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ENHANCEMENT OF STRENGHT OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
FOR LIGHT TRAFFIC PAVEMENT BY USING PALM

KERNEL SHELL
A Dissertation
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Post Graduate
Degree of
Master of Technology
In
(Construction Technology and Management)
Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(University of Technology of Madhya Pradesh)
Submitted by
RACHITA BORKAR
[Enrollment No. 0159CE16MT10]
Under the supervision of
Prof. Rajesh Joshi
Head, Department of Civil Engineering
Rajeev Gandhi Proudyogiki Mahavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)

RAJEEV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI
MAHAVIDYALAYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodies in this dissertation entitled “ENHANCEMENT OF
STRENGHT OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE FOR LIGHT TRAFFIC PAVEMENT BY
USING PALM KERNEL SHELL” being submitted by RACHITA BORKAR (Enrolment
No. 0159CE16MT10) for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of
Technology degree in Construction Technology and Management to Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) during the academic year 2016-2017 is a
recordof bonafide piece of work, carried out by him under my supervision and guidance.
Guided by
Prof. RAJESH JOSHI

Head, Department of Civil
Engineering
R.G.P.M., Bhopal.
Forwarded by
Prof. NIKHAT RAZA KHAN Dr. A.A. KHAN
Associate Professor Principal
R.G.P.M., Bhopal R.G.P.M., Bhopal (M.P.)

ENGINEERING
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
The Dissertation entitled “ENHANCEMENT OF STRENGHT OF PERVIOUS
CONCRETE FOR LIGHT TRAFFIC PAVEMENT BY USING PALM
KERNEL SHELL” beingsubmitted by RACHITA BORKAR (Enrolment No.
0159CE16MT10) has been examined by us and is hereby approved for the award
of the degree of Master of Technology in Construction Technology and
Management to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P)
during the academic year2014-2016 for which it has been submitted. It is
understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or
approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there in, but
approve the dissertation only for the purpose for which it has been submitted.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Date: Date:
ENGINEERING
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the dissertation, entitled
“ENHANCEMENT OF STRENGHT OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE FOR LIGHT
TRAFFIC PAVEMENT BY USING PALM KERNEL SHELL” towards the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for theaward of degree of Master of Technology in Construction
Technology and Management submitted in the department of Civil Engineering (Rajeev
Gandhi ProudyogikiMahavidyalaya, Bhopal, M.P.) is an authentic record of my own work
carried out under the guidance of Prof. Rajesh Joshi, Head, Department of Civil Engineering,
Rajeev Gandhi ProudyogikiMahavidyalaya, Bhopal, M.P. I have not submitted the matter
embodied in this report for award of any other degree.
I also declare that, ―A check for plagiarism has been carried

out on the Thesis/project report/dissertation and is found within the acceptable limit and report of
which is enclosed here with.‖
RACHITA BORKAR
Enrolment No – 0159CE16MT10
Dr. A.A. KHAN
Director/Principal
Sign. With Seal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At the outset I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my

respected dissertation guide Er. R. K. Chouhan, Senior Technical Officer, CSIR-AMPRI,
Bhopal & Honorary Assistant Professor AcSIR, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal for technical discussion
on subject matter, providing the solution regarding the casting of geopolymer concrete,
discussion on results of testing & his kind helps in various ways throughout the experimental
program and Dr. (Er.) Manish Mudgal, Principal Scientist, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal and
Honorary Associate Professor AcSIR, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal for their invaluable support,
guidance, and constructive suggestions throughout this work and I also thank him for providing
additional guidance and insight into my research work and for all advice and Prof. Rajesh Joshi,
Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajeev Gandhi Proudyogiki Mahavidyalaya, Bhopal,
M.P. under whose able guidance my project saw the light of the day. I will be ever indebted to
him for his morale boosting, support and encouragement throughout this project work.
I would like to thank to Director, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal for their Kind

patronage and particularly thank to Dr. S.S. Amritphale, Chief Scientist & Head,
RadiationShielding and Cement Free Concrete Division, CSIR- Advanced Materials and
ProcessesResearch Institute, Bhopal (M.P.) for his guidance in deciding the topic & appropriate
methodology for the work compiled herewith. I also would like to thank him for his helpful
suggestions, comments, accessibility, and for reviewing this thesis and the entire staff members
of CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal who have immensely support and helped me to complete the project in
time.
I would also like to thank, Dr. J. S. Chauhan, Professor and

Director,Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha (M.P.) for having the confidence in
me, andfor giving me the opportunity to learn my own mistakes whenever he was visiting CSIR-
AMPRI, Bhopal. His guidance has been absolutely invaluable to me.
The technical assistances provided by Mr. Abhishek Bisarya (Sr. Project fellow)
&Mr. Shailesh Kushwah (PhD Scholar) at CSIR- Advanced Materials and Processes
ResearchInstitute, Bhopal (M.P.), are gratefully acknowledged.
I would like to offer my thanks to Dr. A. A. Khan, Principal, RGPM, Bhopal for his
kind Cooperation and guidance to complete this dissertation work.
I am also thankful to Prof. Rajesh Joshi, HOD of Civil Engineering and the entire
teaching staff members who have immensely helped and encouraged me to complete the project
in time.
Finally, I am very grateful to my parents, my sister, my family member and friends

for their endless love and constant support throughout my research duration. It is their blessings
and love that I am able to complete my work successfully.
Lastly, my hands join in the praise of the almighty of God.
Thank you
RACHITA BORKARE
Enrollment No.-0159CE16MT10
ENGINEERING
PLAGIARISM DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Dissertation entitled ―ENHANCEMENT OF STRENGHT OF
PERVIOUS CONCRETE FOR LIGHT TRAFFIC PAVEMENT BY USING PALM
KERNEL SHELL‖ ismy own work conducted under the supervision of Prof. Rajesh Joshi,
Head, Department of Civil Engineering at RGPM College of Engineering, Bhopal.
I further declare that to the best of my knowledge this report does not contain any part of work
that has been submitted for the award of any degree either in this university or in other
University/Deemed University without proper citation.
I also declare that ―A check for plagiarism has been carried out on the dissertation and is found
within the acceptable limit and report of which is enclosed herewith.‖
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Student Name: RACHITA BORKAR
Enrolment No. 0159CE16MT10
Date:
Signature of Guide Director /Principal

प्रपत्र
(एम.ई./ एम.टे क/ एम.पाममछात्रोंहे त)ु
मैंअममतकमारमनवारे आत्मजश्रीअशोककमारमनवारे, उम्र 28 वमम, ननवासी G-
18/32 साउथटी.टी. नगरननयरमशप्राकाम्प्ऱेक्स(म.प्र.) काहोकरशऩथऩवमकूननम्पऩनकथनकरताहूककॉ
1. यहकक, मैंनेएम. टे ककेववयमकॊस्ट्रक्शनटे क्नाऱॉजीएण्डमैनेजमें टसत्र - 2014-2015

काकाउॊ समऱॊगकेमाध्यमसेराजीवगाुूुॉधीप्रौद्योगगकीमहाववद्याऱयसॊस्ट््थामें प्रवेशमऱयाथा।
2. मैंजऱाई2014सेननयममतछात्रकेरूऩमैंस्ट््नातकोत्तरऩाठ्यक्रममें अध्ययनरतथा।
3. मैंघोर्ामकरताहूुॉककइसऩाठ्यक्रमकीअवगधमें ककसीभीअन्यननजीऺेत्रसॊस्ट््थान /औद्योगगकसमहू /

ककसीभीकायामऱयमें ऩर्मकामऱकूरूऩसेकायमरतनहीॊथा।
हस्ट््ताऺरशऩथकताम
गाईडएर्ं सच
्ं ाऱक/ प्राचायथद्र्ूािूूासत्यापपतककयाजारू
सत्यावऩतकरतेहैंककछात्रकानामअममतकमारमनवारे नामाॊकनक्रमाॊक0159CE14MT01
द्वाराउऩरोक्तानसारुभरीगईजानकारीप्रमार्र्तएवॊसहीहैं।
गाईडकेहस्ट््ताऺर सॊचाऱक/प्राचायम
हस्ट््ताऺर / ऩदनामसीऱसहहत
सॊस्ट््थाकानाम - राजीवगाुूुॉधीप्रौद्योगगकी
महाववद्याऱयभोऩाऱ (म.प्र.)
हदनाॊक........................ सॊस्ट््थाकाकोड- 0159
दरभार्ुूक्रमाॊक- 0755 2414311
8
ABSTRACT
Pervious concrete is a concrete mixture prepared from cement,
aggregates, water, little or no fines and in some cases admixtures. It is
considered because of its ability to reduce storm water runoff and to initiate the
filtering of pollutants. Because the hydrologic properties of pervious concrete
has been the primary reason for its reappearance in construction, the focus of
previous research has been on maximizing the drainage properties of the mix
with single-sized aggregates.
Pervious concrete pavements are gaining popularity for storm water

management. Therefore, there is an impending need for the development of
quality control and acceptance specifications. The most significant aspect,
which draws the attention of environmental agencies and cities and
municipalities, is its ability to reduce storm water runoff. The Pervious
Pavement System is a sub-class of pervious pavement system where the vast
majority of the surface is impermeable.
The porous concrete filledwith coarse aggregate which is replaced with

palm kernel shell wrapped partially and removing fine aggregate. This research,
however, investigates the effects of aggregate properties and gradation on the
strength, as well as hydrologic properties of pervious concrete mixtures. The
tests applied are workability, compressive testing and flexural testing where we
have the results of 7 and 28 days strength. About 36 cubes were prepared for
compressive testing and 36 beams were prepared for flexural testing.
Keywords: Pervious Concrete, Palm Kernel Shell, Replacement, Compressive

Testing, Flexural Testing, Permeability Test
9
Contents
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................ 9
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 12
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ 13
LIST OF GRAPH ................................................................................................................................. 14
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 15
1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 15
1.2 PERVIOUS CONCRETE ........................................................................................................... 18
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE........................................................................ 21
1.4 PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE ............................................................................ 23
1.4.1 FRESH PROPERTIES ........................................................................................................... 23
1.4.2 HARDENED PROPERTIES .................................................................................................. 24
1.5 PALM KERNEL SHELL: .......................................................................................................... 27
1.6 PROPERTIES OF PALM KERNEL SHELL ............................................................................. 29
1.7 NEED OF WORK....................................................................................................................... 30
1.8 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH WORK ...................................................................................... 31
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS.................................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 32
2.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................. 32
2.2 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 40
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 41
3.1 INTRODUCTION OF MATERIALS: ....................................................................................... 41
3.2 PREPARATION OF THE PERVIOUS CONCRETE USING FOLLOWING MATERIALS: . 41
3.3 CEMENT: ................................................................................................................................... 42
3.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT: .................................................................................... 42
3.3.2 INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT: ............................................................ 43
3.4 COARSE AGGREGATE: .......................................................................................................... 47
3.4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE: ........................................................... 49
3.4.2 WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE: ....................................................... 49
3.5 PALM KERNEL SHELL: .......................................................................................................... 50
3.6 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 52
3.7 MATERIAL TESTING: ....................................................................................................... 53
3.7.1 SLUMP TEST (WORKABILITY TEST) .............................................................................. 53
3.8 COMPRESSIVE TESTING ....................................................................................................... 56
10
3.8.1 APPARATUS REQUIRED FOR COMPRESSIVE TEST .................................................... 56
3.8.2 PROCEDURE OF CASTING ................................................................................................ 58
3.8.3 PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFICATION, CURING AND TESTING OF CONCRETE
CUBES ............................................................................................................................................ 59
3.9 FLEXURAL TESTING .............................................................................................................. 61
3.9.1 PROCEDURE OF FLEXURAL TESTING ........................................................................... 61
3.10 WATER PERMEABILITY TEST............................................................................................ 64
3.10.1 CONSTANT HEAD METHOD (CHM) .............................................................................. 64
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... 66
4.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 66
4.2 ANALYSIS OF SLUMP TEST .................................................................................................. 66
4.3 ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ........................................................................ 67
4.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH .......................................................................................................... 72
4.5 WATER PERMEABILITY TEST.............................................................................................. 75
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 78
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 79
PLAGIARISM REPORT ...................................................................................................................... 82
11
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Description of Figure Page no.

Fig. 1.1 Subgrade Layers 14
Fig. 1.2 Pervious Concrete 17
Fig. 1.3 Palm Kernel Shell 25
Fig. 3.1 Material Required 39
Fig. 3.2 Vicat Apparatus 42
Fig. 3.3 Cement 44
Fig. 3.4 Coarse Aggregate 45
Fig. 3.5 Palm Kernel Shell 49
Fig. 3.6 Slump Pattern 52
Fig. 3.7 Slump Cone and Tamping Rod 52
Fig. 3.8 Process of Slump Cone Test 53
Fig. 3.9 Cubical Moulds 55
Fig. 3.10 Preparation of Specimen 58
Fig. 3.11 Testing of Specimen 59
Fig. 3.12 Prepared Beam 61
Fig. 3.13 Testing Machine 62
Fig. 3.14 Placing Specimen for Testing 62
Fig. 3.15 Testing of Specimen 63
Fig. 4.1 Specimen of Pervious Concrete 67
12
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description of Table Page No.
Table 1.1 Comparing Properties of Coarse Aggregate and Palm Kernel Shell 26
Table 3.1 Setting Time of Cement 43
Table 3.2 Chemical Composition of Cement 44
Table 3.3 Physical Properties of Cement 43 44
Table 3.4 Properties of Coarse Aggregate 45
Table 3.5 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate 46
Table 3.6 Properties of Palm Kernel Shell 49
Table 4.1 Slump Values of Mix Design 66
Table 4.2 Types of Mixes 67
Table 4.3 Average Compressive Strength 7 Days (N/mm2) 68
Table 4.4 Average Compressive Strength 28 Days (N/mm2) 69
Table 4.5 Compressive Strength 7 and 28 Days (N/mm2) 70
Table 4.6 Average Flexural Strength 7 Days (N/mm2) 71
Table 4.7 Average Flexural Strength 28 Days (N/mm2) 72
Table 4.8 Flexural Strength 7 and 28 Days (N/mm2) 73
Table 4.9 Permeability Value for 10% replacement of CA by PKS 74
13
LIST OF GRAPH
Table No. Description of Table Page No.
Graph 4.1 Compressive Strength 7 Days (N/mm2) 68
Graph 4.2 Compressive Strength 28 Days (N/mm2) 69
Graph 4.3 Comparison between Compressive Strength 70
Graph 4.4 Flexural Strength 7 Days (N/mm2) 71
Graph 4.5 Flexural Strength 28 Days (N/mm2) 72
Graph 4.6 Comparison between Flexural Strength 73
14
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Urbanization and the resulting increase in urban storm water over the past
few decades have led to an increase in runoff and pollution. This increase
directly affects the surrounding rivers and streams, with impacts such as
increased stream bank erosion, decreased water quality, and decreased base
flow as areas become less and less pervious.
Studies show this increase in urban storm water runoff is a leading

