02 Distance-Protection PDF

DIgSILENT PowerFactory Seminar
Distance Protection
Bangkok
01.08.2017
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Training Material
Distance Protection
Publisher:
DIgSILENT GmbH
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All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form without
written permission of the publisher.
July 2017
r3843
CONTENTS
Contents
1 Distance Protection Coordination with PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Presentation: Distance Protection Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Manual configuration of distance protection settings . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Distance protection devices for the line L S7-S9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Starting Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Polarisation block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 Direction detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Automatic configuration of distance protection devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Presentation: Automatic configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Automatic configuration of distance protection settings using the Protec-

tion Coordination Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 Protection Audit with PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1 Presentation: Protection audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2 Protection audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 Communications among multiple relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1 Presentation: Communications among multiple relays . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 Modelling reverse interlocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5 Relays in dynamic simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.1 Presentation: Out-of-step protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2 Dynamic simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Distance Protection ii
Introduction
Introduction
The purpose of the following exercises is to acquire practical experience in using PowerFactory.
The objective is to furnish you with the ability to conduct your own independent protection
studies.
Instructors will assist you to perform all assignments. Please do not hesitate to ask for help from
the instructors when you are unsure about how to perform a specific task. You can also ask them
for more specific information, which, for instance, may be relevant to your own network or your
own specific applications. Since we have beginners as well as more experienced PowerFactory
users in the group, some of you will be able to finish the exercises faster than others. This is
normal. You should take your time to perform all exercises at your own pace. The instructors
can demonstrate the exercises once again at the end of the course if you do not finish them in
time. It is better to perform only part of the exercises, but learn from what you do, than to try to
perform all of the exercises in a hurry. More experienced participants are encouraged to explore
the examples in more detail.
1 Distance Protection
1 Distance Protection Coordination with PowerFactory
Objective: Introduction to distance protection.
Contents: Distance protection blocks

Polygonal characteristics
Mho characteristics
Impedance characteristics
Creating a path
Creating a time-distance diagram
Creating an R-X plot
Coordination using the R-X plot and the time-distance diagram
Level: Basic.
1.1 Presentation: Distance Protection Coordination
Notes:
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Distance Protection 2
Impedance Relays: Principle of Operation
I Signal-
Pick-up/
measure- Tripping- Timing
Fault- Auslöse-
ment / zones
Auslöse- elements
U detection zonen
filtering zonen
Tripping
Output logic
Starting elements
• Overcurrent Pickup (I)

• Voltage-Dependent Overcurrent Pickup (U/I)
• Voltage and Angle-Dependent Overcurrent Pickup (U/I/phi)
• Impedance (Z)
• Earth Fault Detection
- Earth current 3I0
- Displacement Voltage 3U0
Overcurrent Pickup
- Phase-selective procedure.
- Phase current must exceed a threshold.

Z
U/I
Typical Application:
• Short circuit currents clearly higher than
load currents under normal operation
conditions.
I> I/IN
U/I Pickup
• Phase-selective procedure. U/UN Load area
• Phase current must exceed a threshold,

while the threshold depends on the loop U(I>>)
voltage.
U(I>)
In cases when can not distinguish reliable I> I/IN
I>>
between the lowest short circuit current and
the highest load current.
Z/ZN
Load area
• Typicall settings:
I>> = (1,00 – 4 ) x IN
I> = (0,25 – 1) x IN
U(I>>) = (0,5 – 0,95) x UN
U(I>) = (0,2 – 0,70) x UN I> I>> I/IN
U/I/phi-Pickup
- Phase-selective procedure. j
Ij> I>>
- Phase current must exceed a threshold, while 10

0
80
the threshold depends on loop voltages and Anregebereich
60
phase angle between current and voltage 40

Lastbereich
20
Applied when the U/I characteristic can no 1 4 I/IN
longer distinguish reliably between load and
jX
short-circuit conditions; i.e. neither high ZL
currents nor voltage drop in the event of a

short-circuit. jL>
U<
• Typical settings:
j = 50° - 100° R
Ij> = 0,25 - 1 x IN I>>
Impedance Pickup
jX
ZL
• Applied to distinguish reliably between
short-circuit and normal load condition
currents. X+A
RA2
• Typical application case: long, high-loaded

transmission lines.
R
jA
RA1
X-A
Impedance Measurement
• Line - Line fault loop
ZL
Z L I L1  Z L I L 2  U L1 L 2
IL 2 ZL
U L1 L 2
ZL 
I L1  I L 2 UL1L2 IL1 ZL
ZE
Impedance Measurement
• Line - Earth fault loop ZL
Z L I L1  Z E I E  U L1 E ZL
U L1 E IL1 ZL
ZL 
Z UL1E
I L1  E  I E IE ZE
ZL
Z E 1  Z0 
k0     1 is independent of the
Z L 3  Z1 
fault position
Impedance Time Co-ordination
DIgSILENT
A B C D
Z1 = (0.8...0.9)*Z AB
Z2 = 0.8*(Z AB + (0.8...0.9)*ZBC)
Z3 = 0.8*(Z AB + 0.8*(ZBC+ (0.8...0.9)*ZCD))
Example: R-X Impedance Diagram

