FINAL YEAR SEMINAR REPORT

BATCH 2015-19

A STUDY ON

3D PRINTING: A REVOLUTIONARY
TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

RUSHIL GUPTA-11510663 Dr. VIKAS KUMAR
VIMAL KUMAR-11510672
(Astt. Professor,
MANISH YADAV-11510675
Mechanical Engg. Deptt,.

NIT Kurukshetra)

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this seminar reported entitled “3D Printing-A Revolutionary
Technology” which is being submitted to NIT Kurukshetra is the partial fulfilment of
the Seminar Viva process (7th Semester). This is a bonafide report of the work
carried out by us on the said seminar in the 7th Semester of our 4 year B.Tech.
course. The content contained by this report is also submitted to our seminar Mentor
Dr. Vikas Kumar.

- Seminar Team (3D Printing)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express our deepest sense of gratitude and sincere
thanks to our highly respected Director Sir Padma Shri Dr. Satish Kumar for his
encouragement and support and also the oppurtunities he gave us to excel in this
institute.

We also wish to express our indebtness to Dr. Dinesh Khanduja (Head of

Department, Mechanical Engineering, NIT Kurukshetra) for his kind hearted support
and guidance which helped us take up this project.

We also wish to express our gratitude to our mentor Dr. Vikas Kumar (Astt.
Professor, Mechanical Engg. Deptt.) for his valuable guidance and support without
which this project report would have been impossible.

At last, the direct and indirect support we team members got from each other and
also the motivation we got from different sources is highly acknowledged.

- Seminar Team (3D Printing)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No. Content Page No.
1 Declaration 2
2 Acknowledgement 3
3 Abstract 5
4 Introduction 6
5 Terminology 7-12
6 The History of 3D Printing 13-17
7 Principles Involved In 3D Printing 17-28
8 Applications And Impact Of 3D Printing On Different Domains 29-40
9 Legal Aspects Associated with 3D Printing 41-45
10 Research Papers Review 46-53

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 Abstract

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies have been emerged as a fabrication

method to obtain engineering components within a short span of time. Desktop 3D
printing, also referred as additive layer manufacturing technology is one of the
powerful method of rapid prototyping (RP) technique that fabricates three
dimensional engineering components. Additive manufacturing (AM) known as 3D
printing has been applied for applications in different fields such as aerospace,
automotive, biomedical, and energy industries. Currently, with the rapid growth of
this technology, there are a large number of 3D printing methods in the market. Each
method has its own advantages, applications, and limitations. Materials used for
printing also are classified into groups such as polymers, metals, ceramics, and
cermets. Along with research on new materials, new printing technologies, 3D
printers are more widely applied. For education field in universities, rapid prototyping
from 3D printing enables to build 3D models for graphic design and rapid prototyping
courses.

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 INTRODUCTION

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid

objects from a digital file.

The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an

additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material
until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced
horizontal cross-section of the eventual object. 3D printing enables you to produce
complex (functional) shapes using less material than traditional manufacturing
methods.

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 TERMINOLOGY

The umbrella term additive manufacturing (AM) gained wide currency in the 2000s,
inspired by the theme of material being added together (in any of various ways). In
contrast, the term subtractive manufacturing appeared as a retronym for the large
family of machining processes with material removal as their common theme. The
term 3D printing still referred only to the polymer technologies in most minds, and the
term AM was likelier to be used in metalworking and end use part production
contexts than among polymer, inkjet, or stereo lithography enthusiasts.

By the early 2010s, the terms 3D printing and additive manufacturing evolved senses
in which they were alternate umbrella terms for additive technologies, one being
used in popular vernacular by consumer-maker communities and the media, and the
other used more formally by industrial end-use part producers, machine
manufacturers, and global technical standards organizations. Until recently, the term
3D printing has been associated with machines low-end in price or in capability. Both
terms reflect that the technologies share the theme of material addition or joining
throughout a 3D work envelope under automated control. Peter Zelinski, the editor-
in-chief of Additive Manufacturing magazine, pointed out in 2017 that the terms are
still often synonymous in casual usage but that some manufacturing industry experts
are increasingly making a sense distinction whereby Additive Manufacturing
comprises 3D printing plus other technologies or other aspects of a manufacturing
process.

Other terms that have been used as synonyms or hypernyms have included desktop
manufacturing, rapid manufacturing (as the logical production-level successor to
rapid prototyping), and on-demand manufacturing (which echoes on-demand printing
in the 2D sense of printing). That such application of the adjectives rapid and on-
demand to the noun manufacturing was novel in the 2000s reveals the prevailing
mental model of the long industrial era in which almost all production manufacturing
involved long lead times for laborious tooling development. Today, the term
subtractive has not replaced the term machining, instead complementing it when a
term that covers any removal method is needed. Agile tooling is the use of modular
means to design tooling that is produced by additive manufacturing or 3D printing
methods to enable quick prototyping and responses to tooling and fixture needs.
Agile tooling uses a cost effective and high quality method to quickly respond to
customer and market needs, and it can be used in hydro-forming, stamping, injection
moulding and other manufacturing processes.

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 13 MOST IMPORTANT 3D PRINTING TERMS

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, otherwise known as ABS, is a thermoplastic
commonly used as the build material or ‘filament’ in fused deposition modelling 3D
printers. It’s fairly strong, but it’s also a bit tricky to work with (and gives off nasty
odors when melted)

Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing is the process of building up a three-dimensional object, one
thin layer at a time. 3D printing is only one category of additive manufacturing,
though the two terms are frequently considered to mean the same thing.

Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Computer aided design, or CAD, is software that enables users to create models in
either two or three dimensional formats. While CAD was initially developed for use in
the architecture and manufacturing industries, consumer friendly applications are
now readily available for little or no cost.

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Filament
Filament is the base material that’s used to 3D print objects via fused deposition
modelling. Filament is usually a thermoplastic — such as ABS or PLA — that’s fed to
a print head as a solid, then heated to melting point for extrusion through a small
nozzle. Filament is commonly available in spools of either 1.75mm and 3 mm
diameter widths.

Functional Prototype
A functional prototype is a near-final model or representation of a product, created
during the design process to evaluate the form, fit and function of an object and its
constituent parts. Functional prototypes don’t necessarily have to be built from the
same material as the final model (though it might help).

For example, a platform jack may be 3D printed in plastic to test for fit and
movement, before final production in metal.

G-code
G-code is the language used to instruct your 3D printer to perform operations. In
common usage this is almost exclusively generated by software, and is not written
by hand. G-codes control specific actions like motion, speed, rotation, depth, and
other related switches and sensors used in the operation of a machine.

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Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
Fused deposition modelling, otherwise known as FDM, is a 3D printing process that
extrudes heated thermoplastic material through a computer- controlled print-head
nozzle to build parts up layers. FDM is actually a term that’s been trademarked by
Stratasys. This led to the RepRap open-source community to coin the term “fused
filament fabrication” (FFF) for a more generalized and legal way to describe the
process.

Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Polylactic Acid, otherwise known as PLA, is a biodegradable plastic that’s used as
the build material or ‘filament’ in fused deposition modelling 3D printers. This
material is easier to work with than ABS, and the smell is not so unpleasant, but the
trade-off is that PLA is structurally more brittle

Rapid Prototyping
Rapid prototyping is a group of technologies used to quickly fabricate a scale model
of a physical part or component using three-dimensional computer aided design
(CAD) data. Construction of the part or component is usually done via 3D printing or

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additive manufacturing technology. More recently, the term ‘real-time prototyping’
has become popular, but essentially it means the same thing.

