1. CRIME is also a generic name that refers to offense, felony and delinquency or misdemeanor.

2. Offense – is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws ( a special law is a statute enacted by
Congress, penal in character, which is not an amendment to the Revised Penal Code) such as Republic Acts,
Presidential Decrees, Executive Orders, Memorandum Circulars, Ordinances and Rules and Regulations ( Reyes,
1960)
3. Felony – is an act or mission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code, the criminal law in the Philippines
(Reyes, 1960).
4. Delinquency/Misdemeanor – acts that are in violation of simple rules and regulations usually referring to acts
committed by minor offenders.
5. Acquisitive and Extinctive Crimes - Acquisitive Crime is one which when committed, the offender acquires
something as a consequence of his criminal act. The crime is extinctive when the result of criminal act is
destruction.
6. Seasonal and Situational Crimes - Seasonal crimes are those that are committed only at certain period of
the year while situational crimes are those that are committed only when given a situation conducive to its
commission.
7. Episodic and Instant Crimes - Episodic crimes are serial crimes; they are committed by series of act within a
lengthy space of time. Instant crimes are those that are committed the shortest possible time.
8. Static and Continuing Crimes - Static crimes are crimes that are committed only in one place. Continuing
crime are crimes that are committed in several places.
9. Rational and Irrational Crimes - Rational crimes are those committed with intent; offender is in full
possession of his mental faculties /capabilities while Irrational crimes are committed without intent; offender does
not know the nature of his act.
10. White Collar and Blue Collar Crimes - White Collar Crimes are those committed by a person of
responsibility and of upper socio-economic class in the course of their occupational activities. Blue Collar Crimes
are those committed by ordinary professionals to maintain their livelihood.
11. Upper World and Underworld Crimes - Upper World Crimes are those committed by individuals belonging
to the upper class of society. Under World Crime are committed by members of the lower or under privilege class
of society.
Crimes by Imitation and Crimes by Passion - Crimes by Imitation are crimes committed by merely
duplication of what was done by others. Crimes by Passion are crimes committed because of the
fit of great emotions.

12. Service Crimes - Service Crime refers to crimes committed through rendition of a service to satisfy desire of
another.
13. Ordinary Criminal is considered the lowest form of criminal in a criminal career. He doesn’t stick to crime as
a profession but rather pushed to commit crimes due to great opportunity.
14. Organized Criminal is one who associates himself with other criminals to earn a high degree of organization
to enable them to commit crimes easily without being detected by authorities. They commit organized crimes.
15. Professional Criminal is a person who is engaged in criminal activities with high degree of skill. He is
usually one who practices crime as a profession to maintain a living.
16. Active Criminals are those who commit crimes due to aggressiveness.
17. Passive Inadequate Criminals are those who commit crimes because they are pushed to it by reward or
promise.
18. Socialized Delinquents are criminals who are normal in behavior but defective in their socialization process
or development.
19. Anthropological Approach – the study on the physical characteristics of an individual offender with non-
offenders in the attempt to discover differences covering criminal behavior (Hooton).
20. Medical Approach - the application of medical examinations on the individual criminal explain the mental and
physical condition of the individual prior and after the commission of the crime (Positivist).
21. Biological Approach –the evaluation of genetic influences to criminal behavior. It is noted that heredity is
one force pushing the criminal to crime (Positivist).
22. Physiological Approach – the study on the nature of human being concerning his physical needs in order to
satisfy his ants. It explains that the deprivation of the physical body on the basic needs is an important determiner
of the commission if crime (Maslow).
23. Psychological Approach – it is concerned about the deprivation of the psychological needs of man, which
constitute the development of deviations of normal behavior resulting to unpleasant emotions (Freud, Maslow).
24. Psychiatric Approach – the explanation of crime through diagnosis of mental diseases as a cause of the
criminal behavior (Positivist).
25. Psychoanalytical Approach – the explanation of crimes based on the Freudian Theory, which traces
behavior as the deviation of the repression of the basic drives (Freud).