contributor of nonpoint source pollution in urban areas. Such discoveries have
led to a demand for innovative practices that will discourage future stream
degradation and help deal with, and possibly reverse, some of the damage
already done. This demand is becoming more recognized, and as a result, such
technologies are emerging.
In pervious concrete, carefully controlled amounts of water and

cementitious materials are used to create a paste that forms a thick coating
around aggregate particles. A pervious concrete mixture contains little or no
sand, creating a substantial void content. Using sufficient paste to coat and bind
the aggregate particles together creates a system of highly permeable,
interconnected voids that drains quickly.
Typically, between 15% and 25% voids are achieved in the hardened
concrete, and flow rates for water through pervious concrete typically are
around 480 in./hr. (0.34 cm/s, which is 5 gal/ft2/ min or 200 L/m2/min),
although they can be much higher. Both the low mortar content and high
porosity also reduce strength compared to conventional concrete mixtures, but
sufficient strength for many applications is readily achieved.
15
While pervious concrete can be used for a surprising number of
applications, its primary use is in pavement. This report will focus on the
pavement applications of the material, which also has been referred to as porous
concrete, permeable concrete, no-fines concrete, gap-graded concrete, and
enhanced-porosity concrete.
Pervious concrete which is also known as the no-fines, porous, gap-

graded, and permeable concrete and enhance porosity concrete has been found
to be a reliable storm water management tool. By definition, pervious concrete
is a mixture of gravel or granite stone, cement, water, little to no sand (fine
aggregate) with or without admixtures. In other words, pervious concrete helps
in protecting the surface of the pavement and its environment.
Pervious concrete pavements (PCP) are permeable pavement structures,

simultaneously serving storm water management and bearing pedestrian/traffic
loads, depending on the application. Storm water management has become a
concern for cities and municipalities due to increased urbanization of residential
and commercial neighbourhoods. In this pavement system, a 150– 300 mm
pervious concrete (PC) layer with a high air void content is placed on a highly
voided stone bed as the base layer, to allow for a rapid infiltration of runoff
through the pavement system rather than allowing it to pond or run on the
surface. For sidewalks and for pedestrian slipping, and for parking lots/bike
trails and light traffic streets, reduced hydroplaning and wet weather accidents
are among the additional expected outcomes of using PCP.
Porosity is an essential property of PC, impacting its hydraulic,

mechanical and durability characteristics, and is highly dependent on the
mixture design parameters and the method of compaction. Historically storm
water has been considered as a quantity problem to deal with by discharging it
directly to water bodies, or treating part of it in wastewater treatment plants.
16
Most of impervious surfaces in urban areas serve automobile travel, but a
significant portion of these, particularly parking areas, driveways, and road
shoulders, experience limited traffic loading. Large impervious surfaces
commonly lead to multiple impacts on stream systems, including higher peak
stream flows, reduction of infiltration which lessens groundwater recharge and
increased pollutant loads to streams. It is well known that storm water transports
large quantities of contaminants to receiving waters thereby being the major
contributor to pollution of receiving waters in many countries. Pervious
concrete is special type of concrete with high porosity used for concrete for
concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other
resources to pass through it, thereby reducing runoff from a site and recharging
ground water table. It is a mixture of Cement, Coarse Aggregate and with and
without sand and has cementitious paste to coat the coarse aggregate while
preserving the interconnectivity of the voids. This concrete is used as paving
material to solve or reduce the storm water runoff to the drainage system and
minimize water logging problems. Using materials that allow water to permeate
into the ground helps contribute to the ground water table. One such material
that can be used to construct porous pavements and porous urban surfaces is
―pervious concrete‖. This type of concrete has high permeability and allows rain
water to permeate.
Fig no. 1.1 Subgrade Layers
17
1.2 PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Pervious concrete is a porous concrete paving material which permits rain

and storm water runoff to percolate through it rather than flood surrounding
areas or storm drains. It is usually a mixture of 10-20mm average size of the
aggregate, hydraulic cement, other cementitious materials, admixtures and
water. When properly placed, pervious slabs will contain voids that would be
filled by sand.
Like a honeycomb these voids are held together with cement. These irregular
voids thus add great strength to the slab. Our designed pervious mixture is the
result of over 25 years’ experience. When cured it resembles pervious slabs.
Pervious concrete pavement is one of the promising pavement technologies, as
it can help overcome traditional pavement environmental impacts, assist with
storm water management, and provide an effective low impact development
solution.
Pervious concrete is not difficult to place, but it is different from

conventional concrete, and appropriate construction techniques are necessary to
ensure its performance. It has a relatively stiff consistency, which dictates its
handling and placement requirements. The use of a vibrating screed is important
for optimum density and strength. After screening, the material usually is
compacted with a steel pipe roller. There are no bull floats, derbies, trowels, etc.
used in finishing pervious concrete, as those tools tend to seal the surface.
Joints, if used, may be formed soon after consolidation, or installed using
conventional sawing equipment. (However, sawing can induce ravelling at the
joints.) Some pervious concrete pavements are placed without joints. Curing
with plastic sheeting must start immediately after placement and should
continue for at least seven days.
18
Careful engineering is required to ensure structural adequacy, hydraulic
performance, and minimum clogging potential. More detail on these topics is
provided in subsequent sections. Pervious concrete can be used in a wide range
of applications, although its primary use is in pavements which are in:
residential roads, alleys and driveways, low volume pavements, low water
crossings, sidewalks and pathways, parking areas, tennis courts, slope
stabilization, sub-base for conventional concrete pavements etc.
Pervious concrete system has advantages over impervious concrete in that it

is effective in managing run-off from paved surfaces, prevent contamination in
run-off water, and recharge aquifer, repelling salt water intrusion, control
pollution in water seepage to ground water recharge thus, preventing
subterranean storm water sewer drains, absorbs less heat than regular concrete
and asphalt, reduces the need for air conditioning.
Pervious concrete allows for increased site optimization because in most

cases, its use should totally limit the need for detention and retention ponds,
swales and other more traditional storm water management devices that are
otherwise required for compliances with the Federal storm water regulations on
commercial sites of one acre or more. By using pervious concrete, the ambient
air temperature will be reduced, requiring less power to cool the building. In
addition, costly storm water structures such as piping, inlets and ponds will be
eliminated. Construction scheduling will also be improved as the stone recharge
bed will be installed at the beginning of construction, enhancing erosion control
measures and preventing rain delays due to harsh site conditions. Apparently,
when compared to conventional concrete, pervious concrete has a lower
compressive strength, greater permeability, and a lower unit weight
(approximately 70% of conventional concrete).
19
However, pervious concrete has a greater advantage in many regards.
Nevertheless, it has its own limitations which must be put in effective
consideration when planning its use. Structurally when higher permeability and
low strength are required the effect of variation in aggregate size on strength
and permeability for the same aggregate cement ratio need to be investigated.
Fig no. 1.2 Pervious Concrete
20
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Pervious concrete is receiving renewed interest. The high flow rate of

water through a pervious concrete pavement allows rainfall to be captured and
to percolate into the ground, reducing storm water runoff, recharging
groundwater, supporting sustainable construction, providing a solution for
construction that is sensitive to environmental concerns, and helping owners
comply with EPA storm water regulations. This unique ability of pervious
concrete offers advantages to the environment, public agencies, and building
owners by controlling rainwater on-site and addressing Storm water runoff
issues.
This can be of particular interest in urban areas or where land is very

expensive. Depending on local regulations and environment, a pervious
concrete pavement and its sub base may provide enough water storage capacity
to eliminate the need for retention ponds, swales, and other precipitation runoff
containment strategies. Pervious concrete’s key characteristic is its open pore
structure that allows high rates of water transmission. Pervious Concrete
Pavements provides for more efficient land use and is one factor that has led to
a renewed interest in pervious concrete.
Applications include walls for two-story houses, load-bearing walls for

high-rise buildings (up to 10 stories), and infill panels for high-rise buildings,
sea groins, roads, and parking lots. All of these applications take advantage of
the benefits of pervious concrete’s characteristics. However, to achieve these
results, mix design and construction details must be planned and executed with
care. While pervious concrete can be used for a surprising number of
applications, its primary use is in pavement.
21
This thesis will focus on the pavement applications of the material, which
also has been referred to as porous concrete, permeable concrete, no-fines
concrete, gap-graded concrete, and enhanced-porosity concrete.
1. Low-volume pavements
2. Residential roads, alleys, and driveways
3. Sidewalks and pathways
4. Parking lots
5. Low water crossings
6. Tennis courts
7. Sub base for conventional concrete pavements
8. Patios
9. Artificial reefs
10. Slope stabilization
11. Well linings
12. Tree grates in sidewalks
13. Foundations/floors for greenhouses, fish hatcheries, aquatic amusement
centres, and zoos
14. Hydraulic structures
15. Swimming pool decks
22
1.4 PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
1.4.1 FRESH PROPERTIES

The Pervious concrete mixture is stiff compared to traditional concrete.
Slumps, when measured, are generally less than 3⁄4 in. (20 mm), although
slumps as high as 2 in. (50 mm) have been used. When placed and compacted,
the aggregates are tightly adhered to one another and exhibit the characteristic
open matrix. For quality control or quality assurance, unit weight or bulk
density is the preferred measurement because some fresh concrete properties,
such as slump, are not meaningful for pervious concrete.
Conventional cast cylinder strength tests also are of little value, because
the field consolidation of pervious concrete is difficult to reproduce in
cylindrical test specimens, and strengths are heavily dependent on the void
content. Unit weights of pervious concrete mixtures are approximately 70% of
traditional concrete mixtures. Concrete working time typically is reduced for
pervious concrete mixtures. Usually one hour between mixing and placing is all
that is recommended. However, this can be controlled using retarders and
hydration stabilizers that extend the working time by as much as 1.5 hours,
depending on the dosage.
23
1.4.2 HARDENED PROPERTIES
1.4.2.1 DENSITY AND POROSITY
The density of pervious concrete depends on the properties and

proportions of the materials used, and on the compaction procedures used in
placement. In-place densities on the order of 1600 kg/m3 to 2000 kg/m3 are
common, which is in the upper range of lightweight concretes. A pavement 125
mm thick with 20% voids will be able to store 25 mm of a sustained rainstorm
in its voids. When placed on a 150-mm thick layer of open-graded gravel or
crushed rock sub base, the storage capacity increases to as much as 75 mm of
precipitation.
1.4.2.2 PERMEABILITY
The flow rate through pervious concrete depends on the materials and
placing operations. Typical flow rates for water through pervious concrete are
288 in./hr., 120 L/m2/min, or 0.2 cm/s to 770 in./hr., 320 L/m2/min, or 0.54
cm/s, with rates up to 1650 in./hr., 700 L/m2/min, 1.2 cm/s and higher having
been measured in the laboratory.
1.4.2.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Pervious concrete mixtures can develop compressive strengths in the

range of 3.5 MPa to 28 MPa, which is suitable for a wide range of applications.
Typical values are about 17 MPa. Drilled cores are the best measure of in-place
pervious concrete surface Sub base Curb Subgrade. On level subgrades, storm
water storage is provided in the pervious concrete surface layer (15% to 25%
voids), the sub base (20% to 40% voids), and above the surface to the height of
the curb (100% voids).
24
1.4.2.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Flexural strength in pervious concretes generally ranges between about 1

MPa and 3.8 MPa). Many factors influence the flexural strength, particularly
degree of compaction, porosity, and the aggregate: cement (A/C) ratio.
However, the typical application constructed with pervious concrete does not
require the measurement of flexural strength for design.
1.4.2.5 SHRINKAGE
Drying shrinkage of pervious concrete develops sooner, but is much less

than conventional concrete. Specific values will depend on the mixtures and
materials used, but values on the order of 200 X 10 -6 have been reported,
roughly half that of conventional concrete mixtures. The material’s low paste
and mortar content is a possible explanation. Roughly 50% to 80% of shrinkage
occurs in the first 10 days, compared to 20% to 30% in the same period for
conventional concrete. Because of this lower shrinkage and the surface texture,
many pervious concretes are made without control joints and allowed to crack
randomly.
1.4.2.6 DURABILITY FREEZE-THAW RESISTANCE
Freeze-thaw resistance of pervious concrete in the field appears to depend

on the saturation level of the voids in the concrete at the time of freezing. In the
field, it appears that the rapid draining characteristics of pervious concrete
prevent saturation from occurring. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that snow
covered pervious concrete clears quicker, possibly because its voids allow the
snow to thaw more quickly than it would on conventional pavements. Note that
the porosity of pervious concrete from the large voids is distinctly different
from the microscopic air voids that provide protection to the paste in
conventional concrete in a freeze-thaw environment.
25
In addition to the use of air-entraining agents in the cement paste, placing
the pervious concrete on a minimum of 150 mm (often up to 300 mm or even
450 mm) of a drainable rock base, such as (25-mm) crushed stone, is normally
recommended in freeze-thaw environments where any substantial moisture will
be encountered during freezing conditions.
1.4.2.7 SULPHATE RESISTANCE
Aggressive chemicals in soils or water, such as acids and sulphates, are a

concern to conventional concrete and pervious concrete alike, and the
mechanisms for attack are similar. However, the open structure of pervious
concrete may make it more susceptible to attack over a larger area. Pervious
concretes can be used in areas of high-sulphate soils and ground waters if
isolated from them. Placing the pervious concrete over a 150-mm layer of 25-
mm maximum top size aggregate provides a pavement base, storm water
storage, and isolation for the pervious concrete.
1.4.2.8 ABRASION RESISTANCE
Because of the rougher surface texture and open structure of pervious

concrete, abrasion and ravelling of aggregate particles can be a problem,
particularly where snowploughs are used to clear pavements. This is one reason
why applications such as highways generally are not suitable for pervious
concretes. However, anecdotal evidence indicates that pervious concrete
pavements allow snow to melt faster, requiring less ploughing. Most pervious
concrete pavements will have a few loose aggregates on the surface in the early
weeks after opening to traffic. These rocks were loosely bound to the surface
initially, and popped out because of traffic loading.
26
1.5 PALM KERNEL SHELL:
Palm kernel shells are not common materials in the construction industry.
This is either because they are not available in very large quantities as sand or
gravel, or because their use for such has not been encouraged. Palm kernel
shells are derived from the oil palm tree, an economically valuable tree. The oil
palm tree generally grows in the rain forest region close to the coastal areas and
adjacent to some inland waterways. Palm kernel shells are used mostly as a
source of fuel for domestic cooking in most areas where they occur. The shells
are often dumped as waste products of the oil palm industry. Palm kernel shells
have been used as aggregates in light and dense concretes for structural and
non-structural purposes. The 28 day compressive strength of concrete with palm
kernel shells as aggregate range between 0.3 and 20.5N/mm2 depending on the
proportion in the mix.
To mitigate the continuously increasing demand for low cost and

