SCULPTURE
Sound sculpture - Sound sculpture (related to sound art
Etymology -The term of " sculpture" comes from Latin
word " sculpere" which means to cut or remove pieces
with a stone.
Definition
It is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or
combining hard and/or plastic material, sound, and/or
text and or light, commonly stone (either rock or marble),
metal, glass, or wood.
Aesthetic art of modeling shaping single block or mash
materials into a 3 dimensional form out of rock, wood,
and metal.
Example:
History
The sculpture ability of the Philippines occurred
during Spanish regime. The sculpture started when
people begun to worship statues “anino.” People began
to do something on clays, loams then it evolves through
technology. It is often use to form religious item like
catholic saints. It is known to be the oldest art form.
It varied and is illustrative of how sculpture has
changed extensively over the ages. The art of sculpture
continues as a vital art form worldwide. From pre-historic
and ancient civilizations to the contemporary, from the
utilitarian and religious to Modernist abstraction, and
conceptual manifestations of both form and content, a
continuous stream of creativity & an extremely modest
show of compassion. Sculpture has been central in
religious devotion in many cultures, and until recent
centuries large sculptures, too expensive for private
individuals to create, were usually an expression of
religion or politics.
TYPES OF SCULPTURE
1. Free-standing sculpture, sculpture that is surrounded
on all sides, except the base, by space. It is also known as
sculpture "in the round", and is meant to be viewed from
any angle.
2.
and sound installation) is an intermedia and time based
art form in which sculpture or any kind of art object
produces sound, or the reverse (in the sense that sound is
manipulated in such a way as to create a sculptural as
opposed to temporal form or mass).
3. Light sculpture - is an intermedia and time based art
formin which sculpture or any kind of art object produces
light, or the reverse (in the sense that light is manipulated
in sucha way as to create a sculptural as opposed to
temporal form or mass).
4. Jewelry – objects of personal adornment made of
precious metals, gems, or imitation materials.
5. Site-specific art - is artwork created to exist in a certain
place
6. Kinetic sculpture - involves aspects of physical motion
a. Fountain - the sculpture is designed with moving water
7. Statue - representation list sculpture depicting a
specific entity, usually a person, event, animal or object
Bust - representation of a person from the chest up
Equestrian statue - typically showing a significant person
on horseback
8. Stacked art - a form of sculpture formed by assembling
objects and 'stacking' them
9. Architectural sculpture - Architectural sculpture is the
term for the use of sculpture by an architect and/or
sculptor in the design of a building, bridge, mausoleum or
other such project.
MGA BANTOG NA ISKULTOR SA PILIPINAS
Si Napoleon Veloso Abueva, sa gulang na 46, ang
pinakabatang Pilipino na nakatanggap ng parangal na
Pambansang Alagad ng Sining. Halos lahat ng iba't ibang
uri ng materyal ay ginamit niya, mula sa matigas na kahoy
(molave, acacia, langka, ipil, kamagong at kawayan)
hanggang adobe, metal, bakal, semento, marmol, tanso,
at iba pa.
FAMOUS WORK: ALLEGORICAL HARPOON
Si Eduardo Castillo ay ipinanganak noong Oktubre
31,1942 ,sa Santa Ana, Maynila. Si Castillo ay isang
Republic Cultural Heritage awardee. Siya ay isa ring artist
at designer ng alahas.
FAMOUS WORK: PIETA
Ramon Orlina Kilala para sa glass sculpture dahil ang
kanyang mga gawa ay nakuha mula sa mga bloke ng mga
salamin.
FAMOUS WORK: Flowers of Liberty
Si Solomon Saprid (13 March 1917- 28 September 2003)
ay isang Pilipinong modernong iskultor na kilala para sa
kanyang mga gawang tanso na baku-baku ang tekstura
dahil gawa sa mga hinasang pira-pirason tanso. Pinakilala
sa kanyang mga gawa ang kanyang Seryeng Tikbalang na
sinimulan niya noong 1971.
FAMOUS WORK: TIKBALANG
PHOTOGRAPHY
Definition
It is the art or process of producing images through the use of a
light sensitive chemical or film.