26. Geographic Approach – this approach considers topography, natural resources, geographical location, and
climate lead an individual to commit crime (Quetelet).
27. Ecological Approach – it is concerned with the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration, competition,
social discrimination, division of labor and social conflict as factors of crime (Park).
28. Economic Approach – it deals with the explanation of crime concerning financial security of inadequacy and
other necessities to support life as factors to criminality (Merton).
29. Socio – Cultural Approach – those that focus on institutions, economic, financial, education, political, and
religious influences to crime (Cohen).
30. Habitual Delinquent is a person who, with in a period of ten years from the date of his release or last
conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery, estafa, or falsification, is found guilty
of any of the said crimes or a third time oftener.
31. Recidivist is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final
judgment of another crime embraced in the same title of the Revised Penal Code.
32. Professional Criminals are those who practice crime as a profession for a living. Criminal activity is constant
in order to earn skill and develop ability in their commission.
33. Accidental Criminals are those who commit crimes when the situation is conducive to its commission.
34. Habitual Criminals are those who continue to commit crime because of deficiency of intelligence and lack of
self – control.

35. Acute Criminal is one who violates a criminal law because of the impulse or fit of passion. They commit
passionate crimes.
36. Chronic Criminal is one who commits crime acted in consonance of deliberated thinking. He plans the crime
ahead of time. They are the targeted offenders.
37. Sociological Criminology – the study of crime focused on the group of people and society as a whole. It is
primarily based on the examination of the relationship of demographic and group variables to crime. Variables
such as socioeconomic status, interpersonal relationships, age, race, gender, and cultural groups of people are
probed in relation to the environmental factors that are most conducive to criminal action, such as time, place, and
circumstances surrounding the crime.
38. Psychological Criminology – the science of behavior and mental processes of the criminal. It is focused on the
individual criminal behavior-how it is acquired, evoked, maintained, and modified. Both the environmental and
personality influences are considered, along with the mental processes that mediate the behavior.
39. Psychiatric Criminology – the science that deals with the study of crime through forensic psychiatry, the study
of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives that strongly relies on the individual. (Psychoanalytic Theory -
Sigmund Freud – traditional view). It also explains that criminals are acting out of uncontrollable animalistic,
unconscious, or biological urges (modern view).
40. Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as a social phenomenon (Tradio, 1999).
It may also refer to the study of crimes and criminals and the attempt of analyzing scientifically their causes and
control and the treatment of criminals.
41. The Professional Robber – robber who has long-term commitment to the crime of robbery as a major source of
livelihood.
42.The Opportunist – the commonly known as “bandits”, one who has little commitment to or specialization in
robbery and one who is all purpose property offender.
43. The Addict Robber – one who committed th e crime of robbery to support the drug habit. (Unplanned)
44. The Alcoholic Robber – like the addict robber who engages to robbery occasionally in order to support his
habit. (Unplanned)
45. The Muggers – they are the most feared robbers. They are semi-professional robbers who are sometimes
called “strong armed robbers” – the street robbers who commit everything from snatching to the brutalization of
the victim.
46. Family Violence - Family violence are violent crimes involving physical assault by a family member to
another family members
47. Child Abuse – an attack or assault of an adult against the defenseless or people who cannot defend
themselves, usually by a parent to a child.
48. Spouse Abuse – “husband vs wife battering”
49. Culturally Violent Offenders – those who live in cultures which violence is an acceptable problem mechanism.
50. Criminally Violent Offenders – those who use violence as a means to accomplish criminal acts.
51. Pathological Violent Offenders – those who commit violent crimes due to mental disturbances.
52. Situational Violent Offenders – those who commit acts of violence on rare occasions, often under
provocations. They are the criminals “by passion”.
53. Occasional Property Crimes - Occasional Property crimes are group of property crimes committed by
ordinary property criminals with little progressive knowledge on criminal techniques. Offenders injure or steal
property on an infrequent basis. They tend to commit crimes such as Auto theft of motor vehicle theft, Shoplifting
or good pilferage, Vandalism, Check Forgeries
54. Conventional Property Crimes - These are group of property crimes committed by professional criminals
on a persistent basis, which constitute form of career criminality. Conventional property crimes include:
55. Burglary (Robbery) – unlawful entry of forcible entry in order to commit a felony of theft.
56. The Fence – dealers of stolen properties, the act of “buy and sale of stolen properties”
Larceny (theft) – simple taking of properties with intent to gain and without the consent of the owner.