environmental friendly construction materials, while strengthening economic
growth and competitiveness, agricultural wastes can be used as replacement
material in construction industry, especially, in countries where abundant
agricultural wastes are discharged. The production of palm oil for example,
result in various waste product materials such as empty fruit bunches, palm
kernel ash and palm kernel shells. In most countries, these waste product
materials are being stockpiled in open land-fields and thus it had negative
impact on environment. These palm kernel ash and shell have the potential to be
used as a partial replacement for cement and aggregate, leading to reduction in
the cost of construction, and a convenient means of waste disposal, resource
preservation and other environmental gains.
27
Previous studies have shown that palm kernel shell can be used as a
lightweight aggregate for concrete production. Although the compressive
strength of the concrete made with palm kernel shell fulfils the requirement for
lightweight concrete, higher strength of is preferred for medium strength
structural members.
The results of another work on the ductility behaviour of reinforced palm

kernel shell concrete beams showed that the mode of failure observed in palm
kernel shell was ductile. The work by another worker reported on the
engineering properties of concrete incorporating palm kernel shell and
demonstrated that that concrete made with palm kernel shell has lower modulus
of elasticity when compared to conventional concrete; however, palm kernel
shell concrete has sufficient strength to be accepted as structural lightweight.
Fig no. 1.3Palm Kernel Shell
28
1.6 PROPERTIES OF PALM KERNEL SHELL
Table No. 1.1 Comparing Properties of PKS and CA
29
1.7 NEED OF WORK
In rural areas larger amount of rainwater ends up falling on impervious

surfaces such as parking lots, driveways, sidewalks, and streets rather than
soaking into the soil. This creates an imbalance in the natural ecosystem and
leads to a host of problems including erosion, floods, ground water level
depletion and pollution of rivers, as rainwater rushing across pavement surfaces
picks up everything from oil and grease spills to de-icing salts and chemical
fertilizers. A simple solution to avoid these problems is to stop constructing
impervious surfaces that block natural water infiltration into the soil. Rather
than building them with conventional concrete, we should be switching to
Pervious Concrete or Porous Pavement, a material that offers the inherent
durability and low life-cycle costs of a typical concrete pavement while
retaining storm water runoff and replenishing local watershed systems. Instead
of preventing infiltration of water into the soil, pervious pavement assists the
process by capturing rainwater in a network of voids and allowing it to percolate
into the underlying soil.
BENEFITS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE:
 It reduces the storm water runoff
 Eliminates the need for detention ponds and other costly storm water
management practices
 Mitigates surface runoff
 Replenishes the aquifers and water table
 Allows more efficient land development
30
1.8 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH WORK
The objective of the research is to evaluate the performance of pervious

concrete in Civil Engineering Construction work. To achieve this, the effects of
varying proportion of aggregate which is partially replaced by Palm Kernel
Shell. The research covers the use of Pervious Concrete as a pavement material
in the construction of walkways, pedestrian and parking lots.
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS
 The first chapter provides introduction of the project work.

 The second chapter deals with the review of literatures related to the
present study.
 The third chapter discussed about the methodology of the study i.e.
materials opted & experimental investigation.
 Chapter four consists of results and discussions on the result obtained.
 Chapter five concludes the results of the present experimental
investigation& also analyses the cost effectiveness & scope of the study.
31
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Milena Rangelov, Somayeh Nassiri, Zhao Chen, Mark Russell, Jeffery

Uhlmeyer
In this study the procedures to conduct fresh and hardened

density/porosity (u) and 28-day compressive strength were evaluated. The
proper methodology for casting specimens in the field was identified by
examining the agreement between the fresh (D) and hardened density (q). The
effect of cylindrical size, and curing methods as combinations of air and moist
curing during the four-week period on was studied.
Small cylinders present higher values of 28-day fck, comparing to large

cylinders by 7.7 to 19 percent. Cement paste samples from all four curing
categories were examined and, was observed that longer moist curing leads to
more loss of C–S–H and Ca(OH)2.
Alan Paul Newmana, Douglas Aitken , Blanca Antizar-Ladislao
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a live

installation of a macro-pervious pavement system (MPPS) (operated as a
visitors’ car park at a prison in Central Scotland) in retaining and treating a
range of pollutants which originate from automobile use or become
concentrated on the parking surface from the wider environment.
The data generated in this survey indicate that the macro pervious
pavement installed as a car park is producing effluent which is of a standard
which is acceptable for direct release into a surface water receptor.
32
Rishi Gupta
Porous pavement on parking lots, sidewalks, and driveways provides a

solution to carry more pollutants than natural conditions. One such material that
can be used to produce porous surfaces is pervious concrete. This paper presents
a case study describing a project in British Columbia, Canada where 1000 sqft
of asphalt was replaced with a pervious concrete system.
Percolation capacity of the pavement is currently being monitored and

even though some parts of the pavement have reduced percolation capacity
owing to clogging, the overall capacity of the pavement and its effectiveness in
capturing surface runoff remains high.
M.Uma Maguesvari and V.L. Narasimha
This study presents the influence of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
quantities on the properties of pervious concrete. Various mechanical properties
of the mixes were evaluated. Suitability of pervious concrete as a pavement
material is discussed.
This study illustrates angularity number, which influence properties and

behaviour of pervious concrete with fine aggregate and coarse aggregates. It is
observed that the increase in fine aggregate results in reduction of volume of
voids which in turn increase of compressive strength, flexural strength and split
tensile strength.
33
Transportation Research Board
The objective of this research paper is to develop a PCPC (Portland

Cement Pervious Concrete) mix that not only has sufficient porosity for storm
water infiltration, but also desirable strength and freeze-thaw durability. In this
research paper, concrete mixes were designed with various sizes and types of
aggregates, binder contents, and admixture amounts.
Results indicate that PCPC made with single-sized aggregate has high
permeability but not adequate strength. Adding a small percent of sand to the
mix improves its strength and freeze-thaw resistance, but lowers its
permeability. Although adding sand and latex improved the strength of the mix
when compared with single-sized mixes, the strength of mixes where only sand
was added was higher.
Michael E. Dietz
Porous pavements have been extremely effective in infiltrating storm

water runoff. Concerns have been raised about groundwater contamination, but
research has shown that this is not a problem in most settings. Green roofs have
been found to retain a large percentage of rainfall (63% on average) in a variety
of climates. A common thread across bio retention, green roofs and grassed
swales was found: the export of phosphorus. The issue appears to be linked to
high phosphorus levels in the soil media, or possibly to fertilization of turf or
planted areas. Solutions to this problem have been recommended.
Contrary to popular belief, research has shown that bio retention and
pervious pavements continue to infiltrate even with frost in the ground.
Although issues have been identified with retention of certain pollutants, the
LID approach has been found to result in increased retention of storm water and
pollutants on site, mimicking predevelopment hydrologic function.
34
Montes, F., Valavala, S., and Haselbach, L.
This paper researches a method for measuring the porosity of pervious

concrete from field-obtained cores by applying the Archimedes principle and
using standard materials laboratory equipment. The error between different
operators at different testing facilities was found to be around 2.2 % porosity.
L. K. Crouch, P.E.Jordan Pitt and Ryan Hewitt
The effects of aggregate gradation, amount, and size on pervious Portland

cement concrete (PCC) static modulus of elasticity were compared using four
different mixtures. A standard mix and three variable mixes using a uniform
gradation, increased aggregate amount, and increased aggregate size were used.
The effective air void content was determined for each mixture. The
compressive strengths and static elastic moduli were determined and compared
at equal void contents.
For a uniform gradation, the compressive strengths and static elastic

moduli appeared to be higher within an optimal range of voids; however, there
was no statistically significant difference between the results from the different
gradations. An increased aggregate amount resulted in a statistically significant
decrease in both compressive strength and static elastic moduli due to the
subsequent decrease in paste amount.
Miklas Scholz and Piotr Grabowiecki
The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the wide-range but

diffuse literature on predominantly permeable pavement systems (PPS),
highlight current trends in research and industry, and to recommend future areas
of research and development. The development of PPS as an integral part of
sustainable drainage systems is reviewed in the context of traditional and
modern urban drainage.
35
The most important target of this research pollutants are hydrocarbons,
heavy metals and nutrients (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus). The advantages and
disadvantages of different PPS are discussed with the help of recent case
studies. The latest innovations are highlighted and explained, and their potential
for further research work is outlined. Recent research on the development of a
combined geothermal heating and cooling, water treatment, and recycling
pavement system is promising.
John T. Kevern, Liv Haselbach, Vernon R. Schaefer
This study focuses where both a pervious concrete and a traditional

concrete paving system have been installed and where temperatures were
recorded within the systems for extended time periods. The analyses cover days
with negligible antecedent precipitation and high air temperatures, which are
extreme conditions for UHI impact. This paper compares the increase in overall
heat stored during several diurnal heating cycles in both of these systems. These
analyses include not only the temperatures at various depths, but also the heat
stored based on the bulk mass of the various layers in each system and below
grade. Results suggest that pervious concrete pavement systems store less
energy than do traditional systems and can help mitigate UHIs.
A strategy for mitigating the UHI effect may be to employ lower energy-
storage pavement systems. Using pervious concrete systems, whose layers of
materials have higher porosity than do traditional pavement systems, may be an
effective tool in reducing the UHI effect. Considerations of material
characteristics below grade (e.g., porosity) are important in determining a
permeable pavement’s capacity for UHI mitigation. Solar reflectance should not
be used independent of these other variables.
36
Mata, Luis Alexander
Pervious concrete pavement systems (PCPS) are a unique and effective

means to address important environmental issues and support green, sustainable
growth, by capturing storm water and allowing it to infiltrate into the underlying
soil. Sedimentation leading to clogging is a potential problem in serviceability
of PCPS. Pervious concrete beam and cylinder specimens were exposed to
sediments mixed in water to simulate runoff with heavy and typical load of soil
sediments. Falling head permeability tests were performed in the specimens
before and after exposure.
Results show that storage capacity will be minimally affected by

sediment. Exfiltration rate, however, can be affected by sediment characteristics
in some situations. A simple, economical test for estimating exfiltration rates of
the system in these situations was also developed. The results of this study were
used to develop design guidelines that complement the hydrological design of
PCPS considering the effects of sedimentation of the system at end of service.
The effects of realistic freezing rates on frost resistance of pervious concrete,
including the effects of sedimentation were also examined.
John Kevern, Vernon Schaefer, Kejin Wang
To achieve the permitted storm water effluent limits required by the

Clean Water Act, many best management practices (BMPs) are being utilized to
reduce the overall storm water volume and provide initial pre-treatment and
pollutant removal. One such BMP is use of Portland cement pervious concrete
(PCPC), which allows storm water to pass through the pavement into an
aggregate base below to infiltrate.
37
Until now, the temperature response of the entire system (concrete,
aggregate base, and natural soil) was not known. Since PCPC is an infiltration-
based BMP, once a frost line forms under the base the infiltrating capacity is
reduced or eliminated. PCPC also is recommended for use in warmer climates
as a cooler pavement alternative to conventional concrete or asphalt. To
quantify the temperature behaviour of a pervious concrete system, a fully
monitored parking lot—composed of half traditional concrete and half PCPC—
was constructed at Iowa State University as part of the Iowa Pervious Concrete
Storm water Project.
Jing Yang, Gaoling Jiang
In this paper, a pervious concrete pavement material used for roadway is

introduced. Using the common material and method, the strength of the
pervious concrete is low. Using smaller sized aggregate, silica fume (SF), and
super plasticizer (SP) in the pervious concrete can enhance the strength of
pervious concrete greatly.
The pervious pavement materials that composed of a surface layer and a

base layer were made. The compressive strength of the composite can reach 50
MPa and the flexural strength 6 MPa.
M. Uma Maguesvari, V.L.Narasimha
This study presents the influence of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
quantities on the properties of pervious concrete. Materials used are OPC Type
I, fine aggregate corresponding to grading II and four sizes of coarse aggregate
namely, 4.75 mm to 9 mm, 9 mm to 12.5 mm, 12.5 mm to 16 mm, 16 mm to
19.5 mm. Mixes were prepared with the water cement ratio of 0.34, cement
content of 400 kg/m3 and maintaining the aggregate cement ratio as 4.75:1.
38
Sonia Rahman, Andrew B. Northmore, Vimy Henderson, and Susan L.
Tighe
In this paper, a framework is developed to identify how pervious concrete

can be integrated into low volume infrastructure. It also summarizes the
structural performance and drainage characteristics of pervious concrete parking
lots constructed in various provinces of Canada demonstrating the viability of
pervious concrete for low-volume northern applications.
The lower strength and modulus of rupture of the materials do limit the
number of heavy vehicles that pervious concrete can withstand, though the
slight to moderate surface distresses noted that it withstands low-volume traffic
and freeze-thaw cycling very well. Thus pervious concrete can be a potential
alternative for sustainable low volume roads and provide a dust free, smooth,
cost effective, and safe alternative to traditional pavements.
Hariyadia, Hiroki Tamai
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of varying

proportion of volcanic pumice as an aggregate replacement (VP/A) and
proportion of aggregate to cement (A/C) with a constant water to cement ratio
(WCR) to the mechanical properties of volcanic pumice porous concrete, and to
those porous concrete with normal aggregate as a control.
The result shows that by using volcanic pumice the porosity increases and
the modulus of elasticity decreases, even though slightly decreasing in strength
is also found. This volcanic pumice porous concrete is potential for future
structure with adequate strength and good impact energy absorbing.
39
Alessandra Bonicelli, Gilberto Martinez, Luis Guillermo
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of varying

proportion of admixture to enhance mechanical properties of material. The
investigation shows that the mixture of admixture enhances the mechanical
properties of the materials by adding appropriate fibers.
2.2 SUMMARY
• Some of the investigations show that the mixing of the admixture

enhances the mechanical properties of the materials by adding appropriate
fibers.
• By using volcanic pumice the porosity increases and the modulus of

elasticity decreases, even though slightly decreasing in strength is also found.
• Pervious concrete can be a potential alternative for sustainable low

volume roads and provide a dust free, smooth, cost effective, and safe
alternative to traditional pavements.
40
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION OF MATERIALS:
Following materials were used in the experimental investigation
1. Cement (OPC 43)
2. Coarse aggregate
3. Palm Kernel Shell
4. Water
3.2 PREPARATION OF THE PERVIOUS CONCRETE USING

