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CHAPTER – 4
FUELS AND COMBUSTION
4.1 Introduction
Fuels
Primary or Secondary or
Natural Fuels Artificial Fuels
Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are those, which have been derived from
fossil remains of plant and animal life.
They are found in the earth’s crust.
All conventional fossil fuels whether solid, liquid or
gaseous (coal, petroleum or Natural gas) contain basically carbon
and / or hydrogen. The fuels on combustion in presence of
oxygen in the air release heat energy.
This heat energy can be utilized for domestic and
industrial purposes.
Advantages of Solid fuels
1. Handling and transportation of solid fuels are easy.
2. Solid fuels are cheap and easily available.
3. They have a moderate ignition temperature
4. This type of fuel can be stored conveniently without any
risk.
Disadvantage of solid fuels:
1. During burning, solid fuels produce a large amount of
ash and disposal of ash is a big problem.
2. The calorific value of solid fuel is comparatively low.
3. Since a lot of air is required for complete combustion, its
thermal efficiency is not so high.
4. A large space is required for storage.
5. Combustion is a slow process and it cannot be easily
controlled.
Classification of coal
a) Peat
1. Peat is the first stage in the formation of coal.
2. Its calorific value is about 4000-5400 k cal/kg.
3. It is an uneconomical fuel due to its high proportion of
(80 -90%) moisture and lower calorific value.
4. It is a brown fibrous mass.
b) Lignite
1. Lignite is an intermediate stage in the process of coal
formation.
2. Its calorific value is about 6500-7100 k cal/kg
3. Due to the presence of high volatile content, it burns with
long smoky flame.
4.6 Applied Chemistry
Table
Table 4.1
4.1 Classification of solid fuels & its calorific values
Calorific Compo
Fuel Nature value sition Uses
k.cals/kg %
Peat Highly 4000 - C = 57 Domestic
fibrous light 5400 H = 06 fuel, power
brown in O = 35 generation
colour
Lignite Fibrous, 6500 - C = 67 Manufacture
brown 7100 H = 05 of producer
coloured coal O = 26 gas & steam
Sub- Black 7000 - C = 77 Manufacture
bituminous coloured, 7500 H = 05 of gaseous
coal homogenious O = 16 fuels
smooth mass,
Bituminous Black, brittle, 8000 - C = 83 Power
coal burns with 8500 H = 05 generation,
yellow O = 10 coke making,
smoky flame domestic fuel
Anthracite Hard & most 8500 - C = 93 Boiler
matured coal, 8700 H = 03 heating,
burns without O = 03 metallurgical
smoke furnace
d) Anthracite
1. Anthracite is the superior grade of coal.
2. Its volatile, moisture and ash contents are very less.
3. Its calorific value is about 8650 k cal/kg.
Fuels and Combustion 4.7
I. Proximate Analysis
o It means finding out weight percentage of moisture, volatile
matter, fixed carbon and ash in coal
Moisture
High moisture content in coal is undesirable because it,
i) Reduces Calorific Value of coal
ii) Increases the consumption of coal for heating purpose
iii) Lengthens the time of heating.
Hence, lesser the moisture content, better is the quality of coal.
Volatile Matter
During burning of coal, certain gases like CO, CO 2, CH4,
H2, N2, O2, hydrocarbons etc. that come out are called volatile
matter of the coal.
Fuels and Combustion 4.9
Ash
o Ash is the combustion product of mineral matters present in
the coal. It consists mainly of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 with
varying amounts of other oxides such as Na2O, CaO, MgO
etc.
o Ash containing oxides of Na, Ca and Mg melt early. (Low
melting ash). During coke manufacture, the low melting ash
forms a fused lumpy - expanded mass which block the
interspaces of the ‘grate’ and thereby obstructing the supply
of air leading to irregular burning of coal and loss of fuel.
o High ash content in coal is undesirable because it (a)
increases transporting, handling, storage costs, (b) is harder
and stronger, (c) has lower Caloific Value.