57. Destructive Property Crime – includes Arson – unlawful burning of property on another such as:
58. Profit-motivated Arson – illustrated by insurance fraud
59. Revenge Arson – burning of properties due to hatred or spell jealousy
60. Vandalism Arson – fire is employed as a means of expressing vindictive vandalism toward the property of a
group of people or an individual.
61. Excitement Arson – those set by “pyromaniacs”
62. Sabotage Arson – fires during civil disturbances.
63. Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) – the standard behavior, the totality accepted behavior
because they follow the standard norms of society. understanding criminal behavior includes the idea of knowing
what characterized a normal person from an abnormal one. A normal person is characterized by: Efficient
perception of reality, Self-knowledge, Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior, Self-esteem and
acceptance, Productivity, Ability to form affectionate relationship with others.
64. Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/ maladjusted behavior) - A group of behaviors that are deviant from social
expectations because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.
65. Overt or Covert Behavior - Behaviors that are outwardly manifested or those that are directly observable are
overt behaviors. On the other hand, covert behavior are behaviors that are hidden – not visible to the naked eye.
66. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior - Behavior is conscious when acts are with in the level of awareness. It is
unconscious when acts are embedded in one’s subconscious – unaware.
67. Simple or Complex Behavior - These are acts categorized according to the number of neurons involved in the
process of behaving. Simple behavior involves less number of neurons while complex behavior involved more
number of neurons, a combination of simple behaviors.
68. Rational or Irrational Behavior - There is rational behavior when a person acted with sanity or reason and there
is irrational behavior when the person acted with no apparent reason or explanation – as when a man loses his
sanity and laugh out loud at nobody or nothing in particular.
69. Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior - Voluntary behavior is an act done with full volition or will such as when we
discriminate, decide or choose while involuntary behaviors refers the bodily processes that foes on even when we
are awake or asleep like respiration, circulation and digestion.
70. Needs and Drives - Need, according to a drive reduction theory, is a biological requirement for well being of
the individual. This need creates drives – a psychological state of arousal that prompts someone to take action
(Bernstein, et al, 1991). Drive therefore is an aroused state that results from some biological needs. The aroused
condition motivates the person to remedy the need. For example, If you have had no water for some time, the
chemical balance of the body fluids is disturbed, creating a biological need for water. The psychological
consequence of this need is a drive – thirst – that motivates you to find and drink water. In other words, drives
push people to satisfy needs.
71. Motivation - Motivation on the other hand refers to the influences that govern the initiation, direction, intensity,
and persistence of behavior (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Thus motivation refers to the causes and “why’s” of behavior
as required by a need. Motivation is the hypothetical concept that stands for the underlying force impelling
behavior and giving it s direction (Kahayon, 1975). Drives are states of comfortable tension that spur activity until a
goal is reached. Drive and motivation are covered in the world of psychology, for they energize behavior and give
direction to man’s action. For example, a motivated individual is engaged in a more active, more vigorous, and
more effective that unmotivated one, thus a hungry person directs him to look for food.
72. Psychological Needs - are influenced primarily by the kind of society in which the individual is raised.
Psychological motives are those related to the individual happiness and well being, but not for he survival, unlike
the biological motives that focuses on basic needs – the primary motives
73. Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two desirable activities that cannot be pursued
simultaneously.
74. Double Avoidance Conflict – a person faces two undesirable situations in which the avoidance of one is the
exposure to the other resulting to an intense emotion.
75. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces situation having both a desirable and undesirable feature. It is
sometimes called “dilemma”, because some negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless
which course of action is chosen.
76. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice must be made between two or more
alternatives each has both positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the features of
each portion are often difficult to compare.
