MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

UNIT
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
5 ELEKTROKIMIA

Concept Map / Peta Konsep

Extraction of aluminium from molten aluminium oxide Purification of metals Electroplating of metals
Pengekstrakan aluminium daripada aluminium oksida lebur Penulenan logam Penyaduran logam

Uses of electrolysis in industry

Anode / Anod:
Non metal / Bukan logam
Kegunaan elektrolisis dalam Uses of electrolysis in industry
industri Kegunaan elektrolisis dalam
Position of ion in the industri
Cathode / Katod: electrochemical series
Kedudukan ion dalam Concentration of ion Type of electrode
Metal / Logam
siri elektrokimia Kepekatan ion Jenis elektrod

Products / Hasil
Factors determining selective
Molten / Lebur Aqueous / Akueus discharge of ions at electrodes
Type of electrolyte Faktor mempengaruhi pemilihan
Jenis elektrolit nyahcas ion di elektrod
Energy change
Perubahan tenaga Electrical energy ➝ Chemical energy
Electrolysis / Elektrolisis Tenaga elektrik ➝ Tenaga kimia

ELECTROCHEMISTRY Compare and contrast

Banding dan beza
ELEKTROKIMIA
– Dry cell / Sel kering

5
– Lead-acid accumulator

UNIT
Akumulator asid plumbum Example
– Mercury cell / Sel merkuri Contoh Voltaic cell Chemical energy ➝ Electrical energy
– Alkaline cell / Sel alkali Sel kimia Energy change Tenaga kimia ➝ Tenaga elektrik
– Nickel cadmium cell Perubahan tenaga
Sel nikel kadmium
Produce
Menghasilkan Learning objective / Objektif pembelajaran

1 Understand the electrolyte and non-electrolyte

Metal displacement reaction
Tindak balas penyesaran logam
Can be constructed with
Boleh dibina dengan
Electrochemical Series
Siri Elektrokimia
Uses / Kegunaan
Determine terminals Predict voltage of
of voltaic cell voltaic cell
Menentukan terminal Meramal voltan
sel kimia sel kimia
Potential difference (voltage)
Beza keupayaan (voltan)
Prediction of
displacement reaction
Meramal tindak balas
penyesaran
properties
Memahami sifat-sifat elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit
2 Analyse the electrolysis process of molten
compounds
Menganalisis proses elektrolisis sebatian lebur
3 Analyse electrolysis of aqueous solution
Menganalisis elektrolisis larutan akueus
4 Assess the electrolysis process in the industry
Menilai proses elektrolisis dalam industri
5 Analyse chemical cells
Menganalisis sel kimia
6 Synthesis electrochemical series
Mensintesiskan siri elektrokimia
7 Apply awareness and apply responsible attitude in
handling the chemicals used in the electrochemical
series
Menerapkan kesedaran serta mengamalkan sikap
bertanggungjawab dalam mengendalikan bahan
kimia yang digunakan dalam siri elektrokimia

87 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Electrolysis / Elektrolisis

What is conductor? chemical changes

Element that can conduct electricity in solid or molten state without any , normally metals
Apakah konduktor?
and carbon.

Unsur yang boleh mengkonduksi arus elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal atau leburan tanpa perubahan kimia ,
biasanya logam dan karbon.

What are electrolytes? Compounds that can conduct electricity in *molten state or *aqueous solution and undergo
Apakah elektrolit? chemical changes .
Sebatian yang boleh mengkonduksikan arus elektrik dalam keadaan *lebur atau *akueus serta mengalami
perubahan kimia .

Example / Contoh:
– Aqueous solution of ionic compound such as copper(II) sulphate solution and sodium chloride solution
Larutan akueus bagi sebatian ion contohnya larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan larutan natrium klorida
– Aqueous solution of *acid or alkali such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ammonia solution (NH3).
Larutan akueus *asid atau alkali contohnya asid hidroklorik (HCl) dan larutan ammonia (NH3).

– Molten ionic compounds such as molten lead(II) bromide, molten sodium chloride and molten aluminium
oxide.

Leburan sebatian ion contohnya leburan plumbum(II) bromida, leburan natrium klorida dan leburan
aluminium oksida.

* HCl and NH3 are covalent compounds, exist in form of molecule without water but ionised in water.
(Explanation is in the next topic in acid and base)
HCl dan NH3 adalah sebatian kovalen, tanpa air terdiri daripada molekul tetapi ianya terion dalam air
(akan dijelaskan dalam tajuk seterusnya dalam asid dan bes)
* Molten state: a solid that is heated until it melts *Aqueous solution: a solid that is dissolved in water
Lebur: pepejal yang dipanaskan sehingga cair. *Akueus: pepejal yang larut di dalam air.
UNIT

What are non-electrolytes Compounds that cannot conduct electricity in solid, molten and aqueous solution.
substances? Sebatian yang tidak boleh mengkonduksikan arus elektrik dalam keadaan pepejal, lebur dan larutan akueus.
Apakah bahan bukan
5

elektrolit? Example / Contoh:

Molten covalent compound such as naphthalene, molten sulphur and liquid bromine.

Leburan sebatian kovalen contohnya naftalena, sulfur lebur dan cecair bromin.

What is electrolysis? process

Electrolysis is a whereby an electrolyte is decomposed to its constituent elements when
Apakah elektrolisis?
electric current passes through it.

Elektrolisis ialah proses penguraian elektrolit kepada unsur juzuknya apabila arus elektrik
dialirkan melaluinya.

What is electrolytic cell? electrodes electrolyte

An electrolytic cell is a set up of apparatus that contains two which are dipped in an
Apakah sel elektrolisis?
and produce a chemical reaction when connected to a battery (source of electricity).

Sel elektrolisis adalah susunan radas yang terdiri daripada dua elektrod yang dicelup ke dalam
elektrolit menghasilkan tindak balas kimia apabila disambungkan kepada bateri (sumber arus
elektrik).

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 88

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

The set up of typical e

electrolytic cell
e
Susunan bagi sel e electrons / elektron
elektrolisis yang biasa Anode / Anod Cathode / Katod
e anions / anion
(Electrode / Elektrod) e
(Electrode / Elektrod)
e cations / kation
e

Important terminology / Terminologi penting:

1 Electrode / Elektrod:
– Conductor which is dipped into electrolyte which carries electric current in and out of electrolyte.
Konduktor yang dicelup dalam elektrolit yang mengalirkan arus elektrik ke dalam dan keluar daripada
elektrolit.
2 Cathode / Katod:
– An electrode that is connected to the negative terminal of the battery in the electrolytic cell.
Elektrod yang disambung kepada terminal negatif bateri dalam sel elektrolisis.
3 Cations / Kation:
– Positive ions which are attracted and move to the negatively charged electrode, cathode .
Ion positif akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah elektrod katod yang bercas negatif .
4 Anode / Anod:
– An electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the battery in the electrolytic cell.
Elektrod yang disambung kepada terminal positif bateri dalam sel elektrolisis.
5 Anions / Anion:
– Negative ions which are attracted and move to the positively charged electrode, anode .
Ion negatif akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah elektrod anod yang bercas positif .

Explain how electrolysis anode

(a) Anions (negative ions) are attracted and move to the . The anions release electrons to the
process occur.
Terangkan bagaimana surface of anode and become neutral atoms or molecule. The anions are discharged at the anode.
proses elektrolisis Anion (ion negatif) akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah anod . Anion melepaskan elektron pada
berlaku. permukaan anod dan menjadi atom atau molekul. Anion dinyahcaskan di anod.
(b) Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the connecting wire in the

5
external circuit . / Elektron mengalir dari anod ke katod melalui wayar

UNIT
penyambung dalam litar luar .
(c) Cations (positive ions) are attracted and move to the cathode
. The cations receive electrons at the
surface of cathode and become neutral atoms or molecules. The cations are discharged at the cathode.
Kation (ion positif) akan tertarik dan bergerak ke arah katod . Kation menerima elektron pada
permukaan katod dan menjadi atom atau molekul. Kation dinyahcaskan di katod.
➞ Electrolyte decomposed to its constituent elements. / Elektrolit terurai kepada unsur-unsur juzuknya.
Remark / Catatan:
Electricity is conducted in electrolytic cell by: / Elektrik dikonduksi dalam sel elektrolisis dengan:
(i) Free moving anion and cation in the electrolyte. / Anion dan kation yang bebas bergerak dalam elektrolit.
(ii) Flow of electrons in the connecting wire. / Aliran elektron dalam wayar penyambung.

Explain the energy The stages in electrolysis process are: / Peringkat dalam proses elektrolisis:
change in electrolysis. – Electrons flow through the external circuit. / Elektron mengalir melalui litar luar.
Terangkan perubahan – Chemical changes occur at the anode and cathode. / Perubahan kimia berlaku di anod dan katod.
tenaga dalam elektrolisis.
Energy change in electrolysis: / Perubahan tenaga dalam elektrolisis:
– Electric Energy to Chemical Energy / Tenaga Elektrik kepada Tenaga Kimia

Example of electrolytic (i) (ii) A

(iii)
cell. Electrolyte
Elektrolit
Contoh sel elektrolisis. Electrodes
Elektrod Electrode
Elektrod
Electrolyte Electrodes
Elektrolit Elektrod
A

Electrolyte Electrode
Heat Elektrolit Elektrod
Panaskan

Electrolysis of molten Electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte Electrolysis of aqueous

electrolyte (No gas released) electrolyte (Gas is released)
Elektrolisis elektrolit Elektrolisis elektrolit dalam bentuk Elektrolisis elektrolit dalam
lebur akueus (Tiada gas dibebaskan) bentuk akueus (Gas dibebaskan)

89 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Formation of Free Moving Ions in the Electrolyte
Pembentukan Ion Bergerak Bebas dalam Elektrolit
What is ionisation equation?
Apakah persamaan
pengionan?
Example of ionisation of
molten electrolyte (a
compound that is heated
until it melts).
Contoh pengionan elektrolit
dalam keadaan leburan
(sebatian yang dipanaskan
hingga lebur).
Example of the ionisation on
an aqueous electrolyte (a
compound that is dissolved
in water):
Contoh pengionan elektrolit
dalam keadaan akueus
(sebatian yang dilarutkan
dalam air)
Reactions at the Electrodes / Tindak Balas di Elektrod
Define discharged of cation
or anion
Takrifkan nyahcas bagi
kation atau anion
UNIT
5
What is half equation?
Apakah persamaan
setengah?
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
It is an equation to determine the ions present in molten or aqueous electrolyte.
Persamaan yang menunjukkan ion yang hadir dalam elektrolit sama ada dalam keadaan leburan atau akueus.
Na+(l/ce) + Cl–(l/ce)
(i) Molten sodium chloride / Natrium klorida lebur: NaCl(s/p)
(ii) Molten lead(II) bromide / Plumbum(II) bromida lebur: PbBr2(s/p) Pb2+(l/ce) + 2Br–(l/ce)
(iii) Molten sodium oxide / Natrium oksida lebur: Na2O(s/p) 2Na+(l/ce) + O2–(l/ce)
2Al3+(l/ce) + 3O2–(l/ce)
(iv) Molten aluminium oxide / Aluminium oksida lebur: Al2O3(s/p)
Na+(aq/ak) + Cl–(aq/ak)
(i) Sodium chloride solution / Larutan natrium klorida: NaCl(aq/ak)
H2O H+(aq/ak) + OH–(aq/ak)
(ii) Copper(II) sulphate solution / Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat: CuSO4(aq/ak) Cu2+ + SO42–
H+ + OH–
H2O
(iii) Sulphuric acid / Asid sulfurik: H2SO4(aq/ak) 2H+ + SO42–
H+ + OH–
H2O
receives
(a) A cation is discharged when it electrons at the cathode.
Kation dinyahcaskan apabila menerima elektron di katod.
(b) An anion is discharged when it releases electrons at the anode.
Anion dinyahcaskan apabila melepaskan elektron di anod.
atoms molecules
(c) When ions are discharged, they become neutral or .
Apabila ion dinyahcaskan, ianya akan menjadi atom atau molekul yang neutral.
Remark / Catatan:
The process of discharging results in the / Proses nyahcas menghasilkan:
– Conduction of electricity by the electrolyte.
Pengkonduksian elektrik oleh elektrolit.
– Decomposition of electrolyte into its component elements.
Penguraian elektrolit kepada komponen unsurnya.
The equation representing reaction that take place at the anode and cathode involve ions and electrons.
Persamaan yang mewakili tindak balas yang berlaku di anod dan katod melibatkan ion dan elektron.
– Half equation at the anode: anions / metal atoms release electrons to produce neutral atom / molecules.
Persamaan setengah di anod: anion / atom logam melepaskan elektron untuk menghasilkan atom / molekul
neutral.
Xn–    X + ne
– Half equation at the cathode: Cations receive electrons to produce neutral atom / molecule.
Persamaan setengah di katod: Kation menerima elektron untuk menghasilkan atom / molekul neutral.
Ym+ + me   Y
Example 1: Chloride ions release electrons to form chlorine molecule at anode.
Contoh 1: Ion klorida melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk molekul klorin di anod.
Step 1 Write the formula of the reactant and products
CI–   CI2
Langkah 1 Tulis formula bagi bahan dan hasil tindak balas
Step 2 Balance the number of atoms on the left and right, 2CI– CI2
Langkah 2 calculate the total charge Left / Kiri Right / Kanan
Imbangkan bilangan atom di kiri dan kanan, hitung 2(–1) = –2 0
jumlah cas (not balanced / tidak seimbang)
Step 3 Balance the total charge by adding electrons, calculate 2CI– CI2 + 2e
Langkah 3 the total charge Left / Kiri Right / Kanan
Imbangkan jumlah cas dengan menambahkan elektron, 2(–1) = –2 0 + 2(–1)= –2
hitung jumlah cas (balanced / seimbang)
90
 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Example 2: Hydrogen ions receive electrons to form hydrogen molecule at the cathode.
Contoh 2: Ion hidrogen menerima elektron untuk membentuk molekul hidrogen di katod.