A photography is an actual likeness, that production of which
may not actually involve artists creativity. One only has to press
a button on a camera to produce this actual likeness.
MODES OF PRODUCTION
Amateurism
An amateur photographer is one who practices
photography as a hobby and not for profit. The quality of some
amateur work is comparable or superior to that of many
professionals and may be highly specialized or eclectic in its
choice of subjects. Amateur photography is often pre-eminent
in photographic subjects which have little prospect of
commercial use or reward.
Commerce
Commercial photography is probably best defined as
any photography for which the photographer is paid for images
rather than works of art. In this light money could be paid for
the subject of the photograph or the photograph itself. The
commercial photographic
world could includes:
1. Advertising photography: photographs made to illustrate
and usually sell a service or product. These images, such as
pack shots, are generally done with an advertising agency,
design firm or with an in-house corporate design team.
2. Fashion and glamour photography: This type of
photography usually incorporates models. Fashion
photography emphasizes the clothes or product, glamour
emphasizes the model. Glamour photography is popular in
advertising and in men's magazines. Models in glamour
photography may be nude, but this is not always the case.
3. Crime Scene Photography: This type of photography
consists of photographing scenes of crime such as robberies
and murders. A black and white camera or an infrared
camera may be used to capture specific details.
4. Still life photography: it depicts inanimate subject matter,
typically commonplace objects which may be either natural
or man-made.
5. Food photography: it can be used for editorial, packaging or
advertising use. Food photography is similar to still life
photography, but requires some special skills.
6. Editorial photography: photographs made to illustrate a
story or idea within the context of a magazine. These are
usually assigned by the magazine.
7. Photojournalism: this can be considered a subset of
editorial photography. Photographs made in this context are
accepted as a documentation of a news story.
8. Portrait and wedding photography: photographs made and
sold directly to the end user of the images.
9. Landscape photography: photographs of different locations.
10. Wildlife photography: it demonstrates life of the animals.
11. Photo sharing: publishing or transfer of a user's digital
photos online.
MUSIC-is vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in
such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and
expression of emotion.
FUNCTIONS OF MUSIC
1. Religious and ceremonial purpose
2. Release the tensions and emotion
3. To listen to music intelligently
4. Therapeutic value
5. For entertainment
6. Experience reflect music
7. Learning is made easy to music
DIFFERENT MEDIUMS OF MUSIC
I. Vocal medium – refers to human voice.
Vocal classes for female
Soprano - highest register of voice for female
Example: Sylvia dela Torre and Armida Siguion-Reyna,
(coloratura soprano) Charlotte Church
Mezzo soprano - medium register of voice for female
Example: Betty Allen (america) and Lea Salonga
Alto - lowest register of voice for female
Example: Claire dela Fuente and Isay Alvarez
Vocal classes for MALE
Tenor - highest register of voice for male
Example: Luciano Pavarotti was (this century's most
famous tenor) Carreras, Placido Domingo, and Eric Caruso
Baritone - medium register of voice for male
Example: Nonoy Zuñiga
Bass - lowest register of voice for male
Example: Tim Riley (performed in Gold City Quartet)
II. Instrumental medium - with the use of musical instruments.
1. Strings - They consist of the violin, viola, cello, and double
bass. They all have the same basic shape, but are very
different in size. They each have four strings, are made
of wood, and are played by drawing a bow across the strings or
plucking the strings with the fingers.
2. Brass - instruments are the loudest members of the
orchestra. They include French horn, trumpet, trombone, and
tuba. Brass instruments are long tubes of metal which the
player blows into through a mouth-piece at one end. The player
makes a buzzing sound with his or her lips, and the sound
comes out the other end which is wider, like a bell.
3. Woodwinds - instruments are most commonly made of
wood or metal, and are played by blowing air across an opening
at one end or through a "reed", and by covering and uncovering
holes along the instrument with fingers or levers, keys, and
pads. The members of this family are flute and piccolo, oboe
and English horn, clarinet and bass clarinet, and bassoon and
contra-bassoon.