FOLLOWING MATERIALS:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement 2. Normal Coarse Aggregate
3. Palm Kernel Shell 4. Water
Fig no. 3.1 Material Required
41
3.3 CEMENT:
The function of cement is to bind the sand and stone together and to fill
up the voids in between sand and stone particles to form a compact & hard
mass. Cement constitutes only about 20 % of the total volume of concrete mix;
it act as binding medium. Any alteration in its quantity affects the compressive
strength of the concrete mix. The OPC has been differentiated into three grades,
namely 33 Grade, 43 Grade, 53 Grade depending upon the strength of 8 days.
By using high quality limestone, modern equipment, maintaining better particle
size distribution, finer grinding and better packing it is possible to upgrade the
properties of cement. Using high grade cement offers advantages like making
stronger concrete. One of the most important characteristic of OPC cement is
the faster rate of development of strength. The ordinary Portland cement of 43
grade manufactured by the ULTRATECH Cement Company was used in the
study, which is in accordance with IS 12269-1987.Having design strength for
28 days being a minimum of 43 MPa or 430 kg/sq.cm.
3.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT:
It is defined as the weight of cement to the weight of equal volume of

kerosene oil. It is determined by density bottle method.
Specific gravity (G) = (W2 –W1)/ [(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)]*S1
W1 = weight of empty density bottle =42.33
W2 =weight of density bottle with cement =64.5gm
W3 = weight of density bottle +cement + kerosene =100.76gm
W4 =weight of density bottle full with kerosene =87.5gm
S1 = specific gravity of kerosene =0.79
42
W2-W1 = 64.5-42.33= 22.15gm
W3-W4 = 100.75-87.5= 13.25gm
G = (W2-W1) / [(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)]*0.79
G = 22.15/ (22.15-13.25)*0.79
G = 3.150
3.3.2 INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:
To enable concrete to be transported, placed and compactly laid in

position properly, the initial setting time of cement should be sufficient .the
initial setting time of cement is that stage of in the process of hardening after
which any cracks appearing do not generally reunite. The final setting is that
stage when it has attained sufficient strength and hardness, with which material
develop strength to carry load.
The initial and final setting time is calculated as per IS: 4031 (Part 5) –
1988. Apparatus used is Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976 as
shown in Fig 3-6.
43
Fig no. 3.2VICAT APPRATUS
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING

TIME OF CEMENT
i) A cement paste is prepared by taking 500 gm of the cement sample &

gauging it with 0.85 times the water required to produce paste of standard
consistency.
ii) Just after addition of water in the cement, time is to be noted using a stop
watch
iii) Vicat mould is completely filled with the cement paste prepared as above
mentioned; the mould is resting on a non-porous plate .Smooth off the top
surface of the paste.
44
a) INITIAL SETTING TIME
The test block is placed under the rod bearing the needle (1mm diameter).
The needle is gently lowered up to the surface of the cement paste and is
released quickly; Needle is allowed to penetrate the test block. Initially needle
will completely penetrate through the block, but as the paste started losing its
plasticity, needle will fail to penetrate through the test block at a point 5.0 ±
0.5mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The time elapsed between the
time of addition of water to the cement and the time the needle fails to penetrate
the cement paste block by 5.0 ± 0.5mm from the bottom of the testing mould, is
called the initial setting time.
b) FINAL SETTING TIME
The above needle is replaced with the one with an circular attachment
(10mm diameter). Cement is considered as finally set, if on applying the needle
gently to the surface of the test block; the needle makes an impression &
doesn’t pierce the paste more than 0.5 mm, while the attachment fails to do so.
Table No. 3.1 Setting Time of Cement
INITIAL SETTING TIME OF OPC 43 35 min
FINAL SETTING TIME OF OPC 43 300 min
45
Table No. 3.2 Chemical Composition of Cement
Oxide
CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO SO2 K2O N2O
Composition
Percentage (%) 63 20 6 3 1.5 2 1 1
Table No. 3.3 Physical Properties of OPC 43
Properties Results
Fineness 7%
Specific Gravity 3.15
Standard Consistency 31.5
Initial Setting Time 35min
Final Setting Time 300min
Fig no. 3.3 Cement
46
3.4 COARSE AGGREGATE:
Coarse aggregate are aggregates which are retained on 4.75mm IS sieve.

These aggregates cover major volume of concrete and contribute towards
strength of concrete. There are different types of coarse aggregates: crushed
gravel or stones, uncrushed gravel or stones &partially crushed gravel or stone.
Graded coarse aggregate are used for producing concrete & is described by its
nominal size i.e. 40mm, 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm etc. The coarse aggregate
having nominal size 20mm conforming to IS 383:1970 has been used in this
study.
Table No. 3.4 Properties of Coarse Aggregate
PROPERTIES RESULTS OBTAINED IS SPECIFICATIONS
Specific gravity 2.70 2.6
Water absorption 0.81 % -
Impact value 6.16% LESS THAN 45%
Los Angeles abrasion value 22.04% LESS THAN 50%
Fig no. 3.4CRUSHED STONE (Coarse aggregate)
47
Table No. 3.5 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate
WEIGHT OF SAMPLE TAKEN = 3000 GM
SR. IS- WT. % % CUMULATIVE

NO SIEVE(mm) RETAINED(gm) AGERETAINED AGEPASSING %RETAINED
1 80 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
2 40 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
3 20 68.5 2.28 97.72 2.28
4 10 2776.5 92.55 5.17 94.83
5 4.75 113.5 3.78 1.38 98.62
6 Pan 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Total 3000.00 SUM 195.73 1.95
48
3.4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of coarse

aggregate in air to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by saturated
surface dry aggregate. The specific gravity of coarse aggregate is determined in
laboratory
• Weight of the sample = 1000 gm

• Weight of vessel + sample + water (A) = 3372 gm
• Weight of vessel + water (B) = 2746 gm
• Weight of saturated & surface dry sample (C) = 990 gm
• Weight of oven dry sample (D) = 982 gm
• Specific gravity (G) = D/ C - (A–B)
• Specific gravity (G) = 982 / 990 – (3372 - 2746)
• Specific gravity (G) = 2.70
3.4.2 WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
C = weight of saturated and dry surface aggregate = 990 gm
D = weight of oven dry sample = 982gm
Water absorption = (C – D) / D*100
Water absorption = (990 – 982) / 982*100
Water absorption = 0.81 %
49
Palm kernel shells (or PKS) are the shell fractions left after the nut has
been removed after crushing in the Palm Oil mill. Kernel shells are a fibrous
material and can be easily handled in bulk directly from the product line to the
end use.
Large and small shell fractions are mixed with dust-like fractions and
small fibres. The palm kernel is the edible seed of the oil palm fruit. The fruit
yields two distinct oils: palm oil derived from the outer parts of the fruit,
and palm kernel oil derived from the kernel.
The pulp left after oil is rendered from the kernel is formed into palm kernel
cake, used either as high-protein feed for dairy cattle or burned in boilers to
generate electricity for palm oil mills and surrounding villages. Palm Kernel
Shell was ordered from Indiamart @ rate of Rs.2.5/Kg. It was delivered from
Chennai. M-30 grade of Pervious concrete (C: S: A) =1:0:2.85.
Moisture content in kernel shells is low compared to other biomass residues

with different sources suggesting values between 9% and 11%. Compared to
other residues from the industry, it is a good quality biomass fuel with uniform
size distribution, easy handling, easy crushing, and limited biological activity
due to low moisture content.
50
Table 3.6: Properties of PKS
PROPERTY VALUE OF PKS
Bulk density Mg/m3 0.74
Dry density Mg/m3 0.65
Water content (%) 9
Water absorption (%) 14
Specific gravity 1.62
Impact Value (%) 4.5
Fig no. 3.5:Palm Kernel Shell
51
3.6 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Following test were conducted for investigation of properties of concrete:
1. Compressive strength test

2. Slump cone test for workability
Collection of raw materials
Preparation of fresh concrete
Casting of specimen
Curing of specimen
Testing of specimen
Result analysis & discussion
FLOW CHART OF METHODOLOGY
52
3.7 MATERIAL TESTING:
3.7.1 SLUMP TEST (WORKABILITY TEST)
This test is conducted to determine the workability of concrete. Its

apparatus consists of a cone of 10cm top diameter, 20 cm bottom diameter, &
30 cm height as shown in fig.3-16. It has two handles for lifting purpose.
Concrete to be tested for its workability is placed in the cone. Slump thus
formed generally has either of the three slump pattern specified as shown in
fig.3-15. An even slump is termed as true slump, if one half of the concrete cone
slides down it is called shear slump & if entire concrete cone slides down it is
termed as collapse slump.
Test of workability on Fresh Pervious Concrete Procedure:
 The internal surface of the conical mould is thoroughly cleaned and freed
from adherence of any old set concrete or from additional moisture. The cone is
then placed over a non- absorbent, horizontal, rigid & smooth surface.
 It is then filled with concrete to be tested in four different layers, each
layer being ¼ of the height of cone & each layer is tamped 25 times by tamping
rod; strokes being evenly distributed over the cross section.
 After taming the top layer, concrete is struck off level with trowel.
 The cone is then removed from the concrete immediately raising it in
vertical direction, allowing concrete to subside.
 The difference between height of mould and that of highest point of
subsided concrete is measured. This difference (in mm) is the slump value of
concrete.
53
3.7.1.1 Description Regarding Negligible Workability:
 Due to absence of fine aggregate in workability testing it is observed that

there is negligible workability about 0 to 10mm.
 It is due to the closely packing of coarse aggregate with each other.
Fig no. 3.6 Slump Pattern
Fig no. 3.7Slump Cone & Tamping Rod
54
Fig no. 3.8Process of Slump Cone Test
55
3.8 COMPRESSIVE TESTING
It is the measure of resistance of hardened concrete towards compression. It is

the most important characteristic of concrete as the concrete structure
experiences heavy compression, hence it is very important to determine
tolerable limit of compressive load over concrete. This test is carried out by
preparing cube specimen of size 150mm X 150mm X 150mm in cubical
moulds, cured for desired number of days and crushed under compression
testing machine (CTM) or universal testing machine (UTM) to determine the
tolerable load of the hardened concrete. This load then divided by the cross
sectional area of the specimen gives the compressive strength of the concrete.
Compressive Strength is equal to
PEAK FORCE OR LOAD (KN)
AREA OF SPECIMEN (mm2)
3.8.1 APPARATUS REQUIRED FOR COMPRESSIVE TEST
a. CUBICAL MOULDS:
According to IS 516:1959 cubical moulds of size 150mmX 150mm X
150mm or 100mmX 100mm X 100mm shall be used for preparing a specimen.
The mould shall preferably be of metal; steel or cast iron, and tough enough to
prevent deformation. Each cubical mould consists of a metal base plate having a
plane non – absorbent surface. The base plate is provided to support the mould
during the placing of concrete without leakage. The internal surfaces of the
assembled mould are lubricated with mould oil applied in thin layers to prevent
adhesion of the concrete, before placing of concrete in moulds. Moulds are
shown in Fig. 3-9
56
Fig no. 3.9CUBICAL MOULDS
b. TESTING MACHINE:
As per IS516:1959, the testing machine should be of any reliable type &
also should be capable of applying the load at the rate specified i.e. 140
kg/sq.cm/min. The testing machine consists of two steel bearing platens with
hardened faces. Bearing faces of both platens of testing machine should be
larger than the nominal size of the specimen on which the load is to be applied.
Generally compression testing machine (CTM) or universal testing machine
(UTM) is used as testing machine. In the present study universal testing
machine (UTM) is used for testing compressive strength of concrete.
57
3.8.2 PROCEDURE OF CASTING
a. CASTING OF CUBES
1. Filling of cube moulds of size (150x150x150) mm must be done in three
layers. The concrete must be placed using a scoop and the scoop should be
moved around the top edges of the cube mould so that symmetrical distribution
of concrete is done in each layer as the concrete slides down from the inclined
scoop into the moulds. 18 cubes were prepared.
2. Each layer must be compacted fully either by using a tamping rod or by
using vibration techniques. Concrete is compacted by hand tamping, in 150 mm
mould, then 35 strokes are given per layer uniformly covering the entire surface
especially the corners.
3. The concrete should be compacted fully well in each layer leaving no
chance for air entrapment within its mass. When air bubbles no longer appear
on the top surface of concrete it is understood that the concrete is fully
compacted.
4. Finally, trowel the surface level with the top of the mould. Identification
mark, number and/or date can be lightly scratched on the wet trowelled concrete
surface using a matchstick or a scraper.
58
3.8.3 PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFICATION, CURING AND TESTING
OF CONCRETE CUBES
1. Coding/marking/identification should be done such that the strength of

the test sample can be easily correlated to the concrete mix used and the
structure in which the concrete was poured.
2. Strip the mould after 16 to 24 hours gently without damaging the edges or
surfaces of the cubes.
3. Submerge the specimen in the curing pond containing clean water till
such time it is due for testing.
4. Check the dimensions and weight of the specimen before testing.
5. The cube should be placed in compression testing machine in such a
manner that the smooth faces of the cubes rest on the steel plates. The face of
the cube which is trowel finished should never be brought into contact with the
machine platens as it will cause asymmetrical loading of the cube due to an
uneven surface as compared to the faces which are moulded smooth.
6. The loading should be done without slackening and increased
continuously at a rate of 140 Kg/Sq.cm./min. until the concrete cube breaks
down or is crushed and no additional load can be sustained.
7. The appearance of concrete after failure and the observations of the
failures must be recorded.
59
Fig no. 3.11 Testing of Specimen
60
3.9 FLEXURAL TESTING
Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a

measure of an unreinforced concrete beam or slab to resist failure in bending. It
is measured by loading 150 x 150-mm concrete beams with a span length at
least three times the depth. The flexural strength is expressed as Modulus of
Rupture (MR) in (MPa) and is determined by standard test methods ASTM C
78 (third-point loading) or ASTM C 293 (centre-point loading).
Flexural Strength of Concrete Flexural MR is about 10 to 20 percent of

compressive strength depending on the type, size and volume of coarse
aggregate used. However, the best correlation for specific materials is obtained
by laboratory tests for given materials and mix design. The MR determined by
third-point loading is lower than the MR determined by centre-point loading,
sometimes by as much as 15%.
3.9.1 PROCEDURE OF FLEXURAL TESTING
• Prepare the test specimen of size (100x100x500) mm by filling the

pervious concrete into the mould in 3 layers of approximately equal thickness.
Tamp each layer 35 times using the tamping bar as specified above. Tamping
should be distributed uniformly over the entire cross section of the beam mould
and throughout the depth of each layer.
• Clean the bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers, and
remove any loose sand or other material from the surfaces of the specimen
where they are to make contact with the rollers.
• The specimen stored in water shall be tested immediately on removal
from water; whilst they are still wet. The test specimen shall be placed in the
machine correctly cantered with the longitudinal axis of the specimen at right
angles to the rollers.
• The load applied at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.
61
Fig no. 3.12 Prepared Beam
Fig no. 3.13 Testing Machine
62
Fig no. 3.14 Placing Specimen for Testing
63
Fig no. 3.15 Testing of Specimen
3.10 WATER PERMEABILITY TEST
3.10.1 CONSTANT HEAD METHOD (CHM)
The coefficient of permeability is equal to the rate of flow of water through a