Fixed Carbon
It is the pure carbon present in coal. Higher the fixed
carbon content of the coal, higher will be its Caorific Value.
a) Carbon
C + O2 → CO2
12 32 44
12 Y
% of C in coal = × × 100
44 X
b) Hydrogen
H2 + ½ O2 → H2O
2 16 18
14 x ( A B) x 0.1
X gms of coal sample contains = gms of N2
1000 x 1N
% of Nitrogen
14 x Volume of Acid consumed x Normality
= x 100%
1000 x Weight of coal sample(X)
1.4 x Volume of Acid consumed x Normality
= %
Weight of coal sample(X)
Determination of Sulphur in coal
A known amount of coal is burnt completely in bomb
calorimeter in presence of oxygen. Ash thus obtained contains
sulphur of coal as sulphate, which is extracted with dil HCl. The
acid extract is then treated with BaCl2 solution to precipitate
sulphate as BaSO4.
The precipitate is filtered, washed, dried, and weighed,
from which the sulphur in coal can be computed as follows.
Let,
X = weight of coal sample taken
M = weight of BaSO4 precipitate formed.
ii) Nitrogen
1. Nitrogen does not have any calorific value, and its
presence in coal is undesirable.
2. Good quality coal should have very little nitrogen content.
iii) Sulphur
Though sulphur increases the calorific value, its presence in coal
is undesirable because
1. The combustion products of sulphur, i.e, SO2 and SO3 are
harmful and have corrosion effects on equipments.
2. The coal containing sulphur is not suitable for the
preparation of metallurgical coke as it affects the
properties of the metal.
iv) Oxygen
1. Lower the % of oxygen higher is its calorific value.
2. As the oxygen content increases its moisture holding
capacity increases and the calorific value of the fuel is
required.
4.14 Applied Chemistry
Carbonisation of coal
Heating of coal in absence of air at high temperature to
produce a residue coke, tar and coal gas is called as
carbonisation.
i. Caking of coal
When coal is heated strongly, the mass becomes soft and
coherent, then it is called caking of coal.
All the caking coals do not form strong, hard and coherent
residue coke. Hence all the caking coals are not necessarily
coking coal but all the coking coals have to be necessarily caking
in nature.
ii) Porosity
High porosity is desirable in furnace cokes to obtain high
rates of combustion.
iii) Strength
The coke should be hard and strong to withstand pressure
of ore, flux etc in the furnace.
iv) Size
Metallurgical coke must be uniform and medium size.
v) Calorific value
The Calorific Value of coke should be high.
vi) Combustibility
It should burn easily.
vii) Reactivity
It refers to its ability to react with O2, CO2, steam and air.
The metallurgical coke must have low reactivity.
viii) Cost
It must be cheap and readily available.
Charging door
Refractory lining
2m
Coal
Fig
Fig 4.1
4.2 Beehive coke oven
Demerits
Since volatile matter present in coal escapes into
atmosphere as waste, we cannot recover any byproduct. Large
coking time and coke yield of only 60% are other demerits.
To Chimney To Chimney
Air Producer gas
4.2 Otto Hoffman’s by-product coke oven
Fig 4.3
Recovery of by products
i) Tar
The coke oven gas is first passed through a tower in
which liquor ammonia is sprayed. Tar and dust get collected in a
tank below, which is heated by a steam coil to recover back the
ammonia sprayed.
ii) Ammonia
The gas is then passed through the other tower where
water is sprayed. Ammonia gets converted to NH4OH.
iii) Benzene and other aromatic compounds
The gas is then passed through the next tower in which
creosite oil is sprayed. Benzene and other aromatic compounds
are dissolved in the oil and recovered.
Fuels and Combustion 4.19
Classification
Petroleum is classified on the basis of various types of
hydrocarbons.
Uncondensed gases
Loose cap
Petroleum ether
Gasoline
Chimney
Naptha
Tray
Kerosene
Crude oil
Diesel oil
Lubricating oil
Heavy oil
Furnace at 400° C Fractionating Column
Fig
Fig.4.3
4.4 Fractional distillation of crude oil
Fuels and Combustion 4.21
i) Removal of Impurities
The impurities present in the oil are the fine water
droplets, NaCl, MgCl2, Sulphur etc. The crude oil is an extremely
stable emulsion of oil and salt water. Water is separated from the
oil by Cottrell’s process using ring electrodes. In this method, the
crude oil is allowed to flow between two highly charged
electrodes. The colloidal water droplets combine to form large
drops, which are then separated from oil.
Uses:
It is mainly used as a domestic fuel in stoves and lamps. It
is also used as jet engine fuel and for making oil gas.