RepRap
RepRap is shorthand for “replicating rapid prototypers”, machines which are open-
source 3D printers utilizing the fused filament fabrication process. One of the
defining characteristics of a RepRap machine is that it should be capable of printing
out its own parts (but not necessarily all of them).

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

Selective Laser Sintering, or SLS for short, is a technology commonly employed by
3D printing services for metallic objects. SLS is a powder bed fusion 3D printing
technique that uses a laser to selectively fuse — or sinter — together the granules of
successive layers of powder.

Slicer
As we’ve established, additive manufacturing works by building an object layer by
layer. A slicer is the software package used to divide a 3D model into flat layers,
which are then printed one at a time. The output of a slicer is G- code that controls
the path, speed, and temperature of the printer. Slicer software packages are
available in both open-source and proprietary programmes, and they’re an essential
tool for successful 3D printing.

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Stereolithographic Apparatus (SLA)
Stereo lithography is a 3D printing technology that works via a process called vat
photo polymerization. Objects are built in layers using a Stereolithographic
Apparatus, or SLA for short. This works using a laser beam to trace out and solidify
each successive layer of an object on the surface (or base) of a vat of liquid
photopolymer.

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THE HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING: 3D PRINTING
TECHNOLOGIES FROM THE 80S TO TODAY
In 2009 when the FDM patents expired, 3D printing became such a hot topic that it
was easy to believe it was a brand new innovation. And because it gained such a
wide media coverage, people often imagined that FDM was the only additive
manufacturing technique. In reality, the first 3D printing technique was SLA, not
FDM, and its first patent was filed as early as the 1980s. Here is a quick timeline of
the history of 3D printing, from the 1980s to today, from the first machines to the
great hopes and many applications that are now flourishing.

The 1980s: Birth of the 3 main 3D Printing Techniques

The first 3D printing attempts are granted to Dr Kodama for his development of a
rapid prototyping technique in 1980. He was the first to describe a layer by layer
approach for manufacturing, creating an ancestor for SLA: a photosensitive resin
was polymerised by an UV light.. Unfortunately, he did not file the patent requirement
before the deadline.

Four years later, a French team of engineers was interested by the stereolithography
but abandoned due to a lack of business perspective.

In the same time, Charles Hull was also interested in the technology and deposited a
first patent for stereolithography (SLA) in 1986.

He founded the 3D Systems Corporation and a year later, released the SLA-1.

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In 1988, at the University of Texas, Carl Deckard brought a patent for the SLS
technology, another 3D printing technique in which powder grains are fused together
locally by a laser.

In the meantime, Scott Crump, a co-founder of Stratasys Inc. filed a patent for Fused
Deposition Modelling (FDM): the third of the main 3D printing technologies, in which

Over less than ten years, the three main technologies of 3D printing were patented
and 3D printing was born!

Recap:

1980: first patent by japanese Dr Kodama Rapid prototyping

1984: Stereolithography by french then abandoned

1986: Stereolithography taken up by Charles Hull

1987: First SLA-1 machine

1988: first SLS machine by DTM Inc then buy by 3D system.

The 1990s: Emergence of the Main 3D Printers Manufacturers &

CAD tools
In Europe, EOS GmbH was founded and created the first EOS “Stereos” system for
industrial prototyping and production applications of 3D printing. Its industrial quality
is today recognized worldwide in SLS technology for plastics and metals.

In 1992, the Fused Deposition Modeling patent was issued to Stratasys, who that
developed many 3D printers for both professional and individuals.

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From 1993 to 1999, the main actors of the 3D printing sector emerged with various
techniques:

 ZCorp and binder jetting: Based on MIT’s inkjet printing technology, they
created the Z402, which produced models using starch- and plaster‐based
powder materials and a water‐based liquid binder

 Arcam MCP technology and Selective Laser Melting.

At the same time, CAD tools for 3D printing became more and more available and
developed, with for example the creation of Sanders Prototype (now known as
Solidscape), one of the first actors to develop specific tools for additive
manufacturing.

The 1990s were also the decade of the first application of 3D printing by medical
researchers, who started to combine medicine and 3D printing, opening the path to
many uses.

Recap:

1990: First EOS Stereos system

1992: FDM patent to Stratasys

1993: Solidscape was founded

1995: Z Corporation obtained an exclusive license from the MIT

1999: Engineered organs bring new advances to medicine

The 2000s: 3D Printing Gains Media Visibility

In 2000, the millennium saw the first 3D printed working kidney. We will have to wait
13 more years to see it transplanted into a patient. 3D printed kidneys are now
perfectly working and researchers are experimenting on accelerated growth to
transplant organs very rapidly.

2004 was the year of the initiating of the RepRap Project which consists in a self-
replicating 3D printer. This open source project led to the spreading of the FDM 3D
desktop 3D printers, and of the popularity of the technology in the makers
community.

In 2005, ZCorp launched the Spectrum Z510, the very first high-definition color 3D
printer.

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In 2008, 3D printing reached an even greater media presence thanks to another
medical application: the first 3D printed prosthetic limb. It incorporated all parts of a
biological limb, was printed ‘as is’, without the need for any later assembly.
Nowadays, combined with 3D scanning, medical prosthesis and orthosis are more
and more cheaper and extremely fast to obtain.

2009 was the year in which the FDM patents fell into the public domain, opening the
way to a wide wave of innovation in FDM 3D printers, a drop of the desktop 3D
printers price, and consequently, since the technology was more accessible, an
increased visibility.

Recap:

2000: a 3D printed working kidney is created

2000: MCP Technologies (an established vacuum casting OEM) introduced the SLM
technology

2005: Z Corp. launched Spectrum Z510. It was the first high-definition color 3D
Printer on the market.

2006: An open source project is initiated (Reprap)

2008: The first 3D printed prosthetic leg

2009: FDM patents in the public domain

The 2010s: Years of Visibility, Innovation and Hopes for 3D Printing

The recent years have been very important for 3D Printing. With the FDM patent
expiration, the first years of the decade have become the years of 3D printing. The
desktop technology invaded the market and made the industrial sector rethink about
additive manufacturing as a reliable production technique. The revolution additive
manufacturing could bring in common consumption was written about extensively,
and even though this total shift of consumption habits hasn’t happened yet, 3D
printing is getting into common imaginations and practices. In 2013, President
Barack Obama mentioned 3D printing as a major issue for the future in his State of
the Union speech, which finished to make “3D printing” an absolute buzzword.

It is now very present in the general public’s mind, and in policy makers’ decisions.
The technology is forever progressing, just as are the uses of this technology. More
and more small and big companies take advantage of the low prototyping price that
3D printing offers, and have fully integrated it in their iteration, innovation and
production processes.

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In 2010, Urbee was the first 3D printed prototype car. Its body was fully 3D printed
using a very large 3D printer. Now, the 3D printed car is much more a dream than a
reality but in the manufacturing process, many actors are considering it as a good
alternative to traditional methods.

In 2011, Cornell University began to build a 3D food printer. At first sight, it could
seem slightly trivial, but NASA is now researching how astronauts could 3D print
food for in space.

In 2014, NASA brought a 3D printer in space to make the first 3D printed object off of
the earth.

Many medical 3D printing advances: tissues, organs and low-cost prosthesis.

New 3D printers are being issued regularly, they are more efficient, they print faster,
they give access to new 3D printing materials, A good example is the Carbon 3D
CLIP technology, which we offer as a service on our platform since March 2016, and
which 3D prints strong mechanical resins at an unequaled speed.

New 3D printing materials are being explored every day, from Daniel Kelly’s lab
who’s 3D printing bone to the French startup XtreeE, who’s 3D printing concrete to
revolutionize the construction industry!

