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BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI

FIRST SEMESTER 2018-2019
Formula Sheet
Total shear stress in turbulent flow: Hydraulic Depth (D) and Hydraulic radius (R) in a channel
𝑑𝑣̅ 𝑑𝑣̅ 𝑑𝑣̅ section:
𝜏= 𝜇 +𝜂 = (𝜇 + 𝜂) 𝐴 𝐴
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝐷= ;𝑅=
𝑑𝑣̅ 𝑑𝑣̅ 𝑇 𝑃
𝜏= 𝜇 + 𝜌𝑙 Section Factor: 𝑍 = 𝐴√𝐷
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Length of establishment of laminar flow in pipes: Section Factor for critical flow: 𝑍 = 𝐴√𝐷 =
√
𝑥 = (0.07 × 𝑅𝑒) × 𝐷
Length of establishment of turbulent flow in pipes: Chezy’s formula: 𝑉 = √𝑅𝑆 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆
𝑥 = (50) × 𝐷
Manning’s formula: 𝑉 = 𝑅 / 𝑆 /
Displacement Thickness and Momentum Thickness
∝
𝑣 Condition of critical flow in channels:
𝛿∗ = 1− 𝑑𝑦 𝑄 𝐴
𝑉 =
∝
𝑣 𝑣 𝑔 𝑇
𝜃= 1− 𝑑𝑦 For rectangular channel:
𝑉 𝑉 /
Momentum integral equation: 𝑞 2
𝑦 = ;𝑦 = 𝐸
𝜏 𝑑𝜃 𝑔 3
= For triangular channel:
𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑥
/
Local drag coefficient for laminar boundary layer (Blacius) 2𝑄 4
𝜏 0.664 𝑦 = ;𝑦 = 𝐸
𝑐 = = 𝑔𝑧 5
𝜌𝑉 𝑅𝑒 Dynamic equation of gradually varied flow:
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑆 −𝑆
Average drag coefficient for laminar boundary layer (Blacius) =
1.328 𝑑𝑥 𝑄 𝑇
𝐶 = 1−
𝑔𝐴
𝑅𝑒 Dynamic equation of gradually varied flow in a wide rectangular
Displacement thickness & momentum thickness relations for channel:
laminar boundary layer (Blacius): 𝑦
𝛿 ∗ 1.729 𝜃 0.664 𝑑𝑦 1−
= ; = 𝑦
𝑥 =𝑆
𝑅𝑒 𝑥 𝑅𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
1−
Local drag coefficient for turbulent boundary layer: 𝑦
. Discharge through venture flume:
𝑐 =( )/
𝐴𝑎 2𝑔
Average drag coefficient for turbulent boundary layer: 𝑄= (𝐻 − ℎ)
.
𝐶 = ( ) / 𝑓𝑜𝑟 5 × 10 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 1 × 10 √𝐴 − 𝑎

Boundary layer thickness for turbulent boundary layer Velocity Distribution and friction factor in rough pipes in
𝛿 0.376 turbulent flow:
= 𝑣 𝑦
𝑥 (𝑅𝑒 ) / = 5.75𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 8.5
Velocity Distribution and friction factor in smooth pipes in 𝑉∗ 𝜖
turbulent flow:
𝑣 𝑉∗ 𝑦 1 𝑅
= 5.75𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 5.5 = 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 1.74
𝑉∗ 𝜗 𝑓 𝜖
0.316 Friction factor in Laminar flow:
𝑓= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4000 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 10
(𝑅𝑒) / 64
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
1
= 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 − 0.8 Friction factor in commercial pipes in turbulent flow:
𝑓
1 𝑅
𝑓𝑜𝑟 5 × 10 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 4 × 10 − 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 =
OR 𝑓 𝜖
0.221 𝑅/𝜖
𝑓 = 0.0032 + = 1.74 − 2.0𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 + 18.7
(𝑅𝑒) . 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
𝑓𝑜𝑟 5 × 10 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 4 × 10

.
Hydraulic Jump in Rectangular Channels
Strouhal Number 𝑆 = = 0.198 1 − 2𝑞
= 𝑦 𝑦 (𝑦 + 𝑦 )
𝑔
Lift Force, FL = ρVLΓ
OR 𝑦 = − + +
Positive Surge Type A
𝑔𝑦
𝑉 = (𝑦 + 𝑦 ) + 𝑉
2𝑦