Uses:
It is used as fuel for ships and also used in metallurgical
furnaces. Gasoline is also obtained from oil by cracking process.
vi) Asphalt
Asphalts are obtained by
i) The oxidation of residual heavy oil in presence of air at higher
temperature.
ii) The deep vacuum distillation of residual heavy oil.
Asphalts are available in the market in liquid, semi-solid
and solid forms.
Uses:
It is used for road making and making water-proofing
roofs. It is also used for the manufacture of water proofing
concrete and water proofing paints.
4.7 Cracking
Cracking is defined as “the decomposition of high
boiling hydrocarbons of high molecular weight into smaller,
low boiling hydrocarbons of low molecular weight”
During cracking
o Straight chain alkanes are converted into branched chain
hydrocarbons.
o Saturated hydrocarbons are converted into mixture of
Saturated and Unsaturated hydrocarbons.
o Aliphatic alkanes are converted into cyclic alkanes.
o All hydrocarbons obtained by cracking have lower
boiling point than the parent hydrocarbons.
Types of cracking
There are two kinds of cracking
1. Thermal cracking
2. Catalytic cracking
1. Thermal Cracking
When cracking is carried out a higher temperature and
pressure without any catalyst, it is called Thermal cracking.
There are two types of thermal cracking:
i) Liquid phase Thermal cracking
In this method, the heavy oil is cracked at a temperature
of 475-5300C under high pressure of 100 kg/cm2 to keep the
reaction product in liquid state. The cracked products are then
separated into various fractions in a fractionating column. The
yield of gasoline is about 50-60% and the octane number is
65-70.
Fuels and Combustion 4.27
Catalytic Cracking
When cracking is carried out at lower temperature and
pressure in the presence of suitable catalyst, it is called Catalytic
Cracking. The Catalyst used are aluminium silicate or alumina.
There are two types of catalytic cracking.
After 8-10 hours, the catalyst loses its activity due to the
deposition of carbon. It is reactivated by burning off the
deposited carbon.
4.28 Applied Chemistry
I. Polymerisation
The gases produced in cracking contain C3 and C4 olefins
(iso propylene, iso butylene etc) and alkanes (methane, ethane,
propane, butane). These gases undergo polymerisation in
presence of catalyst, (H3 PO4) at suitable temperature and pressure
to give gasoline (Polymer petrol), rich in branched chain
hydrocarbons.
Hence, polymerisation is mainly for the production of
superior gasoline and is complementary to catalytic cracking.
i) Thermal Polymerisation
Polymerisation of cracked gases is carried out at 500 -
600 C and 70 - 350 kg/cm2 pressure. The product is the gasoline
o
Gasoline
Paste
Middle
oil
H2 Heavy oil
Fig
Fig.4.6
1.5 Bergius Process
Crude oil
4.32 Applied Chemistry
H2 Cooler
Water gas
Gases
Fe2O3
Gasoline
Middle
oil
Heavy oil
Fe2O3+
Na2CO3
Cracking
Compressor Converter Fractionating Column
Fig. 4.7 Fisher Tropsch Process
Fuels and Combustion 4.33
1200oC
C + H2O CO + H2
Water gas
The first step in this process is purification of gas. To
remove H2S, the gas is passed through Fe2O3 and to remove
organic sulphur compounds, the gas is again passed through a
mixture of Fe2O3 and Na2CO3.( Fig. 4.7 )
n CO + 2n H2 CnH2n + n H2O
olefins
Since the reactions are exothermic, the vapours leaving
the vessel are condensed in the condenser to give petroleum. It is
fractionally distilled to yield petrol and heavy oil.
III. Alkylation
Replacement of hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon by an
alkyl group is known as Alkylation.
Example:
Anhydrous H3C H3 C
H3 C CH CH 3 + H2C C CH3
HF
CH CH2 C CH 3
CH3 CH 3 H 3C
CH3
Iso butane Iso butene Iso octane
4.34 Applied Chemistry
4.9 Knocking
SI Engines
In a four stroke SI engine, petrol vapour is mixed with air
in the carburetor. It is sucked into the cylinder during the suction
stroke. The mixture is compressed by the piston in the
compression part of the cycle. Then the compressed mixture is
ignited by an electric spark. The product of combustion increases
pressure and pushes the piston out, providing an output of power.
4.36 Applied Chemistry
In the last part of the cycle, the piston ascends and expels the
exhaust gases from the cylinder.
