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MATHEMATICAL EXCURSIONS

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MATHEMATICAL
EXCURSIONS

By Dr. Marco Bitetto

MATHEMATICAL EXCURSIONS
Copyright © 2017
All Rights Reserved

i
1
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Coming Attractions reporting with reflection, science fact
and opionion.
By
Dr. Marco Bitetto

Here’s where you now have say as to

what I write and what you will eventu-
ally read.

The categories that you can vote upon

are political satire, ironic comedy, fan-
tasy, hard science fiction, news events
3
This is your only chance this year to ef- FA C E B O O K :
fect the outcome of what I write and http://www.facebook.com/BlindSideStu
what you will read. dios
So think carefully and vote in a pre- FA C E B O O K :
meditated fashioned. http://www.facebook.com/Roboshoponl
ine
FA C E B O O K :
Have fun above all else.
http://www.facebook.com/Nuova-Unive
To correspond with this author go to rsita-di-Engegneria-e-Scienza
the below listed web-sites:
The Significance of Numbers
By
TWITTER: @DrBitetto
Dr. Marco Bitetto
FA C E B O O K :
http://www.facebook.com/drmarcobitett
o Like the elemental entities of any hu-
man constructed language, numbers
FA C E B O O K :
have a purpose and significance. Their
http://www.facebook.com/Robotronics
LLC
4
purpose and significance is one of sym- bol is for the communication of the nu-
bolic purpose and intent in their usage. merical values direction of transit and
position on the number line.

Number can be used to communicate

such things as the size of objects, the Can you think of any other uses of num-
density of objects, the age of object bers?
and the cost of objects as well. This is
To correspond with this author go to
simple but a few of the uses that num-
the below listed web-sites:
bers can symbolically represent.

TWITTER: @DrBitetto
Another important part of numerical
representation is the use of such non- FA C E B O O K :
terminals as commas and decimal http://www.facebook.com/drmarcobitett
points. Use of these special purpose o
nonterminal symbols help to convey
FA C E B O O K :
the magnitude of the numbers being
http://www.facebook.com/Robotronics
communicated. Anther important sym-
LLC
bol that is quite often used with num-
bers is the minus sign. Use of this sym-
5
FA C E B O O K : This incredibly robust, powerful and
http://www.facebook.com/BlindSideStu flexible artificial intelligence program
dios was originally developed under con-
tract for the United States Department
FA C E B O O K :
of Defense project DARPA (Defense Ad-
http://www.facebook.com/Roboshoponl
vanced Research Projects Agency).
ine
This program was originally created in
Utopia Has Finally Arrived with the the worlds very first artificial intelli-
Availability of MAXYMA gence programming languages called
MacLISP. This language was invented
By Dr. Marco A.V. Bitetto
at MIT’s A.I. Laboratory and was de-
signed to run on a Z80 based CP/M80
personal computer system.

For those that are unfamiliar with the ar- The only functionality that this incredi-
ble free software lacks is the ability to
tificial intelligence program called MA-
perform theorem proving. However,
XYMA, it is a public domain program
this is not an unsourmountable obsta-
that has the ability of doing 90% of the
cle at all. Every science, technology
things that MATHEMATICA can do and
and mathematics student is thourghly
is totally and fully user programmable.

6
well versed in the art of mathematically
based theorm proving.
Soon there will even be a version that
c a n r u n o n t h e i PA D P R O a n d
SAMSUNG GALAXY tablet based mo-
bile computer systems that run with
the iOS 12 and Android based operat-
ing systems.
In addition to be capable of performing
all the standard scientific calculation in
a command line mode, MAXYM is addi-
tionally capable of performing live alge-
braic calculations and also has an on
demand equation editor that instantly
pops up upon demand.
Moreover, the fully customizable pro-
grammable user interface allow its us-
ers to preform integral, differential, par-
tial differential, complex variable, Lapla-
cian Analysis, Fourier Analysis, 2D
plots, 3D plots and best yet Rieman-
nian mappings.
All of these capabilities make this a
most robust, most powerful tool for ap-
plications simulation and analysis in
such fields of science and technology
as Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Math-
matics, Computer Science, Control Sys-
tems, Game Theory and Robotics.
So, with all this potential computing
power at your finger tips, why aren’t
you actively and regularly making use
of MAXYMA?
MAXYMA and its associated PDF oper-
ating manuals can be quickly and eas-
ily downloaded from the SOURCE-
FORGE web-page by going to
7
the  http://www.sourceforge.com/MAXY
MA web-page.
Like the irrational numbers, there are
To contact this author go to the below mathematical functions that also pro-
web-sites: duce infinite expansion series of num-
bers.
TWITTER: @DrBitetto
FACEBOOK:  http://www.facebook.com/
drmarcobitetto The two cases in point come from the
infinite expansion series produced by
FACEBOOK:  http://www.facebook.com/
the functions of the Taylor and Mc Lo-
RobotronicsLLC
ren series of infinite expansions.
FACEBOOK:  http://www.facebook.com/
BlindSideStudios
Below are two mathematical equations
FACEBOOK:  http://www.facebook.com/
that represent the Taylor series of infi-
Roboshoponline
nite expansions.
INFINITE EXPANSION SERIES
By
Dr. Marco Bitetto
8
Next we see below an example of the To correspond with this author go to
Mc Loren series infinite expansion in the below listed web-sites:
practice.