At the same time, efforts are constantly made to make 3D printing more accessible,
through education (see our ebook on how to Graduate in 3D printing), shared spaces
like fablabs and makerspaces, and of course 3D printing services like ours. We’re
constantly adding new materials to our catalogue, new repair and optimisation tools
to make sure you 3D print exactly what you had in mind, and new ebooks and
tutorials so you master the technology from design to finish

Recap:

2010: Urbee is the first 3D printed prototype car presented

2011: Cornell University began to build 3D food printer.

2012: The first prosthetic jaw is printed and implanted

2013: “3D printing” in Obama’s State of the Union speech

2015: Carbon 3D issues their revolutionary ultra-fast CLIP 3D printing machine

2016: Daniel Kelly’s lab announces being able to 3D print bone

3D printing hasn’t reached its limits and many projects and amazing stories
are waiting to be written.
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 PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN 3D PRINTING

 Modeling :

The first stage involved in 3D printing is additive manufacturing,

wherein computer-aided design (CAD) takes virtual blueprints or
animation modeling software. They are then cut into digital cross-
sections, which the machine will use as their guide for printing. The
type of machine being used here will determine the material, or binding
material, which will be deposited on the build bed or platform. This will
be done until the material, or binder layering, is accomplished. The
modeling stage ends once the final 3D model has been "printed."

 Printing :

Here, the machine scans the design and adds layers upon layers of
liquid, melted plastic, dry powder, or sheet material. This is done
by building the model from a series of cross sections. They are then
fused to reveal the final shape of the image. What’s great with this
technique is that it has the ability to create almost any shape or
geometric feature - from 'bottom to the top'.

The thickness and XY resolution is described by printer resolution dots

per inch. This is also called, 'micrometer'. An average layer thickness
would be around 100 micrometers or 0.1 mm. Other machines, on the
other hand, like the Objet Connex series and 3D Systems' ProJet
series has the capacity to print even the thinnest layers, around 16
micrometers.

 Finishing :

While the printer-produced resolution is workable for various types of

applications, printing an enlarged version of the item in standard
resolution, and then eliminating the material with a higher-resolution
subtractive process, is only possible when you opt for higher-
resolution.

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 Types of 3D Printing Technologies and Processes
There are several ways to 3D print. All these technologies are additive, differing
mainly in the way layers are build to create an object.

Some methods use melting or softening material to extrude layers. Others cure a
photo-reactive resin with a UV laser (or another similar light source) layer by layer.

To be more precise: since 2010, the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) group “ASTM F42 – Additive Manufacturing”, developed a set of standards
that classify the Additive Manufacturing processes into 7 categories according to
Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies. These seven
processes are:

1. Vat Photopolymerisation
1. Stereolithography (SLA)
2. Digital Light Processing (DLP)
3. Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP)
2. Material Jetting
3. Binder Jetting
4. Material Extrusion
1. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
2. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)
5. Powder Bed Fusion
1. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
2. Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
6. Sheet Lamination
7. Directed Energy Deposition

Below you’ll find a short explanation of all of seven processes for 3D printing:

Vat Photopolymerisation :

A 3D printer based on the Vat Photopolymerisation method has a container filled

with photopolymer resin which is then hardened with a UV light source.

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Stereolithography (SLA) :

The most commonly used technology in this processes is Stereolithography (SLA).

This technology employs a vat of liquid ultraviolet curable photopolymer resin and an
ultraviolet laser to build the object’s layers one at a time. For each layer, the laser
beam traces a cross-section of the part pattern on the surface of the liquid resin.
Exposure to the ultraviolet laser light cures and solidifies the pattern traced on the
resin and joins it to the layer below.

After the pattern has been traced, the SLA’s elevator platform descends by a
distance equal to the thickness of a single layer, typically 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm
(0.002″ to 0.006″). Then, a resin-filled blade sweeps across the cross section of the
part, re-coating it with fresh material. On this new liquid surface, the subsequent
layer pattern is traced, joining the previous layer. The complete three dimensional
object is formed by this project. Stereolithography requires the use of supporting
structures which serve to attach the part to the elevator platform and to hold the
object because it floats in the basin filled with liquid resin. These are removed
manually after the object is finished.

This technique was invented in 1986 by Charles Hull, who also at the time founded
the company, 3D Systems.

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Digital Light Processing (DLP) :

DLP or Digital Light Processing refers to a method of printing that makes use of light
and photosensitive polymers. While it is very similar to stereolithography, the key
difference is the light-source. DLP utilises traditional light-sources like arc lamps.

In most forms of DLP, each layer of the desired structure is projected onto a vat of
liquid resin that is then solidified layer by layer as the buildplate moves up or down.
As the process does each layer successively, it is quicker than most forms of 3D
printing.

The Envision Tec Ultra, MiiCraft High Resolution 3D printer, and Lunavast XG2 are
examples of DLP printers.

Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) :

The newest and fastest process using Vat Photopolymerisation is called CLIP, short
for Continuous Liquid Interface Production, invented by a company called Carbon.
Carbon has launched two 3D printers:

1. Carbon M1 3D Printer
2. Carbon M2 3D Printer

The heart of the CLIP process is Digital Light Synthesis technology. In this
technology, light from a custom high performance LED light engine projects a
sequence of UV images exposing a cross section of the 3D printed part causing the
UV curable resin to partially cure in a precisely controlled way. Oxygen passed
through the oxygen permeable window creating a thin liquid interface of uncured
resin between the window and the printed part known as the dead zone. The dead
zone is as thin as ten of microns. Inside the dead zone, oxygen prohibits light from
curing the resin situated closest to the window therefore allowing the continuous flow
of liquid beneath the printed part. Just above the dead zone the UV projected light
upwards causes a cascade like curing of the part.

Simply printing with Carbon’s hardware alone does not allow for end use properties
with real world applications. Once the light has shaped the part, a second
programmable curing process achieves the desired mechanical properties by baking
the 3d printed part in a thermal bath or oven. Programmed thermal curing sets the
mechanical properties by triggering a secondary chemical reaction causing the
material to strengthen achieving the desired final properties.

Parts printed with Digital Light Synthesis™ are much more like injection-molded
parts. Digital Light Synthesis™ produces consistent and predictable mechanical
properties, creating parts that are solid on the inside.

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Material Jetting :

In this process, material is applied in droplets through a small diameter nozzle,

similar to the way a common inkjet paper printer works, but it is applied layer-by-
layer to a build platform making a 3D object and then hardened by UV light.

Binder Jetting :

With binder jetting two materials are used: powder base material and a liquid binder.
In the build chamber, powder is spread in equal layers and binder is applied through
jet nozzles that “glue” the powder particles in the shape of a programmed 3D object.
The finished object is “glued together” by binder remains in the container with the
powder base material. After the print is finished, the remaining powder is cleaned off
and used for 3D printing the next object. This technology was first developed at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993 and in 1995 Z Corporation obtained
an exclusive license.

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Material Extrusion :

The most commonly used technology in this process is Fused Deposition Modeling
(FDM).

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) :

Fused deposition modelling (FDM), a method of rapid prototyping.

The FDM technology works using a plastic filament or metal wire which is unwound
from a coil and supplying material to an extrusion nozzle which can turn the flow on
and off. The nozzle is heated to melt the material and can be moved in both
horizontal and vertical directions by a numerically controlled mechanism, directly
controlled by a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software package. The object
is produced by extruding melted material to form layers as the material hardens
immediately after extrusion from the nozzle. This technology is most widely used
with two plastic filament material types: ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
and PLA (Polylactic acid). Though many other materials are available ranging in
properties from wood fill to flexible and even conductive materials.

