MATHEMATICS ASSIGNMENT

Sreerag S Kumar
II BSc Physics
6370
March 22, 2019

1 Problem Sheet 1
1.1 Section A
00
1. Which of the following is not a solution of y − y = 0?
(a) ex
(b) e−x
(c) ex + e−x
(d) 1 + ex
Ans: 1 + ex
00 0
2. Find the general solution of y + 9y + 20y = 0
Ans:
The corresponding characteristic equation is λ2 +9λ+20 = 0; whose solutions
are λ = −4, −5
Therefore the general solution of the given differential equation is,
y = C1 e−4x + C2 e−5x
00 0
3. Write a pair of basis solutions of x2 y − 4xy + 6y = 0
Ans:
The auxiliary equation is m2 −5m+6 = 0; whose solutions are m=2,3. Hence
the basis solutions for the given differential equation are
y1 = x2 , y2 = x3
4. If y1 = e2x , y2 = e−x , find w(y1 , y2 )
Ans:  
y1 y2 
w =  0 
y1 y20 

1
 = y1 · y20 − y2 · y10
= −ex − 2ex
= −3ex
5. Find the laplace transform of sin(ωt)
Ans:
ω
s + ω2
2

6. Find
60 + 6s2 + s4
L −1 [ ]
s7

Ans:
60 + 6s2 + s4 t6 t4 t2
L −1 [ ] = + +
s7 12 12 2

7. f (x) = x3 + 2x2 is :
Ans: Neither even nor odd

8. Write the one dimensional wave equation.

Ans:
∂t2 ψ(x, t) = v 2 ∂x2 ψ(x, t)

9. Write the iteration formula for Picard’s method.

Ans: For the initial value problem

y 0 = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0 ,

Picard’s iterative formula is

Z x
(n)
y = y0 + f (x, y (n−1) )dx
x0

with y (0) = y0 .

2
 1.2 Section B
10. Apply (D + 5)2 to sin(5x) + 5x
Ans:

(D + 5)2 (sin(5x) + 5x)

= (D2 + 10D + 25)(sin(5x) + 5)
= −25sin(5x) + 50cos(5x) + 25sin(5x) + 125
= 50cos(5x) + 125 (1)

11. Find the general solution of y 00 + 10y 0 + 25 = 0

Ans:
The corresponding characteristic equation for the differential equation is

λ2 + 10λ + 25 = 0

whose solution is -5. Therefore the general solution of the given differential
equation is
y = (C1 + C2 )xe−5x

12. Find two linearly independant solutions of x2 y 00 − 25xy 0 − 2 = 0

Ans:
The auxiliary equation is m2 − 3.5m − 2 = 0; whose solutions are m=− 12 , 4.
The solutions of the differential equation are then
1
y1 = x− 2 , y2 = x4

13. Find a particular solution of y 00 − 5y 0 + 6y = ex

Ans:
Let yp = Cex . Then yp00 = yp0 = yp = Cex
Substituting for y in the differential equation,

Cex − 5Cex + 6Cex = ex

Which gives C= 21 . Therefore a particular solution for the given differential

equation is
ex
yp =
2

3
 14. Reduce to first order and solve 2xy 00 = 3y 0
Ans: Let

y0 = p
⇒ y 00 = p0
⇒ 2xp0 = 3p
dp 3dx
⇒2 =
p x
Z Z
dp dx
⇒2 =3
p x
⇒ 2ln(p) = 3ln(x) + C
3
⇒ p = x2 + C
dy 3
⇒ = x2 + C
Z dxZ Z
3
⇒ dy = x dx + C dx
2

5
2x 2
⇒y= + Cx + D (2)
5
15. Find the Laplace transform of (t + 1)2 et .
Ans:
L (eat f (t)) = F (s − a)
y 00 = x + y

L ((t + 1)2 ) = L (t2 + 2t + 1)

6 2 1
= 3
+ 2+
s s s
6 2 1
⇒ L ((t + 1)2 et ) = 3
+ 2
+ (3)
(s − 1) (s − 1) (s − 1)