unit cross section area under a unit hydraulic gradient. In the constant head
permeameter, the head causing flow through the specimen remains constant
throughout the test. The coefficient of permeability (k) is obtained from the
relation.
The constant head test is characterized by a constant water column height

during the test. In Soil Mechanics, it is usually recommended to use the constant
head test in order to determine its hydraulic conductivity of high permeability
materials (k>10-3 cm/s), which is the case of the pervious concrete. However,
all authors have published results of the falling head permeability tests in
pervious concrete, since for practical purposes such as the material quality
control in field, the use of falling head test seems to be simpler then the constant
head, what makes it easier to compare the results in field with those obtained in
laboratory.
The apparatus is equipped in the bottom with a plastic ring where de specimen
is placed. A flexible membrane positioned internally on the plastic ring is
pressurized on the side of the samples in order to avoid water leaks by its lateral
during the test. The container used to produce the water pressure is provided
with an inlet and an outlet of water as well as by a lower safety outlet to prevent
overflow. The cylindrical cores were cut into four pieces in order to carry out
the permeability tests, since de equipment has a 5.5 cm sample height
limitation. The surface and the bottom parts of the specimen were discarded and
just the remaining top and bottom central pieces were tested.
64
The control of the water column height was carried out by levelling the
column height up in the container, which was calibrated by the incoming water
flow. It was carried out several attempts to find the optimal column height for
the testing material in order to maintain a laminar water flow, which tends to
vary with the fluid velocity in the conduit.
The test was started by placing the sample on the plastic ring and
pressuring the flexible membrane, sealing the core laterals. Then, water flow
was released in order to fill up the entire system with water. The flow rate was
increased until column height constancy. The water discharged was collected in
a known-weight-recipient and the time for collect 750 to 1,000 mL of water was
measured. Four trials were carried out for each sample and the hydraulic
conductivity was calculated by the average of the obtained values. Once
obtained the volume of discharge and the elapsed time for its collection, the
hydraulic conductivity was determined by Equation:
𝑉. 𝐿
k=
ℎ. 𝐴. 𝑡
Where, k is the hydraulic conductivity (cm/s), V is the volume of discharge
(cm³), L is the length of specimen (cm), h is the column height (cm), A is the
cross-sectional area of specimen (cm²) and t is the time for discharge (s).
65
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The experimental result obtained from previously discussed methodology has

been analysed and discussed under this chapter. The investigation consists of
testing of pervious concrete for workability, compressibility, flexural strength
and permeability test. For testing of compression, five different samples of cube
were prepared, each sample consisting of six specimens of cube. Out of these
six samples 3 specimens are tested for 7 days compressive test, and 3 specimens
are tested for 28 days compressive test. For determining workability, slump
cone test is opted to determine the slump value of different mixes prepared by
replacement of cement.
4.2 ANALYSIS OF SLUMP TEST
Following results of slump test were obtained for different mixes of concrete
prepared by replacement of cement.
Table No. 4.1-SLUMP VALUES OF MIX DESIGN
S NO. Mix Proportion SLUMP VALUE
1 1:2.85 0-10
66
4.3 ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Following Nomenclature was adopted for testing of different types of mixes

prepared by replacement of coarse aggregate by 0%, 10%, 15%, & 20%, 25%
and 30% of Palm Kernel Shell by weight of cement.
Table No. 4.2 Types of Mixes
TYPE OF MIX % OF PALM KERNEL SHELL
CC 0% (CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE)
MD 1 10 %
MD 2 15%
MD 3 20%
MD4 25%
MD5 30%
Fig no. 4.1 Specimen of Pervious Concrete
67
Weight of Cube (7 Days)
S.no Weight of cube (Kg)
1. 6.15
2. 6.64
3. 7.04
Weight of Cube (28 Days)
S.no Weight of cube (Kg)
1. 6.52
2. 6.62
3. 7.97
Table No. 4.3 Average Compressive strength 7 Days (N/mm^2)
Average Compressive strength

Mix Replacement
7 Days (N/mm^2)
CC 0% 20.1
MD1 10% 19.55
MD2 15% 18.32
MD3 20% 18.29
MD4 25% 17.65
MD5 30% 17.11
68
7 Days
21
20 20.1
19.55
19
18 18.32 18.29
17.65
17 17.11 7 Days
16
15
0% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Graph No. 4.1 Compressive strength 7 Days
Table No. 4.4 Average Compressive strength 28 Days (N/mm^2)
Mix Replacement Average Compressive strength 28 Days (N/mm^2)
CC 0% 41.33
MD1 10% 40.12
MD2 15% 39.87
MD3 20% 38.52
MD4 25% 36.33
MD5 30% 36.19
69
28 Days
42
40
38
36 28 Days
34
32
0% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Graph No. 4.2 Compressive strength 28 Days
Table No. 4.5 Compressive strength 7 and 28 Days
Average Compressive Average Compressive

Mix Replacement strength 7 Days strength 28 Days
(N/mm^2)
(N/mm^2)
CC 0% 20.1 41.33
MD1 10% 19.55 40.12
MD2 15% 18.32 39.87
MD3 20% 18.29 38.52
MD4 25% 17.65 36.33
MD5 30% 17.11 36.19
70
45
40
35
30
25
20 7 Days
15 28 Days
10
5
0
0% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Graph No. 4.3 Comparison between Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete after 7
and 28 Days Curing
71
4.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

and 30% of palm kernel shell by weight of cement
Table No. 4.6 Flexural strength after 7 Days Curing
Average Flexural Strength

Mix Replacement
7 Days (N/mm^2)
CC 0% 3.83
MD1 10% 3.21
MD2 15% 2.86
MD3 20% 2.62
MD4 25% 2.22
MD5 30% 2.17
7 Days
6
4
2 7 Days
0
0% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Graph No. 4.4 Flexural strength after 7 Days Curing
72
Table No. 4.7 Flexural strength after 28 Days Curing
Average Flexural Strength

Mix Replacement
28 Days (N/mm^2)
CC 0% 5.8
MD1 10% 5.6
MD2 15% 5.32
MD3 20% 4.9
MD4 25% 4.81
MD5 30% 4.76
28 Days
10
0
0% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
28 Days
Graph No. 4.5 Flexural strength after 28 Days Curing
73
Table No. 4.8 Flexural strength after 7 and 28 Days Curing
Average Flexural Average Flexural

Mix Replacement Strength Strength28 Days
7 Days (N/mm^2) (N/mm^2)
CC 0% 3.83 5.8
MD1 10% 3.21 5.6
MD2 15% 2.86 5.32
MD3 20% 2.62 4.9
MD4 25% 2.22 4.81
MD5 30% 2.17 4.76
7
6
5
4
7 Days
3
28 Days
2
1
0
0% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Graph No. 4.6 Comparison of Flexural strength after 7 and 28 Days Curing
74
4.5 WATER PERMEABILITY TEST

and 30% of palm kernel shell by weight of cement
Table No. 4.9Permeability Value for 10% replacement of CA by PKS
Permeability Value for 10% replacement of CA by PKS
Time (Sec) Height (cm) Coefficient of Permeability K (cm/sec)x10^-3
0 100 -
5 89.8 2.36
10 79.8 2.59
15 68.3 3.42
20 58.3 3.48
25 48 4.27
Average = 3.224
75
Time (Sec) Height (cm) Coefficient of Permeability(K) (cm/sec)x10^-3
0 100 -
5 84 2.70
10 72.8 3.14
15 61.9 3.56
20 50.9 4.30
25 39.8 5.41
Average = 3.852
Coefficient of Permeability (K) (cm/sec)x10^-

Time (Sec) Height (cm)
3
0 100 -
5 88.4 2.71
10 76.6 3.15
15 64.7 3.71
20 52.9 4.43
25 41.3 5.44
Average K= 3.89
76
Time (Sec) Height (cm) Coefficient of Permeability K (cm/sec)x10^-3
0 100 -
5 83.7 1.60
10 77.6 1.66
15 71.6 1.77
20 65.4 1.99
25 59.4 2.15
Average K= 1.83
77
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS
Following were the conclusions carried out
• The strength properties of pervious concrete containing aggregate with

partial replacement of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS), without any fine aggregate and
admixtures were investigated for 7 and 28 Days.
• The experimental investigations were carried out to determine the

compressive strength, flexural strength and Water Permeability Test.
• The compressive strength, flexural strength and permeability values

change with aggregate content and PKS content.
• The compressive strength and flexural strength values varied.
• Based on experimental results, it can be concluded that, when runoff

collection is of primary concern and strength is not a governing issue, the use of
pervious concrete can be regarded as a suitable and sustainable choice in
various storm water management applications.
78
REFERENCES
• Milena Rangelov, Somayeh Nassiri, Zhao Chen, Mark Russell, Jeffery

Uhlmeyer, ―Quality evaluation tests for pervious concrete pavements’
placement‖, International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10
(2017) 245–253
• T.V. Srinivas Murthy and Dr. Ajeet Kumar Rai, ―Geopolymer Concrete,
an Earth Friendly Concrete, Very Promising In The Industry‖ International
Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 5, Issue 7, 2014,
pp. 113 - 122, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
• Yu Chen, Kejin Wang, Xuhao Wang &Wenfang Zhou. (2013). Strength,

fracture and fatigue.
• M. Uma Magueswari and V.L. Narasimha (2013). Studies on

Characterization of Pervious Concrete for Pavement Applications.
• M. Aamer Rafique Bhutta, K. Tsuruta & J. Mirza. (2012). Evaluation of

high-performance porous concrete properties. Construction and Building
Materials, 31, 67 73.
• Bhutta, K. Tsuruta & J. Mirza. (2012). Evaluation of high-performance

porous concrete properties. Construction and Building Materials, 31, 67 73.
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guidelines for pervious concrete. International Journal of Earth Sciences and
Engineering, 4, 768 -771.
• Milani S. Sumanasooriya & Narayanan Neithalath. (2011). Pore structure

features of pervious concretes proportioned for desired porosities and their
performance prediction. Cement & Concrete Composites, 33, 778-787.
79
• G.Girish & R.Manjunath Rao. (2011). A step towards mix proportioning
guidelines for pervious concrete. International Journal of Earth Sciences and
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features of pervious concretes proportioned for desired porosities.
• C. Lian, Y. Zhuge & S. Beecham. (2011). the relationship between

porosity and strength for porous concrete. Construction and Building Materials,
25, 4294 4298.
• An Cheng, Hui-Mi Hsu, Sao-Jeng Chao & Kae-Long Lin. (2011).

Experimental Study on Properties of Pervious Concrete Made with Recycled
Aggregate. Internal Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 4, N0.2,
104-110.
• Sneha Sanjay Ganpule, S. V. Pataskar (2011),―Use of Porous Concrete as

a Green Construction Material for Pavement‖ International Journal of Earth
Sciences and Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04, No 06 SPL, October
2011, pp. 764-767
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specimen preparation techniques for pervious concrete pavements. Construction
and Building Materials, 25, 3480 3485.
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Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and connectivity in pervious concretes for
permeability prediction. Materials Characterization, 61, 802 813.
• C. Lian & Y. Zhuge. (2010), Optimum mix designs of enhanced