FDM was invented by Scott Crump in the late 80’s. After patenting this technology he
started the company Stratasys in 1988. The term Fused Deposition Modeling and its
abbreviation to FDM are trademarked by Stratasys Inc.

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Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) :

The exactly equivalent term, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), was coined by the
members of the RepRap project to give a phrase that would be legally unconstrained
in its use.

There are many different FFF 3D Printer configurations. The most popular
arrangements are:

 Cartesian-XY-Head
 Cartesian-XZ-Head
 Delta
 Core XY

Powder Bed Fusion :

The most commonly used technology in this processes is Selective Laser Sintering
(SLS).

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) :

SLS uses a high power laser to fuse small particles of plastic, ceramic or glass
powders into a mass that has the desired three dimensional shape. The laser
selectively fuses the powdered material by scanning the cross-sections (or layers)
generated by the 3D modeling program on the surface of a powder bed. After each
cross-section is scanned, the powder bed is lowered by one layer thickness. Then a
new layer of material is applied on top and the process is repeated until the object is
completed.

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Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) :

DMLS is basically the same as SLS, but uses metal instead of plastic, ceramic or
glass.

All untouched powder remains as it is and becomes a support structure for the
object. Therefore there is no need for any support structure which is an advantage
over SLS and SLA. All unused powder can be used for the next print. SLS was
developed and patented by Dr. Carl Deckard at the University of Texas in the mid-
1980s, under sponsorship of DARPA.

Sheet Lamination :

Sheet lamination involves material in sheets which is bound together with external
force. Sheets can be metal, paper or a form of polymer. Metal sheets are welded
together by ultrasonic welding in layers and then CNC milled into a proper shape.
Paper sheets can be used also, but they are glued by adhesive glue and cut in
shape by precise blades. A leading company in this field is Mcor Technologies.

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Directed Energy Deposition :
This process is mostly used in the high-tech metal industry and in rapid
manufacturing applications. The 3D printing apparatus is usually attached to a multi-
axis robotic arm and consists of a nozzle that deposits metal powder or wire on a
surface and an energy source (laser, electron beam or plasma arc) that melts it,
forming a solid object.

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 3D Printing Technologies Comparison

Additive Plastic Metal

Technology Manufacturing Advantages Disadvantages based or Resin Multicolour
Process material Brass

Poorer surface
finish and
Strong Parts
Fused Deposition Material slower
Easy to print Yes
Modelling Extrusion Requires
yourself
support
structures

No support
Precision limited
required
to powder
Selective Laser Powder Bed High Heat and
particle size Yes
Sintering Fusion Chemical
Rough surface
Resistant
finish
High speed

High-density
Direct Metal Laser Powder Bed Finishing step is
components Yes
Sintering Fusion a mandatory
Intricateness

Needs finishing
Good printing
Electron Beam Powder Bed Caution required
speed Yes
Melting Fusion when dealing
Less distortion
with X-Ray

Post-finishing
Complex
required
Photopoly- Geometries
Stereolithography Requires Yes
merisation Detailed parts
Support
Smooth Finish
structures

Concurrent
Thickness
production
Digital Light Photopoly- limitation
Complex shapes Yes
Processing merisation Limited range of
and sizes
materials
High precision

Thickness
Concurrent limitation
Continuous Liquid production Large choice of
Photopoly-
Interface Complex shapes resins Yes
merisation
Production and sizes simulating
High precision different
properties

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 Good precision
Good surface
finish
Use of multiple Slow Build
Multijet et Polyjet Material Jetting Yes Yes
materials and Process
colours
No removal of
support material

Lower Price
Limited choice
Enables colour
Binder Jetting Jetting of materials Yes
printing
Fragile parts
High speed

Lower Price
Less accurate
Selective No toxic
Sheet Non-
Deposition materials Yes
Lamination Homogenous
Lamination Quick to make
parts
large parts

Materials

Six types of materials can be used in additive manufacturing: polymers, metals,

concrete, ceramics, paper and certain edibles (e.g. chocolate). Materials are often
produced in wire feedstock (filament), powder form or liquid resin. All seven
previously described 3D printing techniques, cover the use of these materials,
although polymers are most commonly used and some additive techniques lend
themselves towards the use of certain materials over others.

28
APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT OF 3D PRINTING ON
DIFFERENT DOMAINS

Due to it being an additive, easily customisable and rapid method of manufacturing,

3D printing has had a lot of impact on various sectors ever since being commercially
available.

Following are some positive impacts of this technology –

1)On-demand inventory – Due to much faster production speeds achieved by

3D printing, on demand inventory works very well with most industries.

On-Demand inventory is an inventory model in which products are manufactured as

per orders, i.e, an inventory is not maintained.

This is difficult to achieve for companies that don’t have the requisite equipment and
expertise in-house, but is very rewarding for those who do due to much lower
inventory costs.

29
2)Lower production cost- Compared to subtractive production methods such
as traditional machining, milling etc, 3D printing uses much less material. This results
in much lesser material cost, resulting in reduced cost. 3D printers also require
lesser number of operators, further reducing costs.

3)Easy Customisation- Due to the completely digital nature of 3D printing, parts

are much easier to customise according to various clients. This helps in client
building and satisfaction.

4)Safety- Other than designing, there is no other task that has to be done manually
in case of 3D printing, as a result of which it is much safer than traditional methods of
manufacturing.

Benefits of 3D Printing for Architects

Many leading scale model makers as well architectural firms have already reaped
the benefits of 3D printing in architecture. 3D printed architectural scale models
effectively convey the final appearance of design making design tangible leaving a
lasting visual impression.

3D printing for architects offers the following advantages.

Saves Time and Money: One of the major benefits of 3D printing for architects is
time-saving and cost-effectiveness. Unlike the traditional ways, 3D printed
architectural scale models can be developed in matter of hours. Conventional
methods require many days, many man-hours and skilled craftsmen, thus adding to
the cost.

Seamless Integration: Most architectural firms already have in-house design teams
using CAD applications. 3D printer can easily communicate with these applications

30
to render scale models accurately, without introducing human-errors, thereby
integrating seamlessly in the design process.

Added Design Possibilities: 3D printers allow architects to design freely without

worrying about human-errors being introduced in the final output. 3d printed
architectural scale models are immaculately accurate. This freedom empowers
architects to push the boundaries of design while having the possibility of rendering
multiple-copies faster than ever.

Better Perspective: No amount of drawings, blueprints, or digital 3D models can

emulate the “real-life” perspective offered by 3D printed architectural scale models.
Architects can identify, test and assess the scale-model for design flaws taking
correctional measures before construction. These visually appealing scale models
can also be leveraged in promotions and presentations to clients.

31
3D Printing in Automotive - Empowering tomorrow’s Transportation

Since the early days, 3D printing in automotive manufacturing has witnessed

unprecedented industry adoption. With the emerging economical and environmental
concerns, there is a pressing need to rethink the way automobiles are designed and
manufactured.

The automotive industry ought to adapt to this shift in paradigm quickly. This is
where 3D printing in automotive design swiftly steps up. 3D printers not only help the
aesthetic design of vehicles but it also has the prowess to deliver working prototype
in record turnaround time. 3D printing in automotive design fosters innovation,
creativity and limitless possibilities; empowering tomorrow’s transportation
landscape.

Benefits of 3D Printing in Automotive Design

Leading global companies have recently begun to realise the commercial benefits of
3D printers in automotive manufacturing beyond prototyping. 3D printing has
significantly transformed the way automobiles are designed, developed, and
manufactured. 3D printers in automotive manufacturing and design can offer global
automobile manufacturers the following benefits.