Mechanism of knocking
Knocking follows free radical mechanism, leading to a
chain growth. If the chains are terminated before their growth,
knocking will cease. TEL decomposes thermally to form ethyl
free radicals, which combines with the free radicals of knocking
process and thus the chain growth is stopped.
CH2 - Br
Pb + PbBr2 + CH2 = CH2
CH2 - Br
4.38 Applied Chemistry
4.10 Diesel
o It is relatively a high boiling point fraction of petroleum
obtained between 250 - 320o C.
o It is a mixture of hydrocarbons in terms of carbon atoms
C15 - C18
o Its calorific value is about 11,000 kcals/kg. It is used as fuel
for compression ignition engine.
o Its antiknock value can be improved by doping with isoamyl
nitrate.
CI Engines
In a CI engine, air is alone compressed. This raises the
cylinder temperature as high as 300o C. Then the oil is injected or
sprayed, which must ignite spontaneously. Now combustion
products expand and power stroke begins.
Knocking in CI Engines
Some times, even after the compression stroke is over and
even after the diesel oil is sprayed, burning may not start. So,
more and more fuel is injected automatically and sudden ignition
may occur and burn the whole of the oil. This delayed ignition
results an uncontrolled, excessive combustion produces ‘diesel
knock’.
napthalene has very large ignition delay and hence its cetane
number is taken as zero.
Cetane number is defined as “the percentage of cetane
present in a mixture of α –methyl naphthalene and cetane”.
CH3
Diesel Index
The quality of a diesel oil is indicated by diesel index
number using the following formula
Constituents Percentage(%)
Methane 88.5
Ethane 5.5
Propane 4
Butane 1.5
Pentane 0.5
Uses
1. It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel.
2. It is used as a raw material for the manufacture of carbon
black and hydrogen.
3. It is also used for the generation of electricity by using it in
fuel cells.
4.42 Applied Chemistry
Calorific Value
Its Calorific Value is 2800 kcals/m3.
Composition
The average composition is
H2 = 48 %
CO = 44 %
CO2, N2 and CH4 = rest
Manufacture
A Water gas generator is a steel cylindrical vessel. At the
top, it is provided with a hopper for adding coke. Water gas outlet
is provided near the top. At the bottom, it is provided with an
arrangement of taking out ash formed (Fig. 1.8 ).
C + H2O + 28 k.cal CO + H2
Fig
Fig4.8
: 7 Water gas production
2C + O2 2CO + 59 kcals
Composition
It is a mixture of CO and N2 .
Its average composition is
N2 = 50 %
CO = 30 %
H2 = 10 %
CO2 and CH4 = rest.
Calorific Value
Its Calorific Value is 1800 kcals/m3 .
Manufacture
The furnace used for the manufacture of producer gas is
known as producer. It consists of large airtight mild steel
cylindrical tower, lined inside with refractory bricks. At the
bottom, it is provided with pipe for blowing air and an
arrangement for removing ash. Coal is added through a hopper at
the top and producer gas comes out from an exit near the top.
a. Combustion zone
Fuels and Combustion 4.45
C + O2 CO2 + 97 kcals
Coke
Cup and cone
feeder
Producer gas outlet
Distillation zone
Reduction zone Refractory
brick lining
Combustion zone CoalO
Air mixed 1000C
with a little Exit for
steam ash
Fig 4.8
Fig 4.9 Gas Producer
b. Reduction zone
CO2 so formed rises up through the red-hot coal and gets
reduce to CO during its passage
CO2 + C 2CO - 39 kcals
N2 of air remain unaffected throughout the process. Thus
a mixture of CO and N2 with traces of CO2 and hydrocarbons
comes out through the exit at the upper end of the producer.
Properties
i) It is a poisonous gas.
ii) Insoluble in water.
iii) Heavier than air.
4.46 Applied Chemistry
Uses
i. It is used as fuel for heating open - hearth furnaces (used in
steel and glass manufacture), muffle furnaces (used in coal
gas and coke manufacture).
ii. It provides reducing atmosphere in certain metallurgical
operations.
Composition
Its approximate composition is
n-Butane = 70 %
Isobutane = 17 %
n-Propane = 11 %
Butylene and Ethane = rest.
Calorific Value
4.16 Biogas
These gases generally produced by the fermentation of
bio wastes, sewage wastes etc., by anaerobic bacteria.