16. If L [f (x)] = F (s), prove that

Z ∞
f (x)
L[ ]= F (p)dp
x s

4
Ans:
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
F (p)dp = e−pt f (t)dtdp
s s 0
Z ∞Z ∞
= e−pt f (t)dpdt
Z 0∞ s Z ∞
= f (t) e−pt dpdt
0
Z ∞ s
f (t)
= e−st dt
0 t
f (t)
= L( ) (4)
t
17. Find
1
L −1 [ ]
s(1 + 2s)

Ans: Z t
1
L −1
[ F (s)] = f (t)dt
s 0

1
F (s) =
1 + 2s
⇒ L −1 (F (s)) = f (t)
1 1
f (t) = e− 2 t
2
Z t Z t
1 1 −1t
L −1 [ F (s)] = f (t)dt = e 2 dt
s 0 0 2
1
= 1 − e− 2 t (5)

18. Find the first two approximate solutions y1 (x) and y2 (x) of the initial
value problem y 0 = x + y, y(0) = −1 using Picard’s method.
Ans:
By Picard’s algorithm,
Z x
(n)
y = y0 + f (x, y (n−1) )dx
x0

Hence Z x
1
y = −1 + (x − 1)dx
0

5
 x2
= −x−1
2
Similiarly,
x
x2
Z
2
y = −1 + ( − 1)dx
0 2
3
x
= −x−1
6

1.3 Section C
19. Solve the initial value problem

y 00 + 1.5y 0 − y = 12x2 − 6x3 − x4 , y(0) = 4, y 0 (0) = 8.

Ans: First we solve the homogenous equation,

y 00 + 1.5y 0 − y = 0

The characteristic equation is λ2 +1.5λ−1 = 0, whose solutions are λ = 21 , −2.

1
Therfore, yh = C1 e 2 x + C2 e−2x
Now r(x) = 12x2 − 6x3 − x4 . Hence,
let yp = K4 x4 + K3 x3 + K2 x2 + K1 x + K0

yp0 = 4K4 x3 + 3K3 x2 + 2K2 x + K1

yp00 = 12K4 x2 + 6K3 x + 2K2

Substituting in the differential equation,
12K4 x2 + 6K3 x + 2K2 + 1.5(4K4 x3 + 3K3 x2 + 2K2 x + K1 )
− (K4 x4 + K3 x3 + K2 x2 + K1 x + K0 ) = 12x2 − 6x3 − x4
Re-arranging the terms,
−K4 x4 + (−K3 + 6K4 )x3 + (−K2 + 92 KK3 + 12K4 )x2
+ (−K1 + 3K2 + 6K3 )x + 2K2 + 1.5K1 − K0 = 12x2 − 6x3 − x4
Comparing the coefficients on both sides,

K4 = 1, K3 = 12, K2 = 54, K1 = 234, K0 = 459

Therefore, yp = x4 + 12x3 + 54x2 + 234x + 459

The solution of the differential equation is then, y = yh + yp
1
= C1 e 2 x + C2 e−2x + x4 + 12x3 + 54x2 + 234x + 459

y(0) = 4 ⇒ C1 + C2 + 459 = 4

6
 C1 C2
y 0 (0) = 8 ⇒ − =8
2 2
⇒ C1 = 251, C2 = 235
The solution of the differential equation is then,
1
y = 251e 2 x + 235e−2x + x4 + 12x3 + 54x2 + 234x + 459

20. Using the method of variation of parameters, solve y” + y = sec(x)

Ans:
The corresponding homogenous equation is,

y 00 + y = 0

Whose solution is
yh = Acos(x) + Bsin(x)
By the method of variation of parameters,
y2 · r y1 · r
Z Z
yp = −y1 dx + y2 dx
w w
 
 cos(x) sin(x)
where w = w(cos(x), sin(x)) =  =1
−sin(x) cos(x)
Hence,
Z Z
yp = −cos(x) sin(x) · sec(x)dx + sin(x) cos(x) · sec(x)dx
Z Z
= −cos(x) tan(x)dx + sin(x) dx

= −cos(x) · ln(cos(x)) + xsin(x)

Therefore the solution of the differential equation is

y = yh + yp

= (C1 + ln(cos(x))cos(x) + (C2 + x)sin(x)