Rapid Prototyping: One of the major benefits of 3D printers in automotive design is

the empowerment of rapid prototyping in the pre-manufacturing stage. Companies
have the possibility of developing everything ranging from scale-models right down
to individual component, faster than ever. Prototyping in-house allows businesses to
control any Intellectual Property (IP) infringements and information leaks.

Lower Turnaround Time: Time saved in the prototyping stages drastically reduces
turnaround time across all subsequent stages of manufacturing. This adds great
business value in terms of lower costs and added agility.

Low Consumption and Wastage: 3D printing in automotive design drives lower

consumption and wastage unlike the traditional approaches of vehicle design.
Learnings from this can be effectively leveraged in reducing consumption and
wastage of materials in all subsequent manufacturing stages.

Lower Costs: Time and resources saved in the various stages of production
reduces overall cost of production. Lowering costs at every level allows companies
to transfer some of the cost-reduction benefits to the end-user.

Added Flexibility: 3D printers in automotive design empowers companies to try

multiple options and iterations right in the development stages, leading to optimum
and efficient automobile design. Manufacturers have the agility to make design
changes on-the-fly helping them stay in-tune with market requirements and ahead of
competition.

32
33
3D Printing in Education - Empowering tomorrow's Creators

Education holds the key to unlocking the true potential of human ingenuity.
Education should be multi-dimensional, giving equal importance to theoretical as well
as a hands-on, practical approach. Integrating 3D printing in education exposes
eager learners and future creators to stay adept with tomorrow’s cutting-edge
technology.

Educators of today need to foresee and understand the true potential of 3D printing
in education. Today’s classrooms should be places of practical application and
hands-on discovery. Due to its versatile nature, 3D printers can be a facilitator of
imparting real world application and knowledge in domains of mechanical
engineering, math, science, and architecture to name a few.

Benefits of 3D Printing in Education

Numerous progressive schools, universities, and educational institutions across

various disciplines have already integrated 3D printing technology into their
classrooms and curriculums. 3D printing fuels limitless creativity and collaboration
empowering pupils to envision, hold and test their ideas in real spaces. Here are
some additional benefits of 3D printing in education.

Practical Hands-On Approach: 3D printing in academics helps transform students

being passive consumers to active creators. Current system relies heavily on
theoretical learning and very little on real-world deployment of knowledge. Having
access to 3D printing technology at grass root level allows more students to adopt a
practical hand-on approach.

Engagement and Interactivity: Educators have already witnessed the

transformative effect introducing computers that have had in classrooms. 3D printing
in education has the same transformative prowess. Introducing new technologies in
the curriculum stimulates engagement and interactivity, even for the students who
are coping with theoretical aspects of education.

Promotes Problem Solving Skills: 3D printing in education exposes students to a

variety of learning experiences. Observations by leading educators have suggested
that using 3D printers promotes development of problem solving skills and skills of
persistence and prowess to overcome challenges.

Sparks Creativity and Innovation: Imparting new ideas and methodologies is

easier done in the formative years of children. Empowered students in classrooms
and education environments are equipped to solve tomorrow’s challenges with
creativity and innovation. Schools, universities and other educational institutions
ought to introduce a curriculum based around 3D printing.

34
3D Printed Pattern Casting - Shaping the way forward

Most industrial manufacturers are aware of the tedious and time-consuming nature
of pattern casting in the production cycle. Apart from this, pattern casting is labour-
intensive and subject to higher tolerance variations. New-age 3D printed pattern
casting can help solve these production challenges. Sand casting patterns can be
3D printed easily with PolyJet or FDM Technology.

3D printed pattern casting can be used in foundries or in-house, depending on your

production requirement. 3D printing also offers savings in labour, cost, and time,
faster product development and can act as a tool for low-volume production.

Benefits of 3D Printed Pattern Casting

Leading manufacturers and foundries have already harnessed the benefits of 3D

printed pattern casting. By simplifying the tooling and cast making process, 3D
printing systems are gradually moving from prototyping to low-volume production
roles. 3D printed pattern casting can offer the following benefits.

Time and Cost Efficiency: As tooling costs are eliminated, 3D printing becomes an
economical alternative to conventional pattern casting processes. Time saved in this
stage empowers faster production-cycles and increases overall efficiency.

Lower Turnaround Time: Time saved in the tooling and casting stages drastically
halve the turnaround time across all the subsequent stages of manufacturing. This
adds a great business value in terms of lower costs and added agility.

Increased Accuracy: The output quality of the 3D printed pattern casting is highly-
accurate with the lowest tolerance variations. In a production scenario, there is
reduced wastage and minimized post-processing work for unfinished cast parts.

35
Added Agility: 3D printed pattern casting empowers multiple pattern casting
options. This allows manufactures to stay agile, make changes faster and lead the
way to optimum and efficient design. 3D printers can also double-up as a tool for
low–volume production.

3D Printed Consumer Product Design - Reaching the Consumers

Faster

In today’s highly competitive environment, manufacturers need to have agility to

adapt quickly to market changes. Feasibility of a product idea is time-sensitive.
Conventional product design principles and techniques are unable to keep up with
this pace. 3D printed consumer product design approach aims to empower
manufacturers by enhancing collaboration, saving time in prototyping and thus
reaching the market and the consumers faster.

With the 3D printed consumer product design approach, the designers get a crucial
feedback in the early design stages, making product development faster and
efficient. 3D printing in product development process is ideal for rapid prototyping,
functional testing, concept models, customized parts, and limited production runs to
name a few. 3D printing solutions can empower manufacturers to achieve results
quickly.

Benefits of 3D Printed Consumer Product Design

Designers understand the paramount importance of 3D printing in product

development process in this competitive environment. Numerous leading product
designers have already integrated the 3D printing in their product prototyping stage.
In modern product design, 3D printing has taken up the responsibility of being an
end-to-end and cost-effective prototyping solution. Here are a few benefits of 3D
printing for product design:

Reduce Costs: Outsourcing prototypes takes days and is expensive. Every change
and iterations to the design leads to additional costs. With Divide By Zero 3D printers
empowers users to create prototypes in hours and create multiple versions, at a
fraction of the cost.

36
Rapid Prototyping: 3D printed consumer product design allows for rapid
prototyping in the pre-manufacturing stage. Time saved in the prototyping stage
helps businesses manufacture quicker and reach markets faster. Overall,
manufacturers enjoy the benefits of lower costs and added agility

Risk Reduction: 3D printed consumer product design approach helps designers

test and identify future design and manufacturing problems. With 3D printing,
designers get a real-life version of the product to study, improve, and optimize. This
reduces risk by testing a design before making any tool investments. Risk of product
idea leaks and violation of Intellectual Property (IP) can be minimized as prototyping
can be done in-house.

Real-Life Perspective: Drawings, blueprints, or digital 3D models cannot emulate

“real-life” perspective offered by their 3D printed counterpart. This modern way of
prototyping has provisions to incorporate human factors and ergonomics (HF&E) in
design. These visually stunning prototypes can also be helpful in creating,
presenting, and pitching new product design ideas, and thus creating more business
opportunities.

37
APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL FIELD

There are four core uses of 3D printing in the medical field that are associated with
recent innovations: creating tissues and organoids, surgical tools, patient-specific
surgical models and custom-made prosthetics.

a)Bioprinting tissues and organoids

One of the many types of 3D printing that is used in the medical device field is
bioprinting. Rather than printing using plastic or metal, bioprinters use a computer-
guided pipette to layer living cells, referred to as bio-ink, on top of one another to
create artificial living tissue in a laboratory.

These tissue constructs or organoids can be used for medical research as they
mimic organs on a miniature scale. They are also being trialled as cheaper
alternatives to human organ transplants.

US-based medical laboratory and research company Organovo is experimenting

with printing liver and intestinal tissue to help with the studying of organs in vitro, as
well as with drug development for certain diseases. In May 2018, the company
presented pre-clinical data for the functionality of its liver tissue in a programme for
type 1 tyrosinemia, a condition that impedes the body’s ability to metabolise the
amino acid tyrosine due to the deficiency of an enzyme.

The Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina, US, adopted a similar approach by
developing a 3D brain organoid with potential applications in drug discovery and
disease modelling. The university announced in May 2018 that it’s organoids have a
fully cell-based, functional blood brain barrier that mimics normal human anatomy. It
has also been working on 3D printing skin grafts that can be applied directly to burn
victims.

38
b)Surgery preparation assisted by the use of 3D printed models

Another application of 3D printing in the medical field is creating patient-specific

organ replicas that surgeons can be use to practice on before performing
complicated operations. This technique has been proven to speed up procedures
and minimise trauma for patients.

This type of procedure has been performed successfully in surgeries ranging from a
full-face transplant to spinal procedures and is beginning to become routine practice.
In Dubai, where hospitals have a mandate to use 3D printing liberally, doctors
successfully operated on a patient who had suffered a cerebral aneurysm in four
veins, using a 3D printed model of her arteries to map out how to safely navigate the
blood vessels.

In January 2018, surgeons in Belfast successfully practiced for a kidney transplant

for a 22-year-old woman using a 3D printed model of her donor’s kidney. The
transplant was fraught with complications as her father, who was her donor, had an
incompatible blood group and his kidney was discovered to have a potentially
cancerous cyst. Using the 3D printed replica of his kidney, surgeons were able to
assess the size and placement of the tumour and cyst.

c)3D printing of surgical instruments

Sterile surgical instruments, such as forceps, hemostats, scalpel handles and

clamps, can be produced using 3D printers.

Not only does 3D printing produce sterile tools, some are based on the ancient
Japanese practice of origami, meaning they are precise and can be made very
small. These instruments can be used to operate on tiny areas without causing
unnecessary extra damage to the patient.

39
One of the main benefits of using 3D printing rather than traditional manufacturing
methods to produce surgical instruments is the production costs are significantly
lower.

d)Custom-made prosthetics using 3D printing

3D printing in the medical field can be used to produce prosthetic limbs that are
customised to suit and fit the wearer. It is common for amputees to wait weeks or
months to receive prosthetics through the traditional route; however, 3D printing
significantly speeds up the process, as well as creating much cheaper products that
offer patients the same functionality as traditionally manufactured prosthetics.

The lower price point of these products makes them particularly applicable for use
with children, who quickly outgrow their prosthetic limbs.

40
LEGAL ASPECTS ASSOCIATED WITH 3D PRINTING

3D printing was initially envisaged for industrial purposes only. However, due to
widespread demand of this technology from different industries and individuals, the
affordability and accessibility to this technology via the 3D printers have increased
thus leading to an unregulated, unauthorized and sometimes illegal printing of
products that has resulted in the violation of various laws like:

1. Intellectual Property Right,

2. Patent law,

3. Copyright law, and

4. Design law apart from those relating to product liability laws.

Therefore, it has become exigent for the lawmakers to carefully study the legal
issues resulting from the various aspects of the use of this technology by all the
stakeholders concerned.

Some legal troubles that 3D printers are exponentially likely to face when they
become of more common usage are as follows:

➢ Is 3D printing the new piracy?

An interesting article from our DLA Piper colleagues Roberto Valenti and Sofia
Barabino addresses the issue. They stress the fact that in order to copy an object
you just need two things: an electronic schematic of the product and a 3D printer.
This means that everyone can reproduce a lot of different designs, putting at risk the
same notion of intellectual property.

3D printing might infringe intellectual property rights at different stages of the

process. Focusing on designs, it is possible to differentiate between 3D Computer-
aided design (CAD) files and 3D replicas:

● The creation of the 3D CAD file replicating a third party design (e.g. a dress or
a bag from a famous fashion designer) might be considered infringing design
rights. Also, the dissemination of the file might be considered a contributory
infringement of the IP rights involved,
● The creation, dissemination and offering to the public of the 3D replica risks to
be considered an infringement of the design right, except for a private and
non-commercial use, for an experimental use and for citations or education
uses.

41
In such scenario, end users risk to be liable as direct infringers, while the sellers and
manufacturers of 3D printers might be contributory liable, creating a scenario similar
to the one occurred so far in relation to P2P platforms.

But 3D printing might not only lead to the breach of design rights. CADs and replicas
might be protected under copyright, trademark and patent law.

And the issue is whether intellectual property laws shall catch up with technological
developments in order to restrict such practice.

➢ Who is liable for products manufactured through 3D printers?

3D printers might – especially in the future – be able to create any possible sort of
product including for instance drugs, guns and knifes etc. Such type of products are
subject to a strict certification under applicable laws, but if someone is able to forge
his own medicine at home and because of some mistakes in the manufacturing
process then gets seriously injured or manufactures an item that blows up in his
hands,

Product liability regulations refer to the manufacturer as entity liable for damages
arising through the usage of products. But in a 3D printing scenario when the
customer is the actual manufacturer we will have a number of different players

1. the owner of the printer

2. the manufacturer/supplier of the printer and
3. the person that actually created and/or used an untested product.

Courts will decide depending on the circumstances of the case the entity liable for
the damages, but 3D printing certainly creates situations that were previously
unheard.

➢ Are replicas privacy threats?

An issue that is quite rarely addressed is that CADs and replicas might contain
personal data. Indeed, 3D printers are often used to test surgeries for instance. In
such case the doctor will manufacture a perfect copy of the patient’s organ in order
to see whether during the surgery he will encounter any issue.

But do hospitals require patients for a privacy consent to the 3D printing of their
organs? And what happens to that 3D printed organ after the tested surgery? It
might be used for research, but might be even made available to third parties that
through the information contained therein (e.g. the type of disease affecting the
patient) might perform direct marketing activities to his benefit or even change the
insurance policy premium.

42
There are still a number of open questions on 3D printing and, as frequently
happened in relation to any new type of technology, legislators and courts might not
be fully prepared for them.

The Legal Issues

As outlined above, the main legal issues resulting from the use of 3D printing
technology by various stakeholders which includes Industries and Individuals. Most
problems arise because of the use by these Individuals or Hobbyists which lead to
violations of law. The laws violated broadly are as follows:

1. Intellectual Property Laws

a) Patent
b) Copyright, and
c) Design law violations.
d) Tort Law Violations
Tort Law violations which result due to product liability issues arising from the end
‘printed’ product.

2. The IP law issues

The IP laws violations arise largely due to the following components of the
technology:

3D Printer
The 3D printer which is used to create or print the objects whether this printer can
print objects under patent protection or whether the printer itself can be patented.
The access to 3D printer to private individuals has raised concerns about the printing
of those products which are under patent protection which can lead to increase in
counterfeit products.
This has been a difficult problem to reign in largely because it is difficult to track
individuals who print these protected objects inside the confines of their home.
However, the printer itself can be patented if the printer fulfills the criteria required for
patenting viz novelty and capable of industrial application.

CAD file
The CAD file or the digital software which has the design/model or the scan of the
object to be printed whether this leads to copyright infringement of reproducing
software without authorization.
The more contentious legal issue with 3D printing is related to copyright infringement
resulting from the use of the CAD file or the digital software used for modeling or
scanning the object.
The CAD is the key to creating the prototype product and is considered as software
hence protected as artistic work under copyrights law.
The Indian copyrights act, 1957 offers protection from the infringement of artistic
work under the provisions mentioned under section 14 of the act.
The provision for protection with respect to 3D printing is mentioned section 14 (c) (i)

43
which restricts to reproduce the work in any material form including in three
dimensions of a two-dimensional work or vice versa.
Therefore, by scanning of an object and creating a 2D file and then printing the 3D
object amounts to copyright infringement as copyright persists in the CAD file itself
and the 3D print of it amounts to infringement of the author’s copyright of the file.

Final design
The final design of the product printed whether the design of the final product
infringes on the design of a design protected product.
In case of Design of the final printed object, only the visual features, as severed from
the functional part of the printed object can be subject to copyright protection.
Therefore, if for instance there is an intricate pattern in a 3D printed chair, only that
pattern would be protected and not the chair itself. Also, the word design itself does
not fit into the legal definition under the act in all cases.

Section 2(d) of the Designs Act, 2000 requires that visual features be applied by an
industrial process. However, the courts have interpreted the industrial processes as
those that are carried out on large scale. Therefore, making it difficult to bring those
objects that are printed using portable 3D printing devices at home and offices under
the ambit of the statute.

Tort law/Product liability issues

Product liability regulations refer to the manufacturer as an entity liable for damages
arising through the use of products.
However, the application of product liability principles is uniquely challenging in the
3D printing space largely due to the supply chain and the business models involved
which makes it difficult to pinpoint the liability.
At any given time, the people who may liable for a defect in the product created from
a 3d printing process are as follows:
-The manufacturer or the supplier of the 3D printer.
-The manufacturer or the supplier of the 3D printing material.
-The printer owner.
-The person who designed or sold the original project on which the 3D printing
design is based.
-The person who created or shared the CAD blueprint of the object.
-The person who created the object using the 3D printer.
Thus the above list indicates the difficulty in placing liability leading to legal vacuum
thus leading to protracted litigation to ascertain the responsibility for any mishap
resulting from the 3D object created from the 3D printer. As of now, the courts have
not laid out any guidelines to answer the above questions.

44
In India product liability is governed by the following laws:
-The Consumer Protection Act,1986.
-The Sale of Goods Act,1930.
-The law of Torts.
None of the above statutes address any of the issues arising from the use of the 3D
technology yet.

The way forward

The narrative/position of the 3D printing technology with respect to issues raised is

not unique and it has been the case with many path-breaking revolutionary
technologies before it.
The gaps in the law are taken note of and new ones (gaps) will emerge with the
growing demand and use of the technology.
However, the lawmakers and the legal community should take into consideration the
gravity of the situation especially given the technology’s impact in sensitive sectors
like medicine and pharmaceuticals.
Given the impact and the application of the technology, this technology is here to
stay, hence it is only prudent that these issues are addressed at the earliest.

45
 Research Papers Review

S.No. Author Year of Topic Conclusion

Publication
1 Simon Ford 2016 3D printing 3DP is being applied across the K‐12 spectrum and
in education in universities, as well as in libraries, makespaces, a
nd special education settings, although adoption is i
solated in pockets of excellence and faces integratio
n challenges.
2 Carl Schubert 2013 3D In contrast with conventional printers, 3D printing
overview has the potential to enable mass customisation of
from optics goods on a large scale and has relevance in
to organs medicine including ophthalmology.
3 Dr. D.N. Raut 2017 3D-Printing This is a research paper on 3D printing and the
Aspects and various materials used in 3D printing and their
Various properties which become a notable topic in
Processes technological aspects.
Used
4 Jia An 2015 Design and This paper presents a state-of-the-art study of 3D-
3D Printing printing technologies for tissue-engineering
of Scaffolds applications, with particular focus on the
and Tissues development of a computer-aided scaffold design
system
5 Yong Liu 2015 3D printing In this paper, recent major progresses in 4D printing
of smart are reviewed, including 3D printing of enhanced
materials smart nanocomposites, shape memory alloys, shape
memory polymers, actuators for soft robotics, self-
evolving structures, anti-counterfeiting system,
active origami and controlled sequential folding,
and some results from our ongoing research.
6 Namkug Kim 2015 3D printing technology enables more effective
Clinical patient consultations, increases diagnostic quality,
Application improves surgical planning, acts as an orientation
of Three- aid during surgery, and provides a template for
surgical resection.
Dimensiona
l Printing
Technology
in
Craniofacial
Plastic
Surgery

7 John H. Martin 2017 3D printing Metal-based additive manufacturing, or three-

of high- dimensional (3D) printing, is a potentially
strength disruptive technology across multiple industries,
46
 aluminium including the aerospace, biomedical and automotive
alloys industries.
8 Jennifer A. 2017 3D printing of renewable building blocks like
Cellulose
Lewis cellulose nanocrystals offers an attractive pathway
Nanocrystal
for fabricating sustainable structures.
Inks for 3D
Printing of
Textured
Cellular
Architecture
s

9 RYAN 2016 3D Printing Understanding the advantages and limitations of the

TROMBETTA of Calcium different 3D printing approaches, CaP materials,
Phosphate and bioactive additives through critical evaluation
Ceramics of in vitro and in vivo evidence of efficacy is
for Bone essential for developing new classes of bone graft
Tissue substitutes.
Engineering
and Drug
Delivery
10 Ian Gibson 2017 AdvancedA This approach offers several advantages over
uricularPros traditional techniques, as data capture is non-
thesisDevel intrusive, models can be made using quantitative
opment methodologies, design iterations can be digitally
by3DModel stored for future reproduction.
lingandMult
i-
materialPrin
ting
11 Serkan Erkus 2018 Preoperati . In this technical note, preoperative planning with
ve 3-D printing was demonstrated in two separate
patients with Legg-CalvePerthes Disease and
planning developmental hip dysplasia.
of femoral
head
reduction
osteotomy
using 3D
printing
model
12 Milena 2016 Fabricatinga Individualizing gastric-resistant tablets is associated
Cieszynska Shell- with major challenges for clinical staff in hospitals
CoreDelaye and healthcare centres. This work aims to fabricate
dReleaseTa gastric resistant 3D printed tablets using dual FDM
bletUsingD 3D printing.
ualFDM 3D
Printing for
Patient-
47
 Centred
Therapy
13 C. Paulik 2019 Foamable Foamable inks for inkjet-based 3D printing
acrylic processes, like PolyJet™ printing, open the way to
based ink produce light weight additive manufactured parts in
for the one process step
production
of light
weight parts
by inkjet
based 3D
printing
14 A. Makaya 2018 Solar 3D The feasibility of sintering lunar regolith layer-by-
printing of layer solely using concentrated sunlight.
lunar
regolith
15 Anna B. Baker 2018 4D printing Here a new 4D printing technique capable of
with robust producing a diverse range of trilayer constructs
thermoplasti using commercial low-cost desktop 3D printers.
c
polyurethan
e hydrogel-
elastomer
trilayers
16 WEIMIN 2017 RESEARC To solve the problems of low precision and molding
YANG H ON efficiency of 3D printing technology at present, the
INTELLIG concept of "3D copying" intelligent manufacturing
ENT is put forward for the first time considering the
MANUFAC important demands and background knowledge of
TURING intelligent manufacturing.
OF 3D
PRINTING/
COPYING
OF
POLYMER
17 J.J. Cilliers 2018 Optimising The aim of this study is to present a method for the
small optimisation of small hydrocyclone design. This
hydrocyclon method consists of four steps that combine
e design designing, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
using 3D simulations, 3D printing and experimental testing.
printing and
CFD
simulations
18 PeiWang 2019 3D printing Representative applications of the 3D printing of
of ceramics various types of ceramics are surveyed. Future
directions are pointed out on the advancement on
materials and forming mechanism for the
fabrication of high-performance ceramic
components.
19 Sarah J 2018 Printing T3 In this study, a two-cartridge TIJ printer was

48
 and T4 oral modified such that it could print separate solutions
drug of T3 and T4. Dose adjustments were achieved by
combination printing solutions adjacent to each other, enabling
s as a novel therapeutic T3 (15–50μg) and T4 dosages (60–
strategy for 180μg) to be successfully printed.
hypothyroid
ism
20 Aubrey L. Woern 2018 RepRapab this paper describes the design, fabrication and
le operation of a RepRapable Recyclebot, which refers
Recyclebo to the Recyclebot’s ability to provide the filament
t: Open needed to largely replicate the parts for the
source 3- Recyclebot on any type of RepRap 3-D printer.
D
printable
extruder
for
convertin
g plastic
to 3-D
printing
filament

21 Annela M. Seddon 2018 Responsiv This paper focuses on the development of a

e cellulose-hydrogel composite ink for additive
cellulose- manufacture, presenting the development and
hydrogel physical characterisation (stability, swelling
composite potential and rheology) of the cellulosehydrogel
ink for 4D composite to establish its suitability for 4D printing
printing of responsive structures.

22 Ehab Saleh 2018 3- In this study, the capability of inkjet printing was
Dimension explored to fabricate macroscopic parts from
al inkjet commercial silver nanoparticle ink (AgNPs).
printing of
macro
structures
from silver
nanopartic
les

23 Tongtong Liu 2019 Thermal In this paper, we systematically investigated the

fluid fluid dynamics during liquid bridge transfer in the
dynamics of printing process.
liquid
bridge

49
 transfer in
laser wire
deposition
3D printing
24 HENG PAN 2019 Application .In order to make medical technology more
of Internet advanced, the IoT technology is applied to the 3D
of Things medical image model to improve the treatment
Technology effect.
in 3D
Medical
Image
Model
25 Dong Yang 2019 Carbon In this study, FDM-printed pure PEEK and carbon
Fiber fiber reinforced PEEK (CFR-PEEK) composite
Reinforced were successfully fabricated by FDM and
PEEK characterized by mechanical tests.
Composites
Based on
3D-Printing
Technology
for
Orthopedic
and Dental
Application
s
26 Jim Romeo 2019 Plastics 3D printing aids rapid prototyping in building
Engineering mockups. It allows for revisions of tolerances for
’s New form and fit be
Frontier:
Embracing
the Brave
New World
of 3D
Printing
27 Agnieszka 2019 Medical- In this paper, we present the synthesis and
Haryn´ska Grade PCL characterization of polycaprolactone (PCL) based
Based medical-grade thermoplastic polyurethanes, which
Polyurethan are suitable for forming in a filament that is
e System dedicated to Fused Deposition Modeling 3D (FDM
for FDM 3D)printers.
3D
Printing—
Characteriz
ation and
Fabrication
28 Jihye Kim 2019 Heat In this study, the effect of heat treatment on the
Treatment mechanical properties of 3D printed polymers was
Effect on characterized.
Mechanical
Properties

50
 of 3D
Printed
Polymers
29 Dr. Maitry 2019 Knowledge, The aim of this paper is to assess Knowledge,
Parikh attitude, and attitude, and practice on 3D printing among
practice on orthodontist in India. Orthodontists who were
3D printing registered in Indian Orthodontic Society and
among practicing in India were included in this study.
orthodontist
in India –
An online
questionnair
e study
30 Fan Yang 2018 Impact of This paper presents the influence of processing
processing parameters including filament diameter (2.10, 2.30,
parameters 2.50 mm), nozzle movement speed (20, 25, 30
and post- mm/s), nozzle diameter (0.8, 1.5, 2.0 mm) and
treatment nozzle height (2.10, 2.40, 2.60 mm), as well as that
on the shape of post-process fast-cooling (65 °C; 0, 5, 10 min),
accuracy of on the rheological properties and geometric
3D-printed accuracy of a 3D-printed food construct made of
baking baking dough (BD).
dough
31 Afroditi Filippas 2018 One‐step In this study, a parametric analysis of solely (one
3D‐printing step process) 3D‐printed 5.8 GHz patch antennas
process for using commercially available conductive and
microwave dielectric materials is presented.
patch
antenna via
conductive
and
dielectric
filaments
32 Leroy Gardner 2019 Metal 3D Unlike traditional manufacturing methods for
printing in construction products, metal 3D printing offers
construction ready opportunities to create non-prismatic sections,
: A review internal stiffening, openings, functionally graded
of methods, elements, variable microstructures and mechanical
research, properties through controlled heating and cooling
applications and thermally-induced prestressing.
,
opportunitie
s and
challenges
33 Rodger Chalk 2019 Additive The state-of-the-art of the application of additive
Manufacturi manufacturing in the aircraft industry is reviewed in
ng for the this paper.
Aircraft
Industry
34 Mathias Näther 2016 Studying In this paper current approaches of 3D-Concrete-

51
 printability Printing are briefly presented and a novel approach,
of fresh in which, a concrete boom pump is adapted to place
concrete for fresh concrete with geometrical precision is
formwork proposed.
free
Concrete
on-site 3D
Printing
technology
(CONPrint3
D)
35 MarianoJiménez 2019 Additive The study variables habitually taken into account
Manufacturi when choosing the prototyping technology are:
ng resolution-precision, the mechanical and thermal
Technologie properties of the material, surface finish, production
s time and the cost of the prototype.
36 Yanfeng Lu 2015 Combined In this research, we present a hybrid manufacturing
3D Printing process including directprint/cure (DPC) and
Technologie projection-based stereolithography, along with
s and printable materials for stretchable tactile sensors.
Material for
Fabrication
of Tactile
Sensors
37 Simon Gaisford 2018 Fused- The use of fused-filament 3D printing (FF 3DP) to
Filament fabricate individual tablets is demonstrated.
3D Printing
(3DP) for
Fabrication
of Tablets
38 U. Gbureck 2011 Hydraulic Magnesium phosphate based structures prepared by
setting three-dimensional printing may find an application
Mg3(PO4)2 as biodegradable bone substitutes or can be used for
powders for the rapid manufacturing of moulds for metal
3D printing casting, as demonstrated in this study.
technology
39 P. Żabiński 2019 Influence of In this work, experimental work related to the
magnetic electroless deposition of metallic coatings on
field on plastics was carried out.
electroless
metallizatio
n of 3d
prints by
copper and
nickel
40 Jinbo Lu 2014 Visualizatio In this paper, we incorporate several advanced
n of the technologies, such as CT scan, three-dimensional
complex (3D) reconstruction, and 3D printing, to produce a
structure physical model representing the natural coal rock
and stress that inherently contains complex fractures or joints.

52
 field inside
rock by
means of
3D printing
technology
41 Joshi 2015 3d printing This paper takes the stock of the popular 3D
in aerospace printing processes in aerospace.
and its long-
term
sustainabilit
y
42 David Espalin 2014 3D Printing This paper compares and contrasts
multifunctio stereolithography used for 3D-printed electronics
nality: with the FDM-based system through experimental
Structures results and demonstrates an automated FDM-based
with process for producing features not achievable with
electronics FDM alone.

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