For example, natural gas is a Biogas, which results after a
long periodic decay of animal and vegetable matters burried
inside the earth.
The cheapest and easily obtainable biogas is Gobar gas,
which is produced by anaerobic fermentation of cattle dung. The
biogas is burnt to raise steam, which can drive turbines to
produce electricity.
Masonry
work
Fig.4.10
Fig 4.9 Gobar gas plant
i) It is essentially methane.
4.48 Applied Chemistry
4.17 Combustion
H2 + ½ O2 H2O
2gms 16gms 18gms
1 8 9
Thus,
9
NCV = GCV – H ×587 kcal/kg
100
NCV = GCV – 0.09 H ×587 kcal/kg
Solution
(i)Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
1 O
GCV = (8080 C + 34500 [ H ] + 2240 S )
100 8
1 8
= (8080 × 80 + 34500 [8 – ] + 2240 × 2 ) kcal/kg
100 8
1
= (646400 + 241500 + 4480 ) kcal/kg
100
Fuels and Combustion 4.57
1
= (892380 ) kcal/kg
100
9
= GCV – H ×587 kcal/kg
100
9
= 8923.8 – ×8×587 kcal/kg
100
= 8923.8 – 422.64 kcal/kg
= 8501.16 kcal / kg
Solution
(i) Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
1 O
GCV = (8080 C + 34500 [ H ] + 2240 S ) kcal/kg
100 8
1 3
= (8080 × 63 + 34500 [19 ] + 2240 ×13 ) kcal/kg
100 8
1
= (509040 + 64562 + 29120 ) kcal/kg
100
1
= (1180722 ) kcal/kg
100
9
= GCV – H ×587 kcal/kg
100
9
= 11807.22 – × 19 ×587 kcal/kg
100
= 11807.22 – 1003.77 kcal/kg
= 10803.45 kcal / kg
Solution
(i) Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
1 O
GCV = (8080 C + 34500 [ H ] + 2240 S ) kcal/kg
100 8
Solution
(i) Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
1 O
GCV = (8080 C + 34500 [ H ] + 2240 S ) kcal/kg
100 8
1 3.5
= (8080 × 75 + 34500 [6 ] + 2240 ×3 ) kcal/kg
100 8
1
= [606000 + 191906 + 6720 ] kcal/kg
100
1
= [804626 ] kcal/kg
100
Solution
4.60 Applied Chemistry
We know that,
GCV = [NCV + 0.09H x 587 ] kcal / kg
1 4
= (8080 × 75 + 34500 [H ] + 2240 ×5 ) kcal/kg
100 8
1
= [606000 + 34500 H 17250 + 11200 ] kcal/kg
100
= [6060 + 345H – 172.5 + 112] kcal / kg
3798.21 = 292.2 H
3798 .21
H=
292 .2
% of H2 = 12.99 (i.e 13 % )
1
GCV = [606000 + 431250 + 11200 ] kcal/kg
100
1
= [1048450 ] kcal/kg
100
Nitrogen, ash and CO2 (if any) present in the fuel are
incombustible matters and hence they do not take any oxygen
during combustion.
i) Combustion of Carbon
C + O2 CO2
12 32 44 (by weight)
2H2 + O2 2H2O
2 x 2 32 36 (by weight)
S + O2 SO2
32 32 64 (by weight)
32 O
Theoretical minimum O2 = [ ×C + 8(H ) + S ] kg
12 8
100 32 O
Air (theoretical) = [ ×C + 8(H ) + S ] kg
23 12 8
ii).
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
1 vol 2 vol
1 volume of CH4 requires 2.0 volume of oxygen
iii).
CO(g) + ½ O2 CO2
1 vol 0.5 vol
1 volume of CO requires 0.5volume of oxygen
Fuels and Combustion 4.65
iv).
C2H4(g) + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
1 vol 3 vol
1 volume of C2H4 (g) requires 3.0 vol. of oxygen
The mixture of gases (like CO2, O2, CO, etc.,) coming out
from the combustion chamber is called flue gases. The analysis
of a flue gas would give an idea about the complete or incomplete
combustion process. The analysis of flue gases is carried out
using orsat’s apparatus.