DIgSILENT
[pri.Ohm]
100.
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0 R3-Mho-1
Zl A 131.086 pri.Ohm 4.31 deg
Zl B 26.306 pri.Ohm 81.25 deg
50.0
Zl C 129.771 pri.Ohm 161.03 deg
Faulttype: BC
40.0 Tripping Time: 0.19 s
Zone:2
30.0 Ph-Ph 2: 0.19 s
Zone:3
Ph-Ph 3: 0.29 s
20.0 Zone:4
Ph-Ph 4: 0.44 s
10.0
-110. -100...-90.0 -80.0 -70.0 -60.0 -50.0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100. 110. 120. 130. [pri.Ohm]
-10.0..
R1-Dist
-20.0 Zl A 141.551 pri.Ohm 17.88 deg
Zl B 60.135 pri.Ohm 82.35 deg
Zl C 140.851 pri.Ohm 147.44 deg
-30.0 Faulttype: BC
Tripping Time: 0.37 s
-40.0 Zone3
ZPHPH3: 0.37 s
-50.0
-60.0
R1-Dist
R3-Mho-1
Example: Z-t Time-grading Diagram
DIgSILENT
0.46
[s]
0.37
0.28
R4-M ho-2
Ph-Ph 3
Zone 3
0.18
R8-Dist
ZPHPH1
Zone 1
0.09
0.00
0.0 21.0 42.0 63.1 84.1 [pri.Ohm] 105.
HV-UT2 SS-D3 SS-D2 SS-D1 HV-Infeed
105. [pri.Ohm] 84.1 63.1 42.0 21.0 0.0

0.00
0.09
0.18
0.28
0.37
[s]
0.46
x-Achse: Reaktanz Cub_2\Rel-U1 Cub_2\Rel-L2-1 Cub_3\R1-Dist
Cub_1\R2-D1 Cub_2\R3-Mho-1 Cub_1\R4-Mho-2 Cub_2\R5-Mho-4
Cub_1\R6-Mho-5 Cub_2\R7-Mho-6 Cub_2\R8-Dist
Distance Relay Modelling
• In principle no limits of complexity of models

• Modern, digital, multi-function relays are supported
• Characteristics:
- MHO
- Quadrilateral
- Constant X, constant R
- Constant Z (circle)
• Various directional elements are available.
• Complex logical operations possible
• Signal comparison
• Protection Coordination Assistant
1.2 Manual configuration of distance protection settings
1.2 Manual configuration of distance protection settings
In this example we can see how various parameters for the distance protection relay can be
entered and adjusted as well as how the R-X plots and time-distance diagrams provided by
PowerFactory can be used to best advantage. The relay models should be inserted in an
existing 110 kV network. Because the 110 kV network used in this example is a low-impedance
earthed network it will also be necessary to consider the effects of earth faults. You will
probably note that a version containing multiple relays has been adopted here. These relays
will be employed in the second exercise, where they will be automatically coordinated using the
Distance Protection Coordination Assistant. Initially, the variation should not be activated. This
exercise focuses on manual adjustment of the settings for distance protection zones.
• Import the file “DIS Basic Start.pfd” and then activate the project once the import is com-
pleted.
1.3 Distance protection devices for the line L S7-S9
• Insert the distance protection relay “R S9-S7” together with the necessary measurement
transformers as shown in Fig. 1.1.
• Select the Siemens 7SA6 “Starting example” as the type.
– To insert a relay model, use the right mouse button to click on the box for the desired
installation location and then select New Devices → Relay Model.
Figure 1.1: Installation location for the protection device
Figure 1.2: Definition of a relay model
– A current transformer model can be entered from the relay model by selecting the
Create CT button.
• Ensure that the adjustment settings for the relay’s measurement blocks correspond to the
secondary values of the current and the voltage transformers (meaning 1A and 110V).
• Create an R-X plot for the relay and designate it with a suitable name. To create an R-X
plot place the cursor on the relay’s installation location and click the right mouse button to
select Show → Create R-X Plot.
Figure 1.3: Create R-X Plot
To edit the options for the R-X plot double click the left mouse button on a blank space
in the R-X plot as illustrated in Figure 1.4. Additional options can be selected with the
’Options’ button.
Figure 1.4: Editing the options for the R-X plot
• Deactivate Zones 4 and 5, then select the adjustment settings for Zones 1, 2 and 3 as
described in the following: Zone 1:
- X1 = 0.8*XL1
- R1 = RL1 + ½* Rarc
- R1(Ph-E) = RL1 + Rarc
Zone 2:
- X2 = 0.8 (XL1 + 0.8*XL2)

