Subject Name FLUID MECHANICS

Topic External Force

Week

Name : ……….…………………….……………….. Lecturer : .................................

Intake : …………………..………….…..………...…. Date : .………..…………......

1. Define Drag and write the expression for computing the drag force on a body moving relative
to a fluid.

2. Define Drag Coefficient and list 3 factors that affect the drag coefficient.

3. A prototype automobile has an overall drag coefficient of 3.5.Compute the total drag as it
moves at 25 m/s through still air at 20 degree celcius.The maximum projected frontal area is
2.5 m2 .

4. The drag coefficient of a car at the design conditions of 1 atm, 25°C, and 90 km/h is to be
determined experimentally in a large wind tunnel in a full-scale test. The height and width of the
car are 1.40 m and 1.65 m, respectively. If the horizontal force acting on the car is measured to
be 300 N, determine the total drag coefficient of this car.

5. A circular sign has a diameter of 50 cm and is subjected to normal winds up to 150 km/h at
10°C and 100 kPa. Determine the drag force acting on the sign. Also determine the bending
moment at the bottom of its pole whose height from the ground to the bottom of the sign is 1.5
m. Disregard the drag on the pole.
6. A submarine can be treated as an ellipsoid with a diameter of 5 m and a length of 25 m.
Determine the power required for this submarine to cruise horizontally and steadily at 40 km/h in
seawater whose density is 1025 kg/m3. Also determine the power required to tow this submarine
in air whose density is 1.30 kg/m3. Assume the flow is turbulent in both cases.

7. Wind loading is a primary consideration in the design of the supporting mechanisms of

billboards, as evidenced by many billboards being knocked down during high winds. Determine
the wind force acting on an 5-m-high,6-m-wide billboard due to 90-km/h winds in the normal
direction when the atmospheric conditions are 98 kPa and density of air of 1.228kg/m3.

8. The local atmospheric pressure in Denver, Colorado (elevation 1610 m) is 83.4 kPa. Air at this
pressure and at 25°C flows with a velocity of 6 m/s over a 2.5-m & 8-m flat plate. Determine the
drag force acting on the top surface of the plate if the air flows parallel to the
(a) 5-m-long side and
(b) the 2.5-m-long side.

Given
The dynamic viscosity is independent of pressure, and for air at 25C it is  = 1.84910-5 kg/ms.
The air density at 25C = 298 K and 83.4 kPa is

P 83.4 kPa
   0.9751 kg/m 3
RT (0.287 kPa  m /kg  K)(298 K)
3

9. The top surface of the passenger car of a train moving at a velocity of 70 km/h is 3.2 m wide
and 8 m long. If the outdoor air is at 1 atm and 25°C, determine the drag force acting on the top
surface of the car.
Given
The density and kinematic viscosity of air at 1 atm and 25C are  = 1.184 kg/m3 and  =
1.562×10–5 m2/s .
10. Light oil at 20°C flows over a 4.5-m-long flat plate with a free-stream velocity of 2 m/s.
Determine the total drag force per unit width of the plate.
Given
The density and kinematic viscosity of light oil at 20°C are  = 888.1 kg/m3 and  = 9.429×10–4
m2/s.

APPENDIX

Drag coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for a smooth circular cylinder and a smooth
sphere.
APPENDIX 8
 APPENDIX 9

Table of Density Properties

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