put
tremendous pressure on budgetary resources. The unbundling of services and technological
innovations have opened up these areas to private sector participation (MoF 2009, Clairair O. S.
2006). Training & Public Awareness, Scientific approach for Sweeping, Waste Segregation and
Reuse, Provision of Adequate Collection Facilities, Developing Strong Transportation Facilities,
Setting up Transfer Stations, Augmentation of Waste Processing, 100% daily sweeping to entire
city population,100% Waste Collection system before end of year,75% waste segregation at
collection, 95% SW processed before land filling, Development of Sanitary landfill site, Quick &
Prompt complaint attendance for the utility, Dust Free Major roads.

CHAPTER8.0 CONCLUSION
The waste has several components which have potential to be reduced-reused–
recycled. This potential is underutilized on account of lack of awareness among generators, lack
of sense of ownership and responsibility, lack of sufficient infrastructure. 75 percent of total
waste can be reduced from going to landfill by practicing 3R‟s This will not only reduce
pollution caused by dumping but also make today’s waste as tomorrow’s resource. The action
plan follows situation analyses followed by a thematic approach of building up infrastructure,
capacity, awareness and assessment. Accordingly detailed Action sheets have been developed.
The study presents a methodology and action planning process. The field application coupled
with this guidance is expected to serve as a tool kit for applications elsewhere to develop a zero
waste management plan for a ward in an urban area. Also maximum collection efficiency, route
cost optimization, Processing, composting, recovery with minimum landfilling, Health hazard,
open dumping, burning of waste. Bungalow Societies, Housing Societies, Slums, Gavthan,
Commercial Establishments, SHGs (Self Help Group), schools, Senior citizens and other groups
plays vital role in solid waste management of PCMC.

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9.0 FUTURE SCOPE
As population, living standard increases the generation of waste is continuous.
Hence we should have to plan according to Population Forecasting, Use of GPS Tracking System,
advanced processing and recycle technologies (Biological and thermal treatment) , diversity
principle (More diverse most efficient planning), minimum waste to landfilling.

10.0 REFERENCES
[1] “Status Report on Municipal Solid Waste Management” by Central Pollution Control Board
(MoEF, 2000)
[2] Mufeed Sharholy “Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Allahabad, India”
by author Mufeed Sharholy
[3] MoUD. (2000). Manual on SWM.
[4] MSW Rules. (2000).
[5] JNNURM. (2009) “Toolkit for Solid Waste Management” MoUD, GoI.
[6] ENVIS 2009. (n.d.). Retrieved from ENVIS, Maharashtra.
[7] PCMC ESR (2012-13)/solid waste/page (73-83)
[8] Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), 2000. Management of Municipal Solid Wastes. New
Delhi, India
[9] “Surat Solid Waste Management Project under, JNNURM”
[10] “SWM, Agra” By Regional Centre for Urban & Environmental Studies
[11] Athena, I. I. (2012). “PPPs in Municipal Solid Waste Management in India.”

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