Step 1 Write the formula of the reactant and products

H+   H2
Langkah 1 Tulis formula bagi bahan dan hasil tindak balas

Step 2 Balance the number of atoms on the left and right, 2H+ H2
Langkah 2 calculate the total charge Left / Kiri Right / Kanan
Imbangkan bilangan atom di kiri dan kanan, hitung 2(+1) = +2 0
jumlah cas (not balanced / tidak seimbang)

Step 3 Balance the total charge by adding electrons, calculate 2H+ + 2e H2

Langkah 3 the total charge Left / Kiri Right / Kanan
Imbangkan jumlah cas dengan menambahkan elektron, + 2 + 2(–1) = 0 0
hitung jumlah cas (balanced / seimbang)

What are the common half 1 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e

equation at the anode? release
(anion/metal atom releases Four hydroxide ions four electrons to form two water molecules and one oxygen
electrons) molecule .
Apakah persamaan yang
Empat ion hidroksida melepaskan empat elektron membentuk dua molekul air dan satu
biasa di anod?
(anion/atom logam molekul oksigen.
membebaskan elektron)
2 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e

Two chloride ions release two electrons to form one chlorine molecule .
Dua ion klorida melepaskan dua elektron membentuk satu molekul klorin.

3 2Br– Br2 + 2e

Two bromide ions release two electrons to form one bromine molecule .

Dua ion bromida melepaskan dua elektron membentuk satu molekul bromin.

4 Cu Cu2+ + 2e

5
Copper atom releases two electrons to form copper(II) ion .

UNIT
Atom kuprum melepaskan dua elektron membentuk ion kuprum(II) .

5 Ag Ag+ + e

Silver atom releases one electron to form silver ion .

Atom argentum melepaskan satu elektron membentuk ion argentum .

What are the common half H2

1 2H+ + 2e
equation at the cathode?
Apakah persamaan Two hydrogen ions receive two electrons to form one hydrogen molecule .
setengah yang biasa di menerima molekul
katod? Dua ion hidrogen dua elektron membentuk satu hidrogen.

2 Ag+ + e Ag

Silver ion receives one electron to form one silver atom .

Ion argentum menerima satu elektron membentuk satu atom argentum.

3 Cu2+ + 2e Cu

Copper(II) ion receives two electrons to form one copper atom .

Ion kuprum(II) menerima dua elektron membentuk satu atom kuprum.

Write the equation of Pb2+ + 2e Pb

(i) Lead(II) ion to lead atom / Ion plumbum(II) kepada atom plumbum:
discharge of ion:
Tuliskan persamaan (ii) Silver ion to silver atom / Ion argentum kepada atom argentum: Ag + e +
Ag
nyahcas ion:
(iii) Iodide ion to iodine molecule / Ion iodida kepada molekul iodin: 2I –
I2 + 2e

91 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Electrolysis of Molten Electrolyte / Elektrolisis Elektrolit Lebur

1 Aim : To investigate the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide
Tujuan : Mengkaji elektrolisis plumbum(II) bromida lebur

2 Apparatus : Battery, switch, carbon electrodes, connecting wires, ammeter, crucible, tripod stand, pipe-clay triangle, Bunsen
Radas burner.

Bateri, suis, elektrod karbon, wayar penyambung, ammeter, mangkuk pijar, segi tiga tanah liat, penunu Bunsen.

3 Material : Lead(II) bromide powder

Bahan Serbuk plumbum(II) bromida

4 Procedure / Prosedur :
(a) A crucible is filled with lead(II) bromide powder until it is half full.
(b) Two carbon electrodes are placed into lead(II) bromide and connected to the
batteries and ammeter using connecting wire as shown in the diagram.
(c) Lead(II) bromide powder is then heated until it melts. Lead(II) bromide
(d) The observations at the anode and the cathode are recorded. Plumbum(II) bromida
(e) Both electrodes are taken out from the electrolyte and the molten lead(II) bromide
are poured out of crucible carefully to observe the product at cathode.
(a) Mangkuk pijar diisi dengan serbuk plumbum(II) bromida hingga separuh penuh. Heat
(b) Dua elektrod karbon dimasukkan ke dalam serbuk plumbum(II) bromida dan Panaskan
disambung kepada bateri dan ammeter menggunakan wayar penyambung seperti
yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
(c) Plumbum(II) bromida dipanaskan hingga lebur.
(d) Pemerhatian di anod dan katod direkodkan.
(e) Kedua-dua elektrod dikeluarkan dari elektrolit dan dituangkan keluar dengan berhati-hati dan perhatikan hasil yang terbentuk
pada katod.
UNIT

5 Observation / Pemerhatian :
5

Electrode / Elektrod Observation / Pemerhatian

Brown gas is released.

Anode / Anod
Gas perang dibebaskan.

A shiny grey globule is formed at the bottom of cathode.

Cathode / Katod
Titisan kelabu berkilat terbentuk di bahagian bawah katod.

Explain electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide

Terangkan elektrolisis plumbum(II) bromida lebur

Draw a labelled diagram for the set up

of apparatus and by using arrows to Carbon electrodes
show the movement of particles that Elektrod karbon
occur in lead(II) bromide and the
direction of electron flow in the
external circuit. Lead(II) bromide
Lukiskan rajah berlabel susunan Plumbum(II) bromida
radas dengan menggunakan anak
panah untuk menunjukkan
pergerakan zarah yang berlaku dalam Heat
plumbum(II) bromida dan arah aliran Panaskan
elektron dalam litar luar.

List all the ions present in molten

lead(II) bromide. The ions present are lead(II) ions/Pb2+ and bromide ions/Br–
Senaraikan semua ion yang ada Ion yang hadir adalah ion plumbum(II)/Pb2+ dan ion bromida/Br–
dalam plumbum(II) bromida lebur.

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Explain the electrolysis of molten (a) At the anode / Di anod:

lead(II) bromide – Bromide ion/ Br– move to the anode.
Terangkan elektrolisis plumbum(II) Ion bromida/Br– bergerak ke arah anod.
bromida lebur – Bromide ion/ Br– releases one electron to form bromine atom at the anode.
Ion bromida/Br– membebaskan satu elektron untuk membentuk atom bromin di anod.
– Two bromine atoms combine to form bromine molecule.
Dua atom bromin bergabung untuk membentuk molekul bromin.
– Half equation / Persamaan setengah : 2Br– Br2 + 2e
– Brown gas is released.
Gas perang dibebaskan.
(b) At the cathode / Di katod:
– Lead(II) ions/Pb2+ move to the cathode.
Ion plumbum(II)/Pb2+ bergerak ke arah katod.
– Lead(II) ions/Pb2+ receive two electrons to form lead atom at the cathode.
Ion plumbum(II)/Pb2+ menerima dua elektron untuk membentuk atom plumbum di katod.
– Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Pb2+ + 2e Pb
– Shiny grey solid is formed.
Pepejal kelabu berkilat terbentuk.

Factors that Affect the Electrolysis of an Aqueous Solution

Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Elektrolisis Larutan Akueus

How many types of cations and Two types of cations and two types of anions.
anions usually present in an aqueous Dua jenis kation dan dua jenis anion.
solution? / Berapa jenis kation dan
anion yang biasanya terdapat dalam
suatu larutan akueus?

State the sources of these ions. – A cation and an anion from the dissolved substance.
Nyatakan sumber ion-ion ini. Satu kation dan satu anion daripada bahan terlarut.
– Hydrogen(H+) ions and hydroxide(OH–) ions from water.
Ion hidrogen(H+) dan ion hidroksida(OH–) daripada air.

5
Remark / Catatan:

UNIT
1 Water is a weak electrolyte that partially ionises to H+ and OH– ions.
Air ialah elektrolit lemah yang mengion separa kepada ion H+ dan OH–.
2 However, this small amount of ions can compete with the ions from the dissolve substance for the discharge.
Walau bagaimanapun, jumlah kecil ion ini boleh bersaing dengan ion daripada bahan terlarut untuk nyahcas.

Example:
Solution Ions from dissolved substance Ions from water
Contoh:
Larutan Ion daripada bahan terlarut Ion daripada air
Dilute potassium iodide solution
K+, I– H+, OH–
Larutan kalium iodida cair
Concentrated sodium chloride
Na+ , Cl– H+, OH–
Natrium klorida pekat
Copper(II) sulphate solution
Cu2+, SO42– H+, OH–
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Concentrated hydrochloric acid
H+, Cl– H+, OH–
Asid hidroklorik pekat

What is selective discharge? When more than one type of ion are attracted towards the electrodes during electrolysis, only one
Apakah pemilihan nyahcas? type of ion is selected to be discharged at each electrode.
Apabila lebih dari satu jenis ion tertarik kepada elektrod semasa elektrolisis, hanya satu jenis ion
yang dipilih untuk dinyahcas pada setiap elektrod.

Factors affecting the selective discharge of ions  Faktor mempengaruhi pemilihan nyahcas ion

1 The selection of ion for discharge depends on three factors / Pemilihan ion untuk nyahcas bergantung pada tiga faktor:
(a) The position of ions in the Electrochemical Series (normally in dilute solution and inert electrode).
Kedudukan ion dalam Siri Elektrokimia (biasanya dalam larutan cair dan elektrod lengai).
(b) The concentration of electrolyte (normally in concentrated solution and inert electrode).
Kepekatan elektrolit (biasanya dalam larutan pekat dan elektrod lengai).
(c) The types of electrode (when metal as electrode is used). / Jenis elektrod (apabila elektrod logam digunakan).

93 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.


Factor: Position of Ions in
Electrochemical Series
Electrolysis of sodium nitrate solution
using carbon electrode
Aim : To investigate the electrolysis
of 0.1 mol dm–3 sodium nitrate
solution using carbon electrodes.
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
Apparatus :
Electrolytic cell, test
tubes, batteries, ammeter,
carbon electrodes and
connecting wires
Materials : 1 mol dm–3 sodium nitrate
solution, wooden splinter
Carbon Sodium
electrodes nitrate
solution
Procedure:
1 1 mol dm–3 sodium nitrate solution
is poured into electrolytic cell until
94
the solution covers the carbon
electrodes.
2 Test tubes are filled with sodium
nitrate solution and inverted on the
carbon electrodes as shown in the
diagram.
3 The carbon electrodes are
connected to the batteries and
ammeter using connecting wires.
4 The electricity is passed through
the electrolyte for 10 to 15 minutes.
5 The observation at the anode and
cathode are recorded.
6 The collected gases are tested
with wooden splinter:
• Use glowing wooden splinter at
anode.
• Use lighten wooden splinter at
cathode.
Observation:
Anode Cathode
5 UNIT
Experiments To Determine The Selective Discharge Of Ions At The Electrode
Factor: Concentration of Electrolyte
Electrolysis of 0.0001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and
2 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid using carbon electrodes
Aim : To investigate the effect of concentration of
electrolyte on the product of electrolysis at the
anode.
Problem statement : How does the concentration of
electrolyte affect the product at the
anode during electrolysis?
Manipulated variable : Concentration of hydrochloric acid
Responding variable : Product at the anode
Constant variable : Hydrochloric acid / type of acid,
carbon electrodes
Hypothesis : When very dilute hydrochloric acid is used as
electrolyte, the product at the anode is oxygen
gas. When concentrated hydrochloric acid is
used as electrolyte, chlorine gas is released
at the anode.
Material : 0.0001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, 2 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid, blue litmus paper, carbon
electrodes, wooden splinter
Apparatus : Electrolytic cell, test tube, batteries, ammeter,
connecting wires
Carbon electrodes
Hydrochloric acid
Procedure:
1 0.0001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid is poured into the
electrolytic cell until it covers both carbon electrodes.
2 Both test tubes are filled with 0.0001 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid and the test tubes are inverted on
carbon electrodes as shown in the diagram.
3 The carbon electrodes are connected to the batteries
and ammeter using connecting wires.
4 The electricity is passed through the electrolyte for
10 to 15 minutes.
5 The collected gases are tested with wooden splinter:
• Use glowing wooden splinter at anode.
• Use lighten wooden splinter at cathode.
6 All the observations are recorded.
7 Steps 1 to 6 are repeated using 2 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid to replace 0.0001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. The
gas released at the anode is tested with the moist blue
litmus paper.
Observation:
Observation
Electrolyte
Anode Cathode
0.0001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
2 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
Factor: Type of Electrode
Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using copper electrode and carbon electrode.
Aim : To investigate the effect of the types of electrodes on the product of electrolysis at the
anode.
Problem statement : Do the types of electrodes affect the product of electrolysis at the anode?
Manipulated variable : Copper electrode and carbon electrode
Responding variable : Product at the anode
Constant variable : Copper(II) sulphate solution
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Hypothesis : When copper is used as electrode in electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution,
copper(II) is produced at the anode. When carbon is used as electrode in electrolysis
of copper(II) sulphate solution, oxygen gas is released at the anode.
Apparatus : Electrolytic cell, test tubes, batteries, ammeter, carbon electrodes, connecting wires,
beaker.
Material : 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution, wooden splinter, copper metal plate, sand
paper
Electrolysis of the copper(II)
sulphate using carbon electrodes
Copper(II) sulphate solution
Carbon electrodes
Procedure:
1 1 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution is poured into electrolytic cell until the solution covers
the carbon electrodes.
2 Test tubes are filled with copper(II) sulphate solution and inverted on the carbon electrodes as
shown in the diagram.
3 The carbon electrodes are connected to the batteries and ammeter using connecting wires as
shown in diagram.
4 The electricity is passed through the electrolyte for 10 to 15 minutes.
5 The observation at the anode and cathode are recorded.
6 The gases collected at anode and cathode are tested with wooden splinter:
• Use glowing wooden splinter at anode.
• Use lighten wooden splinter at cathode.
Electrolysis of copper (II)
sulphate using copper electrodes
Copper electrodes
Copper(II) sulphate solution
Procedure:
1 Copper(II) sulphate solution is poured into a beaker until half full.
2 Two copper plates are cleaned using sand paper.
3 Copper electrodes are dipped into copper(II) sulphate solution and connected to the batteries
using connecting wires as shown in the diagram.
4 The electricity is passed through the electrolyte for 10 to 15 minutes.
5 The observations at the anode, cathode and electrolyte are recorded.
Observation:
Observation
Electrode
Anode Cathode Electrolyte
Carbon
Copper