permeable concrete an experimental investigation. Construction and Building
Materials, 24, 2664 2671.
80
• Narayanan Neithalath, Milani S. Sumanasooriya & Omkar Deo. (2010).
Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and connectivity in pervious concretes for
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Concrete In Construction Of Pavement For Improving Their Performance‖
ISSN: 2278-1684, PP: 54-56 www.iosrjournals.orgpg no: 55-56
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Concrete: New Era for Rural Road Pavement‖ISSN: 2231-5381.
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Concrete in Construction of Pavement for Improving their Performance‖ IOSR,
Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), ISSN: 2278-1684,
pp. 54-56.
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Concrete: New Era for Rural Road Pavement‖ISSN: 2231-5381.
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Shirazi., Effect of aggregate size and proportion on strength properties of palm
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applications. Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 73(11), 628–644.
81
PLAGIARISM REPORT
Urkund Analysis Result
Analysed Document: Rachita Thesis.pdf (D31238253)
Submitted: 02/07/2018 7:15:00 AM
Significance: 3 %
Sources included in the report:
https://pure.utm.my/en/publications/evaluation-of-high-performance-porous-concrete-
properties
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042813045035
http://koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135413006039
https://works.bepress.com/zamin_jumaat/3/download/
http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/IJPS/article-abstract/44E677A32056
Instances where selected sources appear:
16
URKUND
"Effect of Using Palm Kernel Shell as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Pervious
Concrete" A Dissertation Submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi Prodyogiki Vishwavidyalaya,
Bhopal, M.P. In
partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the Degree of MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY With
specialization in Civil Engineering (CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT) By
―EFFECT OF USING PALM KERNEL SHELL AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
COARSE
AGGREGATE IN PERVIOUS CONCRETE‖ RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
DECLARATION degree with specialization in Construction Technology & Management‖,
here by informed that the
work presented in this dissertation entitled "EFFECT OF USING PALM KERNEL SHELL
AS A
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE IN PERVIOUS CONCRETE" "
is the
outcome of my own work, is bonafide and correct to the best of my knowledge and this work
has
been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not infringe any
patented work and has not been submitted to any other University or anywhere else for the
award of
any degree or any professional diploma. I also declare that ―A check for Plagiarism has been
carried out on the thesis/project report/dissertation and is found within the acceptable limit
and the
report of which is enclosed here within.
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation on ―EFFECT OF USING
PALM KERNEL SHELL AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE
IN
PERVIOUS CONCRETE"
This report, which is submitted by her, includes the work carried out by him and completed
during
82
the academic year 2015-2017.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
4 APPROVAL CERTIFICATE This dissertation work entitled "EFFECT OF
USING PALM KERNEL SHELL AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE
AGGREGATE IN
PERVIOUS CONCRETE"]
6 ABSTRACT Pervious concrete is a concrete mixture prepared from cement,
aggregates, water, little or no fines and in some cases admixtures. It is considered because of
its
ability to reduce storm water runoff and to initiate the filtering of pollutants. Because the
hydrologic
properties of pervious concrete has been the primary reason for its reappearance in
construction,
the focus of previous research has been on maximizing the drainage properties of the mix
with
single-sized aggregates. Pervious concrete pavements are gaining popularity for storm water
management. Therefore, there is an impending need for the development of quality control
and
acceptance specifications. The most significant aspect, which draws the attention of
environmental
agencies and cities and municipalities, is its ability to reduce storm water runoff. The
Pervious
Pavement System
0: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135413006039 100%
is a sub-class of pervious pavement system where the vast majority of the surface is
impermeable
The porous concrete filled with coarse aggregate which is replaced with palm kernel shell
wrapped
partially and removing fine aggregate. This research, however, investigates the effects of
aggregate
properties and gradation on the strength, as well as hydrologic properties of pervious concrete
mixtures. The tests applied are workability, compressive testing and flexural testing where we
have
the results of 7 and 28 days strength. About 36 cubes were prepared for compressive testing
and 36
beams were prepared for flexural testing. Keywords: Pervious Concrete, Palm Kernel Shell,
Replacement, Compressive Testing, Flexural Testing, Permeability Test
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
7 Contents DECLARATION
............................................................................................................................ 2 ABSTRACT
............................................................................................................................................ 6
LIST OF
83
FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ 9
LIST
OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................
10
LIST OF GRAPH
.................................................................................................................................
11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................................... 12 1.1 INTRODUCTION
...................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 PERVIOUS
CONCRETE ........................................................................................................... 15 1.3
APPLICATIONS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE........................................................................
18 1.4
PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE ............................................................................
20
1.4.1 FRESH PROPERTIES
......................................................................................................... 20
1.4.2 HARDENED PROPERTIES
............................................................................................... 21
.......................................................................................................... 24
1.6 PROPERTIES OF PALM KERNEL SHELL
............................................................................. 26
1.7 NEED OF WORK
....................................................................................................................... 27
3
U R K U N D .pdf (D31238253)
1.8 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH WORK
...................................................................................... 28
1.9 ORGANIZATION OF
THESIS.................................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
............................................................................................... 29
2.1 GENERAL
.................................................................................................................................. 29
2.2 SUMMARY
................................................................................................................................ 37
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
.........................................................................................................
39 3.1 INTRODUCTION OF MATERIALS:
....................................................................................... 39
3.2 PREPARATION OF THE PERVIOUS CONCRETE USING FOLLOWING
MATERIALS: . 39 3.3
CEMENT: ...................................................................................................................................
40
3.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT:
................................................................................. 40
3.3.2 INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:
......................................................... 41 3.4
COARSE AGGREGATE: ..........................................................................................................
45
84
3.4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
........................................................ 47
3.4.2 WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
.................................................... 47 3.5
PALM KERNEL SHELL: ..........................................................................................................
48 3.6
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................
50 3.7
MATERIAL TESTING: ....................................................................................................... 51
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
8 3.7.1 SLUMP TEST (WORKABILITY TEST)
........................................................................... 51 3.8 COMPRESSIVE TESTING
....................................................................................................... 54 3.8.1 APPARATUS
REQUIRED
FOR COMPRESSIVE TEST ................................................. 54 3.8.2 PROCEDURE OF
CASTING
............................................................................................. 56 3.8.3 PROCEDURE FOR
IDENTIFICATION, CURING AND TESTING OF CONCRETE CUBES
.......................................................................................................................................... 57 3.9
FLEXURAL TESTING ..............................................................................................................
60
3.9.1 PROCEDURE OF FLEXURAL TESTING
........................................................................ 60
3.10 WATER PERMEABILITY
TEST............................................................................................ 63
3.10.1 CONSTANT HEAD METHOD (CHM)
........................................................................... 63
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
.......................................................................................................................
66 4.1 INTRODUCTION
......................................................................................................................
66 4.2 ANALYSIS OF SLUMP TEST
..................................................................................................
66 4.3 ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
........................................................................
67 4.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
..........................................................................................................
71 4.5 WATER PERMEABILITY
TEST.............................................................................................. 74
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS
............................................................................................................
77 REFERENCES
..................................................................................................................................... 78
COARSE
85
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Description of Figure Page no. Fig. 1.1
Subgrade Layers 14 Fig. 1.2 Pervious Concrete 17 Fig. 1.3 Palm Kernel Shell 25 Fig. 3.1
Material
Required 39 Fig. 3.2 Vicat Apparatus 42 Fig. 3.3 Cement 44 Fig. 3.4 Coarse Aggregate 45
Fig. 3.5
Palm Kernel Shell 49 Fig. 3.6 Slump Pattern 52 Fig. 3.7 Slump Cone and Tamping Rod 52
Fig. 3.8
Process of Slump Cone Test 53 Fig. 3.9 Cubical Moulds 55 Fig. 3.10 Preparation of
Specimen 58
Fig. 3.11 Testing of Specimen 59 Fig. 3.12 Prepared Beam 61 Fig. 3.13 Testing Machine 62
Fig.
3.14 Placing Specimen for Testing 62 Fig. 3.15 Testing of Specimen 63 Fig. 4.1 Specimen of
Pervious Concrete 67
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COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
10 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Description of Table Page No. Table 1.1
Comparing Properties of Coarse Aggregate and Palm Kernel Shell 26 Table 3.1 Setting Time
of
Cement 43 Table 3.2 Chemical Composition of Cement 44 Table 3.3 Physical Properties of
Cement
43 44 Table 3.4 Properties of Coarse Aggregate 45 Table 3.5 Sieve Analysis of Coarse
Aggregate
46 Table 3.6 Properties of Palm Kernel Shell 49 Table 4.1 Slump Values of Mix Design 66
Table 4.2
Types of Mixes 67 Table 4.3 Average Compressive Strength 7 Days (N/mm 2 ) 68 Table 4.4
Average
Compressive Strength 28 Days (N/mm 2 ) 69 Table 4.5 Compressive Strength 7 and 28 Days
(N/
mm 2 ) 70 Table 4.6 Average Flexural Strength 7 Days (N/mm 2 ) 71 Table 4.7 Average
Flexural
Strength 28 Days (N/mm 2 ) 72 Table 4.8 Flexural Strength 7 and 28 Days (N/mm 2 ) 73
Table 4.9
Permeability Value for 10% replacement of CA by PKS 74 Table 4.10 Permeability Value
for 15%
replacement of CA by PKS 75 Table 4.11 Permeability Value for 20% replacement of CA by
PKS 75
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
86
11 LIST OF GRAPH Table No. Description of Table Page No. Table 4.1
Compressive Strength 7 Days (N/mm 2 ) 68 Table 4.2 Compressive Strength 28 Days (N/mm
2 ) 69
Table 4.3 Comparison between Compressive Strength 70 Table 4.4 Flexural Strength 7 Days
(N/mm
2 ) 71 Table 4.5 Flexural Strength 28 Days (N/mm 2 ) 72 Table 4.6 Comparison between
Flexural
Strength 73
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Urbanization and the
resulting increase in urban storm water over the past few decades have led to an increase in
runoff
and pollution. This increase directly affects the surrounding rivers and streams, with impacts
such as
increased stream bank erosion, decreased water quality, and decreased base flow as areas
become
less and less pervious. Studies show this increase in urban storm water runoff is a leading
contributor of nonpoint source pollution in urban areas. Such discoveries have led to a
demand for
innovative practices that will discourage future stream degradation and help deal with, and
possibly
reverse, some of the damage already done. This demand is becoming more recognized, and as
a
result, such technologies are emerging. In pervious concrete, carefully controlled amounts of
water
and cementitious materials are used to create a paste that forms a thick coating around
aggregate
particles. A pervious concrete mixture contains little or no sand, creating a substantial void
content.
Using sufficient paste to coat and bind the aggregate particles together creates a system of
highly
permeable, interconnected voids that drains quickly. Typically, between 15% and 25% voids
are
achieved in the hardened concrete, and flow rates for water through pervious concrete
typically are
around 480 in./hr. (0.34 cm/s, which is 5 gal/ft 2 / min or 200 L/m 2 /min), although they can
be much
higher. Both the low mortar content and high porosity also reduce strength compared to
conventional concrete mixtures, but sufficient strength for many applications is readily
achieved.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
13 While pervious concrete can be used for a surprising number of applications,
87
its primary use is in pavement. This report will focus on the pavement applications of the
material,
which also has been referred to as porous concrete, permeable concrete, no-fines concrete,
gapgraded
concrete, and enhanced-porosity concrete. Pervious concrete which is also known as the
no-fines, porous, gap- graded, and permeable concrete and enhance porosity concrete has
been
found to be a reliable storm water management tool. By definition, pervious concrete is a
mixture of
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gravel or granite stone, cement, water, little to no sand (fine aggregate) with or without
admixtures.
In other words, pervious concrete helps in protecting the surface of the pavement and its
environment. Pervious concrete pavements (PCP) are permeable pavement structures,
simultaneously serving storm water management and bearing pedestrian/traffic loads,
depending on
the application. Storm water management has become a concern for cities and municipalities
due to
increased urbanization of residential and commercial neighbourhoods. In this pavement
system, a
150– 300 mm pervious concrete (PC) layer with a high air void content is placed on a highly
voided
stone bed as the base layer, to allow for a rapid infiltration of runoff through the pavement
system
rather than allowing it to pond or run on the surface. For sidewalks and for pedestrian
slipping, and
for parking lots/bike trails and light traffic streets, reduced hydroplaning and wet weather
accidents
are among the additional expected outcomes of using PCP. Porosity is an essential property
of PC,
impacting its hydraulic, mechanical and durability characteristics, and is highly dependent on
the
mixture design parameters and the method of compaction. Historically storm water has been
considered as a quantity problem to deal with by discharging it directly to water bodies, or
treating
part of it in wastewater treatment plants.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
14 Most of impervious surfaces in urban areas serve automobile travel, but a
significant portion of these, particularly parking areas, driveways, and road shoulders,
experience
limited traffic loading. Large impervious surfaces commonly lead to multiple impacts on
stream
systems, including higher peak stream flows, reduction of infiltration which lessens
groundwater
88
recharge and increased pollutant loads to streams. It is well known that storm water transports
large
quantities of contaminants to receiving waters thereby being the major contributor to
pollution of
receiving waters in many countries. Pervious concrete is special type of concrete with high
porosity
used for concrete for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and
other
resources to pass through it, thereby reducing runoff from a site and recharging ground water
table.
It is a mixture of Cement, Coarse Aggregate and with and without sand and has cementitious
paste
to coat the coarse aggregate while preserving the interconnectivity of the voids. This concrete
is
used as paving material to solve or reduce the storm water runoff to the drainage system and
minimize water logging problems. Using materials that allow water to permeate into the
ground
helps contribute to the ground water table. One such material that can be used to construct
porous
pavements and porous urban surfaces is ―pervious concrete‖. This type of concrete has high
permeability and allows rain water to permeate. Fig no. 1.1 Subgrade Layers
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
15 1.2 PERVIOUS CONCRETE Pervious concrete is a porous concrete paving
material which permits rain and storm water runoff to percolate through it rather than flood
surrounding areas or storm drains. It is usually a mixture of 10-20mm average size of the
aggregate,
hydraulic cement, other cementitious materials, admixtures and water. When properly placed,
pervious slabs will contain voids that would be filled by sand. Like a honeycomb these voids
are
held together with cement. These irregular voids thus add great strength to the slab. Our
designed
pervious mixture is the result of over 25 years’ experience. When cured it resembles pervious
slabs.
Pervious concrete pavement is one of the promising pavement technologies, as it can help
overcome traditional pavement environmental impacts, assist with storm water management,
and
provide an effective low impact development solution. Pervious concrete is not difficult to
place, but
it is different from conventional concrete, and appropriate construction techniques are