- R2 = RL1 + RL2 +0.5*Rarc
- R2(Ph-E) = RL1 + RL2 + Rarc
Zone 3:
- X3 = 0.8*(XL1 + 0.8 (XL2 + 0.8*XL3))

- R3 = RL1 + RL2 + RL3 + 0.5*Rarc
- R3(Ph-E) = RL1 + RL2 + RL3 + Rarc
• An arc resistance of Rarc = 5 ohms is assumed as the basis for calculating the value for
the relay’s resistive reach. The relay angle for each zone can be adjusted to a setting
identical to the positive sequence component line angle of the 1st line.
• The impedance of the shorter line (L S6-S7) should be used as the basis for calculating
the settings for Zone 2.
• The impedance of the line L S7-S11 must be added when calculating the adjustment
settings for Zone 3. The line impedance figures are obtained by testing the line objects
within the network and recording their parameters.
• Perform the load flow calculations and then switch to the R-X plot. Does a red arrow
appear in the plot? What does the arrow represent?
• Switch to the single-line diagram, then enter the current magnitude and angle in the result
box for the line while entering the voltage magnitude and angle in the result box for the
busbar. Calculate the impedance as seen from the relay and compare it with the figure in
the R-X plot.
1.4 Starting Block
Figure 1.5: Impedance as seen from the relay
• Perform a 3ph and 2ph maximum short circuit on 50% of the line L S7-S9. How does the
R-X plot change?
1.4 Starting Block

One of the first blocks to receive information from the current and voltage transformer is
the starting block. The function of this block is to detect errors and then redistribute this
information once an error has been recognised. These blocks appear in three types:
– General starting block (RelFdetect)

– Siemens starting block (RelFdetsie)
– ABB starting block (RelFdetabb)
Please consult the Technical References for additional information regarding these blocks.
• Open the new “R S9-S7” relay and examine the selected type of starting. What is the level
of the starting current?
• Perform a 3ph maximum short circuit on 50% of the line L S7-S9. What is the level of the
short-circuit current at the relay? Does the relay trip?
• Now perform a 3ph maximum short circuit on the busbar “SS7”. Does the relay trip? What
is the current level?
• Change the setting for the starting current in the starting block to obtain recognition of the
current as short-circuit current.
• Now perform a load flow calculation. Are there any problems here?
• Multiple options are available to resolve the problem. At this juncture we examine two of
them more closely. In the first we will employ voltage and current to identify the fault, and
in the second we will utilise the impedance starting type.
• Select Underimpedance U/I as the Type of Starting and then enter:
𝐼𝑝ℎ >=0,5𝐼𝑁 ; 𝐼𝑝ℎ >>=2,5𝐼𝑁
𝑈𝑝ℎ𝑝ℎ (𝐼 >)=70%𝑈𝑁 ; 𝑈𝑝ℎ𝑝ℎ (𝐼 >>)=100%𝑈𝑁
𝑈𝑝ℎ𝑒 (𝐼 >)=20 sec.V; 𝑈𝑝ℎ𝑒 (𝐼 >>)=70 sec.V
𝑃 𝑟𝑜𝑝.𝑈/𝐼=𝐿𝐸 𝑈𝑝ℎ𝑒 /𝐿𝐿 𝑈𝑝ℎ𝑝ℎ
• Check the relay settings by repeating the load flow calculation and the short-circuit calcu-
lation. How does the relay respond?
1.5 Polarisation block
• Now select Impedance Z as the Type of Starting and set the impedance on the Impedance
page for an impedance range that completely embraces Zones Z1, Z2 and Z3. (for
instance all impedances to 150 pri.Ohm)
• Ensure that the range of Zone 2 amounts to at least 20% of the line “L S6-S7”.
• Execute the short circuit on 50% of the line “L S9-S10”, which means behind the relay.
Does the relay trip? Why, and how quickly?
The polarizing block is responsible for the impedance calculation. The block receives the mea-
sured current and voltage as inputs. It calculates the impedance levels to generate its output.
You can find additional information on this topic in the Technical Reference documentation.
• Create a path as illustrated in Figure 1.6. To create a path, mark the elements to be
included in the path, then place the cursor on them, click the right mouse button and
select Path → New. . . .
Figure 1.6: Path topology
Figure 1.7: Path topology
• Now create a time-distance diagram for this path. Right mouse button on an element in
the path → Path→ Time-Distance Diagram
Figure 1.8: Defining Time-Distance Diagram
• Conduct a 3ph maximum short-circuit sweep along the path. Proceed with a double click
at any location in the diagram. In the window that now opens (VisPlottz) select Short-
Circuit Sweep as the method and then open the input window for Short Circuit Sweep, to
increase the precision of the adjustment setting.
1.6 Direction detection
• Select a 3ph maximum short-circuit in the Short-Circuit Sweep input window and then
perform the calculation by pressing the Execute button. How do the results look?
• Now repeat the same calculation but select the 1ph maximum short circuit. How do the
results look now?
• Perform a 1ph maximum short-circuit calculation on 50% of the line “L S7-S9” and then
switch to the R-X plot. Where are the red arrows displayed?
• Open both polarisation blocks and adjust them to obtain a correction of the earth impedance
influence from the earth factor.
• Repeat the same 1ph maximum short-circuit calculation. Has the R-X plot changed?
• Switch to the time-distance diagram and repeat the 1ph short-circuit sweep. Are the results
better now?
Detection of the current direction plays an extremely important role with double-sided power
injection. Direction detection can also be assessed in R-X plots when dealing with distance
protection. Refer to our Technical References for additional information regarding the direction
detection block.
• Open the direction block emphDir-Z and then change the type as illustrated in Figure 1.9.
Figure 1.9: Changing the Dir-Z type
• Perform a 3ph short-circuit on the busbar “S7 BB2” . Does the relay trip and, if so, how
quickly?
• Switch to the R-X plot and change the Directional Angle, phi to -30 deg while the Direc-
tional Angle, alpha remains unchanged. Repeat the short-circuit calculation. How quickly
does the relay trip?
• Return the Directional Angle, phi to 45 deg.
• Observe how quickly the relay trips for the fault on 50% of the line “L S6-S7”. Why?
• Activate Zone 4 and set it so that the faults in the reverse direction are switched off up to
30% of “L S9-S10” in 1 sec.
• Examine the settings for Zone 4 in the R-X plot and in the time-distance diagram.
PowerFactory files
File Name Description