TWITTER: @DrBitetto
The Taylor series of infinite expansions
FA C E B O O K :
are typically used to compute trigomet-
http://www.facebook.com/drmarcobitett
ric functions (i.e. Sin, Cosin, Tan).
o
FA C E B O O K :
There are also other types of infinite ex- http://www.facebook.com/Robotronics
pansions that are commonly used. LLC
One is the approximating value of Pi
FA C E B O O K :
and the other is an approximating
http://www.facebook.com/BlindSideStu
value of the Lagrange equation.
dios
FA C E B O O K :
Can you work out problems using http://www.facebook.com/Roboshoponl
these infinite series expansions? ine

9
FA C E B O O K : Mathematical Aspects of the World
http://www.facebook.com/Nuova-Unive
By
rsita-di-Engegneria-e-Scienza
Dr. Marco Bitetto

Some readers may have suspected that

there are underlying patterns of regular-
ity in every phenomena around them
and their precisely correct.

10
The cases of this regularity that we will
be exploring are in the area of passive
electronic devices electrical behavior
and the mechanical rules that govern
gearing operations in all sorts of ma-
chines.
The first two cases of regularity pat-
terns that we shall examine deal with
the electrical behavior of capacitors
and inductors. Capacitors are passive
electronic devices that store electrical
charges that can be slowly release at a
later point in time. Whereas, an induc-
tor stores current that can be gradu-
ally released at a later point in time as
well.
Now its time to explore the machanical
rules that govern gear operations in all
sorts of machines. The first rule is a
mathematically defined rule that is
used to determine the optimal number
of teeth any gear can have. The sec-
ond mathematical rule is used to deter-
11
mine how to match different size gears
to gain machanical advantage.
The read may now commence having
fun with these derived integral equa-
tions and start mixing and matching
various configurations of the items dis-
cussed in this article.

To correspond with this author go to

the below listed web-sites:
Have fun and see how many rules you
can discover.
TWITTER: @DrBitetto

12
FA C E B O O K : Numbers Everywhere
http://www.facebook.com/drmarcobitett
By
o
Dr. Marco Bitetto
FA C E B O O K :
http://www.facebook.com/Robotronics
LLC
With the ubiquity of computers in our
FA C E B O O K : world, we often take them for granted
http://www.facebook.com/BlindSideStu and don’t fully realize their full benefi-
dios cial effects.
FA C E B O O K :
http://www.facebook.com/Roboshoponl
Moreover, the IOT (Internet Of Things)
ine
makes these computerized devices
ever more necessary for us to use on
an ever increasing amount of time
throughout the day and night. These
marvels of technology never sleep and
are on called whenever we need them.

13
All these marvelous machines turn the
world into a stream of numbers that are
transmitted, memorized and edited
upon demand.
Our video inputs to these marvelous de-
vices are turned into a stream of binary
(series of one’s and zero’s) numbers
that they routinely memorize.
They even memorize the binary
streams that represent our spoken
words.
Some even record our very finger
prints and pulse rate as well.
They are even able to remotely meas-
ure the size of rooms and objects us-
ing either LASER pulses, active SO-
NAR, or active RADAR pulses.
Given all this, it’s no wonder that in-
creasingly the World Wide Web re-
quires ever increasing amounts of net-
work processing power and data stor-
age ability.
In fact, the demands on these re-
sources are growing exponentially on a
month by month basis.
Remember these facts when you next
connect to anyone of the Myriad of so-
14
cial media web sites available on the FA C E B O O K :
World Wide Web. http://www.facebook.com/Roboshoponl
ineQUATERNIANS
To correspond with this author go to
the below listed web-sites: By
Dr. Marco Bitetto
TWITTER: @DrBitetto
FA C E B O O K : As we have seen in the past articles
http://www.facebook.com/drmarcobitett that you have read, we know of two
o and three dimensional plottings and
also N-dimensional Reimannian map-
FA C E B O O K :
pings as well.
http://www.facebook.com/Robotronics
LLC
F A C E B O O K : Now you will learn about Hamiltonians
http://www.facebook.com/BlindSideStu and the mathematical work of Hamilton
dios himself.