Faktor: Kedudukan Ion dalam Siri
Elektrokimia
Elektrolisis larutan natrium sulfat
menggunakan elektrod karbon
Tujuan : Mengkaji elektrolisis larutan
natrium nitrat 0.1 mol dm–3
menggunakan elektrod
karbon.
Radas : Sel elektrolitik, tabung
uji, bateri, ammeter,
elektrod karbon dan wayar
penyambung
Bahan : Larutan natrium nitrat
1 mol dm–3, kayu uji
Elektrod
Larutan
karbon
natrium
nitrat
Prosedur:
1 Larutan natrium nitrat 1 mol
dm–3 dituangkan ke dalam sel
95
elektrolitik sehingga menutupi
elektrod karbon.
2 Tabung uji diisi dengan larutan
natrium nitrat dan diterbalikkan ke
atas elektrod karbon seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
3 Elektrod karbon disambung
kepada bateri dan ammeter
menggunakan wayar
penyambung.
4 Arus elektrik dialirkan melalui
elektrolit selama 10 hingga
15 minit.
5 Pemerhatian di anod dan katod
direkodkan.
6 Gas yang terkumpul di anod dan
katod diuji dengan kayu uji:
• Gas di anod diuji dengan kayu
uji berbara.
• Gas di katod diuji dengan kayu
uji menyala.
Pemerhatian:
Anod Katod
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
Eksperimen Untuk Menentukan Pemilihan Nyahcas Ion Di Elektrod
Faktor: Kepekatan Elektrolit
Elektrolisis asid hidrklorik 0.0001 mol dm–3 dan asid
hidroklorik 2 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon
Tujuan : Mengkaji kesan kepekatan elektrolit kepada hasil
elektrolis di anod.
Pernyataan masalah : Bagaimanakah kepekatan elektrolit
mempengaruhi hasil elektrolisis di
anod?
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan : Kepekatan asid
hidroklorik
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas : Hasil di anod
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan : Asid hidroklorik / jenis asid,
elektrod karbon
Hipotesis : Apabila asid hidroklorik yang sangat cair
digunakan sebagai elektrolit, hasil di anod
adalah gas oksigen. Apabila asid hidroklorik
pekat digunakan sebagai elektrolit, hasil di
anod adalah gas klorin.
Bahan : Asid hidroklorik 0.0001 mol dm–3, asid hidroklorik
2 mol dm–3, kertas litmus biru, elektrod karbon,
kayu uji
Radas : Sel elektrolitik, tabung uji, bateri, ammeter,
wayar penyambung.
Elektrod karbon
Asid hidroklorik
Prosedur:
1 Asid hidroklorik 0.0001 mol dm–3 dituangkan ke dalam
sel elektrolitik hingga menutupi elektrod karbon.
2 Kedua-dua tabung uji diisi dengan asid hidroklorik
0.0001 mol dm–3 dan tabung uji diterbalikkan di atas
elektrod karbon seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
3 Elektrod karbon disambung kepada bateri dan ammeter
menggunakan wayar penyambung.
4 Arus elektrik dialirkan melalui elektrolit selama 10 hingga
15 minit.
5 Gas yang terkumpul di anod dan katod diuji dengan
kayu uji:
• Gas di anod diuji dengan kayu uji berbara.
• Gas di katod diuji dengan kayu uji menyala.
6 Semua pemerhatian direkodkan.
7 Langkah 1 hingga 6 diulangi menggunakan asid
hidroklorik 2 mol dm–3 menggantikan asid hidroklorik
0.0001 mol dm–3. Gas yang terbebas di anod diuji
dengan kertas litmus biru lembap.
Pemerhatian:
Pemerhatian
Elektrolit
Anod Katod
Asid hidroklorik 0.0001 mol dm–3
Asid hidroklorik 2 mol dm–3
UNIT
Faktor: Jenis Elektrod
Elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat menggunakan elektrod kuprum dan elektrod karbon
Tujuan : Mengkaji kesan jenis elektrod ke atas hasil elektrolisis di anod.
Pernyataan masalah : Adakah jenis elektrod mempengaruhi hasil elektrolisis pada anod?
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan : Elektrod kuprum dan elektrod karbon
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas : Hasil di anod
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan : Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Hipotesis : Apabila kuprum digunakan sebagai elektrod dalam elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat, kuprum(II) dihasilkan pada anod. Apabila karbon digunakan sebagai elektrod
dalam elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, gas oksigen dibebaskan pada anod.
Radas : Sel elektrolitik, tabung uji, bateri, ammeter, elektrod karbon, wayar penyambung,
bikar.
Bahan : Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1.0 mol dm–3, kayu uji, kepingan logam kuprum, kertas pasir
Elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat menggunakan elektrod karbon
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Elektrod karbon
Prosedur:
1 Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1 mol dm–3 dituangkan ke dalam sel elektrolitik sehingga larutan
melitupi elektrod karbon.
2 Tabung uji diisi dengan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan diterbalikkan ke atas elektrod karbon
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
3 Elektrod karbon disambung kepada bateri dan ammeter menggunakan wayar penyambung
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
4 Arus elektrik dialirkan melalui elektrolit selama 10 hingga 15 minit.
5 Pemerhatian di anod dan katod direkodkan.
6 Gas yang terkumpul di anod dan katod diuji dengan kayu uji:
• Gas di anod diuji dengan kayu uji berbara.
• Gas di katod diuji dengan kayu uji menyala.
Elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat menggunakan elektrod kuprum
Elektrod kuprum
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Prosedur:
1 Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dituangkan ke dalam bikar hingga separuh penuh.
2 Dua kepingan kuprum dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir.
3 Kepingan kuprum dicelup dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan disambung kepada bateri serta
ammeter menggunakan wayar penyambung seperti yang ditunjukkan pada rajah.
4 Arus elektrik dialirkan melalui elektrolit selama 10 hingga 15 minit.
5 Pemerhatian pada anod, katod dan elektrolit direkodkan.
Pemerhatian:
Pemerhatian
Elektrod
Anod Katod Elektrolit
Karbon
Kuprum
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
5
 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

The position of ions in the electrochemical series  Kedudukan ion dalam siri elektrokimia

When is the factor of position of ions When electrolysis is conducted on dilute solution and inert electrodes.
in electrochemical series being Apabila elektrolisis dijalankan ke atas larutan cair dan elektrod lengai.
applied? / Bilakah faktor kedudukan
ion dalam siri elektrokimia
digunakan?

How to choose cation and anion to
be discharged based on this factor?
Bagaimana memilih kation dan anion
untuk dinyahcas berdasarkan faktor
ini?
The lower position of cation in the electrochemical series, or anions in the lower position of the anion
discharge series will be selected to be discharged. / Lebih rendah kedudukan kation dalam siri
elektrokimia atau anion yang lebih rendah kedudukan dalam siri nyahcas anion akan dinyahcas.
Cation: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+, Ag+, and Au+
Kation: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+, Ag+, dan Au+

Tendency to discharge increase

Kecenderungan dinyahcas bertambah

Anion: F–, SO42–, NO3–, Cl–, Br –, I–, and OH–

Anion: F–, SO42–, NO3–, Cl–, Br –, I–, dan OH–

Choose the ion to be discharged 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e anode

(i) Hydroxide & sulphate ions : Half equation: at the .
from the pairs of ions. State the
: Persamaan setengah: 4OH 2H2O + O2 + 4e di anod
–
electrode where it occurs and write Ion hidroksida & ion sulfat .
the half equation for the discharge of (ii) Hydroxide & nitrate ions : Half equation: 4OH
–
2H2O + O2 + 4e at the anode .
ion:
Ion hidroksida & ion nitrat : Persamaan setengah: 4OH –
2H 2 O + O2 + 4e di anod .
Pilih ion yang dinyahcas dari
pasangan ion. Nyatakan elektrod di (iii) Hydrogen & copper(II) ions : Half equation: Cu + 2e
2+
Cu at the cathode .
mana ia berlaku dan tulis persamaan Cu 2+
+ 2e Cu katod
setengah bagi ion yang dinyahcas. Ion hidrogen & ion kuprum(II) : Persamaan setengah: di .
(iv) Hydrogen & potassium ions : Half equation: 2H + 2e
+
H2 at the cathode .
Ion hidrogen & ion kalium : Persamaan setengah: 2H+ + 2e H2 di katod .
(v) Hydrogen & silver ions : Half equation: Ag+ + e Ag at the cathode .
Ion hidrogen & ion argentum : Persamaan setengah: Ag+ + e Ag di katod .
UNIT

(a) Electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm–3 sodium nitrate solution using carbon electrodes.
Elektrolisis larutan natrium nitrat 0.1 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
5

Equation of electrolyte ionisation NaNO3 Na+ + NO3–

Persamaan pengionan elektrolit H 2O H+ + OH–
Electrode / Elektrod Anode / Anod Cathode / Katod
Ions that are attracted to the anode
and cathode NO3–, OH– Na+, H+
Ion yang ditarik ke anod dan katod

State the ion selected to be
discharged. Explain your answer.
Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk
dinyahcas. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Half equation
Persamaan setengah
Observations
Pemerhatian
Confirmatory test (method and
observations)
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan
pemerhatian)
Name the products / Inference
Nama hasil / Inferens
– Hydroxide ion, OH– is selected.
Ion hidroksida, OH– dipilih.
– The position of hydroxide ion is lower than
nitrate ion in the discharge series of anion.
Kedudukan ion hidroksida lebih rendah
daripada ion nitrat dalam siri nyahcas anion.
– Hydroxide ions release electrons to produce
water and oxygen molecules.
Ion hidroksida menderma elektron untuk
menghasilkan molekul air dan oksigen.
4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e
Gas bubbles are released
Gelembung gas dibebaskan
Insert a glowing wooden splinter into test tube,
glowing wooden splinter is lighted up
Masukkan kayu uji berbara ke dalam tabung uji,
kayu uji berbara menyala
Oxygen gas is released
Gas oksigen dibebaskan
– Hydrogen ion,H+ is selected.
Ion hidrogen H+ dipilih.
– The position of hydrogen ion is lower than
sodium ion in the Electrochemical Series.
Kedudukan ion hidrogen lebih rendah
daripada ion natrium dalam Siri Elektrokimia.
– Hydrogen ions receive electrons to produce
hydrogen molecule.
Ion hidrogen menerima elektron untuk
menghasilkan molekul hidrogen.
2H+ + 2e H2
Gas bubbles are released
Gelembung gas dibebaskan
When a lighted wooden splinter is placed near
the mouth of the test tube, a ‘pop’ sound is
produced
Apabila kayu uji menyala diletakkan di mulut
tabung uji, bunyi ‘pop’ dihasilkan
Hydrogen gas is released
Gas hidrogen dibebaskan

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 96


(b) Electrolysis of 0.001 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid using carbon electrodes.
Elektrolisis larutan asid sulfurik 0.001 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Equation of electrolyte ionisation
Persamaan pengionan elektrolit
Electrode / Elektrod
Ions that are attracted to the anode and
cathode
Ion yang ditarik ke anod dan katod
State the ion selected to be discharged.
Explain your answer.
Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk
dinyahcas. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Half equation
Persamaan setengah
Observations
Pemerhatian
Confirmatory test (method and
observations)
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan
pemerhatian)
Name of the products / Inference
Nama hasil / Inferens
(c) Electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution using carbon electrodes.
Elektrolisis 0.1 mol dm–3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Equation of electrolyte ionisation
Persamaan pengionan elektrolit
Electrode / Elektrod
Ions that are attracted to the anode and
cathode
Ion yang ditarik ke anod dan katod
State the ion selected to be discharged.
Explain your answer.
Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk
dinyahcas. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Half equation
Persamaan setengah
Observations
Pemerhatian
Confirmatory test (method and
observations)
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan
pemerhatian)
Name of the products / Inference
Nama hasil / Inferens
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42–
H 2O H+ + OH–
Anode / Anod Cathode / Katod
OH–, SO42– H+
– Hydroxide ion, OH– is selected. – Hydrogen ion, H+ is selected.
Ion hidroksida, OH– dipilih. Ion hidrogen H+ dipilih.
– The position of hydroxide ion is lower than – Hydrogen ions receive electrons to produce
sulphate ion in the discharge series of anion. hydrogen molecule.
Kedudukan ion hidroksida lebih rendah Ion hidrogen menerima elektron untuk
daripada ion sulfat dalam siri nyahcas anion. menghasilkan molekul hidrogen.
– Hydroxide ions release electrons to produce
water and oxygen molecules.
Ion hidroksida menderma elektron untuk
menghasilkan molekul air dan oksigen.
4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2H+ + 2e H2
Gas bubbles are released Gas bubbles are released
Gelembung gas dibebaskan Gelembung gas dibebaskan
Insert a glowing wooden splinter into test tube, When a lighted wooden splinter is placed near
glowing wooden splinter is lighted up the mouth of the test tube, a ‘pop’ sound is
Masukkan kayu uji berbara ke dalam tabung uji, produced
kayu uji berbara menyala Apabila kayu uji menyala diletakkan di mulut
tabung uji, bunyi ‘pop’ dihasilkan
Oxygen gas is released Hydrogen gas is released
Gas oksigen dibebaskan Gas hidrogen dibebaskan
5
UNIT
CuSO4 Cu2+ + SO42–
H 2O H+ + OH–
Anode / Anod Cathode / Katod
SO42–, OH– Cu2+, H+
– Hydroxide ion, OH– is selected. – Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is selected.
Ion hidroksida, OH– dipilih. Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ dipilih.
– The position of hydroxide ion is lower than – The position of copper(II) ion is lower than
sulphate ion in the discharge series of anion. hydrogen ion in the Electrochemical Series
Kedudukan ion hidroksida lebih rendah Kedudukan ion kuprum(II) lebih rendah
daripada ion sulfat dalam siri nyahcas anion. daripada ion hidrogen dalam Siri Elektrokimia
– Hydroxide ions release electrons to produce – Copper(II) ion receive electrons to produce
water and oxygen molecules. copper atom
Ion hidroksida menderma elektron untuk Ion kuprum(II) menerima elektron untuk
menghasilkan molekul air dan oksigen. menghasilkan atom kuprum
4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Gas bubbles are released Brown solid deposited
Gelombang gas dibebaskan Enapan perang terbentuk
Insert a glowing wooden splinter into test tube, –
glowing wooden splinter is lighted up
Masukkan kayu uji berbara ke dalam tabung uji,
kayu uji berbara menyala
Oxygen gas is released Copper is formed
Gas oksigen di bebaskan Kuprum terbentuk
97 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Concentration of electrolyte  Kepekatan elektrolit
When is the factor of concentration
of electrolyte being applied?
Bilakah faktor kepekatan elektrolit
digunakan?
How to choose cation to be
discharged based on this factor?
Bagaimanakah memilih kation untuk
dinyahcas berdasarkan faktor ini?
State the selected ions to be
discharged at the anode and cathode
for the following concentrated
solutions.
Nyatakan ion yang terpilih untuk
dinyahcas di anod dan katod bagi
larutan pekat berikut.
(a) Electrolysis of 0.001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid and 2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, using carbon electrodes.
Elektrolisis asid hidroklorik 0.001 mol dm–3 dan asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Equation of electrolyte ionisation
Persamaan pengionan elektrolit
Electrolyte / Elektrolit
Ions that are attracted to the cathode
Ion yang ditarik ke katod
UNIT
State the ion selected to be
discharged. Explain your answer.
5
Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk
dinyahcas. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Half equation at the cathode
Persamaan setengah di katod
Observations at cathode
Pemerhatian di katod
Confirmatory test at cathode (method
and observations)
Ujian pengesahan di katod (kaedah
dan pemerhatian)
Name the products / Inference
Namakan hasil / Inferens
Ions that are attracted to the anode
Ion bergerak ke anod
State the ion selected to be
discharged at the anode. Explain your
answer.
Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk
dinyahcas di anod. Jelaskan jawapan
anda.
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
When electrolysis is carried out using inert electrodes and concentrated solutions.
Apabila elektrolisis dijalankan menggunakan elektrod lengai dan larutan pekat.
Ions that are more concentrated will be discharged but this is only true for halide ions, which are
Cl–, Br– and I–.
Ion yang lebih pekat akan dinyahcas tetapi ia benar untuk ion-ion halida sahaja iaitu Cl–, Br– dan I–.
(i) Concentrated hydrochloric acid solution, using carbon electrodes
Larutan asid hidroklorik pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon
Cl– H+
Anode / Anod :    Cathode / Katod :
(ii) Concentrated potassium iodide solution, using carbon electrodes
Larutan kalium iodida pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon
Anode / Anod : I–    Cathode / Katod : H+
(iii) Concentrated sodium chloride solution, using carbon electrodes
Larutan natrium klorida pekat menggunakan elektrod karbon
Anode / Anod : Cl–    Cathode / Katod : H+
HCI H+ + CI–
H 2O H+ + OH–
0.001 mol dm–3 of HCl / HCl 0.001 mol dm–3 2.0 mol dm–3 of HCl / HCl 2.0 mol dm–3
H+ H+
– Hydrogen ion, H+ is selected – Hydrogen ion, H+ is selected
Ion hidrogen, H+ dipilih Ion hidrogen, H+ dipilih
– Hydrogen ions receive electrons to produce – Hydrogen ions receive electrons to produce
hydrogen molecule / Ion hidrogen menerima hydrogen molecule
elektron untuk menghasilkan molekul hidrogen Ion hidrogen menerima elektron untuk
menghasilkan molekul hidrogen
2H+ + 2e H2 2H+ + 2e H2
Gas bubbles are released Gas bubbles are released
Gelembung gas dibebaskan Gelembung gas dibebaskan
Place a burning wooden splinter into the test Place a burning wooden splinter at the mouth of
tube, ‘pop’ sound is produced the test tube, ‘pop’ sound is produced
Kayu uji menyala diletakkan di mulut tabung uji, Kayu uji menyala diletakkan di mulut tabung uji,
bunyi ‘pop’ dihasilkan bunyi ‘pop’ dihasilkan
Hydrogen gas is released Hydrogen gas is released
Gas hidrogen dibebaskan Gas hidrogen dibebaskan
Cl–, OH– Cl–, OH–
– Hydroxide ion, OH– is selected – Chloride ion, Cl– is selected
Ion hidroksida, OH– dipilih Ion klorida, Cl– dipilih
– The position of hydroxide ion is lower than – The concentration of chloride ion is higher
chloride ion in the the discharge series of than hydroxide ion
anion Kepekatan ion klorida lebih tinggi daripada
Kedudukan ion hidroksida lebih rendah ion hidroksida
daripada ion klorida dalam siri nyahcas anion – Chloride ions release electrons to produce
– Hydroxide ions release electrons to produce chlorine molecules
water and oxygen molecules Ion klorida menderma elektron untuk
Ion hidroksida menderma elektron untuk menghasilkan molekul klorin
menghasilkan air dan molekul oksigen
98

Electrolyte / Elektrolit
Half equation at the anode
Persamaan setengah di anod
Observations at anode
Pemerhatian di anod
Confirmatory test at anode (method
and observations)
Ujian pengesahan di anod (kaedah
dan pemerhatian)
Name the products / Inference
Nama hasil / Inferens
The concentration of hydrochloric acid
after a while. Explain.
Kepekatan asid hidroklorik selepas
beberapa ketika. Terangkan.
(b) Electrolysis of 2.0 mol dm–3 sodium iodide solution using carbon electrodes.
Elektrolisis natrium iodida 2.0 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Equation of electrolyte ionisation
Persamaan pengionan elektrolit
Electrode / Elektrod
Ions that are attracted to the anode and
cathode
Ion yang ditarik ke anod dan katod
State the ion selected to be discharged.
Explain your answer.
Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk
dinyahcas. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Half equation
Persamaan setengah
Observations
Pemerhatian
Confirmatory test (method and
observations)
Ujian pengesahan (kaedah dan
pemerhatian)
Name the products / Inference
Nama hasil / Inferens
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
0.001 mol dm–3 of HCl / HCl 0.001 mol dm–3 2.0 mol dm–3 of HCl / HCl 2.0 mol dm–3
4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2CI– CI2 + 2e
Gas bubbles are released Greenish yellow gas is released
Gelembung gas dibebaskan Gas kuning kehijauan dibebaskan
Insert a glowing wooden splinter into the test A damp blue litmus paper placed near the
tube, glowing wooden splinter is lighted up mouth of the test tube. The gas changed the
Masukkan kayu uji berbara ke dalam tabung uji, damp blue litmus paper to red and then
kayu uji berbara menyala bleached it
Sehelai kertas litmus biru lembap diletakkan di
mulut tabung uji. Gas ini menukar kertas litmus
biru lembap kepada merah dan kemudian
melunturkannya
Oxygen gas is released Chlorine gas is released
Gas oksigen dibebaskan Gas klorin dibebaskan
Concentration of hydrochloric acid increases . Concentration of hydrochloric acid decreases .
Hydrogen gas is released at the cathode and Hydrogen gas is released at the cathode and
oxygen gas is released at the anode. Water chlorine
gas is released at the anode.
decomposed to oxygen gas and Concentration of chloride ions decreases.
hydrogen gas. Kepekatan asid hidroklorik berkurang .
Kepekatan asid hidroklorik bertambah .
Gas hidrogen dibebaskan di katod dan gas
Gas hidrogen dibebaskan di katod dan gas klorin dibebaskan di anod. Kepekatan
oksigen dibebaskan di anod. Air terurai kepada
oksigen hidrogen ion klorida berkurang.
gas dan gas .
NaI Na+ + I–
5
H 2O H+ + OH–
UNIT
Anode / Anod Cathode / Katod
I–, OH– Na+, H+
– Iodide ion, I– is selected. – Hydrogen ion, H+ is selected
Iodida, I– dipilih Ion hidrogen, H+ dipilih
– The concentration of iodide ion is higher than – The position of hydrogen ion is lower than
hydroxide ion sodium ion in the Electrochemical Series
Kepekatan ion iodida lebih tinggi daripada ion Kedudukan ion hidrogen lebih rendah
hidroksida daripada ion natrium dalam Siri Elektrokimia
– Iodide ions release electrons to produce – Hydrogen ions receive electrons to produce
iodine molecule hydrogen molecule
Ion Iodida menderma elektron untuk Ion hidrogen menerima elektron untuk
menghasilkan molekul iodin menghasilkan molekul hidrogen
2I– I2 + 2e 2H+ + 2e H2
Brown solution is formed Gas bubbles are released
Larutan perang terbentuk Gelembung gas dibebaskan
– A few drops of starch solution added – When a lighted wooden splinter is placed
Beberapa titik larutan kanji ditambah near the mouth of the test tube, a ‘pop’ sound
– Starch solution turns to dark blue is produced.
Larutan kanji menjadi biru gelap Apabila kayu uji menyala diletakkan di mulut
tabung uji, bunyi ‘pop’ dihasilkan.
Iodine is formed Hydrogen gas is released
Iodin terbentuk Gas hidrogen dibebaskan
99 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Types of electrode  Jenis elektrod
(a) There are two types of electrode / Terdapat dua jenis elektrod:
When is the factor of types of
electrode being applied?
Bilakah faktor jenis elektrod
digunakan?
How to choose cation and kation to
be discharged based on this factor?
Bagaimanakah memilih kation dan
anion untuk dinyahcas berdasarkan
faktor ini?
(b) Explain electrolysis of 1 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution with carbon electrode and copper electrode.
Terangkan elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1 mol dm–3 menggunakan elektrod karbon dan kuprum.
Equation of electrolyte ionisation
Persamaan pengionan elektrolit
Electrode / Elektrod
The ions that move to the cathode
Ion yang bergerak ke katod
State the ion selected to be discharged.
Explain your answer.
Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk dinyahcas.
Terangkan jawapan anda.
UNIT
5
Half equation at the cathode
Persamaan setengah di katod
Observation at cathode
Pemerhatian di katod
Name of the products / Inference
Nama hasil / Inferens
Ions that are attracted to the anode
Ion bergerak ke anod
State the ion selected to be discharged at
the anode. Explain your answer.
Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk dinyahcas
di anod. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Half equation at the anode
Persamaan setengah di anod
Observations at anode
Pemerhatian di anod
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
When electrolysis is carried out using active electrode. Active electrode is an electrode that not only
acts as a conductor but also undergoes chemical changes.
Apabila elektrolisis dijalankan menggunakan elektrod aktif. Elektrod aktif ialah elektrod yang bertindak
bukan sahaja sebagai konduktor tetapi juga mengalami perubahan kimia.
Remark / Catatan :
Inert electrode – An electrode that acts as a conductor only and does not undergo any chemical changes. Normally
they are made of carbon or platinum.
Elektrod lengai – Elektrod yang bertindak sebagai konduktor sahaja dan tidak mengalami sebarang perubahan kimia.
Biasannya diperbuat daripada karbon atau platinum.
During the electrolysis, the metal atom at the anode releases electrons to form metal ion, metal anode
becomes thinner, while the less electropositive cation will be selected at the cathode. They consist of
metal electrodes such as copper, silver and nickel.
Semasa proses elektrolisis, atom logam di anod melepaskan elektron menjadi ion logam, anod logam
menjadi nipis, manakala kation yang kurang elektropositif akan dipilih di katod. Ianya terdiri daripada
elektrod logam seperti kuprum, argentum dan nikel.
CuSO4 (aq/ak) Cu2+ + SO42–
H 2O H+ + OH–
Carbon electrode / Elektrod karbon Copper electrode / Elektrod kuprum
Cu2+, H+ Cu2+, H+
– Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is selected. – Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ is selected.
Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ dipilih. Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+ dipilih.
– The position of copper(II) ion is lower than – The position of copper(II) ion is lower than
hydrogen ion in the Electrochemical Series hydrogen ion in the Electrochemical Series
Kedudukan ion kuprum(II) lebih rendah Kedudukan ion kuprum(II) lebih rendah
daripada ion hidrogen dalam Siri Elektrokimia daripada ion hidrogen dalam Siri Elektrokimia
– Copper(II) ions receive electrons to produce – Copper(II) ion receive electrons to produce
copper atom copper atom
Ion kuprum(II) menerima elektron untuk Ion kuprum(II) menerima elektron untuk
menghasilkan atom kuprum menghasilkan atom kuprum
Cu2+ + 2e Cu Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Brown solid deposited Brown solid deposited
Enapan perang terbentuk Enapan perang terbentuk
Copper is formed Copper is formed
Kuprum terbentuk Kuprum terbentuk
SO42–, OH– SO42–, OH–
– Hydroxide ion, OH– is selected – Copper atom
Ion hidroksida, OH– dipilih Atom kuprum
– The position of hydroxide ion is lower than – Copper is active electrode. Copper atom
chloride ion in the the discharge series of releases electrons to form copper(II) ion.
anion Kuprum adalah elektrod aktif. Atom kuprum
Kedudukan ion hidroksida lebih rendah membebaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion
daripada ion klorida dalam siri nyahcas anion kuprum(II).
– Hydroxide ions release electrons to produce
water and oxygen molecules
Ion hidroksida membebaskan elektron untuk
menghasilkan air dan molekul oksigen
4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e Cu Cu2+ + 2e
Gas bubbles are released Copper electrode becomes thinner
Gelembung gas dibebaskan Elektrod kuprum menipis
100
 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Electrode / Elektrod Anode / Anod Cathode / Katod

Confirmatory test at anode (method and Insert a glowing wooden splinter into test tube, –
observations) glowing wooden splinter is lighted up.
Ujian pengesahan di anod (kaedah dan Masukkan kayu uji berbara ke dalam tabung uji,
pemerhatian) kayu uji berbara menyala.

