Part 1

Part 1
Digital Concepts
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

© 2009 Pearson Education
Syllabus
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Demonstrate knowledge of binary numbers, codes, and arithmetic.

Demonstrate knowledge of Boolean Algebra and its applications.
Demonstrate ability to analyze and design combinational logic circuits.
Demonstrate ability to analyze and design sequential logic circuits.
TOPICS COVERED:
Number systems and codes.

Boolean and switching algebra.
Combinational logic design.
Combinational Building Blocks.
Flip-flops and counters.
Asynchronous and synchronous sequential logic.
Review/Tests.
LABORATORY
Lab familiarization, simple logic gate.

Basic Logic Gates.
Combinational Logic Minimization and Design.
Digital
Fundamentals
Tenth Edition
Floyd

Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary

continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(°F)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .
Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
Analog and Digital Systems
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive
10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

Analog and Digital Systems
Digital systems are more immune to noise

Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
In binary, a single number is HIGH

called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)
bit can have the value of either Invalid

VL(max)
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
voltage is HIGH or LOW. LOW
VL(min)

Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge
LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1
(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width
10%
Ringing
Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeat in

a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate at
which it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f = T=
T f
The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T= = = 313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

Pulse Definitions
In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts
Pulse
width
Amplitude (A) (tW)
Time
Period, T

Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

two or more digital waveforms,
Clock
A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.

Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
Computer Modem
1
Computer Printer
0
0
t0 t1

Basic Logic Functions
True only if all input conditions

are true.
True only if one or more input

conditions are true.
Indicates the opposite condition.

Basic System Functions
And, or, and not elements can be combined to form

various logic functions. A few examples are:
The comparison function A

Comparator
A> B
Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B
Basic arithmetic functions Adder

A
Two Σ Sum
binary
numbers Carry out
Cout
B
Carry in Cin

HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
The encoding function

4 storage and/or
3 computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad
The decoding function

Decoder
Binary input
7-segment display

The data selection function
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆ t1 ∆ t2 ∆ t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F
Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input

The counting function
Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.
…and other functions such as code conversion

and storage.

One type of storage function is the shift register,

that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits
on input line
Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid
0101 0 0 0 0 data or all zeros as shown here.
First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

010 1 0 0 0 register.
Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

01 0 1 0 0 register and first bit is shifted right.
Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 0 the first and second bits are shifted right.
Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 the first, second, and third bits are shifted
right. The register now stores all four bits
and is full.

Integrated Circuits
DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chips and

surface mount chips
Pin 1
Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)

Integrated Circuits
VCC VCC VCC VCC

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND
Cutaway view of DIP chip:
'00 ' 02 '04 '08
Plastic
VCC VCC VCC VCC
Chip case
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND GND GND GND
'10 '11 '20 '21
VCC VCC VCC VCC

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Pins
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GND GND GND GND
'27 '30 '32 '86

1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems
a. are less prone to noise
b. can represent an infinite number of values
c. can handle much higher power
d. all of the above
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. ten
3. The time measurement between the 50% point on the
leading edge of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing edge
of the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the
trailing edge of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge of
the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
6. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form
a. storage devices
b. comparators
c. data selectors
d. all of the above
7. A shift register is an example of a
a. storage device
b. comparator
c. data selector
d. counter
8. A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to
a single output line is called a
a. comparator
b. decoder
c. counter
d. multiplexer

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Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Demonstrate knowledge of binary numbers, codes, and arithmetic.

Number systems and codes.

Lab familiarization, simple logic gate.

© 2008 Pearson Education

Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Digital systems are more immune to noise

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

In binary, a single number is HIGH

bit can have the value of either Invalid

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Base line Undershoot

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeat in

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

A diagram like this can be observed

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

True only if all input conditions

True only if one or more input

Indicates the opposite condition.

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

And, or, and not elements can be combined to form

The comparison function A

Basic arithmetic functions Adder

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

The encoding function

The decoding function

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

The data selection function

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

The counting function

…and other functions such as code conversion

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

One type of storage function is the shift register,

First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chips and

Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

VCC VCC VCC VCC

VCC VCC VCC VCC

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

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