77. Stress is the process of adjusting to or dealing with circumstances that disrupts, or threatens to disrupt a
person’s physical or psychological functioning (Bernstein, et al, 1991)
78. Anxiety (Psychological Perspective) – stressful situations that when become extreme may result to
maladaptive behavior.
79. Faulty Learning (Behavior Perspective) – the failure to learn the necessary adaptive behavior due to wrongful
development. This usually result to delinquent behavior based on the failure to learn the necessary social values
and norms.
80. Blocked of Distorted Personal Growth (Humanistic Perspective) - presumably, human nature tends towards
cooperation and constructive activities, however, if we show aggression, cruelty or other violent behavior, the
result will be an unfavorable environment.
81. Unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship - self concept in early childhood by over critical parents or by rigid
socialization measures usually causes deviant behaviors among individuals because they are not contented and
even unhappy among individuals because they are not contented and even unhappy to the kind of social dealings
they are facing.
82. Pathological social conditions – poverty, social discrimination, and destructive violence always results to
deviant behavior.
83. Obsessive-compulsive disorders - Obsessions usually centered on fear that one will submit to an
uncontrollable impulse to do something wrong. Compulsion on the other hand resulted from repetitive acts (Wicks,
1974). An obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by the following: When an individual is compelled to
think about something that he do not want to think about or carry some actions against his will, and the experience
of persistent thoughts that we cannot seem to get out of our minds such as thoughts about haunting situations.
84. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) - An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic mental and physical fatigue
and various aches and pains. Symptoms include spending too much sleep to avoid fatigue but to no avail, even
feel worse upon awake, headaches, indigestion, back pains, and dizziness.
85. Phobic Disorders - These refer to the persistent fear on some objects or situation that present no actual
danger to the person. Examples of Phobia: Acrophobia - fear of high places
86. Somatoform Disorders - Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical problem but no
organic basis can be found. The individual is pre-occupied with his state of health or diseases.
87. Hypochondriasis - This refers to the excessive concern about state of health or physical condition (multiplicity
about illness)
88. Psychogenic Pain Disorder - It is characterized by the report of severe and lasting pain. Either no physical
basis is apparent reaction greatly in excess of what would be expected from the physical abnormality.
89. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) - It is a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some physical malfunction or
loss of control without any underlying organic abnormality.
89. Dissociative Disorders - A response to obvious stress characterized by amnesia, multiple personality, and
depersonalization.
90. Amnesia - The partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences following a traumatic incident. Brain
pathology amnesia – total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved by simple means. It requires long period of
medication. Psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information and still they are beneath the level of
consciousness but “forgotten material.”
91. Multiple Personality - It is also called “dual personalities.” The reason manifests two or more symptoms of
personality usually dramatically different.
92. Depersonalization - The loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body experience. There is a feeling of
detachment from one’s mental processes or body or being in a dream state. Cases of somnambulism (sleep
walking) may fall under this disorder.
93. Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders) - often referred to as affective disorders however the critical pathology in
these disorders is one of mood which is the internal state of a person, and not of affect, the external expression of
emotional content (Manual of Mental Disorder).
94. Depressive Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder) – Patients with depressed mood have a loss of energy and
interest, feeling of guilt, difficulty in concentrating, loss of appetite, and thoughts of death or suicide, they are not
affected with manic episodes.
95. Dysthymic Disorder – a mild form of major depressive disorder
96. Bipolar Disorders - those experienced by patients with both manic and depressive episodes.
97. Cyclothymic Disorder – a less severe form of bipolar disorder
98. PSYCHOPATHIC PATTERNS - group of abnormal behaviors, which typically stemmed from immature and
distorted personality development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking. They are
generally called “personality or character disorders”. These groups of disorders are composed of the following:
99. Personality Disorders - The disorders of character, the person is characterized as a “problematic” without
psychoses. This disorder is characterized disrupted personal relationship, dependent or passive aggressive
behavior.
100. ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS - Psychoactive substance-use disorders such as alcoholism affects
millions of people. Addiction and psychological dependence on these substances create disastrous personal and
social problems (Bernstein, 1991).