4. Percussion - instruments are the rhythm section of the
orchestra. They make sounds when they are struck, scraped, or
rattled with hands or special sticks. Some percussion
instruments have a definite highness or lowness, a quality
called pitch, and some do not have a definite pitch. Xylophone,
timpani, chimes, vibraphone, and Celesta are examples of
pitched percussion instruments, while bass drum, snare drum,
triangle, cymbals, and tambourine are non-pitched percussion
instruments.
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
1. RHYTHM 5. TEMPO
2. MELODY 6. DYNAMICS
3. PITCH 7. TIMBRE
4. HARMONY
1. RHYTHM-is the variation of length and accentuation of a
series of sound. It is a larger concept that includes the beat and
everything that happens to sound in relation to time. In music,
its most fundamental component is beat - is the simple pulse
found in almost all music familiar to us.
Measuring rhythm is by means of a Meter - is the arrangement
of a rhythm in a fixed, regular pattern with a uniform number
of beats in uniform measures.
2. MELODY- is associated mental motion sometimes called
the memory element because it is always remembered by
listeners. It is an organize group of pitches strung out
sequentially to form a satisfying musical entity.
3. PITCH- indicates the highness or lowness of sound and is
determined solely by the frequency of molecular vibrations.
The slower the vibration, the lower the pitch. The faster the
vibration, the higher the pitch.
4. HARMONY- refers to the manner of sound combination-
the sounding series or group of tones at the same time or
simultaneously.
Harmony refers only to the simultaneous sounding of pitches
regardless of whether the chords sound pleasing or not.
Chord is a combination of two or more tones sounded at the
same time.
Concord combination or chord that produces an impression of
agreeableness or resolution to the listener.
5. TEMPO- refers to the speed of a certain musical piece. It
may be slow, quick or moderate.
LIST OF TERMS COMMONLY USED TO INDICATE TEMPO
 Largo - very slow
 Adagio - slow and stately
 Andante - at a walking pace
 Andantino - alternatively faster or slower than andante
 Allegreto - moderately fast
 Allegro - fast presto-very fast
 Accelerando - gradually becoming faster
 Ritardando - gradually becoming slower
6. DYNAMICS- refers to the amount ,strength, or volume of
the sound. It may refer to the loudness and softness of music.
7. TIMBRE- refers to tone quality. Helps differentiate one
type of voice to another or instrument from another
KINDS OF MUSIC
1. Program music - any music which is connected on poem or
story more on literature.
Example: An Alpine Symphony by Richard Strauss
2. Folk music - tradition music of people, race, generation
which is past from one generation to another generation.
Example: Tinikling, Singkil, Itik-Itik
3. Art music - normally accompanied by piano. The most
sophisticated of all.
Example: Serenade by Franz Schubert
4. Jazz music - more on trumphets, violin, clarinet, trombone,
drums, and saxophone.
Example: Careless Whisper and Somewhere Over the Rainbow
5. Classical music - depicts love
Example: Oh ilaw, hating gabe, nasan ka irog
6. Opera - combination of song, dance, acting, ballet,
Broadway
Example: Miss Saigon, Chicago, les miserables,
New York
Composer - a person who create musical or literary work
Best Composers
Vennie Saturno = Be my Lady
Ogie Alcasid = Kung mawawala ka
Danny Tan = Close to where you are
Lito Camo = Para Sa’yo
Ryan Cayabyab = Kailangan Kita
Jose Marie Chan = Christmas in our hearts
Louie Ocampo = Say that you love me
George Canseco = Kastilyong Buhangin
STEPS IN CREATIVE PROCESS
1. Conceive the result you want to create. Creation starts at
the end. We need to have an idea of what we want to create, of
what we want to have and manifest. We need a vision-
individual or collective-that we want to realize.
2. Know what currently exists. It is difficult to create something
novel and/or original in any are of knowledge without being
aware of what is being done in that area.
3. Take actions. Having a wonderful idea or visions not enough.
You have to do something to make it real, to manifest it
although sometimes you will have to do things that might
generate criticism.
4. Develop your creativity. Every new creation gives you fresh
thoughts and knowledge of you own creative process.
5. Learn the rhythms of the creative process. There are three
fundamental stages in every creative process: germination,
assimilation, and completion.
Three fundamental stages in the creative process According
Robert Fritz
1. GERMINATION (Idea)
It is the initial moment when you conceive a new project in
your life. It is a movement with a lot of energy coming out of
the future you envision. It is powerful time you will have to use
wisely for providing the right steps to move forward. In the
germination stage, you are planting the seeds of your creation.
2. ASSIMILATION
It is crucial step in the creative process. During this phase you
will internalize and assimilate or incorporate the idea you want
to create. Plan, analyzed it, and cultivate it with all the available
resources.
The assimilation stage of the creative process follows an
organic path, with its own rhythms and needs.
3. COMPLETION
Completion is the time to finish your project, to give it the
final shape before you present it to the audience. It is a difficult
time because your energy will be small and likely dispersed
with a new vision. Put a deadline to your projects and do not
get entangled in small and never-ending details.
A beautiful way to conclude your projects is by celebrating
them. Celebrating is a great opportunity to share with other
people your happiness for what you have done. Afterward you
will be ready to start again.
DANCE
Etymology
The word “Dance” comes from an old German
word, “Danson”, which means “to stretch.”
Definition
 a sport and art form that generally refers to
movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to
music used as a form of expression, social
interaction or presented in a spiritual or
performance setting.
 It is an art performed by individuals or groups of
human beings, existing in time and space, in which
the human body is the instrument and movement is
the medium.
 Is an art and a recreation. As an art, it tells a story,
a set of mood or expresses an emotion. Dances
vary in form. Some forms of dances are religious
dance, magical dance, commemorative dance,
ceremonial dance, recreative dance, and
testimonial dance.
ELEMENTS OF DANCE
Theme - is the most basic element of a dance. It conveys
the message of a dance.
Design - is the pattern of movement in time and space.
Pattern in time refers to the unaccented beats of
movements into measures. Path in space refers to the
path traced by the dancer’s feet on the floor and the
levels on which they move.
Movement - refers to the bodily actions of the dancer
that include his steps, gestures of the arms, hands, and
body and facial expression.
Technique - is the skill of movement executed by the
dancer.
Music - is the auditory background to which a dancer
moves. A dance is always accomplished by any form of
music.
Costume and paraphernalia - are properties worn by the
dancers that help reflect the message, customs, beliefs,
and setting of the dance.
Choreography - refers to the figures and steps in dancing
that enable the dancers to perform in an organized
manner.
Scenery - refers the background or setting where the
dance is performed to make it more realistic and
enriching.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF DANCES
1. Folk Dance - it pertains to traditional dance
Example: Tinikling, Cariñosa,
2. Social Dance - it is a kind of dance that we perform in
small gatherings
Example: Ballroom Dance, Cha Cha, Rumba, Waltz,
and Sway
3. Modern Dance - based on the natural expressive
movements by which means the dancer expresses a wide
range of emotions
Example: Solo, Group Dance, and Interpretative
Dance
4. Ethnic Dance - used to perform their rituals
Example: Pagdiwata of the Tagbanwa of Palawan
5. Indian Dance - highly exaggerated facial expression and
extensive vocabulary of hand gestures
Example: Kathakali, Bhangra, and Punjab
6. Ballet - a stage entertainment which enacts a story of
expresses a dramatic idea through dance or theatrical
story telling. It is a combined with music, drama, poetry,
song, costumes and dance.
Example: The Swan
7. Court Dance - a street dance.
Example: Panagbenga and Ati-atihan
8. Theatrical Dance - perform in order to convey drama
or play.
Example: Opera, Myme, and Classical dance
CINEMA
Definition- It is a term that embraces many types of film
or movies: cartoons, newsreels, commercials, industrial
film, educational films, social documentaries, and even
home movies.
-It is an act of presentation in lights made picture possible
to appear in a two dimensional surface
-It is combination of frames and lights
-It is a way of expressing ideas, attitudes, feelings,
dreams, and fantasies to an audience through series of
lights and images.
HISTORY- It was the time of Shakespeare when drama
became modern of play. The play came from Shakespeare
story. It was Thomas Edison who made cinema possible
through his invention called optic lights which gives rise
to motion pictures. We cannot imagine life without
cinema because through this we appreciate the past.
Elements of Cinema
1. Music - a movie is being remembered by its music
and it is usually came out during the climax of the story
2. Characters - those who act to portray the role of the
story that is being presented
3. Directors - the one who do and undo the film; regarded
as the captain of the ship
4. Script - the subject of the film. It is the story itself
5. Cinematography - anything you see in the screen it is
the picture in motion that you see in the cinema.
6. Camera shots - gives the definite point of view, the
focus, the angles, and the movement
7. Value - to make a man a better person, cultured, and
refined.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF FILM
1. Action - a movie with a lot of exciting effects like car
chases and gun fights, involving stuntmen. They usually
involve 'goodies' and 'baddies', so war and crime are
common subjects. Action films usually need very little
effort to watch, since the plot is normally simple
Example: Die hard, Saving Private Ryan, Quantum of
Solace, Rambo, Isang Bala ka lang, Batas ng lansangan,
and Anak ni Baby Ama.
2. Comedy - are funny movies about people being silly or
doing unusual things that make the audience laugh.
Example: Bruce Almighty, Click, The Love Guru,
You Don't Mess with the Zohan, Pedro Penduko, and
Skul Bukol
3. Horror - films use fear to excite the audience. Music,
lighting and sets (man-made places in film studios where
the film is made) are all designed to add to the feeling.
Example: The Ring, The grudge, Shutter, Ouija Board,
Halimaw sa Banga, and Feng shui
4. Drama - are serious and often about people falling in
love or people who have to make a big decision in their
life. They tell stories about relationships between people.
They usually follow a basic plot where one or two main
characters (each actor plays a character) have to
'overcome' (get past) an obstacle (the thing stopping
them) to get what they want.
Example: A Walk to Remember, Hwang Jini, Mila,
Abakada Ina, and Bata Bata Pano ka ginawa?
5. Documentary - present a fact without bias judgment
and comment. Movies that are about real people and real
events. They are nearly always serious and may involve
strongly emotional subjects. Example: Batang Kalabaw,
Nanay na si Nene,
6. Animated - movies use childish images like talking pigs
to tell a story. These films used to be drawn by hand, one
frame at a time, but are now made on computers.
Example: Babes, Cats and Dogs, Ice Age, Fantasia, Kung Fu
Panda, Bolt, Mulan, and Prinsesa Urduja
7. Fantasy - a movie of daydream or illusion
Example: Peter Pan, Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings,
Darna, Captain Barbel, and Lastikman
8. Thrillers/Suspense - are usually about a mystery,
strange event, or crime that needs to be solved. The
audience is kept guessing until the final minutes, when
there are usually 'twists' in the plot (surprises).
Example: Da Vinci code, Angels and Demons, Sigaw, and
Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara
9. Romance - are usually love stories about 2 people from
different worlds, who must overcome obstacles to be
together. It is always light-hearted, but may include some
emotion. Example: Titanic, Twilight, Slumdog Millionaire,
One More Chance, The Promise, and I Will Always
Love You
10. Buddy - movies involve 2 heroes, one must save the
other, both must overcome obstacles. Buddy movies
often involve comedy, but there is also some emotion,
because of the close friendship between the 'buddies'.
Example: Shanghai Nights, Forbidden Kingdom, Shaolin
Kid,and Buddy and Sol
AWARD GIVING BODIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
- These are institutions, academies and fellowships that
are handing out awards, citations and recognitions to
outstanding film achievements for a certain calendar
year.
FAMAS - Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences
FAP - Film Academy of the Philippines
MMFF - Metro Manila Film Festival
Gawad Urian- Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino
Star Awards for Movies (Philippine Movie Press Club)
Catholic Mass Media Awards (Archdiocese of Manila)
Gawad Pasado (Film Desk Critics' Circle)
Golden Screen Awards (Entertainment Press Society)
UP Young Critics Circle Awards
Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival
 ACADEMY OF MOTION PICTURE ARTS AND SCIENCES
(AMPAS)
Oscars Awards
Grammy Awards
Nickelodeons Kids Choice Awards
Golden Globe Awards
Emmy Awards
LITERATURE
Is one of the arts that expresses human feelings. It shows
ideas or emotions through symbolic presentation in the
form of short story, poetry, drama or play and essay
among others.
At present, not all written works can be considered
literature. To understand a good literary work, we should
know first the important elements of literature.
The important elements of literature
Emotional Appeal – is attained when the reader is
emotionally or touched.
Humanistic Value – can be realized when the literary
work affirms the dignity and worth of all people.
LITERARY WORKS
Elements of the Short Story-A short story is a brief work
of literature, usually written in narrative prose. Emerging
from earlier oral storytelling traditions in the 17th
century, the short story has grown to encompass a body
of work so diverse as to defy easy characterization.
Elements of the Novel-Is a long work of prose fiction
dealing with characters, situations, and scenes that
represent real life.
Fiction, whether long (novel) or short (short story), may
aim to give us moral lessons, bring pleasure, raise
questions, or cultivate critical thinking.
Elements of Drama-is a story told in front of an audience.
Comes from the Greek Word, “Dran”
Means “To do” or “To Act”
The Doing/Acting Makes Drama
Playwright-the author of a play
Actors-the people who perform
Acts-the units of action
Scenes-parts of the acts
TYPES OF DRAMA
Comedy is a form of drama that has a happy ending.
Humor comes from the dialogue and situations.
Tragedy is a form of drama in which events lead to the
downfall of the main character, often a person of great
significance, like a king or hero.
ELEMENT OF LITERATURE
1.CHARACTERS
2. Setting/Scenery-Construction on the stage that shows
time/place. Could be called Scenery. Furniture, painted
backdrops, or large props should appear real.
3. Theme-While plot refers to the action of the play,
theme refers to the meaning of the play. Theme is the
main idea or lesson to be learned from the play. In some
cases, the theme of a play is obvious; other times it is
quite subtle.
4. Plot-Is the soul of drama. It tells what is the story
about? Lay outs the series of events that form the
entirety of the play. Its serves as a structural framework
which brings the events to a cohesive form and sense.
The plot is divided into:
Exposition/Introduction
Introduces the character, provides information about
earlier events and present situation. Inciting actions
Situation move towards a point.
Rising Action
Part of the complication.
Crisis or Turning Point
Choices and decisions lead to the inevitable.
Falling action
The incidents following the turning point happen without
decrease in intensity.
Denouement or resolution
Clarifies and relaxes the tension.
5.POINT OF VIEW
6.SYMBOLISM-Is used in literature when one thing is
meant to represent something else. Symbols are object,
person, situation, action and all recognizable things or
items that suggest other meaning.
7. IRONY-Is a contrast among what seems and what is
and could be. Occurs when there is a difference between
what is expected and what actually happens in a story,
poems or play.
THREE TYPES OF IRONY
Verbal – I am saying one thing but really mean the other.
Situational – When something happens, and I was
expecting the opposite.
Dramatic – When everyone knows something I don’t.
8. STYLE-is the literary element that describes the ways
that the author uses words — the author's word choice,
sentence structure, figurative language, and sentence
arrangement all work together to establish mood, images,
and meaning in the text.
9.Conflict-The internal or external struggle between
opposing forces, ideas, or interests that create dramatic
tension.

10. Climax- The point of greatest emotional intensity,

interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative.
Typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.

11.Music and Spectacle-Both show the relationship of

script, actor, audience, author producer, society, genre,
stage, and other elements of the drama.
Music
While music is often featured in drama, in this case
Aristotle was referring to the rhythm of the actors' voices
as they speak.
Spectacle
This refers to the visual elements of a play: sets,
costumes, special effects, etc. Spectacle is everything that
the audience sees as they watch the play.
Lightings
The placement, intensity, and color of lights to help
communicate environment, mood, or feeling

12.Costumes and Makeup

Costume-Clothing and accessories worn by actors to
portray character and period.
Every costume should be comfortable and securely put
together.
Makeup Costumes, wigs, and body paint used to
transform an actor into a character.

13.Dialogue- This refers to the words written by the

playwright and spoken by the characters in the play.
The dialogue helps move the action of the play along.
The conversation between and among the characters of
the drama.