Name the products / Inference Oxygen gas Copper(II) ion

Nama hasil / Inferens Gas oksigen Ion kuprum(II)

Observation on the electrolyte. Explain.
Pemerhatian pada elektrolit. Terangkan.
– Intensity of blue colour decreases.
Keamatan warna biru berkurang.
– Concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution
decreases.
Kepekatan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
berkurang.
– Copper(II) ions discharge as copper atoms
and deposited at the cathode
Ion kuprum(II) dinyahcas sebagai atom
kuprum dan terenap di katod
– Intensity of blue colour remains unchanged.
Keamatan warna biru tidak berubah.
– Concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution
remains unchanged.
Kepekatan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat tidak
berubah.
– The number of copper atoms become
copper(II) ions at the anode is equal to the
number of copper(II) ions become copper
atoms at the cathode.
Bilangan atom kuprum menjadi ion kuprum(II)
di anod adalah sama dengan bilangan ion
kuprum(II) menjadi atom kuprum dan terenap
di katod.

Exercise / Latihan
1 Complete the table below: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
Factor that affects Half equation at the anode Half equation at the cathode
Electrolyte Electrode electrolysis Ions present and observation and observation
Elektrolit Elektrod Faktor yang Ion yang hadir Persamaan setengah di Persamaan setengah di
mempengaruhi elektrolisis anod dan pemerhatian katod dan pemerhatian
Position of ion in the H+, SO42–, OH– 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2H+ + 2e H2
Dilute sulphuric Electrochemical Series Colourless gas bubbles are Colourless gas bubbles are

5
Carbon
acid Kedudukan ion dalam Siri released. released.
Karbon

UNIT
Asid sulfurik cair Elektrokimia Gelembung gas tak berwarna Gelembung gas tak berwarna
dibebaskan. dibebaskan.
Concentration of H+, Cl–, OH– 2Cl– Cl2 + 2e 2H+ + 2e H2
Concentrated
electrolyte Greenish yellow gas is Colourless gas bubbles are
hydrochloric acid Carbon
Kepekatan elektrolit released. released.
Asid hidroklorik Karbon
Gas kuning kehijauan Gelembung gas tak berwarna
pekat
dibebaskan. dibebaskan.
Position of ion in the Ag+, NO3–, H+, 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e Ag+ + e Ag
Silver nitrate
Electrochemical Series OH– Colourless gas bubbles are Grey shiny solid deposited.
solution Carbon
Kedudukan ion dalam Siri released. Pepejal kelabu berkilat
Larutan argentum Karbon
Elektrokimia Gelembung gas tak berwarna terenap.
nitrat
dibebaskan.
Silver nitrate Type of electrode Ag+, NO3–, H+, Ag Ag+ + e Ag+ + e Ag
solution Silver Jenis elektrod OH– Anode becomes thinner. Grey shiny solid deposited.
Larutan argentum Argentum Anod menjadi semakin nipis. Pepejal kelabu berkilat
nitrat terenap
Position of ion in the K+, I–, H+, OH– 4OH– 2H2O + O2 + 4e 2H+ + 2e H2
Dilute potassium
Electrochemical Series Colourless gas bubbles are Colourless gas bubbles are
iodide solution Carbon
Kedudukan ion dalam Siri released. released.
Larutan kalium Karbon
Elektrokimia Gelembung gas tak berwarna Gelembung gas tak berwarna
iodida cair
dibebaskan. dibebaskan.
Concentrated Concentration of electrolyte K+, I–, H+, OH– 2I– I2 + 2e 2H+ + 2e H2
potassium iodide Kepekatan elektrolit Brown solution formed. Colourless gas bubbles are
Carbon
solution Larutan perang terhasil. released.
Karbon
Larutan kalium Gelembung gas tak berwarna
iodida pekat dibebaskan.
Position of ion in the K+, SO42–, H+, 4OH– 2H2O + O2 +4e 2H+ + 2e H2
Dilute potassium
Electrochemical Series OH– Colourless gas bubbles are Colourless gas bubbles are
sulphate solution Carbon
Kedudukan ion dalam Siri released. released.
Larutan kalium Karbon
Elektrokimia Gelembung gas tak berwarna Gelembung gas tak berwarna
sulfat cair
dibebaskan. dibebaskan.

101 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

2 The diagram below shows the set-up of the apparatus to study the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution using carbon
electrodes.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji elektrolisis larutan natrium klorida menggunakan elektrod-
elektrod karbon.
Gas X Gas Y
Gas X Gas Y

Carbon electrode Carbon electrode

Elektrod karbon Elektrod karbon
2.0 mol dm–3 sodium chloride solution
Larutan natrium klorida 2.0 mol dm–3
A

(a) Write all the formula of all ions present in sodium chloride solution.
Tulis formula semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan natrium klorida.
Na+ , H+, Cl–, OH–

(b) State the name of gas X and gas Y.

Nyatakan nama gas X dan gas Y.
Gas X / Gas X : Chlorine gas / Gas klorin Gas Y / Gas Y : Hydrogen gas / Gas hidrogen

(c) Explain your answer in (b) based on the factors that influence the selective discharged of ion.
Terangkan jawapan anda di (b) berdasarkan faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas.
Answer / Jawapan:
Anode / Anod Cathode / Katod
Ions attracted to each of electrodes
CI–, OH– Na+, H+
Ion yang ditarik ke setiap elektrod

Names of the ions selectively Chloride ion is selectively discharged Hydrogen ion is selectively discharged
discharged Ion klorida terpilih dinyahcas Ion hidrogen terpilih dinyahcas
Namakan ion yang terpilih
dinyahcas
UNIT

The reason why the ions are – The concentration of chloride ion is higher – The position of hydrogen ion is lower than
selectively discharged than hydroxide ion sodium ion in Electrochemical Series.
Alasan kenapa ion itu terpilih untuk Kepekatan ion klorida lebih tinggi daripada Kedudukan ion hidrogen lebih rendah
5

dinyahcas ion hidroksida. daripada ion sodium dalam Siri Elektrokimia.

– Chloride ions release electrons to produce – Hydrogen ions receive electrons to produce
chlorine molecules. molecule.
Ion klorida membebaskan elektron untuk Ion hidrogen menerima elektron untuk
menghasilkan molekul klorin. menghasilkan molekul hidrogen.

Half equation
2CI– CI2 + 2e 2H+ + 2e H2
Persamaan setengah

Observation Greenish yellow gas is released. Gas bubbles are released

Pemerhatian Gas kuning kehijauan dibebaskan. Gelembung gas dibebaskan

Confirmatory test A damp blue litmus paper placed near the
Ujian pengesahan mouth of the test tube. The gas changed the
damp blue litmus paper to red and then
bleached it. Chlorine gas is released.
Sehelai kertas litmus biru lembap diletakkan
di mulut tabung uji. Gas ini menukar kertas
litmus biru lembap kepada merah dan
kemudian melunturkannya. Gas klorin
dibebaskan.
Place a burning wooden splinter at the mouth
of the test tube, ‘pop’ sound is produced.
Hydrogen gas is released.
Kayu uji menyala diletakkan di mulut tabung
uji, bunyi ‘pop’ dihasilkan. Gas hidrogen
dibebaskan.

3 Describe an experiment to determine the product of electrolysis copper(II) sulphate solution with carbon electrode. Your answer
should include the observation, confirmatory test for the product at the anode and half equation at the electrode.
Terangkan eksperimen untuk menentukan hasil larutan elektrolisis kuprum(II) sulfat dengan elektrod karbon. Jawapan anda
hendaklah disertakan pemerhatian, ujian pengesahan untuk produk di anod dan setengah persamaan di elektrod.
Answer / Jawapan:
Apparatus / Radas : Battery / power supply, carbon electrodes, wire, electrolytic cell, test tube, ammeter [from a labelled diagram]
Bateri / bekalan kuasa, karbon elektrod, wayar, sel elektrolit, tabung uji, ammeter [daripada rajah

berlabel]

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 102

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Carbon electrode
Elektrod karbon Copper(II) sulphate
Kuprum(II) sulfat

Procedure / Prosedur :
(a) Pour 1 mol dm solution half full
–3
copper(II) sulphate into the electrolytic cell until it is .
Tuang larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1 mol dm–3 ke dalam sel elektrolit sehingga separuh penuh .
(b) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram. Fill the test tube with copper(II) sulphate solution and invert
the test tube on the anode .
Radas disusun seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Isi tabung uji dengan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan
terbalikkan tabung uji di anod .
(c) Turn on the switch. / Hidupkan suis.
(d) Collect the gas produced at the anode . / Kumpulkan gas yang terhasil di anod .
(e) Gas produced at the anode is tested with a glowing wooden splinter .
Gas yang dihasikan di anod diuji dengan kayu uji berbara .
Observation and confirmatory test / Pemerhatian dan ujian pengesahan :
Electrodes / Elektrod Observation / Pemerhatian Confirmatory Test / Ujian pengesahan

Brown solid deposited

Cathode / Katod –
Enapan pepejal perang

Insert a glowing wooden splinter into test tube, glowing

Gas bubbles are released wooden splinter is lighted up.
Anode / Anod

5
Gelembung gas dibebaskan Masukkan kayu uji berbara ke dalam tabung uji, kayu uji
berbara menyala.

UNIT
Electrolysis in Industry / Elektrolisis dalam Industri Additional Questions
Soalan Tambahan

1 Three uses of electrolysis in industries are: / Tiga kegunaan elektrolisis dalam industri ialah:
– Electroplating metal / Penyaduran logam
– Purification of metal / Penulenan logam
– Metal extraction / Pengekstrakan logam
I Electroplating metal / Penyaduran logam
What is electroplating? Electroplating is a process for coating of metal object with a layer of desired metal.
Apakah penyaduran logam? Penyaduran logam ialah proses menyadur objek logam dengan satu lapisan logam yang dikehendaki.

Set up of apparatus of electroplating.

Susunan radas bagi penyaduran
logam.
Electroplating metal (anode)
Metal to be electroplated
Logam penyadur (anod)
(cathode)
Logam yang hendak
Electrolyte
disadur (katod)
Elektrolit

Which object is made to be anode electroplating penyadur

The metal. / Logam .
(connected to positive terminal of
batteries)? Remark / Catatan:
Objek yang manakah dijadikan anod The electroplating metal is not an inert electrode, the electroplating metal atom ionised by releasing electrons to form
(disambungkan kepada terminal metal ion. / Logam penyadur bukan elektrod lengai, atom logam penyadur mengion membebaskan elektron untuk
membentuk ion logam.
positif bateri)?
X(s/p) Xn+ (aq/ak) + ne
The anode become thinner. / Anod menipis.

103 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Which object is made to be cathode metal electroplated

The object to be .
(connected to negative terminal of
Objek logam yang hendak disadurkan .
batteries)?
Objek yang manakah dijadikan katod Remark / Catatan:
(disambung kepada terminal negatif When cations of electroplating metal discharged at the cathode, electroplating metal deposits on the surface of
bateri)? the metal to be electroplated. / Apabila kation logam penyadur dinyahcas di katod, logam penyadur terenap pada
permukaan logam yang hendak disadurkan.
Xn+ (aq/ak) + ne X (s/p)

What is the electrolyte used? The electrolyte used is an aqueous salt solution containing the ions of the electroplating metal.
Apakah elektrolit yang digunakan? Elektrolit yang digunakan ialah larutan akueus garam yang mengandungi ion logam penyadur.

Describe a laboratory experiment to

electroplate the iron spoon with
copper.
Huraikan satu eksperimen makmal Copper
untuk menyadur sudu besi dengan Kuprum
kuprum. Iron spoon
Sudu besi Copper(II) nitrate solution
Larutan kuprum(II) nitrat

Procedure:
– Copper plate and iron spoon are cleaned with sandpaper .
– Copper(II) nitrate solution is poured into a beaker until half full .
– Iron spoon is then connected to the negative terminal of battery while the copper plate

is connected to the positive terminal of the battery using connecting wire. // Iron spoon is
made as cathode while copper plate is made as anode.
– The iron spoon and the copper plate are dipped in the copper(II) nitrate solution as
shown in the diagram.
– The circuit is completed .
– Half equation at the cathode : Cu2+ + 2e Cu .
– Observation of the cathode: Brown solid is deposited.
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
UNIT

– Half equation at the anode : .