21.Using the method of partial fractions, find

s2 + 9s − 9
L −1 [ ]
s3 − s

7
Ans:
s2 + 9s − 9 s 3 3
L −1 [ 3
] = L −1 [ 2 ] + 3L −1 [ 2 ] − 3L −1 [ 2 ]
s −s s −9 s −9 s(s − 9)
3
= cosh(3t) + 3sinh(3t) − 3L −1 [ ]
s(s2 − 9)
Z t
F (s)
L −1
[ ]= f (u)du
s 0
Hence, Z t
3 3
−3L −1
[ 2 ] = −3 L −1 [ 2 ]du
s(s − 9) 0 s −9
Z t
= −3 sinh(3u)du
0

= −3 · cosh(u) |t0
= −3(cosh(t) − 1)
Hence,

s2 + 9s − 9
L −1 [ ] = cosh(3t) + 3sinh(3t) − 3(cosh(t) − 1)
s3 − s
= 3(sinh(3t) + 1)

22. Using Simpson’s rule with n=4, estimate

Z 1
5x4 dx
0

Ans: n = 4, h = 14
By Simpson’s rule,
h
S= (S0 + 4S1 + 2S2 )
3
1
= (y0 + y4 + 4(y2 ) + 2(y1 + y3 ))
12
5 1 81 1
= (0 + 1 + 4( + ) + 2( ))
12 256 256 16
= 1.0025

8
 1.4 Section D
33. Solve
21
x2 y 00 − 4xy 0 + 6y =
x4
Ans: The corresponding homogenous equation is,

x2 y 00 − 4xy + 6y = 0

Whose auxiliary equation is,

m2 − 5m + 6 = 0

which gives m = 2, 3 and hence the solution of the homogenous equation is,

y h = C 1 x2 + C 2 x3

The particular solution of the given equation is,

y2 · r y1 · r
Z Z
yp = −y1 dx + y2 dx
w w
where  2 
2
x3 x3 
w = w(x , x ) = 
 = 3x4 − 2x4 = x4
2x 3x2 
Hence,
x3 · 21x−6 x2 · 21x−6
Z Z
2
yp = −x dx + x3 dx
x4 x4
x−6 x−7
= −21x2 ( ) + 21x3 ( )
−6 −7
21 21
= ( x−4 ) − ( x−4 )
6 7
−4
x
=
2
Therefore, the solution of the given differential equation is,

y = yh + yp

x−4
⇒ y = C 1 x2 + C 2 x 3 +
2

9
 23. Using Runge-Kutta method, solve the Initial Value Problem

y 0 = x + y, y(0) = 0, h = 0.2

Ans: By the Runge-Kutta method,

1
yn+1 = yn + (An + 2Bn + 2Cn + Dn )
6
where

An = hf (xn , yn ) = 0.2(xn + yn )
Bn = hf (xn + 21 h, yn + 21 An ) = 0.29(xn + 0.1 + yn + 0.1(xn + yn ))
= 0.22(xn + yn ) + 0.22
Cn = hf (xn + 21 h, yn + 21 Bn ) = 0.2(xn + 0.1 + yn + 0.11(xn + yn ) + 0.01)
= 0.222(xn + yn ) + 0.222
Dn = hf (xn + h, yn + Cn ) = 0.2(xn + 0.2 + yn + 0.222(xn + yn ) + 0.022)
= 0.2444(xn + yn ) + 0.0444
Now,
yn+1 = yn + 0.2214(xn + yn ) + 0.0214
⇒ y1 = 0.021400
y2 = 0.091818
y3 = 0.222107

2 Problem Sheet 2
2.1 Section A
1. Find the general solution of y 00 + ω 2 y = 0
Ans: Solving the characteristic equation

λ2 + ω 2 = 0,

λ = ıω, −ıω
⇒ y = Acos(ωx) + Bsin(ωx)

2. Find (D2 + D)cosh(3x)

Ans:
9cosh(3x) + 3sinh(3x)

10
 3. Write the general form of the Euler-Cauchy equation.
Ans:
yn+1 = yn + hf (xn , yn )