DIS Basic Start.pfd File used to do the exercise 1.2
DIS Basic Finish.pfd Solution of exercise 1.2
2 Automatic configuration of distance protection devices
Objective: Using the Protection Coordination Assistant.
Contents: Automatic coordination using time-distance diagrams and the Protec-

tion Coordination Assistant
Influence of an intermediate power supply on the coordination results
Level: Medium.
2.1 Presentation: Automatic configuration
Notes:
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2.1 Presentation: Automatic configuration
Tools for Protection Coordination Analysis
• Protection Coordination Assistant

- Calculation of settings for three zones and
an overreach zone for each location within
a protection path
- Three Methods of Calculation:
• Independent :
• Cumulative:
• Referred to Line 1: Results options:
Example: Z-t Time-grading Diagram
DIgSILENT
0.46
[s]
0.37
0.28
R4-M ho-2
Ph-Ph 3
Zon e 3
0.18
R8-Di st
ZPHPH1
Zon e 1
0.09
0.00
0.0 21.0 42.0 63.1 84.1 [pri.Ohm] 105.
105. [pri.Ohm] 84.1 63.1 42.0 21.0 0.0

0.00
0.09
0.18
0.28
0.37
[s]
0.46
x-Achse: Reaktanz Cub_2\Rel-U1 Cub_2\Rel-L2-1 Cub_3\R1-Dist
Cub_1\R2-D1 Cub_2\R3-Mho-1 Cub_1\R4-Mho-2 Cub_2\R5-Mho-4
Cub_1\R6-Mho-5 Cub_2\R7-Mho-6 Cub_2\R8-Dist
2.2 Automatic configuration of distance protection settings using the Protection Coordination
Assistant
2.2 Automatic configuration of distance protection settings using the

Protection Coordination Assistant
In this exercise we will insert several predefined relay models using a variation. Then we will
calculate the zone reach settings for all relays in the network with the aid of the Protection
Coordination Assistant. The Protection Coordination Assistant examines the network’s topology
and calculates the reach settings based on rules that can be configured by the user. It is not
necessary for a relay to be defined in your network as a precondition for using the Coordination
Assistant. The Assistant starts by calculating the ideal settings for relays based entirely on the
network topology and the defined rules. If relays are installed in your network and you would
like to write the calculated settings back to the installed relays you will be able to do this in a
second step.
When using the Distance Protection Coordination Assistant the first step consists of defining
the network area in which coordination will be performed. Paths are also defined.
• Import and activate the project “DIS Assistent Start”.