15
Hamiltonians or as they are more com- To correspond with this author go to
monly know as Quaternians are N- the below listed web-sites:
special mappings of points and vectors
that are typically differentiated by color
coding. TWITTER: @DrBitetto
FA C E B O O K :
http://www.facebook.com/drmarcobitett
Like Reimannain point mappings, Qua-
o
ternians make use of imaginary num-
bers to represent each coordinate of FA C E B O O K :
each point. http://www.facebook.com/Robotronics
LLC
FA C E B O O K :
This type of mathematics is ubiquitous
http://www.facebook.com/BlindSideStu
in the field of computer graphics and
dios
computer animation.
FACEBOOK: http://www.facebook.com/
Roboshoponline
Can you imagine such plottings in your
head?

16
FA C E B O O K :
http://www.facebook.com/Nuova-Unive
rsita-di-Engegneria-e-Scienza
The Mathematical Foundations of Artifi-
cial Intelligence
By
Dr. Marco Bitetto
Few people realize that the entirety of
the field of Artificial Intelligence owes
its existence and functionality to the
foundations of mathematical theories
and abstractions.
The different specialties of artificial in-
telligence such as algorithmic systems
and software based attractor neural net-
works all could never exist without the
mathematical ground work that forms
their very rudimentary foundations.
Even the simplest of software based at-
tractor neural networks make use of
both binary operators that compute the
resultant outputs based upon the in-
puts to a matrix of mathematically ab-
stracted simulated neurons in a concur-
rent fashioned. Which means that all
attractor neural networks that are soft-
ware based must make use of various
sorts of matrix operations to enable
their concurrent computational proc-
essing of inputs to produce outputs
and also remember the conditional con-
nectivity matrix states of the software
17
based attractor neural network in ques-
tion.
Furthermore, there are an additional
six different types of mathematical ab-
stractions that form the functional foun-
dation of modern day artificial intelli-
gence as a whole.
These six areas of abstractions are re-
cursion, quaturnians, set theory, group
theory and ring theory in their entirety.
Let me now briefly describe each and
every one of these areas of mathemati-
cal abstraction one at a time.
I shall start with the abstraction called
recursion. The process of recursion is
simplistically defined as any type of op-
eration that uses its current input to
generate an output that is in turn the in-
put for the next output and is done on
in a repetitive operation.
The process of recursion can be done
on both an algorithmic and mathemati-
cal basis. An example of the algo-
rithmic variation is the conditionally
controlled loop programmatic control
structures of any computer program-
ming language. Whereas, three exam-
ples of recursive mathematical opera-
tions are the operations that are de-
fined by the mathematical functions of
pseudo-random number generation,
18
sine and cosine trigonometric transen-
dental operations.
The abstract concept of a set can very
crudely be simplistically defined as any
collection of numbers whose member-
ship is defined by a set of mathemati-
cal any collection of numbers that can
be grouped together. Examples are the
set of all positive integers, the univer-
sal set and the null set. Where the set
of all possible integers is exactly what
its name says. The universal set is an
infinite set of all possible number fami-
lies (i.e. Real, imaginary, positive num-
bers, negative numbers, etc…).
This is in contrast to the definition of a
mathematical group. A crude simplis-
tic definition of a group are any set of
numbers that demonstrate closure and
finiteness by use of the defining mathe-
matical operators or mathematical func-
tions. Where, simple examples of
mathematical operators are the proc-
esses of addition, subtraction, division
and multiplication. A common and sim-
ple example of a function that demon-
strates the ability to produce closure is
the pseudo-random number operation
itself.
The next and final mathematical ab-
straction that we shall look at is that of
mathematical rings. Mathematical
rings are most crudely and simplisti-
cally defined as any collection of num-
bers that demonstrates the property of
repetitive sequencing in a cyclic fash-
19
ioned. Examples of mathematical func- FA C E B O O K :
tions that produce mathematical ring http://www.facebook.com/drmarcobitett
structures are the transendental func- o
tions of sine, cosine and the function
FA C E B O O K :
of pseudo-random number generation
http://www.facebook.com/Robotronics
itself.
LLC
FA C E B O O K :
All of the forementioned mathematical http://www.facebook.com/BlindSideStu
abstractions represent the fundamental dios
ground work of all forms of artificial in-
FA C E B O O K :
telligence based technologies in use to-
http://www.facebook.com/Roboshoponl
day.
ine
To correspond with this author go to
the below listed web-sites:

TWITTER: @DrBitetto

20
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