4. Find
L (a + bt + ct2 )
Ans:
a b 2c
L (a + bt + ct2 ) = + 2+ 3
s s s

5. What is L (f 0 )?
Ans:
L (f 0 ) = SL (f ) − f (0)

6. What is
1
L −1 ( )?
s2 + a2
Ans:
1
L −1 ( ) = sin(at)
s 2 + a2

7. Write the second shifting theorem of Laplace transforms.

Ans: If
L (f (t)) = F (s),
then
L (f (t − a) · u(t − a)) = e−as F (s)
Where  
0, ∀t < a
u(t − a) =
1, ∀t > a

11
 8. Write Picard’s iterative formula to find the numerical approximation
of y 0 = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0
Ans: For the initial value problem

y 0 = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0 ,

Picard’s iterative formula is

Z x
(n)
y = y0 + f (x, y (n−1) )dx
x0

9. Write the one-dimensional wave equation.

Ans:
∂t2 ψ(x, t) = v 2 ∂x2 ψ(x, t)

2.2 Section B
10. Find the general solution of

(9D2 + 6D + 1)y = 0

Ans: The characteristic equation and its solutions are,

9λ2 + 6λ + 1 = 0

and
1
λ=−
3
Therefore the general solution of the given differential equation is
1
y = (C1 + C2 x)e− 3 x

11. Solve x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 + 4y = 0

Ans: The auxiliary equation for the given differential equation is,

m2 − 4m + 4 = 0

12
Whose solution is m = −2. Therefore the solution of the given differential
equation is,
y = (C1 + C2 ln(x))x−2

12. Find the Laplace transform of (t + 1)2 et .

Ans:
L (eat f (t)) = F (s − a)
y 00 = x + y

L ((t + 1)2 ) = L (t2 + 2t + 1)

6 2 1
= 3
+ 2+
s s s
6 2 1
⇒ L ((t + 1)2 et ) = 3
+ 2
+ (6)
(s − 1) (s − 1) (s − 1)

13. Find
60 + 6s2 + s4
L −1 [ ]
s7

Ans:
60 + 6s2 + s4 t6 t4 t2
L −1 [ ] = + +
s7 12 12 2

14. Prove that the product of an odd function and an even function is an
odd function.
Ans: Let f (x) and g(x) be functions such that f (−x) = f (x) and
g(−x) = −g(x). Then if we define a function h(x) such that

h(x) = f (x) · g(x),

h(−x) = f (−x) · g(−x)
= −f (x) · g(x)
= −h(x)
(7)

Hence it is proven that the product of an odd function and an even function
is an odd function.

13
 15.Apply Picard’s method to solve the IVP y 0 = x2 + y, y(0) = −1
Ans: By Picard’s algorithm,
Z x
(n)
y = y0 + f (x, y (n−1) )dx
x0

Hence,
Z x
(1)
y = −1 + f (x, y 0 )dx
0
Z x
= −1 + (x2 − 1)dx
0
x3
= −x−1
3 Z
x
y (2) = −1 + f (x, y 1 )dx
Z x 3 0
x
= −1 + ( + x2 − x − 1)dx
0 3
x4 x3 x2
= + − − x − 1 (8)
12 3 2
16. Evaluate the given definite integral using trapezoidal rule.
Z 6
dx
2
,h = 1
0 1+x
Ra
Ans: By the trapezoidal rule, to evaluate the definite integral b f (x)dx, we
use
n−1
h X
T = (y0 + yn + 2 yi )
2 i=1

h
T = (y0 + y6 + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 ))
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (1 + + 2( + + + + ))
2 37 2 5 10 17 26
= 1.41079 (9)

17. Solve the given IVP using Laplace transform.

y 00 + y 0 = 0, y(0) = 5, y 0 (0) = −3

14
Ans:

L (y 00 + y 0 = 0)
⇒ L (y 00 + y 0 ) = 0
⇒ s2 L (y) − sy(0) − y 0 (0) + sL (y) − y(0) = 0
⇒ s2 L (y) − 5s + 3 + sL (y) − 5 = 0
2 + 5s
⇒ L (y) = 2
s +s
2 + 5s
⇒ y = L −1 ( 2 )
s +s
2 5
= L −1 ( 2 ) + L −1 ( )
s +s s+1
1 1 1
= 2L −1 ( · ) + 5L −1 ( )
s s+1 s+1
Z t
1 1
=2 L −1 ( ) + 5L −1 ( )
0 s+1 s+1
Z t
= 2 (e−t dt) + 5e−t
0
= 2(1 − e−t ) + 5e−t
= 2 + 3e−t (10)

18. Derive the Euler’s formula to solve the differential equation

y 0 = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0

Ans: To solve a first order differential equation of the form

y 0 = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0 ,

we first consider the Taylor polynomial of y.