• Colour the graphic, selecting Secondary Equipment Relays, Fuses, Current and Voltage
Transformers as the colour criteria.
• Define two paths between “S10 BB” and “S5 BB1”. One path should be routed over the
busbar “S9 BB” and the other path should be routed over the busbar “S11 BB1” . A path
can be defined by marking all of the elements between two nodes, then clicking on one of
the marked elements with the right mouse button and selecting Path → New (Figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1: Defining paths
• Create time-distance diagrams for both of the paths. A time-distance diagram is created
by selecting a Path → Display → Time-Distance Diagram or by selecting an element of the
path Path → Time-Distance Diagram.
Assistant
Figure 2.2: Defining a time-distance diagram
• Select the impedance (pri.Ohm) for scaling the x-axis in each diagram. To edit the time-
distance diagram’s options, start by double-clicking on an unoccupied space in the time-
distance diagram with the left mouse button.
• Check the coordination between the various relays in the diagrams. It should be apparent
that the network is not correctly coordinated.
• Run the Distance Protection Coordination Assistant. To display the Protection Coordina-
tion Assistant ensure that the Protection toolbar is visible as illustrated in Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.3: Protection Coordination Assistant
Specify that both of the paths that you have just defined will be coordinated in accordance
with the installed protective devices. Attempt to re-compile the same setting rules that
were defined in Section 1.3.
Assistant
• Use the ’Protection Coordination Results’ symbol to generate a report and a time-distance
diagram. Check to determine whether the reach of the zones is appropriate and whether
the rules have been applied correctly.
Figure 2.4: Viewing the results of the coordination
• Create a variation. The relay settings calculated by the Assistant will be saved in this
variation.
• Use the ’Protection Coordination Results’ symbol to write the calculated settings back to
the installed relays.
• Ensure that selectivity is achieved between all of the relays using the time-distance dia-
gram as a reference. Proceed by using the ’short-circuit sweep’ option in the time-distance
diagram’s settings dialogue window.
To edit the time-distance diagram’s options, start by double-clicking on an unoccupied
space in the time-distance diagram with the left mouse button.
Select the desired option as illustrated in Figure 2.5.
Assistant
Figure 2.5: Switch between the ’Kilometric’ and ’Short-Circuit Sweep’ options
1. Select the ’Short-Circuit Sweep’ option.

2. Select the short-circuit calculation option.
3. Follow the command arrow to open the short-circuit command.
4. Configure the short-circuit command as desired.
5. Select the ’Close’ option.
6. Select the Short-Circuit Sweep option and then perform the short-circuit sweep.
To view the results in the time-distance diagram, select OK to close the dialogue window.
Under some conditions it may be necessary to adapt the plot by selecting ’Scale x-axis
automatically’.
Assistant
PowerFactory files

DIS Assistent Start.pfd File used to do the exercise 2.2
DIS Assistent Finish.pfd Solution of exercise
3 Protection Audit with PowerFactory
Objective: Introduction to the automatic protection audit in PowerFactory
Contents: Verifying the protection coordination

Verifying the tripping time and the fault clearing time
Level: Basic.
3.1 Presentation: Protection audit
Notes:
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3.1 Presentation: Protection audit
Protectionsettings verification
• Verification criteria:
1. Device coordination– coordination

margin is being define.
2. Tripping time– actual tripping time is

compared with max. predefined trip time.
3. Fault clearing time– max. fault clearing

time is involved in verification.
Protection Audit
• There are two command objects involved in

Procetion Audits ComProtaudit and
ComAuditreport.
• ComProtaudit triggers predefined short
circuit calculations and saves results in
result element.
• ComAuditreport reports short results of
ComProtaudit
3.2 Protection audit
• Import and activate the project “DIS Report Start”.