– Observation of the anode: Copper plate becomes thinner .
5

Prosedur:
– Kepingan kuprum dan sudu besi dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir .
– Larutan kuprum(II) nitrat dituangkan ke dalam bikar sehingga
separuh penuh .

– Sudu besi disambungkan kepada terminal negatif bateri dan kepingan kuprum

disambungkan kepada terminal positif bateri menggunakan wayar penyambung. // Sudu besi

dijadikan katod dan kepingan kuprum dijadikan anod.

– Sudu besi dan plat kuprum dicelup ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) nitrat seperti
ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
– Litar dilengkapkan .
– Persamaan setengah di katod : Cu2+ + 2e Cu .
– Pemerhatian di katod: pepejal perang terenap.
– Persamaan setengah di anod : Cu Cu2+ + 2e .
– Pemerhatian di anod: Kuprum menipis .
Observation / inference / half equation // Pemerhatian / Inferens / persamaan setengah:

Observation Inference / half equation

Pemerhatian Inferens / Persamaan setengah
Brown solid is deposited at the Copper is formed.
cathode.
Copper(II) ion receive electrons to form copper atom
Pepejal perang terenap di katod.
Half equation : Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Kuprum terbentuk.
Ion kuprum(II) menerima elektron untuk membentuk
atom kuprum.
Persamaan setengah : Cu2+ + 2e Cu

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 104

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Observation Inference / half equation

Pemerhatian Inferens / Persamaan setengah

Copper plate become thinner Copper atom releases electrons to form copper(II) ions.
Plat kuprum menipis
Half equation : Cu Cu2+ + 2e

Atom kuprum melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk

ion kuprum(II).

Persamaan setengah : Cu Cu2+ + 2e

Intensity of blue colour remains copper atoms copper(II) ions

The number of form
unchanged
Kepekatan warna biru kekal tidak at the anode is equal to the number of copper(II) ions form
berubah
copper atoms at the cathode.

Bilangan atom kuprum yang membentuk ion kuprum(II)

di anod adalah sama dengan bilangan ion kuprum(II)

yang membentuk atom kuprum di katod.

Summary of the electroplating
process
Rumusan proses penyaduran.
Electroplating metal (anode) ➝ metal atom at the anode releases electrons ➝ become cation ➝ enter
electrolyte ➝ cation at the cathode ➝ receive electrons ➝ discharge and deposit on the metal to be
electroplated at the cathode.
Logam penyadur (anod) ➝ atom logam di anod membebaskan elektron ➝ menjadi kation➝ memasuki
elektrolit ➝ kation di katod ➝ menerima elektron ➝ dinyahcas dan terenap pada logam yang hendak
disadur di katod.

State two main aims of corrosion

– To prevent of the object through the protection of the metal layer. For example, iron
electroplating.
object is electroplated with nickel or chromium.
Nyatakan dua tujuan utama
penyaduran. Untuk menghalang kakisan objek melalui perlindungan lapisan logam. Contohnya, objek
besi disadurkan dengan nikel atau kromium.

– To make the object more attractive with shiny appearance. For example, electroplating of

5
metal object with gold, platinum and silver.

UNIT
Untuk menjadikan objek lebih menarik dengan penampilan yang berkilat. Sebagai contoh,
penyaduran objek logam dengan emas, platinum dan perak.

Suggest steps taken to an even and electric current

lasting layer of electroplating metal.
Cadang langkah yang diambil untuk
mendapat lapisan penyaduran yang
sekata dan tahan lama.
– A low is used so that electroplating is carried out slowly.
Arus elektrik yang rendah digunakan supaya penyaduran dilakukan dengan perlahan.
– The low concentration of electrolyte is used.

Kepekatan elektrolit yang rendah digunakan.

– The surface of metal to be electroplated is polished using sand paper.

Permukaan logam yang disadur digilap menggunakan kertas pasir.

II Purification of metal
Penulenan logam
What is purification of metal?
Apakah penulenan logam?
It is a process removing impurities from a impure metal.
Ialah satu proses menyingkirkan bendasing daripada suatu logam tak tulen.
Remark / Catatan:
The process is the same as electroplating. Its transferring the metal from anode to the cathode.
Proses ini sama seperti penyaduran. Ia memindahkan logam dari anod ke katod.

How to purify impure metal using impure metal

(a) The is made to be anode.
electrolysis?
Bagaimana cara menulenkan logam Logam tak tulen dijadikan sebagai anod.
tidak tulen menggunakan
(b) The pure metal is made to be cathode.
elektrolisis?
Logam tulen dijadikan sebagai katod.

(c) The electrolyte used is a salt solution containing the ions of the purifying metal.

Elektrolit adalah larutan garam yang mengandungi ion logam yang hendak ditulenkan.

105 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Exercise:
Latihan:
Purification of copper
Penulenan kuprum
Summary of the purification process.
Rumusan proses penulenan.
III Extraction of metal / Pengekstrakan logam
What is extraction of metal?
Apakah pengekstrakan logam?
UNIT
Example / Contoh:
5
Extraction of aluminium from
bauxite, a minerals that consists of
aluminum oxide
Pengekstrakan aluminium dari
bauksit, satu mineral mempunyai
aluminium oksida
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
+ –
Electrode X Electrode Y
Elektrod X Elektrod Y
Electrolyte
Impurities Elektrolit
Tidak tulen
(a) State the name of the substance used as:
Nyatakan nama bahan yang dijadikan sebagai:
electrode X / elektrod X : Impure copper / Kuprum tidak tulen
electrode Y / elektrod Y : Pure copper / Kuprum tulen
electrolyte Z / elektrolit Z : Copper(II) sulphate solution / Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
(b) Write the half equation that occur at the / Tuliskan persamaan setengah yang berlaku di:
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
electrode X / elektrod X :
Cu + 2e
2+
Cu
electrode Y / elektrod Y :
(c) What are the observations at the / Apakah pemerhatian di
electrode X / elektrod X : Electrode becomes thinner / Elektrod semakin nipis
electrode Y / elektrod Y : Brown solid deposited / Logam perang terenap
Impure metal (anode) ➝ metal atom at the anode releases electrons ➝ become cation ➝ enter
electrolyte ➝ cation at the cathode ➝ receive electrons ➝ discharge and deposit on the pure metal at
the cathode
Logam tak tulen (anod) ➝ atom logam di anod melepaskan elektron ➝ menjadi cation ➝ memasuki
elektrolit ➝ kation di katod ➝ menerima elektron ➝ dinyahcas dan terenap pada logam tulen di katod
The metal that are very reactive (placed at the top position in electrochemical series), such as sodium,
calcium and aluminium are extracted from their compound by electrolysis.
Logam yang sangat reaktif (berada pada kedudukan teratas dalam siri elektrokimia), seperti natrium,
kalsium dan aluminium diekstrak daripada sebatiannya melalui elektrolisis.
Substance Z / Bahan Z
+
–
Substance Y
Bahan Y
Substance X + cryolite
Bahan X + kriolit
Substance W
Bahan W
(a) State the name of the following substances: / Nyatakan nama bahan-bahan berikut:
W : Liquid aluminium / Cecair aluminium
X : Molten aluminium oxide / Leburan aluminium oksida
Y : Carbon / Karbon
Z : Carbon / Karbon
(b) Which substance acts as anode and cathode?
Bahan yang manakah bertindak sebagai anod dan katod?
Anode / Anod : Z Cathode / Katod : Y
(c) State the name of the product at anode and cathode.
Namakan hasil yang diperoleh di anod dan katod.
Anode / Anod : Oxygen / Oksigen Cathode / Katod : Aluminium / Aluminium
(d) Write the ionic equation for the reactions at
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di
Anode / Anod : 2O O2 + 4e Cathode / Katod : Al + 3e Al
2– 3+
(e) Why is cryolite added to X? / Mengapakah kriolit ditambah ke dalam X?
To reduce the melting point of aluminium oxide (from 2 045 °C to 900 °C ).
Untuk menurunkan takat lebur aluminium oksida (dari 2 045 °C ke 900 °C).
106

Electrochemical Series / Siri Elektrokimia
What is Electrochemical Series?
Apakah Siri Elektrokimia?
Part of Electrochemical Series of
metals and their ions:
Sebahagian daripada Siri
Elektrokimia logam dan ionnya:
What are the uses of the
Electrochemical Series?
Apakah kegunaan Siri Elektrokimia?
Voltaic Cell / Sel Kimia
What is a simple voltaic cell?
Apakah sel kimia?
What is the energy change in a
simple voltaic cell?
Apakah perubahan tenaga dalam sel
kimia?
State the factor that affects the
voltage reading in voltaic cell.
Nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi
bacaan voltan dalam sel kimia.
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
metals
Electrochemical Series is an arrangement of according to their tendency to release
electrons to form a positive ion. / Siri Elektrokimia ialah susunan logam mengikut
kecenderungan melepaskan elektron membentuk ion bercas positif .
1 The position of metal in Electrochemical Series:
Kedudukan logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia:
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag
Tendency of metal atom to release/donate electrons increases (electropositivity increases)
Kecenderungan untuk atom logam melepaskan/menderma elektron bertambah
(keelektropositifan bertambah)
2 The position of metal ions (cation) in the Electrochemical Series:
Kedudukan ion logam (kation) dalam Siri Elektrokimia:
K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, *H+, Cu2+, Ag+
Tendency of metal ion (cation) to receive/gain electrons increases
Kecenderungan untuk ion logam (kation) untuk menerima elektron bertambah
* H+ is also in the series of ion because it is present in aqueous solution of any electrolyte (salt
solution/acid/alkali)
* H+ juga terdapat dalam siri ion kerana kehadiran ion H+ dalam elektrolit larutan akueus (larutan
garam/asid/alkali)
Four main uses of the Electrochemical Series / Empat kegunaan utama Siri Elektrokimia:
(a) To predict the terminal of chemical cell / Untuk meramalkan terminal sel kimia
– The more electropositive metal is the negative terminal of the cell.
Logam yang lebih elektropositif ialah terminal negatif sel.
– The less electropositive metal is the positive terminal of the cell.
Logam yang kurang elektropositif ialah terminal positif sel.
(b) To predict the voltage of chemical cell / Untuk meramalkan voltan sel kimia
– The further the distance between two metals in the Electrochemical Series, the higher is the
5
voltage of the chemical cell.
UNIT
Semakin jauh jarak antara dua logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia, semakin tinggi bacaan voltan sel
kimia.
(c) To predict the metal displacement reactions
Untuk meramalkan tindak balas penyesaran logam
– The more electropositive metal can displace a less electropositive metal from its salt solution.
Logam yang lebih elektropositif dapat menyesarkan logam yang kurang elektropositif daripada
larutan garamnya.
(d) To predict the selected ion to be discharged at the electrode in an electrolysis
Untuk meramalkan pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcas di elektrod dalam proses elektrolisis
different electrolyte
– A cell made up of two metals which are dipped in an and
are connected by an external circuit .
Sel yang terdiri daripada dua logam berlainan dicelup dalam elektrolit dan
disambung dengan litar luar .
– It is a cell that produces electrical energy when chemical reactions occur in it.
Sel yang menghasilkan tenaga elektrik apabila berlaku tindak balas kimia di dalamnya.
electrical energy
Energy change in voltaic cell is from chemical energy to .
Perubahan tenaga dalam sel kimia ialah dari tenaga kimia kepada tenaga elektrik .
distance
The voltage of voltaic cell depends on the between the two metals in the Electrochemical
Series, where the further the distance between them, the higher the voltage.
Voltan sel kimia bergantung kepada jarak antara dua logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia di
mana semakin jauh dua logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia, semakin tinggi voltannya.
107 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

How to determine the negative negative

A more electropositive metal becomes the terminal of the cell. A less electropositive
terminal and positive terminal of
metal becomes the positive terminal.
voltaic cell?
Bagaimanakah menentukan terminal Logam yang lebih elektropositif akan menjadi terminal negatif sel. Logam yang kurang
negatif dan terminal positif sel positif
kimia? elektropositif akan menjadi terminal sel.

Set up of apparatus of simple voltaic
cell (showing that a chemical
reaction in a simple voltaic cell
produces electricity)
Susunan radas sel kimia
(menunjukkan tindak balas kimia
dalam sel kimia menghasilkan tenaga
elektrik)
Electrical current produced is detected by the voltmeter (Chemical energy ➝ Electrical energy)
Arus elektrik terhasil dikesan oleh voltmeter (Tenaga kimia ➝ Tenaga elektrik)
Negative terminal: Positive terminal:
* V
Terminal negatif : Terminal positif :
• More electropositive metal. • Less electropositive metal.
Logam lebih elektropositif. _ + Logam kurang elektropositif.
• Metal atom will release electrons * The electrons that flow from the
that will flow through the external external circuit are received by
circuit. Metal atom becomes metal the positive ion in the electrolyte
ion (becomes thinner). through this terminal.
Atom logam akan melepaskan Elektron yang akan mengalir dari
elektron yang akan mengalir di litar luar diterima oleh ion positif
litar luar. Atom logam menjadi ion dalam elektrolit melalui terminal
logam (semakin nipis). ini.
Remark / Catatan:
– Metal atom (solid) from negative terminal releases electrons to form metal ions (aqueous
solution) – the electrode become thinner.
Atom logam (pepejal) daripada terminal negatif melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion
logam (larutan akueus) – elektrod menipis.
– Electron flow through positive terminal, electrons received by the cations in the electrolyte.
Elektron mengalir melalui terminal positif, elektron diterima oleh kation dalam elektrolit.
– If hydrogen ions receive electrons, bubbles are released at the negative terminal.
Jika ion hidrogen menerima elektron, gelembung gas dibebaskan di terminal negatif.
– If metal ions receive electrons, the solid metal deposited at the negative terminal.
Jika ion logam menerima elektron, pepejal logam terenap di terminal negatif.

Exercise V
Latihan
UNIT

Magnesium
5

Copper
Magnesium
Kuprum

Copper(II) sulphate solution

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

(a) Magnesium electrode is the negative terminal because magnesium is more

electropositive than copper :
Elektrod magnesium adalah terminal negatif kerana magnesium lebih
elektropositif daripada kuprum :
– Magnesium atom releases electrons to form magnesium ion, Mg2+.
Atom magnesium melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion magnesium, Mg2+.
– Half equation / Persamaan setengah: Mg Mg2+ + 2e .
– Magnesium electrode becomes thinner / Elektrod magnesium menjadi nipis .
– Electron flows through external circuit to the copper electrode.
Elektron mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum .
(b) Copper electrode is the positive terminal because copper is less electropositive

than magnesium :
Elektrod kuprum adalah terminal positif kerana kuprum kurang elektropositif

daripada magnesium :
– *Electrons from magnesium flow through external circuit to copper electrode.
Elektron dari magnesium mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum.
– Copper(II) ion in the electrolyte receives electron to form copper atom.
Ion kuprum(II) dalam elektrolit menerima elektron untuk membentuk atom kuprum.
– Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Cu2+ + 2e Cu .

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

– Brown solid is deposited on the surface of copper electrode.

Pepejal perang terenap di permukaan elektrod kuprum.
(c) The concentration of copper(II) sulphate decreases because copper(II) ions discharged to
form copper atom at the positive terminal. The intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate
solution decreases.
Kepekatan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang kerana ion kuprum(II) dinyahcaskan kepada
atom kuprum. Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang.
(d) If the magnesium metal is replaced with a zinc metal, the voltage reading decreases because
zinc is nearer to copper in the Electrochemical Series.
Jika logam magnesium digantikan dengan logam zink, bacaan voltan akan berkurang kerana
zink lebih dekat dengan kuprum dalam Siri Elektrokimia.

What is Daniel cell? (a) It is an example of voltaic cell which consists of zinc electrode dipped in zinc sulphate solution,
Apakah sel Daniel? copper electrode dipped in copper(II) sulphate solution and connected by a salt bridge or porous
pot.
Merupakan satu contoh sel kimia yang terdiri daripada elektrod zink yang dicelup ke dalam larutan
zink sulfat, elektrod kuprum dicelupkan ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dan dihubungkan
dengan titian garam atau pasu berliang.
Zn / ZnSO4 // CuSO4 / Cu
(b) The function of porous pot or salt bridge is to allow the flow of ions through it so that the electric
circuit is completed.
Fungsi pasu berliang atau titian garam adalah untuk membenarkan ion-ion mengalir melaluinya
dan melengkapkan litar.

Examples
Contoh Sulphuric acid
Asid sulfurik
Zinc / Zink
Copper
Zinc Zinc sulphate solution
Copper Kuprum
Zink Larutan zink sulfat
Kuprum
Porous pot
Pasu berliang

5
UNIT
Copper(II) sulphate solution Zinc sulphate solution Copper(II) sulphate solution
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Larutan zink sulfat Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

(a) Zinc electrode is the negative terminal because zinc is more electropositive than
copper :
Elektrod zink adalah terminal negatif kerana zink adalah lebih elektropositif

daripada kuprum :
– Zinc atom releases electron to form zinc ion, Zn2+.
Atom zink melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion zink, Zn2+.
– Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Zn Zn2+ + 2e .
– Zinc electrode becomes thinner / Elektrod zink menjadi nipis .
– Electrons flow through external circuit to the copper electrode.
Elektron mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum .
(b) Copper electrode is the positive terminal because copper is less electropositive

than zinc :
Elektrod kuprum adalah terminal positif kerana kuprum kurang elektropositif

daripada zink :
– Electrons from zinc electrode flow through external circuit to copper electrode.
Elektron dari zink mengalir melalui litar luar ke elektrod kuprum.
– Copper(II) ion in the electrolyte receives electron to form copper atom.
Ion kuprum(II) dalam elektrolit menerima elektron untuk membentuk atom kuprum.
– Half equation / Persamaan setengah : Cu2+ + 2e Cu .
– Brown solid is deposited on the surface of copper electrode.
Pepejal perang terenap di permukaan elektrod kuprum.

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

(c) The concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution decreases because copper(II) ions are

discharged to copper atoms. The intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution

decreases.

Kepekatan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang kerana ion kuprum(II) telah dinyahcaskan

kepada atom kuprum. Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurang.

(d) If zinc metal is replaced with a magnesium metal and zinc sulphate solution is replaced with

magnesium sulphate solution, the voltage reading increases because magnesium is

further from copper in the Electrochemical Series.

Jika logam zink digantikan dengan logam magnesium dan larutan zink sulfat digantikan dengan

larutan magnesium sulfat, bacaan voltan bertambah kerana jarak antara magnesium dengan

kuprum lebih jauh daripada jarak antara zink dengan kuprum dalam Siri Elektrokimia.

Advantages and disadvantages of

various voltaic cell in daily life Type of cell Advantages Disadvantages
Kelebihan dan kelemahan pelbagai Jenis sel Kelebihan Kelemahan
sel kimia dalam kehidupan harian.
Dry cell – Light and compact – Non rechargeable
Sel kering Ringan dan kompak Tidak boleh dicas semula
– Available in different size – Short life span
Terdapat dalam pelbagai saiz Jangka hayat singkat
– Cheap – Current and voltage produced is
Murah low
Arus dan voltan yang dihasilkan
rendah

Alkaline cell – Last longer than dry cell – Non rechargeable

Sel alkali Lebih tahan lama dari sel kering Tidak boleh dicas semula
– Produce higher and more stable – Expensive
voltage Mahal
Menghasilkan voltan yang lebih – Electrolyte is corrosive
UNIT

tinggi dan stabil Elektrolitnya mengakis

5

Mercury cell – Small size – Non rechargeable

Sel merkuri Saiz kecil Tidak boleh dicas semula
– Stable voltage – Expensive
Voltan stabil Mahal
– Last long – Mercury compound is toxic
Tahan lama Sebatian merkuri adalah toksik

Lead-acid – Rechargeable – Heavy and difficult to handle

accumulator Boleh dicas semula Berat dan sukar untuk dipegang
Akumulator asid- – Produce high current, suitable for – Electrolyte is corrosive
plumbum heavy duty work such as starting Elektrolit mengakis
a car
Menghasilkan arus yang tinggi,
sesuai untuk tugas berat seperti
menghidupkan kereta.
– Produce a stable voltage for a
long period
Menghasilkan voltan yang stabil
bagi jangka masa yang panjang

Nickel-cadmium cell – Rechargeable – Expensive

Sel nikel-kadmium Boleh dicas semula Mahal
– The size is small than lead-acid – Need a transformer for
accumulator recharging process
Saiznya lebih kecil daripada Memerlukan transformer untuk
akumulator asid plumbum proses pengecasan
– Last long
Tahan lama

Remark: Other types of new cells are lithium ion, nickel hydride and polymeric cell
Catatan: Sel baru dari jenis lain ialah ion litium, nikel hidrida dan sel polimer

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Comparing Electrolytic and Voltaic Cell / Membandingkan Sel Elektrolisis dan Sel Kimia

Exercise / Latihan
1 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus for two types of cell.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas untuk dua jenis sel.

Copper Copper Zinc

Kuprum Kuprum Zink

Copper(II) sulphate solution

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Cell X / Sel X Cell Y / Sel Y

Complete the following table to compare cell X and cell Y / Lengkapkan jadual berikut untuk membandingkan sel X dan sel Y :
Description Cell X Cell Y
Perkara Sel X Sel Y
Type of cell
Electrolytic cell / Sel elektrolisis Chemical cell / Sel kimia
Jenis sel
The energy change Electrical energy Chemical energy Chemical energy Electrical energy
Perubahan tenaga Tenaga elektrik Tenaga kimia Tenaga kimia Tenaga elektrik
Ion presence in the
electrolyte
Cu2+, H+, SO42–, OH– Cu2+, H+, SO42–, OH–
Ion hadir dalam
elektrolit
Electrode
Elektrod Anode / Anod: Copper / Kuprum Negative terminal / Terminal negatif : Zinc / Zink
Cathode / Katod: Copper / Kuprum Positive terminal / Terminal positif : Copper / Kuprum
Half equation
Persamaan Anode / Anod: Cu Cu2+ + 2e Negative terminal / Terminal negatif : Zn Zn2+ + 2e

5
Cathode / Katod: Cu + 2e Cu Positive terminal / Terminal positif : Cu + 2e Cu
2+ 2+
setengah

UNIT
Observation Anode / Anod: Negative terminal / Terminal negatif :
Pemerhatian Copper electrode becomes thinner Zinc electrode becomes thinner
Elektrod kuprum semakin nipis Elektrod zink semakin nipis

Cathode / Katod: Positive terminal / Terminal positif :

Brown solid deposited / Pepejal perang terenap Brown solid deposited / Pepejal perang terenap

Electrolyte / Elektrolit: Electrolyte / Elektrolit:

Intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution Intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution
remains unchanged / Keamatan warna biru larutan decreases / Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
kuprum(II) sulfat tidak berubah semakin berkurang

2 The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi suatu eksperimen.
V

– + Anode / Anod Cathode / Katod

Zinc / Zink Copper
Copper
Kuprum Kuprum
Zinc sulphate
solution
Copper(II) sulphate solution
Larutan zink sulfat
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Copper(II) sulphate Porous pot
solution Pasu berliang
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
Cell A / Sel A Cell B / Sel B
(a) In the above diagram, label / Dalam gambar rajah di atas, label
(i) the positive terminal and negative terminal in Cell A, / terminal positif dan terminal negatif bagi Sel A,
(ii) anode and cathode in Cell B. / anod dan katod bagi Sel B.

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

(b) What is the energy change in Cell A and Cell B? / Apakah perubahan tenaga dalam Sel A dan Sel B?
Cell A / Sel A : Chemical energy to electrical energy / Tenaga kimia kepada tenaga elektrik
Cell B / Sel B : Electrical energy to chemical energy / Tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga kimia

(c) What is the function of the porous pot in Cell A? / Apakah fungsi pasu berliang dalam Sel A?
To allow the movement of ions through it. / Untuk membolehkan ion mengalir melaluinya.

(d) Referring to Cell A. / Merujuk kepada Sel A.

(i) What is the observation at zinc electrode?
Apakah pemerhatian di elektrod zink?
Zinc electrode becomes thinner. / Elektrod zink menipis.

(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at zinc electrode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di elektrod zink.
Zn Zn2+ + 2e

(iii) What is the observation at copper electrode? / Apakah pemerhatian di elektrod kuprum?
Brown solid deposited. / Pepejal perang terenap.

(iv) Write the half equation for the reaction at copper electrode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di elektrod kuprum.
Cu2+ + 2e Cu

(v) After 30 minutes, what is the colour change of the copper(II) sulphate solution? Explain why.
Selepas 30 minit, apakah perubahan warna larutan kuprum(II) sulfat? Jelaskan mengapa.
The intensity of blue colour decreases. Copper(II) ions are discharged to form copper atoms. Concentration of
copper(II) ions in copper(II) sulphate solution decreases.
Keamatan warna biru berkurang. Ion kuprum(II) menerima elektron untuk membentuk atom kuprum. Kepekatan
UNIT

ion kuprum(II) dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berkurangan.

5

(e) Referring to Cell B. / Merujuk kepada Sel B.

(i) What is the observation at the anode?
Apakah pemerhatian di anod?
Copper electrode becomes thinner. / Elektrod kuprum menipis

(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at the anode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di anod.
Cu Cu2+ + 2e

(iii) What is the observation at the cathode?

Apakah pemerhatian di katod?
Brown solid deposited. / Pepejal perang terenap

(iv) Write the half equation for the reaction at cathode.

Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk tindak balas di katod.
Cu2+ + 2e Cu

(f) The intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution in the Cell B remains unchanged during the experiment. Explain
why.
Keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dalam Sel B tidak berubah semasa eksperimen. Jelaskan mengapa.
The concentration of copper(II) sulphate remain unchanged. The rate of copper(II) ions discharged to copper atom at the
cathode equals to the rate of copper atoms form copper(II) ions at the anode.
Kepekatan kuprum(II) sulfat tidak berubah. Kadar ion kuprum(II) menyahcas kepada atom kuprum di katod sama
dengan kadar atom kuprum mengion membentuk ion kuprum(II) di anod.