∞
X hn y n (x)
y(x + h) =
n=0
n!

For small enough h, we neglect the higher order terms and are left with the
approximation
y(x + h) = y(x) + hy 0 (x)
Which can then be written as,

y(x + h) ≈ y(x) + hf (x, y)

15
We also denote
xn = xn−1 + h; yn = y(xn )
By substitution we get

y(x0 + h) = y(x0 ) + hf (x0 , y0 )

⇒ y1 = y0 + hf (x0 , y0 )
Which can be further generalised to

yn+1 = yn + hf (xn , yn )

2.3 Section C
19. Find the general solution of

y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 2x + x2

Ans: First we solve the corresponding homogenous equation

y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0

The characteristic equation is

λ2 + 2λ + 1 = 0

Whose solution is λ = −1. Hence the solution of the homogenous equation

is
yh = (C1 + C2 x)e−x
Now r(x) is a second degree polynomial. So, we assume yp = K2 x2 +K1 x+K0
Which gives yp0 = 2K2 x + K1 and yp00 = 2K2 . Substituting and solving for
K2 , K1 and K0 ,

K2 = 1, K1 = −2, K0 = 2
Therefore, yp = x2 − 2x + 2
The solution of the given differential equation is then,

y = yh + yp = (C1 + C2 x)e−x + x2 − 2x + 2

16
 20. Find the general solution of

(D2 + 3D − 4)y = 8cos(2x)

Ans: The characteristic equation of the corresponding homogenous differential

equation is,
λ2 + 3λ − 4
Whose solutions are λ = 1, −4.
The solution of the homogenous equation is then

yh = C1 ex + C2 e−4x

Here, r(x) = 8cos(2x). Therefore we assume

yp = Kcos(2x) + M sin(2x)

Which gives
yp0 = −2Ksin(2x) + 2M cos(2x)
and
yp00 = −4Kcos(2x) − 4M sin(2x)
Substituting,

− 4Kcos(2x) − 4M sin(2x) + 3(−2Ksin(2x) + 2M cos(2x))

− 4(Kcos(2x) + M sin(2x)) = 8cos(2x) (11)

Comparing coefficients and solving for K and M ,

16 12
K=− ,M = −
7 7
Therefore the solution of the given differential equation is,
16 12
y = yh + yp = C1 ex + C2 e−4x − cos(2x) − sin(2x)
7 7

21. Solve by using the method of variation of parameters.

y 00 + y = sec(x)

Ans:The corresponding homogenous equation is,

y 00 + y = 0

17
Whose solution is
yh = Acos(x) + Bsin(x)
Byt he method of variation of parameters,
y2 · r y1 · r
Z Z
yp = −y1 dx + y2 dx
w w
 
 cos(x) sin(x)
where w = w(cos(x), sin(x)) =  =1
−sin(x) cos(x)
Hence,
Z Z
yp = −cos(x) sin(x) · sec(x)dx + sin(x) cos(x) · sec(x)dx
Z Z
= −cos(x) tan(x)dx + sin(x) dx

= −cos(x) · ln(cos(x)) + xsin(x)

Therefore the solution of the differential equation is

y = yh + yp

= (C1 + ln(cos(x))cos(x) + (C2 + x)sin(x)

22. Find
1
L −1 ( √ √ )
(s + 2)(s − 3)
Ans: By applying the method of partial fractions,
1 −1 1 1 1
√ √ =√ √ ( √ )+ √ √ ( √ )
(s + 2)(s − 3) 2+ 3 s+ 2 2+ 3 s− 3