• Our present assignment is to check the selected protection devices. You start by opening
the ComProtaudit protection audit tool.
Figure 3.1: Protection Audit ComProtaudit
• Select “Path1” as the Pfad being examined and then delete the checkmark at Output.
• Before proceeding to perform the calculations select the Fault case definitions by clicking
on the Add button. Repeat this procedure three times, adding a new fault type (3ph, 2ph,
1ph) for each successive trial.
• Now perform the calculations.
• Create reports with the results of this calculation by clicking on the Protection Audit Results
button.
Figure 3.2: Protection Audit Results.ComAuditreport
• We will start by concentrating exclusively on the Device coordination. Deactivate the Verify
tripping times und Verify fault clearing time on the Basic Options page.
• Adjust the Coordination margin to 0.25 sec on the Device coordination page and then
execute the command.
• Subject the results to a detailed inspection.
– Select the 3-Phase Short-Circuit on the line “L S10-S11” and then click on the Ex-
pand selected fault type button.
– Confirm the ’3ph 0+j0 Ohm’ box and show the detailed view.
Figure 3.3: Detailed view
– Examine the results for the 3ph maximum short-circuit for the line “L S10-S11” using
R-X plots. Are the settings acceptable as they are or do they still require adjustment?
Figure 3.4: Detailed view of the results
– Check the 2ph maximum short-circuit for the line “L S7-S9”.
• Next we will devote our attention to the Tripping Times. Proceed by once again activating
the Protection Audit Results.ComAuditreport and then select Verify tripping times.
• On the Tripping Times page set 0.5 sec as the Max. trip time for Primary, 1.3 sec as
Secondary and 2.2 sec for Tertiary.
Figure 3.5: Defining the maximum tripping times
• View the results for the 1ph short-circuit on the line “L S7-S11”. Create your own time-
distance diagram for the path and initiate calculation of a 1ph short-circuit sweep.
• Compare the results from the time-distance diagram with those in the table.
• Switch the starting block to Underimpedance U/I for each relay. Here 𝐼𝑝ℎ >> should
remain unchanged, while you set 𝑃 𝑟𝑜𝑔.𝑈/𝐼 to 𝐿𝐸 𝑈 𝑝ℎ𝑒/𝐿𝐿 𝑈 𝑝ℎ𝑝ℎ and 𝑈 𝑝ℎ𝑒(𝐼 >)=70
sec.V
𝑈 𝑝ℎ𝑒(𝐼 >>)=70 sec.V
𝑈 𝑝ℎ𝑝ℎ(𝐼 >)=88 sec.V
𝑈 𝑝ℎ𝑝ℎ(𝐼 >>)=110 sec.V
On the Earth Fault Detection page you will still need to set the Earth Fault Detection
parameter to 𝑈 𝑒 > 𝑜𝑟𝐼𝑒 >.
– The simplest procedure is to reset a larger number of blocks simultaneously using

the Network Model Manager.
Figure 3.6: Network Model Manager
• Repeat the calculation of the protection audit and open the view of the results.
• Compare the new report with the earlier one. What is the source of the only fault with the
single phase to ground fault on the line “L S7-S9”?
• Open the display to view the results for the third report, Verify fault clearing time.
• Export the table with the values for 2-phase short-circuit on the line “L S7-S11” to an .xls
file.
PowerFactory files

DIS Report Start.pfd File used to do this exercise
DIS Report Finish.pfd Solution of exercise
4 Communications among multiple relays
Objective: Producing communications among multiple relays0,5cm

Contents: Reverse interlocking
Creating a new relay
Changing the relay models
Level: High.
4.1 Presentation: Communications among multiple relays
Notes:
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Signal Comparison
Logic Logic
R1 R2
R1 R2
PUTT with Fault Detection

(Permissive Underreach)
R1:A
R1:Z1
R1
R2
R2:Z1
R2:A
R1 trips if (R1:Z1 .or. R1:A .and. R2:Z1)

R2 trips if (R2:Z1 .or. R2:A .and. R1:Z1)
Signal Comparison
R1 R2
Reverse interlocking
- Highest fault current at short circuit on main

busbar.
Problem:
- Because of selectivity the tripping time of
overcurrent devices is here very high.
- High short circuit stress of busbar.
Solution:
- Overcurrent protection devices with revers
interlocking.
PowerFactory
4.2 Modelling reverse interlocking
• Import and activate the project “REL Sign Start.pfd”.

• Check the selectivity of the tripping for the short-circuits on the busbars “B2”, “B5” and
“B1”.
• How quickly are the faults on “B1” deactivated?
• Activate the I >>50 2 block in the protection relay at the connection point for the external
network. Settings I=2500 priA und t=0,03 sec.
• Check the selectivity of the tripping for the short-circuit calculations not only on “B1”, “B2”
but also on “B3”. Is the selectivity endangered by the I >>50 2 block?
• We are going to install the following logic:
– I>>50 2 should only trip if none of the lower relays has been started. This means
that to block this I>>50 2 block, only one of the three relays in the lower positions
must see a fault.
– I>>50 2 is only responsible for the short-circuits directly on the busbar.
• To perform this we must start by defining a new relay while also adapting the old one as
required.
• The new relay assumes the communication duties. It receives the relevant signals, pro-
cesses them and then forwards them to the appropriate target object.
– Create a new page by clicking on “Insert New Graphic” and selecting Block/Frame
Diagram.
– Deactivate the Freeze Mode as necessary.
– Insert five slots from the drawing toolbox in the network. As illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1: Topology of the new relay
– Adapt the four blocks.
Name Class name Output Signals Input Signals

R1 ElmRelay ys
R2 ElmRelay ys
R3 ElmRelay ys
OR RelLogdip ys y1,y2,y3
R4 ElmRelay iblock
– Connect the blocks. Use the signal element from the drawing toolbox to connect the
bocks.
– This scheme is saved under ’Local Library/User Defined Models’.
– Now create the new TypRelay object with the name “TypeRelCom” within the Local
Library/Equipment Type Library.
* Open the Data Manager and navigate to the Equipment Type Library.
* Define a new object of the class TypRelay in the Equipment Type Library. Click
on the New Object button and write the name of the class.
– Copy the scheme from the “User Defined Models” folder to the contents of the new
TypeRelCom relay.
– Open the TypeRelCom and select the newly copied scheme in the Relay Definition.
TypeRelCom is automatically adapted and now shows all of the slots in the template
for the TypRelay object.
– Now all we still need to do is define the OR block. This equates with assigning it logic
to ensure that the signals are processed correctly.
* Within the TypeRelCom define a new object with the type “TypLogdip”. Click on
the New Object button and write the name of the type.
* In the newly opened window define the input signals (y1,y2,y3), the output signal
(yout) and define the switch event as none.
* Define how the signals are to be handled in the ’Logic’ tab. In our case
yout=y1.or.y2.or.y3
* Open the “TypeRelCom” window again and assign this new logic to the OR block.
– The new relay is now finished. Now all we need to do is take another look at the
old one and then adapt it should it prove necessary. Proceed by opening the graphic
(section of single-line diagram) of the 7SJ61 relay.
* Place the right mouse button on the relay symbol and then select Show Graphic.
Use the right mouse button to click in the newly opened window again and then
select Show Library Object.
– Has the block signal for the block I>>50 2 already been defined? What is its desig-
nation?
– Now all we need is the signal that indicates whether the I>>50 2 block has been
started - for the lower relays. This signal is called y s and unfortunately it is not
present in this block.
* Open the 𝐼 >> 50 2 block and write ,y s in the output signals. Note the comma.
* Connect this signal with the relay’s output and draw a signal that connects the
input of the relay with the iblock signal, as shown in Figure 4.2. Press the Redraw
button to proceed.
Figure 4.2: Relay 7SJ63
– Let us now examine the reverse interlocking.

* Create a relay at the connection point for the external network and select the
type ’TypeRelCom’.
* Assign the appropriate relay.
* Use time-overcurrent plots and short-circuit current calculations to determine
whether the reverse interlocking operates.
PowerFactory files

REL Sign Start.pfd File used to do the exercise 4.2
REL Sign Finished.pfd Solution of exercise 4.2
5 Relays in dynamic simulations
Objective: Changes in the relay signals in the time-dependent calculations
Contents: Short-circuit events and RMS simulations

Pole slip protection
Change in the measured signals
Level: Medium.
5.1 Presentation: Out-of-step protection
Notes:
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Power flow
• Power flow between two points in system:
E0 EG'
Pe  sin G 
X
E'

Qe  G EG'  E0 cosG 
X

Power characteristic
Power
[MW] Stabil Instabil
Mechanical
Power
Electrical
Power
Rotor
Angle
Large disturbances
DIgSILENT
4000.
3000.
E2
Pm
2000.
 max  max
1000. E1
0.00
0 c
-1000...
0.00 36.00 72.00 108.0 144.0 180.0
x-Axis: Plot Power Curve: Generator Angle in deg
Plot Power Curve: Power 1 in MW
Plot Power Curve: Power 2 in MW
Transient Stability
Stable system
Unstable system
Changes in measured Impedance
E S e  E R e 0
I
X
V  E S e  IX S
V E S e
Z  X S  X
I E S e  E R
5.2 Dynamic simulations
• Import and activate the project “REL Dynamic Start”.
• Define a 3ph short-circuit event on 50 % of the “CCT1” line and select 0.1 sec as the point
in time.
– To define an event, use the right mouse button to click on the line and select Define
→ Short-circuit event. . . .
• Start an RMS simulation.