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Constructing Electrochemical Series / Membina Siri Elektrokimia

What are the basic principles used in
constructing the electrochemical
series?
Apakah prinsip asas yang digunakan
dalam membina siri elektrokimia?
The electrochemical series can be constructed by comparing:
Siri elektrokimia boleh dibina dengan membandingkan:
(i) Potential differences between the two metals in a simple cell
Beza keupayaan antara dua logam dalam sel ringkas
(ii) Ability of a metal to displace another metals from its salt solution through displacement reaction
Kebolehan suatu logam menyesarkan logam lain dari larutan garamnya melalui tindak balas
penyesaran

1 Constructing the Electrochemical Series Through the Potential Difference in a Voltaic Cell
Membina Siri Elektrokimia Melalui Beza Keupayaan dalam satu Sel Kimia

How to construct electrochemical
series based on potential difference?
Bagaimana untuk membina siri
elektrokimia berdasarkan beza
keupayaan?
When two different metals dipped in electrolyte and connect to external circuit through a voltmeter:
Apabila dua logam berbeza dicelup dalam elektrolit dan disambung kepada litar luar melalui satu
voltmeter:
(i) A more electropositive metal become the negative terminal of the cell and less electropositive
metal become the positive terminal.
Logam lebih elektropositif menjadi terminal negatif sel dan logam kurang elektropositif
menjadi terminal positif.
(ii) The bigger the potential difference (voltage value) between two metals, the further the distance
between the two metals in electrochemical series.
Lebih besar beza keupayaan (nilai voltan) antara dua logam, lebih jauh jarak antara dua logam
itu dalam siri elektrokimia.

Example / Contoh: The diagram below shows the set-up of the apparatus to arrange metals W, X, Y and Z based on the
potential difference of the metals.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk menentukan kedudukan logam
W, X, Y dan Z berdasarkan beza keupayaan logam.
Remark / Catatan:
Voltage / Voltan V
Z

5
Metal electrode Metal electrode

UNIT
Elektrod logam
Keelektropositifan meningkat

Elektrod logam
Electropositivity increases

Y Electrolyte
1.1 0.3 Elektrolit

X
The table below shows the results of the experiment.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen.
0.5
Pair of metals Potential difference (V) Negative terminal
Pasangan logam Beza keupayaan (V) Terminal negatif
W
W and X / W dan X 0.50 X

X and Y / X dan Y 0.30 Y

W and Z / W dan Z 1.10 Z

(a) (i) Arrange metals W, X, Y and Z in descending order of the electropositivity of metal.
Susunkan logam W, X, Y dan Z dalam tertib menurun keelektropositifan logam.
Z, Y, X, W

(ii) Explain your answer.

– Z is above W in the electrochemical series because Z is negative terminal.

– X is above W in the electrochemical series because X is negative terminal.

– Y is above X in the electrochemical series because Y is negative terminal.

– The potential different between Z and W is bigger than X and W. Hence, the

distance between Z and W is further than X and W. Thus Z is above X.

– The potential different between X and Y is the smallest , Y below Z.

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Terangkan jawapan anda.

– Z di atas W dalam siri elektrokimia kerana Z adalah terminal negatif.
– X di atas W dalam siri elektrokimia kerana X adalah terminal negatif.
– Y di atas X dalam siri elektrokimia kerana Y adalah terminal negatif.
– Beza keupayaan antara Z dan W lebih besar daripada X dan W. Oleh itu, jarak antara
Z dan W lebih jauh berbanding X dan W. Jadi, Z berada di atas X.
– Beza keupayaan antara X dan Y adalah paling kecil . Y berada di bawah Z.

(b) (i) Metals X and Z are used as electrodes in the diagram. State which metal acts as positive
terminal.
Logam X dan Z digunakan sebagai elektrod dalam rajah. Nyatakan logam yang manakah akan
bertindak sebagai terminal positif.
Metal X / Logam X

(ii) Give reason for your answer in (b)(i).

Berikan sebab untuk jawapan anda di (b)(i).
Metal X is less electropositive than metal Z.

Logam X kurang elektropositif daripada logam Z.

(c) Predict the voltage of the cell in (b)(i).

Ramalkan nilai voltan dalam sel di (b)(i).
0.6 V ( 1.1 – 0.5)

2 Constructing the Electrochemical Series From Displacement Reaction

Membina Siri Elektrokimia daripada Tindak Balas Penyesaran

How to predict the ability of a metal The metal which is situated at a higher position (higher tendency to release electron) in the
to displace another metal from its metals salt solution
Electrochemical Series is able to displace below it from its .
solution?
Bagaimana meramal kebolehan Logam yang berada di kedudukan atas (kecenderungan melepaskan elektron yang tinggi) dalam Siri
suatu logam menyingkir logam lain
UNIT

Elektrokimia dapat menyesarkan logam yang di bawahnya daripada larutan garam

daripada larutannya?
logam tersebut.
5

3 Example / Contoh:

Experiment / Eksperimen Observation / Pemerhatian Remark / Catatan

Silver nitrate solution – Copper strip becomes Inference / Inferens:

Larutan argentum nitrat thinner . grey silver
– The solid is .
– A grey solid deposited. – The blue solution is copper(II) nitrate .
– The colourless solution turns – Pepejal kelabu adalah argentum .
blue.
– Larutan biru adalah kuprum(II) nitrat .
– Kepingan kuprum menipis .
Explanation / Penerangan:
– Pepejal kelabu terenap. Silver silver
– ion receives electrons to form atom.
– Larutan tidak berwarna copper(II) ion
– Copper atom releases electrons to form .
Copper bertukar menjadi biru.
Kuprum – Copper has displaced silver from silver nitrate solution.
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag .
– Copper is more electropositive than silver // Copper is above

silver in the Electrochemical Series of metal.

– Ion argentum menerima elektron membentuk atom argentum .
– Atom kuprum melepaskan elektron membentuk ion kuprum(II) .
– Kuprum telah menyesarkan argentum dari larutan argentum nitrat.
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag .
– Kuprum adalah lebih elektropositif daripada argentum // Kuprum
terletak di atas argentum dalam Siri Elektrokimia logam.

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 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Experiment / Eksperimen Observation / Pemerhatian Remark / Catatan

Copper(II) sulphate solution – Magnesium strip becomes Inference / Inferens:

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat thinner .
– The brown solid is copper .
– The brown solid – The colourless solution is magnesium sulphate .
deposited.
– Pepejal perang adalah kuprum .
– The blue solution turns
colourless. – Larutan tidak berwarna adalah magnesium sulfat .
– Kepingan magnesium
menipis .
Explanation / Penerangan:
– Pepejal perang terenap.
Magnesium – Larutan biru bertukar menjadi – Copper(II) ion receives electrons to form copper atom.
Magnesium tidak berwarna.
– Magnesium atom releases electrons to form magnesium ion .

– Magnesium has displaced copper from copper(II) sulphate solution.

Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu .

– Magnesium is more electropositive than copper// Magnesium is

above copper in the Electrochemical Series of metal.

– Ion kuprum(II) menerima elektron membentuk atom kuprum.

– Atom magnesium melepaskan elektron membentuk ion magnesium .

– Magnesium telah menyesarkan kuprum dari larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.

Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu .

– Magnesium adalah lebih elektropositif daripada kuprum//

Magnesium terletak di atas kuprum dalam Siri Elektrokimia logam.

Zinc sulphate solution No observable changes. Inference / Inferens:

Larutan zink sulfat Tiada perubahan yang dapat No reaction occur.

5
diperhatikan. Tiada tindak balas berlaku.

UNIT
Explanation / Penerangan:

– Copper cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution.

– Copper is less electropositive than zinc// Copper is below zinc

in the Electrochemical Series of metal.

– Kuprum tidak boleh menyesarkan zink daripada

Copper / Kuprum
larutan zink sulfat.

– Kuprum adalah kurang elektropositif daripada zink // Kuprum

terletak di bawah zink dalam Siri Elektrokimia logam.

Displacement Reaction Additional Questions

Tindak Balas Penyesaran Soalan Tambahan

https://goo.gl/x4kSA2

115 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

 5 UNIT

Experiment to Construct Electrochemical Series of Metals

Experiment to Construct an Electrochemical Series Through the Potential Differences Experiment to Construct the Electrochemical Series Using the Principle of Displacement
(Voltage) Between Pairs of Metals of Metals
(a) Problem statement : How does the distance between two metals in the electrochemical (a) Problem statement : How can displacement of metals from its salt solution by other metal
series affect the voltage produced in a simple voltaic cell? can be used to construct electrochemical series?

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

(b) Manipulated variable : Metal paired with copper
Responding variable : Voltage
Constant variable : Electrolyte used // Copper metal
(c) Hypothesis : The further the distance between two metals in the electrochemical series, the
bigger the value of the voltage.
(d) Materials : Magnesium strip, aluminium strip, zinc strip, iron strip copper plate, 1.0 mol dm–3
copper(II) sulphate solution
Apparatus : Connecting wires with crocodile clips, beaker, sandpaper and voltmeter
V magnesium strips, zinc strip, lead strip and copper strip
(b) Manipulated variables : Metals and salt solution
Responding variables : Deposition of metal
Constant variables : Concentration and volume of salt solution
(c) Hypothesis : Less electropositive metal can be displaced from its salt solution by more
electropositive metal. The greater the number of metals that can be displaced
by a more electropositive metal from their solutions, the higher its position in the
electrochemical series.
(d) Materials : 1.0 mol dm–3 magnesium nitrate solution, 1.0 mol dm–3 zinc nitrate solution,
1.0 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate solution, 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) nitrate solution,
Apparatus : Test tube and sandpaper

Magnesium Copper

Copper(II) sulphate solution

116
(e) Procedure:
1 Clean all the metals with sandpaper. (e) Procedure:
2 Fill a beaker with copper(II) sulphate solution until it is two-thirds full. 1 Clean 2 cm of magnesium strips with a sandpaper.
3 Dip the magnesium strip and copper strip into copper(II) sulphate solution. 2 Pour 5 cm3 of magnesium nitrate solution, zinc nitrate solution, lead(II) nitrate solution and
4 Both strips are connected to a voltmeter using connecting wires. copper(II) nitrate solution into four separate test tubes.
5 Record the reading of voltmeter. 3 For each test tube, place a strip of magnesium into each solution.
6 Repeat steps 1 to 5 using other metals as shown in the table to replace Magnesium strip. 4 Record all the observations in the table.
5 Repeat steps 1 to 3 using strips of zinc, lead and copper to replace magnesium strip. For
(f) Tabulation of data
each repetition, use a fresh salt solution.
Pair of electrodes Voltmeter reading(V) 6 Record all observations in the table.
Magnesium and copper (f) Tabulation of data
Aluminium and copper
Salt solution Magnesium Lead(II) Copper(II)
Zinc nitrate
Zinc and copper Metal strip nitrate nitrate nitrate
Iron and copper Magnesium

Zinc

Lead

Copper
 Eksperimen untuk Membina Siri Elektrokimia Logam

Eksperimen untuk Membina Siri Elektrokimia Melalui Beza Keupayaan (Voltan) antara
Pasangan Logam
(a) Pernyataan masalah : Bagaimanakah jarak antara dua logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia
mempengaruhi voltan yang dihasilkan dalam sel ringkas?
(b) Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan : Logam yang dipasangkan dengan kuprum
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas : Voltan
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan : Elektrolit yang digunakan // Logam kuprum
(c) Hipotesis : Semakin jauh jarak antara dua logam dalam siri elektrokimia, semakin tinggi
voltan.
(d) Bahan : Jalur magnesium, jalur aluminium, jalur zink, jalur ferum, plat kuprum, larutan
kuprum(II) sulfat 1.0 mol dm–3
Radas : Wayar penyambung dengan klip buaya, bikar, kertas pasir dan voltmeter
V Radas : Tabung uji dan kertas pasir
Eksperimen untuk Membina Siri Elektrokimia Menggunakan Prinsip Penyesaran Logam
(a) Pernyataan masalah : Bagaimana penyesaran logam daripada larutan garamnya oleh logam
lain boleh digunakan untuk membina Siri Elektrokimia?
(b) Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan : Logam dan larutan garam
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas : Enapan logam
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan : Kepekatan dan isi padu larutan garam
(c) Hipotesis : Logam yang lebih elektropositif boleh menyesarkan logam yang kurang
elektropositif daripada larutan garamnya oleh logam yang lebih elektropositi.
Semakin banyak logam yang dapat disesarkan oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif
daripada larutan garamnya, semakin tinggi kedudukannya dalam siri elektrokimia.
(d) Bahan : Larutan magnesium nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan zink nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan
plumbum(II) nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan kuprum(II) nitrat 1.0 mol dm–3, jalur
magnesium, jalur zink, jalur plumbum dan jalur kuprum

Magnesium Kuprum

117
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

(e) Prosedur: (e) Prosedur:

1 Bersihkan semua logam dengan kertas pasir. 1 Bersihkan 2 cm jalur magnesium dengan kertas pasir.
2 Isikan bikar dengan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat sehingga dua per tiga penuh. 2 Tuang 5 cm3 larutan magnesium nitrat, larutan zink nitrat, larutan plumbum(II) nitrat dan
3 Celupkan kepingan magnesium dan kuprum ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat. larutan kuprum(II) nitrat ke dalam empat tabung uji yang berasingan.
4 Kedua-dua kepingan logam disambung kepada voltmeter menggunakan wayar 3 Bagi setiap tabung uji letakkan satu jalur magnesium ke dalam setiap larutan.
penyambung. 4 Catatkan semua pemerhatian ke dalam jadual.
5 Catatkan bacaan voltmeter. 5 Langkah 1 hingga 4 diulang dengan menggunakan jalur zink, plumbum dan kuprum untuk
6 Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang dengan menggantikan jalur magnesium dengan logam lain menggantikan jalur magnesium. Bagi setiap ulangan, gunakan larutan garam yang baru.
seperti ditunjukkan dalam jadual.
(f) Penjadualan data
(f) Penjadualan data
Larutan garam Magnesium Plumbum(II) Kuprum(II)
Pasangan elektrod Bacaan voltmeter (V) Zink nitrat
Jalur logam nitrat nitrat nitrat
Magnesium dan kuprum
Magnesium
Aluminium dan kuprum
Zink
Zink dan kuprum
Ferum dan kuprum Plumbum

Kuprum

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

UNIT 5