1

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL SERVICE WORK INSTITUTES

(SELF-SUPPORTING INSTITUTE OF SOCIETY)
ESSPECIALLY FOR STREET CHILDREN
IN DKI JAKARTA

Hermien Triyowati
(e-mail: hate_usakti@yahoo.com)

Abstract
Based on the results of research conducted by Unika Atma Jaya Jakarta, in 1999, about
street children in Indonesia, found 44 671 street children in 12 cities, while the number of
children displaced 3.9 million, consisting of age 6-18 years by 2,767,629 children; aged
less than 5 years as many as 1,149,750 children; vulnerable and neglected children is
10,322,674. Moreover in 2010, the Department of Social stated that, there were 230,000
street children in the province are spread throughout Indonesia, of whom approximately
4,023 street children in Jakarta.
On the other hand, the government recognizes that, through Social Work Service Agencies
for street children / Social Work Service Institutions that serve street children, which was
founded to address the problems of street children, showed that the performance of all
programs are implemented, not fully provide the solution to their problems, and do not
have the right strategy able to overcome this problem.
Various previous empirical studies, related to these institutions, most conclude that the
performance of these institutions have not been equally effective, and have not found the
right method to deal with street children.
This article, trying to find a new breakthrough solution for the problems of these
institutions. By using the theory of organizational effectiveness approach combined with
poverty alleviation models, are expected to find new innovations, which are integrated,
complex and multi-dimensional. Some perspective is used as a reference for assessing the
extent to which the effectiveness of social institutions that serve street children.
Keyword: street children, effectiveness, poverty alleviation, Social Care Institute for street
children,

INTRODUCTION:
Today, the number of street children is likely to increase, this is a common symptom in
various cities in Indonesia, and can be proven by the increasing number of children working
on the street, such as street musicians, beggars, three-in-one jockeys, child labor in the
market or central shopping at a variety of locations, shining shoes, selling newspapers, etc.
Some of their behavior, among others, often overbearing, behaves naughty when it does
not work, running all the way regardless of the danger that at any moment they can be life-
threatening.
According to the 1998 population census, the number of street children in 12 major cities
in Indonesia, is 44 671 people, where 11,000 people or 22.62% (1997) were in Jakarta, and
approximately 77.38% spread in other large cities (Kompas, 2002). Seen from their age,
most of them are still teenagers, the fact is cause for serious concern, due to this age, they
should be learning or doing something more dignified.
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Moreover the Department of Social, stated that in 2010, there were 230 thousand street
children in the province are spread throughout Indonesia, of whom approximately 4,023
street children in Jakarta. Social Department has allocated funds amounting to Rp 184
billion to reach 145 thousand street children who experience social problems, physical
abuse, and sexual. Because of the perceived budget is still lacking, Ministry of Social
Affairs plans to submit an additional budget of Rp 14 billion for 10,000 street children or
Rp 1.4 million per child. This budget is used to provide the basic needs of street children.
Among other stimulating productive activities that attract street children of the activity on
the street. Then give lessons to prepare children psychologically back to school. Also
helping street children who do not discipline began to attend school.
Associated with service agencies of street children, it can be said that the Indonesian
government has not fully succeeded in dealing with the problems of street children,
effective, integrated and sustainable. For example, in Jakarta, several agencies serving
problems of street children entrusted to several charitable organizations and non-
governmental organizations, called the Institute of Social Work Services, and is known as
the Shelter Home (handled by Indonesian NGOs) or Safe the Children (handled by foreign
charities ). Some of their activities are addressing problems of street children and their
families, providing support facilities for education, skills, health services, financial aid,
food subsidies, parent empowerment, empowerment of street children, and raise awareness
of the poor (Infosocieta, 2001) .
Based on the observations, a variety of activities and the role of these institutions in
addressing the problems of street children, in a way or a different approach to each other,
and considering the strength of management and budget available, it can be said that has
not showed optimal results. Symptoms are visible, street children are still in and out of the
institution, where they just go back to the agency if they feel threatened, and will return to
the road when the perceived threat is over. This suggests that the attention given by
volunteers or social workers, making them spoiled, but have not been able to change their
bad habits, to back roads. This means that awareness of them to behave like a normal
human being, yet managed to raise awareness and personality of street children.
From the explanation above, it can be formulated research problem, as follows:
How far the effectiveness of the social service works agencies in addressing the
problems of street children or in doing his job?

PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study were:
1. Determine the effectiveness of Social Services Work Institutes - for street children,
using the Multiple Constituency Approach With Time Dimension.
2. Developing New Social Services Work Institutes, by using a combination of
Constituency Approach with Time Dimension and Village Earth Model, associated
the achievement of institutional objectives, the implementation of programs and
resource usage, including: output, quality, flexibility, satisfaction, efficiency, and
sustainability of institutions.
SCOPE:
The scope of this study is to assess and measure the effectiveness of social work service
agencies for street children, which is divided into three stages of research, short-term,
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medium-term and long-term (each step accurately implemented in six months). Research
site in DKI Jaya, with the object of study is the Institutions of Social Work Services for
street children. In detail, the five study sites located in the area of DKI Jaya, covering North
Jakarta, East Jakarta, West Jakarta, South Jakarta and Central Jakarta. Research is planned
in mid-2014.

SYSTEM APPROACHS:
1. EFFECTIVENESS.
Effectiveness was determined by factors such as production maximization, cost
minimization, technological excellence, etc. Effectiveness is a function of productivity
resulting from employee satisfaction (Taylor and Mayo, in National Humanities Center,
Research Triangle Park, NC. 2005). Based on this statement, it can be concluded that the
effectiveness of an activity is how the activity can achieve maximum results, use minimal
resources and provide satisfaction to stakeholders.
According to Gordon B Davis, 1999, say that there are three approaches to test
effectiveness, such as:
a. Target or goal approach explaining that the effectiveness is the ability to excel at one
or more output goals.
b. System resource approach, explaining that the effectiveness is the ability to acquire
scarce and valued resources from the environment.
c. Constituency approach, explaining that the effectiveness is the ability to meet
multiple strategic constituencies both inside and outside the institution or organization.
Moreover, the multiple constituency approaches, is the ability of the institution or
organization to meet the diverse needs of institutional and individual (strategic
constituencies), each of which has hopes to achieve its objectives through the
successful achievement of institutions / organizations effectiveness.

2. ORGANIZATIONS EFFECTIVENESS - WITH TIME DIMENSION

Furthermore, some dimensions of integrated models in the perspective of constituents,
including the effect of time in measuring the institutions / organizations effectiveness. This
means that 'time' is also an indicator to measure the institutions / organizations
effectiveness, such as the condition of the institution / organization in the short term,
medium term and long term. As mentioned by James L. Gibson, 1996, explained the level
of organizations effectiveness - with time dimension, such as:
a. Individual Effectiveness which emphasize at duty performance of selected
organizational member by individual, which assessed through process evaluate
achievement;
b. Group Effectiveness which was simply assessed from contributions amount all
organizational member;
c. Organizational Effectiveness, consisting of individual effectiveness and group
effectiveness.
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Various indicators from the perspective of effectiveness with time dimension is presented
in the diagram-1, below:

d.Individually Group Organizational

Effectiveness
e. Effectiveness Effectiveness

ktivitas
f. ability  integration
Individual  environment
g.capability  leadership
 technology
h.knowledge  structure
 strategy
i. attitude  status
 process
j. motivation  role
 culture
k.stress  norm
Short Run Medium Run Long Run.

Diagram –1: The Dimensions and Indicators of Organizations Effectiveness.

On the other hand, based on this statement, this research is using "Multiple Constituency
Approach - With Time Dimension" to measure the effectiveness of Social Services Work
Institutes - for street children. This combination, concluded some effectiveness criteria,
which must be achieved by the institutions / organizations, in order to realize short-term
goals, medium term and long term, whether individuals, groups and organizations.
In the short term, the institutions / organizations must be able to work effectively and
efficiently, and satisfy their stakeholders, in the medium term the institutions /
organizations must be able to adapt to the constraints and increase the ability of the
stakeholders; and then in the long term, the institutions / organizations must be able to
maintain its existence under any circumstances.
In detail, can be seen in the diagram - 2, as follows:.
Diagram-2: The Effectiveness Criterion with Time Dimensions
TIME NEAR INTERMEDIATE DISTANT
DIMENSIONS FUTURE FUTURE FUTURE
Approx. 1 year Approx. 5 years
The organization must be:
1) Effective in
The organization must be:
accomplishing its
4) Adaptive to new
purposes The organization must
opportunities and
EFFECTIVNESS 2) Efficient in the be:
obstacles
CRITERIA acquisition and use of 6) Capable of survival
5) Capable of
scarce resources in a world of
developing the ability
3) A source of satisfaction uncertainties
of its members and of
to its owners,
itself
employees, customers,
clients, and society
Sources: National Humanities Center, Research Triangle Park, NC. 2005
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3. Villages – Earth Model

According to Albertson (1992), the founder of Villages – Earth Model, say that “…the
Villages – Earth Model is the structure and process of social participation and action by
individuals and groups in analyzing situations, making choices, and engaging in choice-
implementing behaviors that bring about change. As with hard technology, the appropriate
soft technology is related to the villages being able to organize, operate, and maintain the
technology with a minimum of outside technical assistance (e.g. from professional social
workers). It usually aims at changing the sociopolitical environment…”,
Besides, Village Earth advances its mission through the following means, such as (Carroll,
1992):
1. Providing support services to communities in the form of training, networking,
research, and organizational sponsorship.
2. Training and consulting with other intermediate and resources organizations in our
approach and methods.
3. Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate technology
information.
In addition, Ed Shinn, said that “…Perhaps one of the most important functions of Village
Earth, is to insure that the local NGO build teams with expertise in key development sectors
that can interact with both the public and private sectors to secure needed resources."
Based on some opinions, it can be concluded that the Village Earth model, is a model that
emphasizes the participation of individuals / groups / institutions or organizations on
options for improving the quality of life of individuals / groups and institutions or
organizations themselves. These activities should be planned, specified and implemented
together, as well as monitored and evaluated in the context of subsequent developments.
Briefly, these activities include community development, research development and
sponsorship. Involvement of NGO experts is needed to ensure the availability of resources.
Furthermore, in order to increase the effectiveness of the institution / organization, as well
as to answer the second research goal, it is necessary to reform the institutions /
organizations that serve these street children. Drafting of this institutional model, done by
combining models "Multiple Constituency Approach with Time Dimension" with "Village
Earth model". (see diagram-3).
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Diagram-3-: Multiple Constituency Model combined with SVBD Model.

ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
APPROACH OF THEORY EFFECTIVENESS :
MULTIPLE OF CONSTITUENCY
( With time dimension)

TECHNOLOGY OF PARTICIPATORY AND SVBD MODEL

SHORT RUN:
MEDIUM: LONG RUN:
- PRODUCT / SERVICES
- QUALITY, QUANTITY ORGANIZATION SUSTAINABLE
-EFFICIENCY, EFFECTIVENESS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
-SATISFACTION

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL SERVICE WORK INSTITUTES

- SUPPORTING INSTITUTE OF SOCIETY )
( SELF
ESSPECIALLY FOR CHILDREN ON THE ROAD
IN DKI JAKARTA

* SVBD: Sustainable Village - Based Development Model

In general, we try to create ‘the flow diagram’ which is show how the sustainable
development program will carry out poverty, in order to deciding poverty vicious circle.
The diagram-4 below, showing how target degradation of poorness related to
Participatory Technology and Village Earth model. Based upon observation and the result
of data collecting in Jakarta, for example, we can establish participatory technological
and village earth model. The “village” idea, is more appropriate for a neighborhood of
Jakarta, which could develop coordinating relations with other neighborhoods near by
(e.g. Kecamatan).
Before we implementing this program, previously we must determine some locations as
functioning as ‘village’, which can be help for us to execution this program directed,
integrated and efficiently.
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PARTICIPATORY
STRATEGIC
PLANNING :

SUSTAINABLE PROGRAM IN :
COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM :
ENVIRONMENT
1 . Job Facilitators :
ECONOMIC affirmative actions program
SOCIO CULTURAL targeting program for the poorest groups
POLITICAL
2 . Education :
OBSERVATION & universal primary and basic education
DATA COLLECTION 3 . Merit Treatment :
Eliminate minority discrimination
Provide job - training programs
STREET CHILDREN
FAMILY’S 4 . Voting :
eliminate paternalism
provide socio political participation
provide women participation in parliament
BASIC HUMAN
5 . Crime :
RESOURCES : ( RAU ) reduce the Childs prostitution and petty theft
reduce child slavery , and child violence
SOCIO CULTURAL
TECHNICAL
FINANCIAL
EDUCATIONAL
HEALTH

INCREASING STREET
CHILDREN FAMILY’S

PROSPERITY

Diagram-4. Participatory Technology and Village Earth Model

Especially in Jakarta, we determine five locations, i.e., north Jakarta, east Jakarta, west
Jakarta, center Jakarta, and south Jakarta. In each location, the amount of members are
10,000 street children (not including their families) or 50,000 people (street children and
their failmy), but the relationships among each locations, must still occurs. (see diagram
4)
Furthermore, the result of observation and collecting data can be used to determine the type
and the amount of resources required by these communities. That is very important in
related with project movement and to achieve the purpose of this program more efficiently.
In addition, this program must be implemented more discipline and expertise qualified
tuition must available appropriate with these requirement. Besides, this program must
include ‘empowerment programmed’ in order to increase
According to the many area in DKI Jakarta as ‘village’, this program must be supported by
resources adequateness, because less off resources will impact on implementing program
slowly, hence the ‘good’ cooperation among the participant, members, government, and
others organizational, like NGO’s that support these project must be occurred.
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Finally, in implementing program, the basic principal and the objective of this program
must have content to the approach of human development paradigm and sustainable
development paradigm, which include productivity, empowerment, equity and
sustainability.

ASSUMPTIONS.
Many LPPS not executed yet their activities by effectiveness or not reached the target yet
which have been specified. This phenomenon seen from some of LPPS programs, not
realization yet and also the number of road children’s which return to profession initially

RESEARCH AREA STUDY IN DKI JAKARTA

CENTER
JAKARTA

NORTH SOUTH
JAKARTA JAKARTA

WEST EAST
JAKARTA JAKARTA

Diagram-4. The Division of ‘Local Village”

PLAN FOR DATA COLLECTION.

 Primary Data collected from leader of LPPS, social worker of LPPS, and street children
in DKI Jakarta.
 The data collecting conducted by using direct communications technique. Which mean
that all data compilers perform a direct contact verbally or face to face with data source,
in the empiric situation or in situation made for that.
 The data collector utilized interview schedule that is a set compiled question
systematically (questioners), brought by her or him self, by compiler of data
(interviewer) to responder alone, and then filled as according to responder answer.
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 The population in this research, are many LPPS which handling street children in DKI
Jakarta. Considering the amount of LPPS’s which handling street children are very
limited, hence the data collecting conducted by census, mean all population perceived.
Thus does not use sample.
 Research area spread over five municipality region in DKI Jakarta, either in North
Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, West Jakarta and Center Jakarta. This Research is
planned at period of semester of I and of II year 2008.

PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

 Data which have been gathered is analysed by using qualitative analysis, and
comparing among criterion of effectiveness organizational with comments of LPPS
(organizer), social worker, and street children

ANTICIPATED RESULT

 Fundamental concept in this research, is effectiveness. Effectiveness (short-run) in this

research use five criterion, that is output / service, quality, efficiency, flexibility, and
satisfaction. Service to be yielded by many LPPS, express a number of services claimed
by environment.

 Output or service which given, can in the form of: adjacent for street children and his
family, tuition motivate and social, skilled training, education aid and health service,
giving capital investment, food subsidizing, parents empowerment, enable ness of
institute handling street child, and improvement society awareness

 Quality or quantity, measured fufilled by street children expectation. So, quality and
quantity of good and service become more and more if service given by LPPS more
and more fulfill street children expectation

 Effisiensi measured from ratio between benefit versus cost of projec, output, or time.

 Respon Flexibility grow as critical determinant of effectiveness, in short-run. This

matter concerning ability of organization to transfer resources of activity which is one
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to other activity, to yield service / new service and differ in answering to request /
requirement of street

 Satisfaction will be measured from satisfaction all social workers in LPPS. Measure
Satisfaction is including attitude of all social workers, exit entry of social worker,
absence storey; level, delay and also complain from all social workers.

REFERENCE:

 Albertson, Maurice and Shinn, Miriam, October 1993, Proceedings from the
International Conference on Sustainable Village-Based Development at Colorado
State University, Colorado Press, Inc,
 Carrol, Thomas F. 1992, Intermediary NGOs: The Supporting Link in Grassroots
Development. Kumarian Press, Inc.
 Gordon B Davis, 1999, Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall, Inc, New Yersey
 Infosocieta, 2001, The Characteristic of Street Children – In Indonesia, Puslitbang
Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.
 James L. Gibson,1996, Human Resources Management, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
NewYork.
 Macht & Quam, 1986, The Classification Social Worker Competency, National Agency
of Social Welfare (NASW), New York
 Edwin F. Shinn, 2000. A Brief History Of Village Earth: The Consortium For
Sustainable Village-Based Development, Colorado Press, Inc,