Seperating funnel
Flue gas
Gas burette
I II III
Fig 4.12
Working
The 3-way stop cock is opened to the atmosphere and the
reservoir is raised, till the burette is completely filled with water
and air is excluded from the burette. The 3-way stop cock is now
connected to the flue gas supply and the flue gas is sucked into
the burette and the volume of flue gas is adjusted to 100 cc by
4.68 Applied Chemistry
raising and lowering the reservoir. Then the 3-way stop cock is
closed.
a) Absorption of CO2
The stopper of the absorption bulb-I, containing KOH
solution, is opened and all the gases is passed into the bulb-I by
raising the level of water in the burette. The gas enters into the
bulb-I, where CO2 present in the flue gas is absorbed by KOH.
Ignition Temperature
It is defined as “the lowest temperature to which the fuel
must be heated, so that it starts burning smoothly”.
25
= 0.25 m3 of C2H6
100
ii) The combustion equations of CH4 and C2H6 are written as
follows
3.5 × 0.25
∴ 0.25 m3 of C2H6 requires = = 0.875 m3 of O2
1
iii) Total volume of O2 required = 1.5 + 0.875 m3
= 2.375 m3
We know that, 21 m3 of O2 is supplied by 100 m3 of air
2.735 ×100
∴ 2.735 m3 of O2 is supplied by = 11.31 m3 of air.
21
Result
The volume of air required for the complete
combustion of 1m3 of mixture = 11.31 m3
3.Calculate the minimum volume of air required for the
complete combustion of 1m 3 of a gaseous fuel containing the
following composition by volume. CO = 25 %, H2 = 10 %,
CH4 =08 %, CO2 = 5 %, N2 = 50 % and O2 = 2 %.
Solution
1. 1m3 of fuel contains
25
a) = 0.25 m3 of CO
100
10
b) = 0.10 m3 of H2
100
8
c) = 0.08 m3 of CH4
100
5
d) = 0.05 m3 of CO2
100
50
e) = 0.50 m3 of N2
100
2
f) = 0.02 m3 of O2
100
N2 and CO2 are non combustible constituents. They do not burn
and not require any oxygen.
CO + 1/2 O2 CO2
1 vol 0.5 vol
i.e., 1 volume (or m3 ) of CO requires 0.5 volume (or m3 ) of O2
for complete combustion.
0.5 x0.25 3
∴ 0.25 m3 of CO requires = m of O2
1
= 0.125 m3 of O2
H2 + 1/2 O2 H2 O
1 vol 0.5 vol
i.e., 1 volume (or m3 ) of H2 requires 0.5 volume (or m3 )
of O2 for complete combustion.
0.5 x0.1 3
∴ 0.10 m3 of H2 requires = m of O2
1
= 0.05 m3 of O2
10
b) = 0.09 kg of Hydrogen
100
08
c) = 0.08 kg of Oxygen
100
13
d) = 0.13 kg of Sulphur
100
The combustion equations of the various elements present in the
fuel are as follows.
C + O2 CO2
12 kg 32 kg
1
H2 + /2 O2 H2 O
2 kg 16 kg
S + O2 SO2
32 kg 32 kg
15
b) = 0.15 kg of Hydrogen
100
05
c) = 0.05 kg of Sulphur
100
N2 is a non combustible constituent. They do not burn and do not
require any oxygen.
The combustion equations of the various elements present
in the coal are as follows.
C + O2 CO2
12 kg 32 kg
We know that
Fuels and Combustion 4.79
22.4 x 11.61
11.61 kg of O2 occupies = 8.127 m3
32
We know that,
21 m3 of O2 is supplied by 100 m3 of air
8.127 x 100
∴ 8.127 m3 of O2 is supplied by = 38.70 m3 of air.
21
Result
1. The amount of air required for complete
combustion of 1 kg of coke = 11.61 kg
Solution
The combustion equation of carbon is as follows.
C + O2 CO2
12 kg 32 kg
We know that
= 110.16 kg
Result
The amount of air required for the
combustion of 10 kg of coal = 110.16 kg
which is 95 % pure
= 2.544 kg of O2
But the amount of O2 already present in the fuel = 0.128 kg.
∴ Net amount O2 required = Total amount of O2 required -
O2 already present in the fuel.
= 2.544 – 0.128 kg of O2
= 2.416 kg of O2
We know that
Fuels and Combustion 4.83
= 13.65 kg of air.
Result
The volume of air required for the
complete combustion of 1kg of the = 13.65 kg.
fuel if 30 % excess air is used.
Review Questions: