501.1.

6 Special Provisions for Earthquake

NSCP 2001
Section 501 – General Provisions
501.1.1 The Specifications for Structural Steel
Buildings Allowance Stress Design and Plastic
Design is intended as an alternate to the
currently approved Load and Resistance Factor
Design Specifications for Structural Steel
Buildings of the American Institute of Steel
Construction, Inc.
561.1.2 This Section provides minimum
requirements for the design and construction of
structural steel building elements of any
structure erected under requirements of the
National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP)
to which this Section forms a part of by
reference.
501.1.3 This Section shall govern in all matters
pertaining to the design, construction, and
material properties of structural steel elements
wherever this Section is in conflict with
requirements contained in other standards
referenced in this Section.
501.1.4 Alternative Design Specification. As an
alternative, the design of structural steel
buildings using the Load and Resistance Factor
Design Specification for Structural Steel
Buildings, December 1, 1993, published by the
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.
shall be permitted.
501.1.5 Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members.
The design of cold-formed carbon or low-alloy
steel structural members shall be in accordance
with the requirements of the Load and
Resistance Factor Design Specifications for Cold
formed Steel Structural Members, March 16
1991; or the Specifications for Design of Cold-
Formed Steel Structural Members, 1986 (with
December 1989 Addendum), published by the
American Iron and Steel Institute (AlSI).
Resistance S01.1.6.1 In regions of high seismic
risk (seismic zone 4) or moderate (seismic zone
2) provisions of Section 515 shall be satisfied.
See Section 515.
NSCP 2010
Section 501– General Provisions
501.1 Scope this section states the scope of the
Specification, summarizes referenced
specification, code, and standard documents,
and provides requirements for materials and
contract documents
This Specification sets forth criteria for the
design, fabrication, and erection of structural
steel buildings and other structures, where
other structures are defined as those structures
designed, fabricated, and erected in a manner
similar to buildings, with building-like vertical
and lateral load resisting elements. Where
conditions are not covered by the Specification,
designs are permitted to be based on tests or
analysis, subject to the approval of the
authority having jurisdiction. Alternate methods
of analysis and design shall be permitted,
provided such alternate methods or criteria are
acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction
User Note: For the design of structural
members, other than hollow structural
sections (HSS), that are cold formed to
shapes, with elements not more than
25 mm in thickness, the provisions in
the AISI North American Specification
for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members are recommended
501.1.1 Low-Seismic Applications When the
seismic response modification coefficient, R, (as
specified in this code) is taken equal to or less
than 3, the design, fabrication, and erection of
structuralsteel-framed buildings and other
structures shall comply with this Specification.
501.1.2 High-Seismic Applications When the
seismic response modification coefficient, R, (as
specified in this code) is taken greater than 3,
the design, fabrication and erection of
structural-steel-framed buildings and other
structures shall comply with the requirements
in the Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Buildings (NSCP Chapter 5 Part 2), in addition to
the provisions of this Specification.
501.1.3 Nuclear Applications The design of
nuclear structures shall comply with the
requirements of the Specification for the
Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Steel
Safety-Related Structures in Nuclear Facilities
(ANSI/AISC N690) including Supplement No.2 or
the Load and Resistance Factor Design
Specification for Steel Safety-Related Structures
for Nuclear Facilities (ANSI/AISC N690L), in
addition to the provisions of this Specification.
NSCP 2015
NSCP 2001
Section 502 – Design
Requirements
502.2 GROSS AREA
502.2.1 The gross area of a member at any
point shall be determined by summing the
products of the thickness and the gross width of
each element as measured normal to the axis of
the member.
502.2.2 For angles, the gross width shall be the
sum of the products of the widths of the legs
less the thickness.
502.3 NET AREA
502.3.1 The net area 𝑨𝒏 of a member is the
sum of the products of the thickness and the
net width of each element computed as follows:
502.3.2 The width of a bolt or rivet hole shall be
taken as 1.6mm greater than the nominal
dimension of the hole.
503.3.3 For a chain of holes extending across a
part in any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width
of the part shall be obtained by deducting from
the gross width the sum of the diameters or slot
dimensions as provided in Section 510.4.2, of all
holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage
space in the chain, the quantity
𝒔𝟐
𝟒𝒈
Where:
s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch)
of any two consecutive holes, mm
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage)
between fastener gage lines, mm
502.3.4 For angles, the gage for holes in
opposite adjacent legs shall be the sum ofthe
gages from the back ofthe angles less the
thickness.
502.3.5 The critical net area 𝑨𝒏 of the part is
obtained from that chain which gives the least
net width.
502.3.6 In determining the net area across plug
or slots welds, the weld metal shall not be
considered as adding to the net area.
502.4 EFFECTIVE NET AREA
502.4.1 When the load is transmitted directly to
each of the cross-sectional elements by
connectors, the effective net area 𝑨𝒆 is equal to
the net area 𝑨𝒏
502.4.2 When the load is transmitted by bolts
or rivets through some but not all of the cross-
sectional elements of the member, the effective
net area 𝑨𝒆 shall be computed as:
𝑨𝒆 = 𝑼𝑨𝒏
Where
𝐴𝑛 = Net area of the member, mm2
U = Reduction coefficient
502.4.3 When the load is transmitted by welds
through some but not all of the cross sectional
elements ofthe member, the effective net area
𝑨𝒆 shall be computed as:
𝑨𝒆 = 𝑼𝑨𝒈
Where:
𝐴𝑔 = Gross area of the member, mm2
502.4.4 Unless a larger coefficient is justified by
tests or other criteria, the following values of U
shall be used:
1. W, M or S shapes with flange widths not less
than 2/3 the depth, and structural tees' cut
from these shapes, provided the connection is
to the flanges. Bolted or riveted connections
shall have no fewer than three fasteners per
line in the direction of stress. .. .
............................................... U= 0.90
2. W, M or S shapes not meeting the conditions
of subparagraph a, structural tees cut from
these shapes and all other shapes including
built-up cross sections. Bolted or riveted
connections shall have no fewer than three
fasteners per line in the direction of
stress.............................. ………………U = 0.85
3. All members with bolted or riveted
connections having only two fasteners per line
in the direction of
stress............................................... U = 0.75
502.4.5 When load' is transmitted by transverse
welds to some but not all of the cross-sectional
elements of W, M or S shapes and structural
tees cut from these shapes, A~ shall be taken as
the area of the directly connected elements.
502.4.6 When the' load is transmitted to a plate
by longitudinal welds along both edges at the
end of the plate, the length of the welds shall
not be less than the width of the plate. The
effective net area Ae shall be computed by
Equation (502-2).
502.4.7 Unless a larger coefficient can be
justified by tests or other criteria, the following
values of U shall be used:
l. When I > 2w. .. .................................U=1.00
2. When 2w > I > 1.5w …………………….U= 0.81
3. When 1.5w > I > w ..........................U= 0.15
Where:
I = weld length, mm
w = plate width (distance between welds), mm
502.4.8 Bolted and riveted splice and gusset
plates and other connection fittings subject to
tensile force shall be designed in accordance
with the provisions of Section 504.2, where the
effective net area shall be taken as the actual
net area, except that, for the purpose of design
calculations, it shall not be taken as greater
than 85% of the gross area.
502.5 STABILITY
502.5.1 General stability shall be provided for
the structure as a whole and for each
compression element.
502.5.2 Consideration shall be given to
significant load effects resulting from the
deflected shape of the structure or of individual
elements of the lateral load resisting system,
including effects on beams, columns, bracing,
connections and shear walls.
502.6 LOCAL BUCKLING
502.6.1 Classification of Steel Sections
502.6.1.1 Steel sections are classified as
compact, non-compact and slender element
sections. For a section to qualify as compact, its
flanges must be continuously connected to the
web or webs and the width-thickness ratios of
its compression elements must not exceed the
applicable limiting width-thickness ratios from
Table 502-1. Steel sections that do not qualify
as compact are classified as non-compact if the
width-thickness ratios of the compression
elements do not exceed the values shown for
non-compact in Table 502-1. If the width-
thickness ratios of any compression element
exceed the latter applicable value, the section is
classified as a slender element section.
502.6.1.2 For unstiffened elements, which are
supported along only one edge, parallel to the
direction of the compression force, the width
shall be taken as follows:
1. For flanges of l-shaped members and tees,
the width b is half the full nominal width.
2. For legs of angles and flanges of channels and
tees, the width b is the full nominal dimension.
3. For plates, the width b is the distance from
the free edge to the first row of fasteners of line
of welds.
4. For stems of tees, dis taken as the full
nominal depth.
502.6.1.3 For stiffened elements, i.e., supported
along two edges parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width shall be taken as
follows:
1. For webs of rolled, built-up or formed
sections, his clear distance between flanges.
2. For webs of rolled, built-up or formed
sections, dis the full nominal depth.
3. For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up
sections, the width b is the distance between
adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds
4. For flanges of rectangular hollow structural
sections, the width b is the clear distance
between webs less the inside comer radius on
each side. If the comer radius is not known, the
flat width may be taken as the total section
width minus three times the thickness.
502.6.1.4 For tapered flanges of rolled sections,
the thickness is the nominal value halfway
between the free edge and the corresponding
face of the web.
502.6.2 Slender Compression Elements
502.6.2.1 For the design of flexural and
compressive sections with slender compressive
elements the following Section shall apply.
502.6.2.2 Axially loaded members and flexural
members containing elements subject to
compression which have a width-thickness ratio
in excess of the applicable non-compact value
shall be proportioned according to this section.
1. Unstiffened Compression Elements
The allowable stress of unstiffened compression
elements whose width-thickness ratio the
applicable non-compact value shall be subject
to a reduction factor Qs. The value of Qs shall
be determined by Equations (502-3) through
(502-8), as applicable, where b is the width of Where:
the unstiffened element as defined in Section
502.6.1. When such elements comprise the
b = width of unstiffened compression element
compression flange of a flexural member, the as defined in Section 502.6.1
maximum allowable bending stress shall not t = width of unstiffened compression element
exceed 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑸𝒛 nor the applicable value as as defined in Section 502.6.1
provided in Section 506.2.3. The allowable
stress of axially loaded compression members 𝐹𝑦 = specified minimum yield stress, MPa
shall be modified by the appropriate reduction
factor Q, as provided in Section 502.6.2.2 item 3

For single angles:

For angles or plates projecting from columns or

other compression members, and for projecting
elements of compression flanges of beams and
girders:

For stems of tees:

Unstiffened elements of tees whose element does not exceed 𝐹𝑎 𝑄𝑠 or 𝐹𝑏 𝑄𝑠 as
proportions exceed the limits of Section 502.6.1 applicable.
shall conform to the limits given in Table 502-2.

2. Stiffened Compression Elements

When the width-thickness ratio of uniformly

compressed stiffened elements (except
perforated cover plates) exceeds the non-
compact limit stipulated in Section 502.6.1, a
reduced effective width be shall be used in
computing the design properties of the section
containing the element, except that the ratio
𝑏𝑒 ⁄𝑡 need not be taken as less than the When the allowable stresses are increased due
applicable value permitted in Section 502.6.1. to wind or seismic loading in accordance with
the provisions of Section 501.5.2, the effective
For the flanges of square and rectangular
sections of uniform thickness: width be shall 𝑏𝑒 determined on the basis of
3/4 times the stress caused by wind or seismic
loading acting alone or in combination with the
design dead and live loading.

For other uniformly compressed elements:

For axially loaded circular sections:

Members with diameter-to-thickness ratios

𝐷 ⁄𝑡 greater than𝟐𝟐, 𝟕𝟓𝟎⁄𝑭𝒚 . But having a
diameter-to-thickness ratio of less
than𝟖𝟗, 𝟔𝟑𝟎⁄𝑭𝒚 , shall not exceed the smaller
value determined by Section 505.3 nor
where:

b = actual width of a stiffened compression

element, as defined in Section 502.6.1, mm

𝑏𝑒 = reduced width, mm
t = element thickness, mm Where:

f = computed compressive stress (axial plus D = outside diameter, mm

bending stresses in the stiffened elements,
t = wall thickness, mm
based on the design properties as specified in
Section 502.6.2.2, MPa. If unstiffened elements 3. Design Properties Properties
are included in the total cross section, f for the
Properties of sections shall be determined
stiffened element must be such that the
using the full cross section, except as follows:
maximum compressive stress in the unstiffened
In computing the moment of the inertia and
section modulus of flexural members, the
effective width of uniformly compressed
stiffened elements, as determined in Section
502.6.2.2 item 2 shall be used in determining
effective cross-sectional properties.
For stiffened elements of the cross section:
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑸𝒂 = (502-12)
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
For unstiffened elements of the cross section,
𝑸𝒔 is determined from Section 502.6.2.2 item 1
For axially loaded compression members the
gross sectional area and the radius of gyration r
shall be computed on the basis of the actual
cross section.
The allowable stress for axially loaded
compression members containing unstiffened
or stiffened shall not exceed:
When 𝑲𝒍⁄𝒓 is less than 𝑪′𝒄 where:
and
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠 𝑄𝑎
a. Cross sections composed entirely of
unstiffened elements 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠
i.e.(𝑄𝑎 = 1.0)
b. Cross sections composed entirely of
stiffened elements, 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑎 i.e.(𝑄𝑠 =
1.0)
c. Cross sections composed of both
stiffened and unstiffened elements,
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑠 𝑄𝑎
When 𝑲𝒍⁄𝒓 exceeds 𝑪′𝒄 :
4. Combined Axial and Flexural Stress
In applying the provisions of Section 508 to
members subject to combined axial and flexural
stress and containing stiffened elements whose
width-thickness ratio exceeds the applicable
non-compact limit given in Section 502.6.1, the
stresses 𝐹𝑎 , 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑏𝑦 shall be calculated on
the basis ofthe section properties as provided in
Section 502.6.2.2 item 3 as applicable. The
allowable bending stress 𝐹𝑏 for members
containing unstiffened elements whose width-
thickness ratio exceeds the non-compact limit
given in Section 502.6.1 shall be the smaller
value, 0.60𝐹𝑦 𝑄𝑠 or that provided in Section
506.2.3 The term𝑓𝑎 ⁄0.60𝐹𝑦 in Equations
(508-2) and (506-30) shall be replaced
by𝑓𝑎 ⁄0.60𝐹𝑦 𝑄.
502.8 LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS
502.8.1 For members whose design is based on
compressive force, the slenderness ratio
𝐾𝑙 ⁄𝑟preferably should not exceed 200. If this
limit is exceeded, the allowance stress shall not
exceed the value obtained from Equation (505-
2).

NSCP 2010
Section 502 – Design
Requirements
502.1 General Provisions
The design of members and connections shall
be consistent with the intended behavior of the
framing system and the assumptions made in
the structural analysis. Unless restricted by the
code, lateral load resistance and stability may
be provided by any combination of members
and connections.
502.2 Loads and Load Combinations
The loads and load combinations shall be as
stipulated by this code. In the absence of a
building code, the loads and load combinations
shall be those stipulated in SEI/ASCE 7. For
design purposes, the nominal loads shall be
taken as the loads stipulated by this code.
502.3 Design Basis Designs
Shall be made according to the provisions for
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) or to
the provisions for Allowable Strength Design
(ASD).
502.3.1 Required Strength
The required strength of structural members
and connections shall be determined by
structural analysis for the appropriate load
combinations as stipulated in Section 502.2.
Design by elastic, inelastic or plastic analysis is
permitted. Provisions for inelastic and plastic
analysis are as stipulated in Appendix 1,
Inelastic Analysis and Design. The provisions for
moment redistribution in continuous beams in
Appendix A, Section A-1.3 are permitted for
elastic analysis only.
502.3.2 Limit States Design
shall be based on the principle that no
applicable strength or serviceability limit state
shall be exceeded when the structure is
subjected to all appropriate load combinations.
502.3.3 Design for Strength Using Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Design according to the provisions for Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) satisfies the
requirements of this Specification when the
design strength of each structural component
equals or exceeds the required strength
determined on the basis of the LRFD load
combinations. All provisions of this
Specification, except for those in Section
502.3.4, shall apply
Design shall be performed in accordance with
Equation 502.3- 1:
𝑹𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑹𝒏 (502.3-1)
Where
𝑅𝑢 = required strength (LRFD)
𝑅𝑛 = nominal strength, specified in Section 502
through 511
∅ = resistance factor, specified in Section 502
through 511
∅𝑅𝑛 = design strength
502.3.4 Design for Strength Using Allowable
Strength Design (ASD) Design according to the
provisions for Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
satisfies the requirements of this Specification
when the allowable strength of each structural
component equals or exceeds the required
strength determined on the basis of the ASD
load combinations. All provisions of this
Specification, except those of Section 502.3.3,
shall apply.
Design shall be performed in accordance with
Equation 502. 3-2:
𝑹 𝒂 ≤ 𝑹 𝒏 ⁄Ω (502.3-2)
Where
𝑅𝑎 = required strength (ASD)
𝑅𝑛 = nominal strength, specified in Section 502
through 511
Ω = safety factor, specified in Section 502
through 511
𝑅𝑛 ⁄Ω = allowable strength
502.3.5 Design for Stability
Stability of the structure and its elements shall
be determined in accordance with Section 503.
502.3.6 Design of Connections
Connection elements shall be designed in
accordance with the provisions of Sections 510
and 511. The forces and deformations used in
design shall be consistent with the intended
performance of the connection and the
assumptions used in the structural analysis.
502.3.6a Simple Connections
A simple connection transmits a negligible
moment across the connection. In the analysis
of the structure, simple connections may be
assumed to allow unrestrained relative rotation
between the framing elements being
connected. A simple connection shall have
sufficient rotation capacity to accommodate the
required rotation determined by the analysis of
the structure. Inelastic rotation of the
connection is permitted.
502.3.7 Design for Serviceability
The overall structure and the individual
members, connections, and connectors shall be
checked for serviceability. Performance
requirements for serviceability design are given
in Section 512.
502.3.13 Gross and Net Area Determination
1. Gross Area
The gross area, 𝑨𝒈 , of a member is the total
cross-sectional area.
2. Net Area
The net area, 𝑨𝒘 ,, of a member is the sum of
the products of the thickness and the net width
of each element computed as follows: In
computing net area for tension and shear, the
width of a bolt hole shall be taken as 2 mm
greater than the nominal dimension of the hole.
For a chain of holes extending across a part in
any diagonal or zigzag line, the net width of the
part shall be obtained by deducting from the
gross width the sum of the diameters or slot
dimensions as provided in Section 510.3.2, of all
holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage
space in the chain, the quantity 𝑠 2 ⁄4𝑔
where
s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch)
of any two consecutive holes, mm.
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage)
between fastener gage lines, mm.
502.4 Classification of Sections for Local
Buckling
Sections are classified as compact, noncom
pact, or slender-element sections. For a section
to qualify as compact its flanges must be
continuously connected to the web or webs and
the width-thickness ratios of its compression
elements must not exceed the limiting width
thickness ratios 𝜆𝑝 from Table 502.4.1. If the
width-thickness ratio of one or more
compression elements exceeds 𝜆𝑟 , but does not
exceed from Table 502.4.1, the section is
noncompact. If the width-thickness ratio of any 3. For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up
element exceeds 𝜆𝑟 , the section is referred to sections, the width b is the distance between
as a slender-element section. adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds.

502.4. Unstiffened Elements 4. For flanges of rectangular hollow structural

sections (HSS), the width b is the clear distance
For unstiffened elements supported along only
between webs less the inside corner radius on
one edge parallel to the direction of the
each side. For webs of rectangular HSS, h is the
compression force, the width shall be taken as
clear distance between the flanges less the
follows:
inside corner radius on each side. If the corner
1. For flanges of I-shaped members and tees, radius is not known, b and h shall be taken as
the width b is one-half the full-flange width, 𝑏𝑓 the corresponding outside dimension minus
three times the thickness. The thickness, t, shall
2. For legs of angles and flanges of channels and be taken as the design wall thickness, per
zees, the width b is the full nominal dimension. Section 502.3.12.
3. For plates, the width b is the distance from
the free edge to the first row of fasteners or
line of welds.

4. For stems of tees, d is taken as the full

nominal depth of the section.

502.4.2 Stiffened Elements

For stiffened elements supported along two

edges parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width shall be taken as
follows:

1. For webs of rolled or formed sections, h is the

clear distance between flanges less the fillet or
corner radius at each flange; ℎ𝑐 is twice the
distance from the centroid to the inside face of
the compression flange less the fillet or corner
radius.

2. For webs of built-up sections, h is the

distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or
the clear distance between flanges when welds
are used, and ℎ𝑐 s twice the distance from the
centroid to the nearest line of fasteners at the
compression flange or the inside face of the
compression flange when welds are used; ℎ𝑝 is
twice the distance from the plastic neutral axis
to the nearest line of fasteners at the
compression flange or the inside face of the
compression flange when welds are used.

NSCP 2015
Section 502 – Design
Requirements
There is no changes between NSCP 2010 and
NSCP 2015 in this section.
NSCP 2001
SECTION 504 - TENSION MEMBERS
504.1 SCOPE
504.1.1 This section applies to prismatic
members subject to axial tension caused by
forces acting through the centroidal axis. For
members subject to combined axial tension and
flexure, see Section 508.3. For members subject
to fatigue, see Section 511.5. For tapered
members, see Section 506.8. For threaded rods
see Section 510.4.
504.2 ALLOWABLE STRESS
504.2.1 The allowable stress 𝐹𝑡 shall not exceed
0.60𝑭𝒚 on the gross area nor0.50𝑭𝒖 on the
effective net area. In addition, pin-connected
members shall meet the requirements of
Section 504.4.1 at the pinhole.
504.2.2 Block shear strength shall be checked at
end connections oftension members in
accordance with Section 510.5.
504.2.3 Eyebars shall meet the requirements of
Section 504.4.1.
504.3 BUILT-UP MEMBERS
504.3.1 The longitudinal spacing of connectors
between elements in continuous contact
consisting of a plate and a shape or two plates
shall not exceed:
24 times the thickness of the thinner
plate, nor 300 mm for painted members
or unpainted members not subject to
corrosion.
14 times the thickness of the thinner
plate, nor 175 mm for unpainted
members of weathering steel subject to
atmospheric corrosion.
504.3.2 In a tension member the longitudinal
spacing of fasteners and intermittent welds
connecting two or more shapes in contact shall
not exceed 600 mm. Tension members
composed of two or more shapes or plates
separated by intermittent fillers shall be
connected to one another at these fillers at
intervals such that the slenderness ratio of
either component between the fasteners does
not exceed 300.
504.3.3 Either perforated cover plates or tie
plates without lacing are permitted on the open
sides of built-up tension members. Tie plates
shall have a length not less than 2/3 the
distance between the lines of welds or
fasteners connecting
504.4 PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS
504.4.1 Allowable Stress
504.4.1.1 The allowable stress on the net area
of the pinhole for pin-connected members is
0.45𝐹𝑦 The bearing stress on the projected area
of the pin shall not exceed the stress allowed in
Section 510.9.
504.4.1.2 The allowable stress on eyebars
meeting the requirement of Section 504.4.3 is
0.60𝐹𝑦 on the body area.
504.4.1.3 Pin-connected Plates
504.4.2.1 The minimum net area beyond the
pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member,
shall not be less than 2/3 of the net area across
the pinhole.

NSCP 2010
SECTION 504 - TENSION MEMBERS
504.1 Slenderness Limitations
There is no maximum slenderness limit for
design of members in tension.
User Note: For members designed on
the basis of tension, the slenderness
ratio L/r preferably should not exceed
300. This suggestion does not apply to
rods or hangers in tension.
504.2 Tensile Strength
The design tensile strength, ∅𝑡 𝑃𝑛 and the
allowable tensile strength, 𝑃𝑛 ⁄Ω𝑡 of tension
members, shall be the lower value obtained
according to the limit states of tensile yielding
in the gross section and tensile rupture in the
net section
1. For tensile yielding in the gross section:
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈 (504.2-1)
∅𝑡 = 0.90 (LRFD) Ω𝑡 = 1.67 (ASD)
2. For tensile rupture in the net section:
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒆 (504.2-2)
∅𝑡 = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω𝑡  2.00(ASD)
Where
𝐴𝑒 = effective net area, mm2
𝐴𝑔 = gross area of member, mm2
𝐹𝑦 = specified minimum yield stress of the type
of steel being used, MPa
𝐹𝑢 = specified minimum tensile strength of the
type of steel being used, MPa
When members without holes are fully
connected by welds, the effective net area used
in Equation 504.2-2 shall be as defined in
Section 504.3. When holes are present in a
member with welded end connections, or at the
welded connection in the case of plug or slot
welds, the effective net area through the holes
shall be used in Equation 504.2-2.
504.3.3 Effective Net Area
The effective area of tension members shall be
determined as follows:
𝑨𝒆 = 𝑨𝒏 𝑼 (504.3-1)
Members such as single angles, double angles
and WT sections shall have connections
proportioned such that U is equal to or greater
than 0.60. Alternatively, a lesser value of U is
permitted if these tension members are
designed for the effect of eccentricity in
accordance with 508.1.2 or 508.2.
504.4 Built-up Members
For limitations on the longitudinal spacing of
connectors between elements in continuous
contact consisting of a plate and a shape or two
plates, see Section 510.3.5.
Either perforated cover plates or tie plates
without lacing are permitted to be used on the
open sides of built-up tension members. Tie
plates shall have a length not less than two-
thirds the distance between the lines of welds
or fasteners connecting them to the
components of the member. The thickness of
such tie plates shall not be less than one fiftieth
of the distance between these lines. The
longitudinal spacing of intermittent welds or
fasteners at tie plates shall not exceed 150 mm.
504.5 Pin-Connected Members
504.5.1 Tensile Strength
The design tensile strength, ∅𝑡 𝑃𝑛 and the
allowable tensile strength, , 𝑃𝑛 ⁄Ω𝑡 of pin-
connected members, shall be the lower value
obtained according to the limit states of tensile
rupture, shear rupture, bearing, and yielding
1. For tensile rupture on the net effective area:

𝑷𝒏 = 𝟐𝒕𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝑭𝒖 (504.5-1)

∅𝑡 = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω𝑡  2.00(ASD)

2. For shear rupture on the effective area:

𝑷𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒔𝒇 (504.5-2)

∅𝑡 = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω𝑡  2.00(ASD)

where

𝑨𝒔𝒇 = 2t(a + d/2), 𝑚𝑚2

A = shortest distance from edge of the pin hole

to the edge of the member measured parallel to
the direction of the force, mm.

𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 2t + 16, mm but not more than the

actual distance from the edge of the hole to the
edge of the part measured in the direction
normal to the applied force

d = pin diameter, mm.

t = thickness of plate, mm.

3. For bearing on the projected area of the pin,

see Section 510.7.

4. For yielding on the gross section, use

Equation 504.2-1
NSCP 2015
SECTION 504 - TENSION MEMBERS
There is no changes between NSCP 2010 and
NSCP 2015 in this section.

where:

NSCP 2001
SECTION 505 - COLUMNS AND
OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
505.1.1. This section applies to prismatic
members with compact and non-compact
505.2.2 On the gross section of axially loaded
sections subject to axial compression through
compression members, when 𝐾𝑙 ⁄𝑟 exceeds 𝐶𝑐
the centroidal axis. For members with slender
the allowable stress is:
elements, see Section 502.6.2. For members
subject to combined axial· compression and
flexure, see Section 508. For tapered members,
see Section 506.8.

505.2 EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND SLENDERNESS

RATIO
505.2.1 The effective-length factor K shall be
determined in accordance with Section 503.3.
505.2.2 In determining the slenderness ratio of
an axially f loaded compression member, the
length shall be taken as its effective length Kl
and r as the corresponding radius of gyration.
For limiting slenderness ratios, see Section
502.8.
505.4 FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING
505.4.1 Singly symmetric and unsymmetrical
columns, such as angles or tee-shaped columns,
and doubly symmetric columns such as
cruciform or built-up columns with very thin
walls, may require consideration of flexural-
torsional· and torsional Buckling.
505.5 BUILT-UP MEMBERS

505.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS 505.5.1 All parts of built-up compression

505.3.1 On the gross section of axially loaded
compression members whose cross sections
meet the provisions of Table 502-1, when 𝐾𝑙 ⁄𝑟,
the largest effective slenderness ratio of any
unbraced segment is less than 𝐶𝑐 , the allowable
stress is:
members and the transverse spacing of their
lines of fasteners shall meet requirements of
Section 502.8.
505.5.2 For spacing and edge distance
requirements for weathering steel members,
see Section 510.4. 10.

505.5.3 At the ends of built-up compression

members bearing on base plates or milled
surfaces, all components in' contact with one
another shall be connected by rivets bolts
spaced longitudinally not more than 4
diameters apart for a distance equal to 1112
times the maximum width ofthe member, or by
continuous welds having a length not less than
the maximum width ofthe member.
505.5.4 The longitudinal spacing for
intermediate bolts, rivets or intermittent welds
in built-up members shall be adequate to
provide for the transfer of calculated stress. The
maximum longitudinal spacing of bolts, rivets or
intermittent welds connecting two rolled
shapes in contact shall not exceed 600 mm. In
addition, for painted members and unpainted
members not subject to corrosion where the
outside component consists of a plate, the
maximum longitudinal spacing shall not exceed:
𝟑𝟎𝟎⁄√𝑭𝒚 ; times the thickness ofthe outside
plate nor 300 mm when fasteners are not
staggered along adjacent gage lines.
𝟓𝟎𝟎⁄√𝑭𝒚 ; times the thickness ofthe outside
plate nor 450 mm when fasteners are staggered
along adjacent gage lines.
NSCP 2010
SECTION 505 - DESIGN OF
MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION
User Note: For members not included in this
section the following sections apply:
508.1 – 508.3 Members subject to combined
axial compression and flexure.
508.4 Members subject to axial compression
and torsion.
510.4.4 Compressive strength of connecting
elements.
509.2 Composite axial members.
505.1 General Provisions
The design compressive strength, , ∅𝑡 𝑃𝑛 and
the allowable compressive strength, 𝑃𝑛 ⁄Ω𝑡 are
determined as follows:
The nominal compressive strength, 𝑃𝑛 shall be
the lowest value obtained according to the limit
states of flexural buckling, torsional buckling
and flexural-torsional buckling
1. For doubly symmetric and singly symmetric
members the limit state of flexural buckling is
applicable.
2. For singly symmetric and unsymmetric
members, and certain doubly symmetric
members, such as cruciform or built-up
columns, the limit states of torsional or flexural-
torsional buckling are also applicable.
∅𝑡 = 0.90 (LRFD) Ω𝑡 = 1.67 (ASD)
505.2 Slenderness Limitations and Effective
Length
The effective length factor, K, for calculation of
column slenderness, KL/r, shall be determined
in accordance with section 503,
where
L = laterally unbraced length of the member,
mm.
r = governing radius of gyration, mm.
K = the effective length factor determined in
accordance with Section 503.2
505.3 Compressive Strength for Flexural
Buckling of Members without Slender
Elements
This section applies to compression members
with compact and noncompact sections, as
defined in Section 502.4, for uniformly
compressed elements.
The nominal compressive strength, 𝑃𝑛 shall be provisions are not required for single angles,
determined based on the limit state of flexural which are covered in Section 505.5.
buckling
The nominal compressive strength, 𝑃𝑛 shall be
𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈 (505.3-1) determined based on the limit states of flexural-
torsional and torsional buckling, as follows:
The flexural buckling stress 𝑭𝒄𝒓 is determined as
follows: 𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈 (505.4-1)

1. when 1. For double-angle and tee-shaped

compression members:

2. when

Where

𝑭𝒆 = elastic critical buckling stress determined

according to Equation 505.3-4, Section 505.4,
or the provisions of Section 503.2, as
applicable, MPa.

505.4 Compressive Strength for Torsional and

Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members
without Slender Elements

This section applies to singly symmetric and

unsymmetric members, and certain doubly
symmetric members, such as cruciform or built-
up columns with compact and noncompact
sections, as defined in Section 502.4 for
uniformly compressed elements. These
c. For unsymmetric members, Fe is the lowest a. For intermediate connectors that are snug-
root of the cubic equation: tight bolted:

b. For intermediate connectors that are

welded or pretensioned bolted

where

505.7 Members with Slender Elements

505.6 Built-up Members This section applies to compression members

with slender sections, as defined in Section
505.6.1 Compressive Strength 1. The nominal 502.4 for uniformly compressed elements. The
compressive strength of built-up members nominal compressive strength, 𝑷𝒏 , shall be
composed of two or more shapes that are determined based on the limit states of flexural,
interconnected by bolts or welds shall be torsional and flexural torsional buckling.
determined in accordance with Sections 505.3,
505.4, or 505.7 subject to the following 𝑷𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑨𝒈 (505.7-1)
modification. In lieu of more accurate analysis,
if the buckling mode involves relative
deformations that produce shear forces in the
connectors between individual shapes, KL/r is
replaced by (KL/r)m determined as follows:
where

𝐹𝑒 = elastic critical buckling stress, calculated

using Equations 505.3-4 and 505.4-4 for doubly 2. For flanges, angles, and plates projecting
symmetric members, Equations 505.3-4 and from buildup columns or other compression
505.4-5 for singly symmetric members, and members:
Equation 505.4-6 for unsymmetric members,
except for single angles where Fe is calculated
using Equation 505.3-4.

Q = 1.0 for members with compact and

noncompact sections, as defined in Section
502.4, for uniformly compressed elements =
𝑄𝑠 𝑄𝑎 for members with slender-element
sections, as defined in Section 502.4, for
uniformly compressed elements.

505.7.1 Slender Unstiffened Elements, 𝑄𝑠

The reduction factor 𝑄𝑠 for slender unstiffened

elements is defined as follows:

1. For flanges, angles, and plates projecting

from rolled columns or other compression
members: Where:
𝟒
𝒌𝒄 = and shall not be taken less than
√𝒉⁄𝒕
𝒘
0.35 nor greater than 0.76 for calculation
purposes

3. For single angles


where
b = full width of longest angle leg, mm.
4. For stems of tees
Where
b = width of unstiffened compression element,
as defined in Section 502.4, mm.
d = the full nominal depth of tee, mm.
t = thickness of element, mm.
NSCP 2015
SECTION 505 - DESIGN OF
MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION
There is no changes between NSCP 2010 and
NSCP 2015 in this section.
NSCP 2001
SECTION 506 - BEAMS AND OTHER
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
506.1.1 Beams shall be distinguished from plate
girders on the basis of the web slenderness
ratio ℎ𝑡𝑤 . When this value is greater than the
2547⁄𝐹𝑦 allowable bending stress is given in
Section 507. The allowable shear stresses and
stiffener requirements are given in Section 506
unless tension field action is used, then the
allowable shear stresses are given in Section
507.
506.1.2 This Section applies to singly or doubly
symmetric beams including hybrid beams and
girders loaded in the plane of symmetry. It also
applies to channels loaded in a plane passing
through the shear center parallel to the web or
restrained against twisting at load points and
points of • support. For members subject to
combined flexural and axial force, see Section
508.2.
506.2 ALLOWABLE STRESS: STRONG AXIS
BENDING OF I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND
CHANNELS
506.2.1 Members with Compact Sections
506.2.1.1 For members with compact sections
as defined in Section 502.6.1 (excluding hybrid
beams and members with yield points greater
than 448 MPa) symmetrical about, and loaded
in, the plane of their minor axis the allowable 506.2.2.3 For members with a non-compact
stress IS: section (Section 502.6), but not included above,
and loaded through the shear center and
𝑭𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝑭𝒚 (506-1) braced laterally in the region of compression
stress at intervals not exceeding

provided the flanges are connected

continuously to the web or webs and the 2
the allowable stress is: 0
laterally unsupported length of the compression
0
flange 𝑳𝒉 does not exceed the value of𝑳𝒆 , as
given by the smaller of: �
506.2.3.3 Members with � Compact or Non-
�
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒃𝒇 𝟏𝟑𝟗,𝟗𝟎𝟎 compact Sections with �U nbraced Length
=
or (506-2) Greater than 𝑳𝒄
√𝑭𝒚 (𝒅⁄𝑨𝒇 )𝑭𝒚 0
For channel bent about �.their major axis, the
�
6
allowable compressive stress is determined
200𝑏 ⁄
from Equation (506.8) 𝑓0 √ 𝑦 𝐹
506.2.2 Members with Non-Compact Sections

506.2.2.1 For members meeting the �

requirements of Section 506.2.1 except that �
their flanges are non-compact (excluding built- 𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦
up members and members with yield points
greater than 448 MPa), the allowable stress is:

𝒃𝒇
𝑭𝒃 = 𝑭𝒚 (𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟐 √𝑭𝒚 )
𝟐𝒕𝒇
(506-3)

506.2.2.2 For built-up members meeting the

requirements of Section 506.2.1 except that
their flanges are non-compact and their webs
are compact or non-compact (excluding hybrid
girders and members with yield points greater
than448 MPa) the allowable stress is:

𝒃 𝒇 𝑭𝒚
𝑭𝒃 = 𝑭𝒚 (𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟐 √ )
𝟐𝒕𝒇 𝒌𝒄
where:
(506-4) I = distance between cross sections braced
against twist or lateral displacements of the
compression flange, mm. For cantilevers braced
against twist only at the support, I may
conservatively be taken as the actual length.
𝑟𝑡 = Radius of gyration of a section comprising
the compression flange plus 1/3 of the
compression web area, taken about an axis in
the plane of the web, mm
𝐴𝑓 = Area of the compression flange, mm
𝐶𝑏 (1. 75 + 1.05 (𝑀1 𝑀2 ) + 0.3(𝑀1 𝑀2 )2i, but not
more than 2.3', M J is the smaller andM2 the
larger bending moment at the ends of the
unbraced length, taken about the strong axis of
the member, and where 𝑀1 𝑀2, the ratio of end
moments, is positive when 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 have the
same sign (reverse curvature)
506.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS: WEAK AXIS
BENDING OF I-SHAPED MEMBERS, SOLID BARS
AND RECTANGULAR PLATES
506.3.1.1 Members With Compact Sections
506.3.1.1.1 For doubly symmetrical 1- and H-
shape members with compact flanges (Section
502.6) continuously connected to the web and
bent about their weak axes (except members
with yield points greater than • 448 MFa); solid
,round and square bars; and solid rectangular
sections bent about their weaker axes, the
allowable stress is:
(Section 502.6) continuously connected to the
web may be designed on the basis of an
allowable stress of:
𝒃𝒇
𝑭𝒃 = 𝑭𝒚 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟗 √𝑭𝒚 )
𝟐𝒕𝒇
(506-11)
506.8 WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS
506.8.1 The design of tapered members
meeting the requirements of this Section shall
be governed by the provisions of Section 506.
506.8.2.1 In order to qualify under this
Specification, a tapered member must meet the
following requirements:
1. It shall' possess at least one axis of symmetry
which shall be perpendicular to the plane of
bending if moments are present.
2. The flanges shall be of equal and constant
area.
3. The depth shall vary linearly as:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.75𝐹𝑦 (506-9)

506.3.1.2 Members With Non-compact

Sections

506.3.1.2.1' For members not meeting the

requirements for compact sections of Section
502.6 and not covered in Section 506.4, bent 506.8.3 Allowable Tensile Stress
about their minor axis, the allowable stress is
506.8.3.1 The allowable tensile stress of
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦 (506-10) tapered tension members shall be determined
in accordance with Section 504.2.
506.3.1.2.2 Doubly symmetrical 1- and H-shape
members bent about their weak axes (except 506.8.4 Allowable Compressive Stress
members with yield points greater than 448
506.8.4.1 On the gross section of axially loaded
MPa) with non-compact flanges
tapered compression members, the allowable
compressive stress, in MPa, shall not exceed the
following:

506.8.5 Allowable Flexural Stress

506.8.5.1 Tension and compression stresses on

extreme fibers of tapered flexural members, in
MPa, shall not exceed the following values:
506.8.7 Combined Flexural and Axial Force
NSCP 2010
SECTION 506 -DESIGN OF
MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE
506.1 General Provisions

The design flexural strength,∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 and the

allowable flexural strength, 𝑀𝑛 ⁄Ω𝑏 shall be
determined as follows:

1. For all provisions in this Section

∅𝑡 = 0.90 (LRFD) Ω𝑡 = 1.67 (ASD)

and the nominal flexural strength, 𝑀𝑛 shall be

determined according to Sections 506.2
through 506. 12.

2. The provisions in this Section are based on

the assumption that points of support for
beams and girders are restrained against
rotation about their longitudinal axis.

The following terms are common to the

equations in this Section except where noted:
506.2 Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped
Members and Channels Bent about their Major
Axis

This section applies to doubly symmetric I-

shaped members and channels bent about their
major axis, having compact webs and compact
flanges as defined in Section 502.4.

The nominal flexural strength, 𝑀𝑛 , shall be the

lower value obtained according to the limit
states of yielding (plastic moment) and lateral-
torsional buckling. The limiting lengths 𝐿𝑝 and 𝐿𝑟 are determined
as follows:
506.2.1. Yielding.

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑴𝒑 = 𝑭𝒚 𝒁𝒙 (506.2-1)

Where

𝑭𝒚 = specified minimum yield stress of the type

of steel being used, MPa.

𝒁𝒙 = plastic section modulus about the x-axis,

𝑚𝑚2
506.2.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

1. When 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝 , the limit state of lateral-

torsional buckling does not apply.

2. When 𝐿𝑝 ≤ 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟

3. When 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟 ,

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙 ≤ 𝑴𝒑 (506.2-3)

Where :

𝐿𝑏 = length between points that are either

braced against lateral displacement of
compression flange or braced against twist of
the cross section, mm.

506.3 Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members
with Compact Webs and Noncompact or
Slender Flanges Bent about their Major Axis
506.3.1 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
For lateral-torsional buckling, the provisions of
Section 506.2.2 shall apply.
506.3.2 Compression Flange Local Buckling
For sections with non compact flanges.
 𝑝𝑓 =  𝑝 Is the limiting slenderness for a
compact flange, Table 502.4.1
 𝑟𝑓 =  𝑟 Is the limiting slenderness for a
non-compact flange, Table 502.4.1
4
𝑘𝑐 =  and shall not be taken less than
√ℎ⁄𝑡
𝑤
0.35 nor greater than 0.76 for calculation
purposes.
506.4 Other I-Shaped Members with Compact
or Non-compact Webs Bent about their Major
Axis
This section applies to: (a) doubly symmetric I-
shaped members bent about their major axis
with non compact webs; and (b) singly
symmetric I-shaped members with webs
attached to the mid-width of the flanges, bent
about their major axis, with compact or non
compact webs, as defined in Section 502.4.
506.4.1 Compression Flange Yielding
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑴𝒚𝒄 = 𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙𝒄 (506.4-1)
506.4.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
1. When 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑝 , the limit state of lateral-
torsional buckling does not apply
2. When 𝐿𝑝 ≤ 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑟
3. When 𝐿𝑏 > 𝐿
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙𝒄 ≤ 𝑹𝒑𝒄 𝑴𝒚𝒄 (506.4-3)
 Where:

Mp = ZxFy ≤ 1.6SxcFy Sxc.Sxt = elastic section

modulus referred to tension and compression
flanges, respectively, mm3

λ = hc / tw λpw = λp, the limiting slenderness

for a compact web, Table 502.4. 1

λrw = λr, the limiting slenderness for a noncom

pact web, Table 502.4. 1 The effective radius of
gyration for lateral-torsional buckling, ,rt is
determined as follows:

1. For I-shapes with a rectangular compression

flange:

The limiting laterally unbraced length for the

limit state of yielding, L p, is

𝑏 𝑓𝑐 = compression flange width, mm

The limiting unbraced length for the limit state
𝑡𝑓𝑐 = compression flange thickness, mm
of inelastic lateral-torsional buckling, Lr, is
2. For I-shapes with channel caps or cover
plates attached to the compression flange:

𝑟 𝑡 = radius of gyration of the flange

components in flexural compression plus one-
The web plastification factor, , R pc is third of the web area in compression due to
determined as follows: application of major axis bending moment
alone, mm.

𝑎 𝑤 = the ratio of two times the web area in

compression due to application of major axis
bending moment alone to the area of the 2. When Sxt  Sxc
compression flange components

506.4.3 Compression Flange Local Buckling

1. For sections with compact flanges, the limit Where

state of local buckling does not apply.

2. For sections with non compact flanges

The web plastification factor corresponding to
the tension flange yielding limit state, Rpt is
determined as follows:

3. For sections with slender flanges

Where

𝐹 𝐿 = defined in Equations 506.4-6a and 506.4-

6b

𝑅𝑝𝑐 = the web plastification factor, determined

Where
by Equations 506.4-9
λ = hc/tw
4
𝑘𝑐 =  and shall not be taken less than
√ℎ⁄𝑡 λpw = λp,the limiting slenderness for a compact
𝑤
web, defined in Table 502.4. 1
0.35 nor greater than 0.76 for calculation
purposes λrw = λr,the limiting slenderness for a non-
compact web, defined in Table 502.4.1
λ = (bfc / 2tfc)
506.5 Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric
λpf = λp ,the limiting slenderness for a compact
IShaped Members with Slender Webs Bent
flange, Table 502.4.1
about their Major Axis
λrf = λr,the limiting slenderness for a
506.5.1 Compression Flange Yielding
noncompact flange, Table 502.4. 1
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒈 𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙𝒄 (506.5-1)

506.4.4 Tension Flange Yielding 506.5.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

1. When Sxt  Sxc the limit state of tension 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒈 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙𝒄 (506.5-2)
flange yielding does not apply.
1. When Lb ≤ L p, the limit state of lateral-
torsional buckling does not apply.

2. When L p

3. For sections with slender flange sections

3. When Lb > Lr

Where
4
𝑘𝑐 =  and shall not be taken less than
√ℎ⁄𝑡
𝑤
0.35 nor greater than 0.76 for calculation
Where
purposes
L p is defined by Equation 506.4-7
λ = bfc/2tfc

λpf = λp,the limiting slenderness for a compact

flange, Table 502.4.1

λrf = λr,the limiting slenderness for a

noncompact flange, Table 502.4. 1

506.5.4 Tension Flange Yielding

1. When 𝑺𝒙𝒕 𝑺𝒙𝒄 the limit state of tension

flange yielding does not apply.
where
2 . When 𝑺𝒙𝒕 𝑺𝒙𝒄
𝑎 𝑤 = defined by Equation 506.4-11 but shall not
exceed 10 and 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒙𝒕 (506.5-10)

𝑟 𝑡 = the effective radius of gyration for lateral 506.6 I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent
buckling as defined in Section 506.4. about their Minor Axis

506.5.3 Compression Flange Local Buckling 506.6.1 Yielding

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑴𝒑 = 𝑭𝒚 𝒁𝒚 ≤ 𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒚 (506.6-1)
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑹𝒑𝒈 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒙𝒄 (506.5-7)
506.6.2 Flange Local Buckling
1. For sections with compact flanges, the limit
state of compression flange local buckling does 1. For Sections with compact flanges the limit
not apply. state of yielding shall apply

2. For sections with noncompact flanges 2. For sections with non-compact flanges
 NSCP 2001
SECTION 508 - COMBINED
STRESSES
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑭𝒄𝒓 𝑺𝒚 (506.6-3) 508.1.1 The strength of members subjected to
combined stresses shall be determined
Where according to the provisions of this Section.

508.2 AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING

508.2.1 Members subjected to both axial

compression and bending stresses shall be
proportioned to satisfy the following
requirements:

NSCP 2010
SECTION 506 -DESIGN OF
MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE
There is no changes between NSCP 2010 and
NSCP 2015 in this section.
508.2.2 In Equations (508..:1), (508-2) and
(508-3), the subscripts x and y, combined with
subscripts b, m and e, indicate the axis of
bending about which a particular stress or
design properly applies, and

𝐹𝑎 = axial compressive stress that would be

permitted if. Axial force alone existed, MPa

𝐹𝑏 = compressive bending stress that would be

permitted if bending moment alone existed,
MPa

Euler stress divided by a factor of safety, MPa

(In the expression for F'e, Ib is the actual
unbraced length in the plane of bending and 𝑟𝑏
is the corresponding radius of gyration. K is the
effective length factor in the plane of bending)
𝐴𝑠 in the case of 𝐹𝑎 , F and
𝑓𝑎 = computed axial stress, MPa
𝑓𝑏 = computed compressive bending stress at
the point under consideration, MPa
C = Coefficient whose value shall be taken as
follows:
a. For compression members in frames subject
to joint translation (sidesway),
𝐶𝑚 =0.85
b. For rotationally restrained compression
members in frames braced against joint
translation and not subject to transverse
loading between their supports in the plane
ofbending,
𝐶𝑚 =0.6-0.4(𝑀1 ⁄𝑀2 )
where 𝑀1 ⁄𝑀2 is the ratio of the smaller to
larger moments at the ends of the portion of
the member unbraced in the plane of bending
under consideration. 𝑀1 ⁄𝑀2 is positive when
the member is bent in reverse curvature,
negative when bent in single curvature.
c. For compression members in frames braced
against joint translation in the plane of loading
and subjected to transverse loading between
their supports, the value of 𝐶𝑚 may be
determined by an analysis. However, in lieu of
such analysis, the following values are
permitted:
i.. For members whose ends are restrained
against in rotation in the plane of bending,
𝐶𝑚 =0.85
ii. For members whose ends are unrestrained
against rotation in the plane of bending,
𝐶𝑚 =1.0
508.3 AXIAL TENSION AND BENDING
508.3.1 Members subject to both axial tension
and bending stresses shall be proportioned at
all points along their length to satisfy the
following equation:
Where
𝑓𝑏 is the computed bending tensile stress, .
𝑓𝑎 is the computed axial tensile stress, 𝐹𝑏 is the
allowable bending stress and 𝐹𝑡 is the governing
aiJowable tensile stress defined in Section
504.2.
508.3.2 However the computed bending
compressive stress arising from an independent
load source relative to the axial tension, taken
above, shall not exceed the applicable value
required in Section 506.
NSCP 2010
SECTION 508 - DESIGN OF
MEMBERS FOR COMBINED
FORCES AND TORSION
508.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members
Subject to Flexure and Axial Force
508.1.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members
in Flexure and Compression
The interaction of flexure and compression in
doubly symmetric members and singly
symmetric members for which 0.1  𝐼𝑦𝑐 ⁄𝐼𝑦 
0.9, that are constrained to bend about a
geometric axis (x and/or y) shall be limited by
Equations 508.1-1a and 508.1-1b, where 𝐼𝑦𝑐 the
moment of inertia about the y-axis referred to For design according to Section 502.3.4 (ASD)
the compression flange,𝑚𝑚2 .
𝑃𝑟 = required axial compressive strength using
ASD load combinations, N.

Pc = Pn/Ωb=allowable axial compressive

strength, determined in accordance with
section 505, N.

𝑀𝑟 = required flexural strength using ASD load

combinations, N-mm.

𝑀𝑐 =𝑀𝑛 /Ωb=allowable flexural strength

determined in accordance with section 506, N-
mm.
Where
Ω𝑡 = safety factor for compression = 1.67
𝑃𝑟 = required axial compressive strength, N.
Ω𝑏 = safety factor for flexure = 1.67
𝑃𝑐 = available axial compressive strength, N.
508.1.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members
𝑀𝑟 = required flexural strength, N-mm. in Flexure and Tension
𝑀𝑐 = available flexural strength, N-mm. The interaction of flexure and tension in doubly
symmetric members and singly symmetric
x = subscript relating symbol to strong axis
members constrained to bend about a
bending
geometric axis (x and/or y) shall be limited by
y = subscript relating symbol to weak axis Equations 508.1-1a and 508.1-1b,
bending
Where
For design according to Section 502.3.3 (LRFD)
For design according to Section 502.3.3 (LRFD)
𝑃𝑟 = required axial compressive strength using
𝑃𝑟 = required tensile strength using LRFD load
LRFD load combinations, N.
combinations, N.
𝑃𝑐 = design axial compressive strength,
𝑃𝑛 = ϕt𝑃𝑛 =design tensile strength, determined
determined in accordance with Section 505, N.
in accordance with Section 504.2, N.
𝑀𝑟 = required flexural strength using LRFD load
𝑀𝑟 = required flexural strength using LRFD load
combinations, N-mm.
combinations, N-mm.
𝑀𝑐 = ϕb𝑀𝑛 =design flexural strength
𝑀𝑐 = ϕb𝑀𝑛 =design flexural strength
determined in accordance with Section 506, N-
determined in accordance with section 506, N-
mm.
mm.
ϕc = resistance factor for compression = 0.90
ϕt = resistance factor for tension (see Section
ϕb = resistance factor for flexure = 0.90 504.2)

ϕb = resistance factor for flexure = 0.90

For doubly symmetric members, Cb in section 1. For the limit state of in-plane instability,
𝑃𝑢 Equations 508.1.1 shall be used with 𝑃𝑐 ,𝑀𝑟 and
506 may be increased by √1 + 𝑃𝑒𝑦
for axial
𝑀𝑐 determined in the plane of bending.
tension that acts concurrently with flexure,
where 2. For the limit state of out-of-plane buckling

For design according to Section 502.3.4 (ASD)
𝑃𝑟 = required tensile strength using ASD load
combinations, N.
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑛 /Ωt=allowable tensile strength,
determined in accordance with Section 504.2,
N.
𝑀𝑟 = required flexural strength using ASD load
combinations, N-mm.
Where
𝑃𝑐𝑜 = available compressive strength out of the
plane of bending, N.
𝑀𝑐 = available flexural-torsional strength for
strong axis flexure determined from section
506, Nmm.
If bending occurs only about the weak axis, the
moment ratio in Equation 508.1-2 shall be
neglected.

𝑀𝑐 = 𝑀𝑛 /Ωb=allowable flexural strength

determined in accordance with section 506, N-
mm.

Ω𝑡 = safety factor for tension (see Section

504.2)

Ω𝑏 = safety factor for flexure = 1.67

508.1.3 Doubly Symmetric Members in Single

Axis Flexure and Compression

For doubly symmetric members in flexure and

compression with moments primarily in one
plane, it is permissible to consider the two
independent limit states, in-plane instability
and out-of-plane buckling or flexural-torsional
buckling, separately in lieu of the combined
approach provided in Section 508.1.1.