necessary to
ensure its performance. It has a relatively stiff consistency, which dictates its handling and
placement requirements. The use of a vibrating screed is important for optimum density and
strength. After screening, the material usually is compacted with a steel pipe roller. There are
no bull
floats, derbies, trowels, etc. used in finishing pervious concrete, as those tools tend to seal the
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surface. Joints, if used, may be formed soon after consolidation, or installed using
conventional
sawing equipment. (However, sawing can induce ravelling at the joints.) Some pervious
concrete
pavements are placed without joints. Curing with plastic sheeting must start immediately
after
placement and should continue for at least seven days.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
16 Careful engineering is required to ensure structural adequacy, hydraulic
performance, and minimum clogging potential. More detail on these topics is provided in
subsequent
sections. Pervious concrete can be used in a wide range of applications, although its primary
use is
in pavements which are in: residential roads, alleys and driveways, low volume pavements,
low
water crossings, sidewalks and pathways, parking areas, tennis courts, slope stabilization,
sub-base
for conventional concrete pavements etc. Pervious concrete system has advantages over
impervious concrete in that it is effective in managing run-off from paved surfaces, prevent
contamination in run-off water, and recharge aquifer, repelling salt water intrusion, control
pollution
in water seepage to ground water recharge thus, preventing subterranean storm water sewer
drains,
absorbs less heat than regular concrete and asphalt, reduces the need for air conditioning.
Pervious
concrete allows for increased site optimization because in most cases, its use should totally
limit the
need for detention and retention ponds, swales and other more traditional storm water
management
devices that are otherwise required for compliances with the Federal storm water regulations
on
commercial sites of one acre or more. By using pervious concrete, the ambient air
temperature will
be reduced, requiring less power to cool the building. In addition, costly storm water
structures such
as piping, inlets and ponds will be eliminated. Construction scheduling will also be improved
as the
stone recharge bed will be installed at the beginning of construction, enhancing erosion
control
measures and preventing rain delays due to harsh site conditions. Apparently, when compared
to
conventional concrete, pervious concrete has a lower compressive strength, greater
permeability,
and a lower unit weight (approximately 70% of conventional concrete).
90
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
17 However, pervious concrete has a greater advantage in many regards.
Nevertheless, it has its own limitations which must be put in effective consideration when
planning
its use. Structurally when higher permeability and low strength are required the effect of
variation in
aggregate size on strength and permeability for the same aggregate cement ratio need to be
investigated. Fig no. 1.2 Pervious Concrete
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
18 1.3 APPLICATIONS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE Pervious concrete is
receiving renewed interest. The high flow rate of water through a pervious concrete pavement
allows rainfall to be captured and to percolate into the ground, reducing storm water runoff,
recharging groundwater, supporting sustainable construction, providing a solution for
construction
that is sensitive to environmental concerns, and helping owners comply with EPA storm
water
regulations. This unique ability of pervious concrete offers advantages to the environment,
public
agencies, and building owners by controlling rainwater on-site and addressing Storm water
runoff
issues. This can be of particular interest in urban areas or where land is very expensive.
Depending
on local regulations and environment, a pervious concrete pavement and its sub base may
provide
enough water storage capacity to eliminate the need for retention ponds, swales, and other
precipitation runoff containment strategies. Pervious concrete’s key characteristic is its open
pore
structure that allows high rates of water transmission. Pervious Concrete Pavements provides
for
more efficient land use and is one factor that has led to a renewed interest in pervious
concrete.
Applications include walls for two-story houses, load-bearing walls for high-rise buildings
(up to 10
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stories), and infill panels for high-rise buildings, sea groins, roads, and parking lots. All of
these
applications take advantage of the benefits of pervious concrete’s characteristics. However, to
achieve these results, mix design and construction details must be planned and executed with
care.
While pervious concrete can be used for a surprising number of applications, its primary use
is in
91
pavement.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
19 This thesis will focus on the pavement applications of the material, which also
has been referred to as porous concrete, permeable concrete, no-fines concrete, gap-graded
concrete, and enhanced-porosity concrete. 1. Low-volume pavements 2. Residential roads,
alleys,
and driveways 3. Sidewalks and pathways 4. Parking lots 5. Low water crossings 6. Tennis
courts 7.
Sub base for conventional concrete pavements 8. Patios 9. Artificial reefs 10. Slope
stabilization 11.
Well linings 12. Tree grates in sidewalks 13. Foundations/floors for greenhouses, fish
hatcheries,
aquatic amusement centres, and zoos 14. Hydraulic structures 15. Swimming pool decks
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
20 1.4 PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE 1.4.1 FRESH PROPERTIES
The Pervious concrete mixture is stiff compared to traditional concrete. Slumps, when
measured,
are generally less than 3⁄ 4 in. (20 mm), although slumps as high as 2 in. (50 mm) have been
used.
When placed and compacted, the aggregates are tightly adhered to one another and exhibit
the
characteristic open matrix. For quality control or quality assurance, unit weight or bulk
density is the
preferred measurement because some fresh concrete properties, such as slump, are not
meaningful
for pervious concrete. Conventional cast cylinder strength tests also are of little value,
because the
field consolidation of pervious concrete is difficult to reproduce in cylindrical test specimens,
and
strengths are heavily dependent on the void content. Unit weights of pervious concrete
mixtures are
approximately 70% of traditional concrete mixtures. Concrete working time typically is
reduced for
pervious concrete mixtures. Usually one hour between mixing and placing is all that is
recommended. However, this can be controlled using retarders and hydration stabilizers that
extend
the working time by as much as 1.5 hours, depending on the dosage.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
92
21 1.4.2 HARDENED PROPERTIES 1.4.2.1 DENSITY AND POROSITY The
density of pervious concrete depends on the properties and proportions of the materials used,
and
on the compaction procedures used in placement. In-place densities on the order of 1600
kg/m3 to
2000 kg/m3 are common, which is in the upper range of lightweight concretes. A pavement
125 mm
thick with 20% voids will be able to store 25 mm of a sustained rainstorm in its voids. When
placed
on a 150-mm thick layer of open-graded gravel or crushed rock sub base, the storage capacity
increases to as much as 75 mm of precipitation. 1.4.2.2 PERMEABILITY The flow rate
through
pervious concrete depends on the materials and placing operations. Typical flow rates for
water
through pervious concrete are 288 in./hr., 120 L/m 2 /min, or 0.2 cm/s to 770 in./hr., 320 L/m
2 /min,
or 0.54 cm/s, with rates up to 1650 in./hr., 700 L/m 2 /min, 1.2 cm/s and higher having been
measured in the laboratory. 1.4.2.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Pervious concrete
mixtures can
develop compressive strengths in the range of 3.5 MPa to 28 MPa, which is suitable for a
wide
range of applications. Typical values are about 17 MPa. Drilled cores are the best measure of
inplace
pervious concrete surface Sub base Curb Subgrade. On level subgrades, storm water storage
is provided in the pervious concrete surface layer (15% to 25% voids), the sub base (20% to
40%
voids), and above the surface to the height of the curb (100% voids).
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COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
22 1.4.2.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH Flexural strength in pervious concretes
generally ranges between about 1 MPa and 3.8 MPa). Many factors influence the flexural
strength,
particularly degree of compaction, porosity, and the aggregate: cement (A/C) ratio. However,
the
typical application constructed with pervious concrete does not require the measurement of
flexural
strength for design. 1.4.2.5 SHRINKAGE Drying shrinkage of pervious concrete develops
sooner,
but is much less than conventional concrete. Specific values will depend on the mixtures and
materials used, but values on the order of 200 X 10 -6 have been reported, roughly half that
of
conventional concrete mixtures. The material’s low paste and mortar content is a possible
explanation. Roughly 50% to 80% of shrinkage occurs in the first 10 days, compared to 20%
to 30%
in the same period for conventional concrete. Because of this lower shrinkage and the surface
93
texture, many pervious concretes are made without control joints and allowed to crack
randomly.
1.4.2.6 DURABILITY FREEZE-THAW RESISTANCE Freeze-thaw resistance of pervious
concrete in
the field appears to depend on the saturation level of the voids in the concrete at the time of
freezing. In the field, it appears that the rapid draining characteristics of pervious concrete
prevent
saturation from occurring. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that snow covered pervious
concrete
clears quicker, possibly because its voids allow the snow to thaw more quickly than it would
on
conventional pavements. Note that the porosity of pervious concrete from the large voids is
distinctly
different from the microscopic air voids that provide protection to the paste in conventional
concrete
in a freeze-thaw environment.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
23 In addition to the use of air-entraining agents in the cement paste, placing the
pervious concrete on a minimum of 150 mm (often up to 300 mm or even 450 mm) of a
drainable
rock base, such as (25-mm) crushed stone, is normally recommended in freeze-thaw
environments
where any substantial moisture will be encountered during freezing conditions. 1.4.2.7
SULPHATE
RESISTANCE Aggressive chemicals in soils or water, such as acids and sulphates, are a
concern to
conventional concrete and pervious concrete alike, and the mechanisms for attack are similar.
However, the open structure of pervious concrete may make it more susceptible to attack
over a
larger area. Pervious concretes can be used in areas of high-sulphate soils and ground waters
if
isolated from them. Placing the pervious concrete over a 150-mm layer of 25- mm maximum
top
size aggregate provides a pavement base, storm water storage, and isolation for the pervious
concrete. 1.4.2.8 ABRASION RESISTANCE Because of the rougher surface texture and
open
structure of pervious concrete, abrasion and ravelling of aggregate particles can be a problem,
particularly where snowploughs are used to clear pavements. This is one reason why
applications
such as highways generally are not suitable for pervious concretes. However, anecdotal
evidence
indicates that pervious concrete pavements allow snow to melt faster, requiring less
ploughing. Most
pervious concrete pavements will have a few loose aggregates on the surface in the early
weeks
94
after opening to traffic. These rocks were loosely bound to the surface initially, and popped
out
because of traffic loading
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
24 1.5 PALM KERNEL SHELL: Palm kernel shells are not common materials in
the construction industry. This is either because they are not available in very large quantities
as
sand or gravel, or because their use for such has not been encouraged. Palm kernel shells are
derived from the oil palm tree, an economically valuable tree. The oil palm tree generally
grows in
the rain forest region close to the coastal areas and adjacent to some inland waterways. Palm
kernel shells are used mostly as a source of fuel for domestic cooking in most areas where
they
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occur. The shells are often dumped as waste products of the oil palm industry. Palm kernel
shells
have been used as aggregates in light and dense concretes for structural and non-structural
purposes. The 28 day compressive strength of concrete with palm kernel shells as aggregate
range
between 0.3 and 20.5N/mm 2 depending on the proportion in the mix. To mitigate the
continuously
increasing demand for low cost and environmental friendly construction materials, while
strengthening economic growth and competitiveness, agricultural wastes can be used as
replacement material in construction industry, especially, in countries where abundant
agricultural
wastes are discharged. The production of palm oil for example, result in various waste
product
materials such as empty fruit bunches, palm kernel ash and palm kernel shells. In most
countries,
these waste product materials are being stockpiled in open land-fields and thus it had negative
impact on environment. These palm kernel ash and shell have the potential to be used as a
partial
replacement for cement and aggregate, leading to reduction in the cost of construction, and a
convenient means of waste disposal, resource preservation and other environmental gains.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
25 Previous studies have shown that palm kernel shell can be used as a
lightweight aggregate for concrete production. Although the compressive strength of the
concrete
made with palm kernel shell fulfils the requirement for lightweight concrete, higher strength
of is
95
preferred for medium strength structural members. The results of another work on the
ductility
behaviour of reinforced palm kernel shell concrete beams showed that the mode of failure
observed
in palm kernel shell was ductile. The work by another worker reported on the engineering
properties
of concrete incorporating palm kernel shell and demonstrated that that concrete made with
palm
kernel shell has lower modulus of elasticity when compared to conventional concrete;
however,
palm kernel shell concrete has sufficient strength to be accepted as structural lightweight. Fig
no.
1.3 Palm Kernel Shell
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
26 1.6 PROPERTIES OF PALM KERNEL SHELL Table No. 1.1 Comparing
Properties of PKS and CA
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
27 1.7 NEED OF WORK In rural areas larger amount of rainwater ends up falling
on impervious surfaces such as parking lots, driveways, sidewalks, and streets rather than
soaking
into the soil. This creates an imbalance in the natural ecosystem and leads to a host of
problems
including erosion, floods, ground water level depletion and pollution of rivers, as rainwater
rushing
across pavement surfaces picks up everything from oil and grease spills to de-icing salts and
chemical fertilizers. A simple solution to avoid these problems is to stop constructing
impervious
surfaces that block natural water infiltration into the soil. Rather than building them with
conventional
concrete, we should be switching to Pervious Concrete or Porous Pavement, a material that
offers
the inherent durability and low life-cycle costs of a typical concrete pavement while retaining
storm
water runoff and replenishing local watershed systems. Instead of preventing infiltration of
water into
the soil, pervious pavement assists the process by capturing rainwater in a network of voids
and
allowing it to percolate into the underlying soil. BENEFITS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE: ?
It reduces
the storm water runoff ? Eliminates the need for detention ponds and other costly storm water
management practices ? Mitigates surface runoff ? Replenishes the aquifers and water table ?
Allows more efficient land development
96
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
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BHOPAL (462033)
28 1.8 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH WORK The objective of the research is to
evaluate the performance of pervious concrete in Civil Engineering Construction work. To
achieve
this, the effects of varying proportion of aggregate which is partially replaced by Palm Kernel
Shell.
The research covers the use of Pervious Concrete as a pavement material in the construction
of
walkways, pedestrian and parking lots. 1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS ? The first
chapter
provides introduction of the project work. ? The second chapter deals with the review of
literatures
related to the present study. ? The third chapter discussed about the methodology of the study
i.e.
materials opted & experimental investigation. ? Chapter four consists of results and
discussions on
the result obtained. ? Chapter five concludes the results of the present experimental
investigation&
also analyses the cost effectiveness & scope of the study.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
29 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 GENERAL Milena Rangelov,
Somayeh Nassiri, Zhao Chen, Mark Russell, Jeffery Uhlmeyer In this study the procedures to
conduct fresh and hardened density/porosity (u) and 28-day compressive strength were
evaluated.
The proper methodology for casting specimens in the field was identified by examining the
agreement between the fresh (D) and hardened density (q). The effect of cylindrical size, and
curing
methods as combinations of air and moist curing during the four-week period on was studied.
Small
cylinders present higher values of 28-day fck, comparing to large cylinders by 7.7 to 19
percent.
Cement paste samples from all four curing categories were examined and, was observed that
longer moist curing leads to more loss of C–S–H and Ca(OH)2. Alan Paul Newmana,
Douglas
Aitken , Blanca Antizar-Ladislao
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a live installation of a macro-
pervious
pavement system (MPPS) (operated as a visitors’ car park at a prison in Central Scotland) in
retaining and treating a range of pollutants which originate from automobile use or become
97
concentrated on the parking surface from the wider environment. The
data generated in this survey indicate that the macro pervious pavement installed as a car park
is
producing effluent which is of a standard which
is acceptable for direct release into a surface water receptor.
―
EFFECT OF USING PALM KERNEL SHELL AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
30 Rishi Gupta Porous pavement on parking lots, sidewalks, and driveways
provides a solution to carry more pollutants than natural conditions. One such material that
can be
used to produce porous surfaces is pervious concrete. This paper presents a case study
describing
a project in British Columbia, Canada where 1000 sqft of asphalt was replaced with a
pervious
concrete system. Percolation capacity of the pavement is currently being monitored and even
though some parts of the pavement have reduced percolation capacity owing to clogging, the
overall
capacity of the pavement and its effectiveness in capturing surface runoff remains high.
M.Uma
Maguesvari and V.L. Narasimha
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This study presents the influence of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate quantities on the
properties of pervious concrete.
Various mechanical properties of the mixes were evaluated.
Suitability of pervious concrete as a pavement material is discussed.
This study illustrates angularity number, which influence properties and behaviour of
pervious