– Ensure that the RMS/EMT simulation toolbar is visible in the display.
Figure 5.1: RMS/EMT simulation toolbar
– Perform a calculation of the initial conditions and then start the RMS simulation. Set
the duration of the simulation to 5 sec.
– How quickly do the protection devices trip in the line? Does the system remain stable
after the line marksCCT1 is separated from the network? For this you can use the
diagrams from the “Gen G1” page.
• Now activate the “tripp 0.2 sec” variation. This variation will extend the deactivation time
of the two relays installed in the line from 0.1 to 0.2 sec.
• Perform the RMS simulation again and observe the effects of the extended deactivation
time on the stability of the generator.
• Because this out-of-step state of our generator can lead to damage at the generator, shaft
and turbine we will protect the generator with an out-of-step protection relay. Proceed by
activating the relay “R gen”. The relay is located in the generator’s connection bay.
– Right-click on the generator’s connection bay, then proceed to Edit Devices and
uncheck the Out of Service option.
• Create an R-X plot for this relay.
• Run the RMS simulation with and without the “tripp 0.2sec” variation. Will the protection
device detect the fault case correctly and initiate tripping?
• Let’s take a closer look at the relay. Now we will observe the change in the measured
impedance. As a precondition for this exercise, define R and X as result parameters.
– Open the relay in the Data Manager and navigate to the polarising block within the
relay. The polarising block is responsible for calculating the impedance.
– Move to the block with the right mouse button and select Define → Results for
RMS/EMT Simulation . . .
– Confirm the block that has just been added, then proceed to the Variable Selection
window (see Figure 5.2) and select R A and X A on the RMS Simulation page.
Because the power swings are only three-phase symmetrical events, we only need
to observe a single R-X pair.
Figure 5.2: Selection of measured impedances
• Conduct a repeat RMS/EMT simulation without the “tripp 0.2 sec” variation.
• Open the input window of the R-X plot for “R gen” and then select the signals R A and
X A on the Variables/Time page .
Figure 5.3: Input window of the R-X plot
• Centre the R-X plot.

– Right mouse button on the plot → Centre origin
• Now activate the “tripp 0.2” variation and repeat the calculations. Why does the protection
respond?
• Deactivate the two relays “R1” and “R2” on the line “CCT1” to prevent the fault from being
cleared and deactivate the “OutputLogic” of “R gen” so that the relay does not start.
• Conduct the RMS simulation yet again. Is the change in the impedance as expected?
PowerFactory files

REL Dynamic Start.pfd File used to do the exercise 5.2
REL Dynamic Finish.pfd Solution of exercise 5.2

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DIgSILENT PowerFactory Seminar

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Copyright DIgSILENT GmbH

1 Distance Protection Coordination with PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1 Presentation: Distance Protection Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Manual configuration of distance protection settings . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.3 Distance protection devices for the line L S7-S9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.4 Starting Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.5 Polarisation block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.6 Direction detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2 Automatic configuration of distance protection devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.1 Presentation: Automatic configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.2 Automatic configuration of distance protection settings using the Protec-

3 Protection Audit with PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.1 Presentation: Protection audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.2 Protection audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4 Communications among multiple relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.1 Presentation: Communications among multiple relays . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.2 Modelling reverse interlocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5 Relays in dynamic simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5.1 Presentation: Out-of-step protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5.2 Dynamic simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Objective: Introduction to distance protection.

Contents: Distance protection blocks

1.1 Presentation: Distance Protection Coordination

Impedance Relays: Principle of Operation

• Overcurrent Pickup (I)

- Phase current must exceed a threshold.

• Phase-selective procedure. U/UN Load area

• Phase current must exceed a threshold,

- Phase current must exceed a threshold, while 10

phase angle between current and voltage 40

currents nor voltage drop in the event of a

Ij> = 0,25 - 1 x IN I>>

• Typical application case: long, high-loaded

• Line - Line fault loop

• Line - Earth fault loop ZL

Impedance Time Co-ordination

Z3 = 0.8*(Z AB + 0.8*(ZBC+ (0.8...0.9)*ZCD))

Example: R-X Impedance Diagram

Example: Z-t Time-grading Diagram

HV-UT2 SS-D3 SS-D2 SS-D1 HV-Infeed

105. [pri.Ohm] 84.1 63.1 42.0 21.0 0.0

Distance Relay Modelling

• In principle no limits of complexity of models

1.2 Manual configuration of distance protection settings

1.3 Distance protection devices for the line L S7-S9

Figure 1.1: Installation location for the protection device

Figure 1.2: Definition of a relay model

Figure 1.3: Create R-X Plot

Figure 1.4: Editing the options for the R-X plot

- X2 = 0.8 (XL1 + 0.8*XL2)

- X3 = 0.8*(XL1 + 0.8 (XL2 + 0.8*XL3))

Figure 1.5: Impedance as seen from the relay

1.4 Starting Block

– General starting block (RelFdetect)

1.5 Polarisation block

Figure 1.6: Path topology

Figure 1.7: Path topology

Figure 1.8: Defining Time-Distance Diagram

1.6 Direction detection

Figure 1.9: Changing the Dir-Z type

File Name Description

Z3 = 0.8(Z AB + 0.8(ZBC+ (0.8...0.9)*ZCD))

- X3 = 0.8(XL1 + 0.8 (XL2 + 0.8XL3))