Hence,
1 −1 1 1 1
L −1 ( √ √ ) = L −1 ( √ √ ( √ ))+L −1 ( √ √ ( √ ))
(s + 2)(s − 3) 2+ 3 s+ 2 2+ 3 s− 3
√ √
−e− 2t e 3t
=√ √ +√ √
2+ 3 2+ 3

18
 23. Solve the IVP by Laplace transform.

y 0 + 3y = 10sin(t), y(0) = 0

Ans: Taking the Laplace transform on both sides,

L (y 0 ) + 3L (y) = 10L (sin(t))

1
⇒ sL (y) + 3L (y) =
s2 +1
1
⇒ L (y) =
(s + 3)(s2 + 1)
Using partial fractions,
1 1 1 3−s
= + ( )
(s + 3)(s2 + 1) 10(s + 3) 10 s2 + 1
Therefore,
1 −3t
y= (e + 3sin(t) − cos(t))
10

24. Evaluate using Simpson’s rule.

Z 7
dx
,n = 6
1 x
Ans: Here n = 6, h = 1
By Simnpson’s rule,
h
S= (S0 + 4S1 + 2S2 )
3

h
S= (y0 + y6 + 4(y1 + y3 + y5 ) + 2(y2 + y4 )
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ S = (1 + + 4( + + ) + 2( + ))
3 7 2 4 6 3 5
= 1.95873 (12)

2.4 Section D
25. Solve the IVP

y 00 + 1.2y 0 + 0.36y = 4e−0.6x , y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1

19
Ans: Taking the Laplace transform on both sides,

L (y 00 + 1.2y 0 + 0.36y) = L (4e−0.6x )

Which gives

4
s2 L (y) + 1.2sL (y) + 0.36L (y) + 1 =
s + 0.6
4 − (s + 0.6)
⇒ L (y) =
(s + 0.6)3
4 1
⇒ y = L −1 ( 3
) − L −1 ( )
(s + 0.6) (s + 0.6)2
= 2e−0.6x x2 − e−0.6x x (13)

Hence the solution of the given IVP is

y = 2e−0.6x x2 − e−0.6x x

26. Solve using Laplace transform

y 00 + 2y 0 + 5y = e−t sin(t), y 0 (0) = 1, y(0) = 0

Ans: Taking the Laplace transform on both sides,

L (y 00 + 2y 0 + 5y) = L (e−t sin(t))

1
L (y)(s2 + 2s + 5) − 1 =
(s + 1)2 + 1
1 + (s + 1)2
L (y) =
((s + 1)2 + 1)((s + 1)2 + 4)
1
y = − (e−x sin(2x)) + 2(e−x sin(2x)) (14)
2
27. Use improved Euler’s method to determine y(0.2) in two steps from
y 0 = x2 + y, given that y(0) = 1
Ans: By the improved Euler’s method,
h
yn+1 = yn + [f (xn , yn ) + f (xn+1 , yn+1 ]
2
Or,
1
yn+1 = yn + (kn + ln )
2
20
Where
xn+1 = xn + h
kn = hf (xn , yn )
ln = hf (xn+1 , yn + kn )
Here, x0 = 0, y0 = 1, f (x, y) = x2 + y, h = 0.2.
Therefore, x1 = x0 + h = 0.1, x2 = x1 + h = 0.2
To find y1 and y2 ,

kn = hf (xn , yn ) = 0.1(x2n + yn )
ln = hf (xn+1 , yn + kn ) = 0.1[x2n + yn + kn ]
k0 = 0.1(02 + 1) = 0.1
l0 = 0.1(x21 + y0 + k0 ) = 0.1(0.12 + 1 + 0.1) = 0.111
1
y1 = 1 + (0.211) = 1.1055
2
Similarly,

k1 = 0.1(x21 + y1 ) = 0.1(0.12 + 1.1055) = 0.11155

l1 = 0.1(x22 + y1 + k1 ) = 0.1(0.22 + 1.1055 + 0.11155) = 0.125705

1
y2 = 1.1055 + (0.11155 + 0.125705) = 1.2241275
2
Hence
y(0.2) = y(x2 ) = 1.2241275

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