BIOLOGI MANUSIA

Sel hingga Organisme dan Sistem Homeostasis

Nur Imaniati Sumantri, S.Si., M.Biotek.

Program Studi D-IV Teknologi Laboratorium Medis

Universitas Binawan
2018

1
 Apa saja yang kita bahas di mata ajar
ini?
 Sel-organisme
 Sistem homeostasis
 Anatomi fisiologi
 Patofisiologi

2
 Kontrak Perkuliahan
 Masuk jam 9.00 WIB atau 16.30 WIB*
 1 hari penuh = 2 pertemuan teori
 Kehadiran teori 80%, praktikum 100%
 Pengumpulan tugas tepat waktu
 Kelas teori wajib menyediakan sepaket infokus
 Penilaian kehadiran:kuis:tugas:keaktifan:ujian = 20%:15%:20%:5%:30%

3
 Outline
 Cell
 Tissue
 Organ
 Organism
 Homeostasis

4
 Cell
 Cells, the smallest living entities, serve as the living building
blocks for the immensely complicated whole body. Thus, cells are
the bridge between chemicals and humans (and all other living
organisms).
 All body functions of a multicellular organism ultimately depend
on the collective structural and functional capabilities of its
individual cells. Furthermore, all new cells and all new life arise
from the division of preexisting cells, not from nonliving sources.
 Human cell averages about 10 to 20 micrometers (µm) in
diameter (1 µm is 1 millionth of a meter).
 Most cells have three major subdivisions: the plasma membrane,
which encloses the cells; the nucleus, which contains the cell’s
genetic material; and the cytoplasm, the portion of the cell’s
interior not occupied by the nucleus

5
 Two Categories of Cell
1. Cell that have membrane-
bound organelles (nuclei, etc)
called Eukaryotic Cells
2. Cells that do not have
membrane-bound organelles
(nuclei, etc) called
Prokaryotic cells
Unicellular organisms such as
bacteria are examples of
prokaryotes.

6
 Cell

Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane

Membranous
Cytosol Inclusions Protein fibres
organelles

Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

Endoplasmic
Centrioles
reticulum

Golgi
Cillia
apparatus

Lysosomes Flagella

Peroxisomes
7
 Eukaryotic Cell Structure

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
 Cell Diversity

16
17
18
 Tissue
 Groups of cells with similar structure and function are held together by specialized
connections called cell junctions and by other support structures in order to become
tissues.
 Tissues range in complexity from simple tissues containing only one cell type, such as
the lining of blood vessels, to complex tissues containing many cell types and
extensive extracellular material, such as connective tissue. The cells of most tissues
work together to achieve a common purpose.
 The study of tissue structure and function is known as histology {histos, tissue}.
 Four primary types of tissues
 Epithelium tissue
 Connective tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Muscle tissue

19
 Organs
are combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional UNIT.

Any organ that is essential to life is called a vital organ.

Examples:
 Heart - Pumps blood throughout the body.
 Liver - Removes toxins from the blood, produces chemicals that help in digestion.
 Lungs - Supplies oxygen to the blood and removes CO2 from blood.
 Brain - The control center of the body.

20
 Organ Systems
are groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body.

respiratory
nervous system digestive system
system

excretory circulatory reproductive

system system system

muscular lymphatic
endocrine system
system (immune) system

integumentary
skeletal system
system
21
22
 Human Body Organization

23
 Homeostasis
For cells to function efficiently and interact properly, internal body conditions must be
relatively constant.

The dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called homeostasis.

Humans have set points for body temperature, blood glucose concentrations, electrolyte (ion)
concentration, tendon tension, etc.

We are endothermic: can maintain a relatively constant body temperature (37oC or 98.6oF).
Changes in body temperature are detected by the hypothalamus in the brain .

24
 Interaction between Internal and
External Environment

25
 Control System of Homeostasis
 Intrinsic controls
 Local controls that are inherent in an organ, tissue, or cell; act in and on local
environment
 Paracrine and autocrine chemical messengers never leave the local environment
 Local conditions effect local cells
 Extrinsic controls
 Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an cell, tissue, or organ influence it
 Accomplished by nervous and endocrine system chemical messengers
 Hormones, neurotransmitters, neurohormones

26
 Feedback Mechanism of Homeostasis

feedforward control, A few reflexes have evolved that enable the body to predict that a change is
about to occur and start the response loop in anticipation of the change. example of feedforward
control is the salivation reflex. The sight, smell, or even the thought of food is enough to start our
mouths watering in expectation of eating the food. This reflex extends even further, because the same
stimuli can start the secretion of hydrochloric acid as the stomach anticipates food on the way.
27
 Negative Feedback Mechanism

28
29
30
 What plays role as stimulus and effector?

31
 Positive Feedback Mechanism

32
 Thank you

33
 Quiz
1. How is the relation among cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and
organism?
2. Mention 3 member of membranous organelles!
3. What is homeostasis?
4. Give example of homeostasis mechanism followed by sensor,
integrating center, and effector!

34