concrete with fine aggregate and coarse aggregates. It is observed that the increase in fine
aggregate results in reduction of volume of voids which in turn increase of compressive
strength,
flexural strength and split tensile strength.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
31 Transportation Research Board The objective of this research paper is to
develop a PCPC (Portland Cement Pervious Concrete) mix that not only has sufficient
porosity for
storm water infiltration, but also desirable strength and freeze-thaw durability. In this
research paper,
98
concrete mixes were designed with various sizes and types of aggregates, binder contents,
and
admixture amounts. Results indicate that PCPC made with single-sized aggregate has high
permeability but not adequate strength. Adding a small percent of sand to the mix improves
its
strength and freeze-thaw resistance, but lowers its permeability. Although adding sand and
latex
improved the strength of the mix when compared with single-sized mixes, the strength of
mixes
where only sand was added was higher. Michael E. Dietz Porous pavements have been
extremely
effective in infiltrating storm water runoff. Concerns have been raised about groundwater
contamination, but research has shown that this is not a problem in most settings. Green roofs
have
been found to retain a large percentage of rainfall (63% on average) in a variety of climates.
A
common thread across bio retention, green roofs and grassed swales was found: the export of
phosphorus. The issue appears to be linked to high phosphorus levels in the soil media, or
possibly
to fertilization of turf or planted areas. Solutions to this problem have been recommended.
Contrary
to popular belief, research has shown that bio retention and pervious pavements continue to
infiltrate even with frost in the ground. Although issues have been identified with retention of
certain
pollutants, the LID approach has been found to result in increased retention of storm water
and
pollutants on site, mimicking predevelopment hydrologic function.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
32 Montes, F., Valavala, S., and Haselbach, L. This paper researches a method
for measuring the porosity of pervious concrete from field-obtained cores by applying the
Archimedes principle and using standard materials laboratory equipment. The error between
different operators at different testing facilities was found to be around 2.2 % porosity. L. K.
Crouch,
P.E. Jordan Pitt and Ryan Hewitt The effects of aggregate gradation, amount, and size on
pervious
Portland cement concrete (PCC) static modulus of elasticity were compared using four
different
mixtures. A standard mix and three variable mixes using a uniform gradation, increased
aggregate
amount, and increased aggregate size were used. The effective air void content was
determined for
each mixture. The compressive strengths and static elastic moduli were determined and
compared
at equal void contents. For a uniform gradation, the compressive strengths and static elastic
moduli
appeared to be higher within an optimal range of voids; however, there was no statistically
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significant difference between the results from the different gradations. An increased
aggregate
amount resulted in a statistically significant decrease in both compressive strength and static
elastic
moduli due to the subsequent decrease in paste amount. Miklas Scholz and Piotr Grabowiecki
The
purpose of this review paper is to summarize the wide-range but diffuse literature on
predominantly
permeable pavement systems (PPS), highlight current trends in research and industry, and to
recommend future areas of research and development. The development of PPS as an integral
part
of
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
33 sustainable drainage systems is reviewed in the context of traditional and
modern urban drainage. The most important target of this research pollutants are
hydrocarbons,
heavy metals and nutrients (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus). The advantages and disadvantages
of
different PPS are discussed with the help of recent case studies. The latest innovations are
highlighted and explained, and their potential for further research work is outlined. Recent
research
on the development of a combined geothermal heating and cooling, water treatment, and
recycling
pavement system is promising. John T. Kevern, Liv Haselbach, Vernon R. Schaefer This
study
focuses where both a pervious concrete and a traditional concrete paving system have been
installed and where temperatures were recorded within the systems for extended time periods.
The
analyses cover days with negligible antecedent precipitation and high air temperatures, which
are
extreme conditions for UHI impact. This paper compares the increase in overall heat stored
during
several diurnal heating cycles in both of these systems. These analyses include not only the
temperatures at various depths, but also the heat stored based on the bulk mass of the various
layers in each system and below grade. Results suggest that pervious concrete pavement
systems
store less energy than do traditional systems and can help mitigate UHIs. A strategy for
mitigating
the UHI effect may be to employ lower energy- storage pavement systems. Using pervious
concrete
systems, whose layers of materials have higher porosity than do traditional pavement
systems, may
be an effective tool in reducing the UHI effect. Considerations of material characteristics
below
100
grade (e.g., porosity) are important in determining a
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
34 permeable pavement’s capacity for UHI mitigation. Solar reflectance should
not be used independent of these other variables. Mata, Luis Alexander Pervious concrete
pavement systems (PCPS) are a unique and effective means to address important
environmental
issues and support green, sustainable growth, by capturing storm water and allowing it to
infiltrate
into the underlying soil. Sedimentation leading to clogging is a potential problem in
serviceability of
PCPS. Pervious concrete beam and cylinder specimens were exposed to sediments mixed in
water
to simulate runoff with heavy and typical load of soil sediments. Falling head permeability
tests were
performed in the specimens before and after exposure. Results show that storage capacity will
be
minimally affected by sediment. Exfiltration rate, however, can be affected by sediment
characteristics in some situations. A simple, economical test for estimating exfiltration rates
of the
system in these situations was also developed. The results of this study were used to develop
design guidelines that complement the hydrological design of PCPS considering the effects of
sedimentation of the system at end of service. The effects of realistic freezing rates on frost
resistance of pervious concrete, including the effects of sedimentation were also examined.
John
Kevern, Vernon Schaefer, Kejin Wang To achieve the permitted storm water effluent limits
required
by the Clean Water Act, many best management practices (BMPs) are being utilized to
reduce the
overall storm water volume and provide initial pre-treatment and pollutant removal. One such
BMP
is use of Portland cement pervious concrete (PCPC), which allows storm water to pass
through the
pavement into an aggregate base below to infiltrate.
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COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
35 Until now, the temperature response of the entire system (concrete,
aggregate base, and natural soil) was not known. Since PCPC is an infiltration- based BMP,
once a
frost line forms under the base the infiltrating capacity is reduced or eliminated. PCPC also is
recommended for use in warmer climates as a cooler pavement alternative to conventional
concrete
101
or asphalt. To quantify the temperature behaviour of a pervious concrete system, a fully
monitored
parking lot—composed of half traditional concrete and half PCPC— was constructed at Iowa
State
University as part of the Iowa Pervious Concrete Storm water Project. Jing Yang, Gaoling
Jiang In
this paper, a pervious concrete pavement material used for roadway is introduced. Using the
common material and method, the strength of the pervious concrete is low. Using smaller
sized
aggregate, silica fume (SF), and super plasticizer (SP) in the pervious concrete can enhance
the
strength of pervious concrete greatly. The pervious pavement materials that composed of a
surface
layer and a base layer were made. The compressive strength of the composite can reach 50
MPa
and the flexural strength 6 MPa. M. Uma Maguesvari, V.L.Narasimha
This study presents the influence of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate quantities on the
properties of pervious concrete. Materials used are OPC Type I, fine aggregate corresponding
to
grading II and four sizes of coarse aggregate namely, 4.75 mm to 9 mm, 9 mm to 12.5 mm,
12.5
mm to 16 mm, 16 mm to
―
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
36 19.5
mm. Mixes were prepared with the water cement ratio of 0.34, cement content of 400 kg/m 3
and
maintaining the aggregate cement ratio as 4.75:1.
Sonia Rahman, Andrew B. Northmore, Vimy Henderson, and Susan L. Tighe In this paper, a
framework is developed to identify how pervious concrete can be integrated into low volume
infrastructure. It also summarizes the structural performance and drainage characteristics of
pervious concrete parking lots constructed in various provinces of Canada demonstrating the
viability of pervious concrete for low-volume northern applications. The lower strength and
modulus
of rupture of the materials do limit the number of heavy vehicles that pervious concrete can
withstand, though the slight to moderate surface distresses noted that it withstands low-
volume
traffic and freeze-thaw cycling very well. Thus pervious concrete can be a potential
alternative for
sustainable low volume roads and provide a dust free, smooth, cost effective, and safe
alternative to
traditional pavements. Hariyadia, Hiroki Tamai The purpose of this research is to evaluate the
effect
102
of varying proportion of volcanic pumice as an aggregate replacement (VP/A) and proportion
of
aggregate to cement (A/C) with a constant water to cement ratio (WCR) to the mechanical
properties of volcanic pumice porous concrete, and to those porous concrete with normal
aggregate
as a control. The result shows that by using volcanic pumice the porosity increases and the
modulus
of elasticity decreases, even though slightly decreasing in strength is also found. This
volcanic
pumice porous concrete is potential for future structure with adequate strength and good
impact
energy absorbing.
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COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
37 Alessandra Bonicelli, Gilberto Martinez, Luis Guillermo The purpose of this
research is to evaluate the effect of varying proportion of admixture to enhance mechanical
properties of material. The investigation shows that the mixture of admixture enhances the
mechanical properties of the materials by adding appropriate fibers. 2.2 SUMMARY • Some
of the
investigations show that the mixing of the admixture enhances the mechanical properties of
the
materials by adding appropriate fibers. • By using volcanic pumice the porosity increases and
the
modulus of elasticity decreases, even though slightly decreasing in strength is also found. •
Pervious
concrete can be a potential alternative for sustainable low volume roads and provide a dust
free,
smooth, cost effective, and safe alternative to traditional pavements.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
39 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION OF MATERIALS:
Following materials were used in the experimental investigation 1. Cement (OPC 43) 2.
Coarse
aggregate 3. Palm Kernel Shell 4. Water 3.2 PREPARATION OF THE PERVIOUS
CONCRETE
USING FOLLOWING MATERIALS: 1. Ordinary Portland Cement 2. Normal Coarse
Aggregate 3.
Palm Kernel Shell 4. Water Fig no. 3.1 Material Required
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
103
BHOPAL (462033)
40 3.3 CEMENT: The function of cement is to bind the sand and stone together
and to fill up the voids in between sand and stone particles to form a compact & hard mass.
Cement
constitutes only about 20 % of the total volume of concrete mix; it act as binding medium.
Any
alteration in its quantity affects the compressive strength of the concrete mix. The OPC has
been
differentiated into three grades, namely 33 Grade, 43 Grade, 53 Grade depending upon the
strength
of 8 days. By using high quality limestone, modern equipment, maintaining better particle
size
distribution, finer grinding and better packing it is possible to upgrade the properties of
cement.
Using high grade cement offers advantages like making stronger concrete. One of the most
important characteristic of OPC cement is the faster rate of development of strength. The
ordinary
Portland cement of 43 grade manufactured by the ULTRATECH Cement Company was used
in the
study, which is in accordance with IS 12269-1987.Having design strength for 28 days being a
minimum of 43 MPa or 430 kg/sq.cm. 3.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT: It is
defined as the
weight of cement to the weight of equal volume of kerosene oil. It is determined by density
bottle
method. Specific gravity (G) = (W 2 –W 1 )/ [(W 2 -W 1 )-(W 3 -W 4 )]*S 1 W 1 = weight of
empty
density bottle =42.33 W 2 =weight of density bottle with cement =64.5gm W 3 = weight of
density
bottle +cement + kerosene =100.76gm W 4 =weight of density bottle full with kerosene
=87.5gm
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
41 S 1 = specific gravity of kerosene =0.79 W 2 -W 1 = 64.5-42.33= 22.15gm W
3- W 4 = 100.75-87.5= 13.25gm G = (W 2 -W 1 ) / [(W 2 -W 1 )-(W 3 -W 4 )]*0.79 G =
22.15/
(22.15-13.25)*0.79 G = 3.150 3.3.2 INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT: To
enable
concrete to be transported, placed and compactly laid in position properly, the initial setting
time of
cement should be sufficient .the initial setting time of cement is that stage of in the process of
hardening after which any cracks appearing do not generally reunite. The final setting is that
stage
when it has attained sufficient strength and hardness, with which material develop strength to
carry
load. The initial and final setting time is calculated as per IS: 4031 (Part 5) – 1988. Apparatus
used
is Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976 as shown in Fig 3-6.
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
42 Fig no. 3.2 VICAT APPRATUS PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING INITIAL
AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT i) A cement paste is prepared by taking 500 gm
of the
cement sample & gauging it with 0.85 times the water required to produce paste of standard
consistency. ii) Just after addition of water in the cement, time is to be noted using a stop
watch iii)
Vicat mould is completely filled with the cement paste prepared as above mentioned; the
mould is
resting on a non-porous plate .Smooth off the top surface of the paste.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
43 a) INITIAL SETTING TIME The test block is placed under the rod bearing the
needle (1mm diameter). The needle is gently lowered up to the surface of the cement paste
and is
released quickly; Needle is allowed to penetrate the test block. Initially needle will
completely
penetrate through the block, but as the paste started losing its plasticity, needle will fail to
penetrate
through the test block at a point 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The
time
elapsed between the time of addition of water to the cement and the time the needle fails to
penetrate the cement paste block by 5.0 ± 0.5mm from the bottom of the testing mould, is
called the
initial setting time. b) FINAL SETTING TIME The above needle is replaced with the one
with an
circular attachment (10mm diameter). Cement is considered as finally set, if on applying the
needle
gently to the surface of the test block; the needle makes an impression & doesn’t pierce the
paste
more than 0.5 mm, while the attachment fails to do so. Table No. 3.1 Setting Time of Cement
INITIAL SETTING TIME OF OPC 43 35 min FINAL SETTING TIME OF OPC 43 300
min
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
44
0: https://works.bepress.com/zamin_jumaat/3/download/ 62%
105
Table No. 3.2 Chemical Composition of Cement Oxide Composition CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe
2O3
MgO SO 2 K 2 O N 2 O
Percentage (%) 63 20 6 3 1.5 2 1 1 Table No. 3.3 Physical Properties of OPC 43 Properties
Results
Fineness 7% Specific Gravity 3.15 Standard Consistency 31.5 Initial Setting Time 35min
Final
Setting Time 300min Fig no. 3.3 Cement
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
45 3.4 COARSE AGGREGATE: Coarse aggregate are aggregates which are
retained on 4.75mm IS sieve. These aggregates cover major volume of concrete and
contribute
towards strength of concrete. There are different types of coarse aggregates: crushed gravel or
stones, uncrushed gravel or stones &partially crushed gravel or stone. Graded coarse
aggregate are
used for producing concrete & is described by its nominal size i.e. 40mm, 20mm, 16mm,
12.5mm
etc. The coarse aggregate having nominal size 20mm conforming to IS 383:1970 has been
used in
this study. Table No. 3.4 Properties of Coarse Aggregate PROPERTIES RESULTS
OBTAINED IS
SPECIFICATIONS Specific gravity 2.70 2.6 Water absorption 0.81 % - Impact value 6.16%
LESS
THAN 45% Los Angeles abrasion value 22.04% LESS THAN 50% Fig no. 3.4 CRUSHED
STONE
(Coarse aggregate)
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COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
46 Table No. 3.5 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate WEIGHT OF SAMPLE
TAKEN = 3000 GM SR. NO IS-SIEVE (mm) WT. RETAINED (gm) % AGE RETAINED
% AGE
PASSING CUMULATIVE % RETAINED 1 80 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 2 40 0.00 0.00 100.00
0.00 3 20
68.5 2.28 97.72 2.28 4 10 2776.5 92.55 5.17 94.83 5 4.75 113.5 3.78 1.38 98.62 6 Pan 0.00
0.00
0.00 - Total 3000.00 SUM 195.73 1.95
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
106
47 3.4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE: The specific gravity
is defined as the ratio of the weight of coarse aggregate in air to the weight of equal volume
of water
displaced by saturated surface dry aggregate. The specific gravity of coarse aggregate is
determined in laboratory • Weight of the sample = 1000 gm • Weight of vessel + sample +
water (A)
= 3372 gm • Weight of vessel + water (B) = 2746 gm • Weight of saturated & surface dry
sample (C)
= 990 gm • Weight of oven dry sample (D) = 982 gm • Specific gravity (G) = D/ C - (A–B) •
Specific
gravity (G) = 982 / 990 – (3372 - 2746) • Specific gravity (G) = 2.70 3.4.2 WATER
ABSORPTION OF
COARSE AGGREGATE: C = weight of saturated and dry surface aggregate = 990 gm D =
weight of
oven dry sample = 982gm Water absorption = (C – D) / D*100 Water absorption = (990 –
982) /
982*100 Water absorption = 0.81 %
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
48 3.5 PALM KERNEL SHELL: Palm kernel shells (or PKS) are the shell
fractions left after the nut has been removed after crushing in the Palm Oil mill. Kernel shells
are a
fibrous material and can be easily handled in bulk directly from the product line to the end
use.
Large and small shell fractions are mixed with dust-like fractions and small fibres. The palm
kernel is
the edible seed of the oil palm fruit. The fruit yields two distinct oils: palm oil derived from
the outer
parts of the fruit, and palm kernel oil derived from the kernel. The pulp left after oil is
rendered from
the kernel is formed into palm kernel cake, used either as high-protein feed for dairy cattle or
burned
in boilers to generate electricity for palm oil mills and surrounding villages. Palm Kernel
Shell was
ordered from Indiamart @ rate of Rs.2.5/Kg. It was delivered from Chennai. M-30 grade of
Pervious
concrete (C: S: A) =1:0:2.85. Moisture content in kernel shells is low compared to other
biomass
residues with different sources suggesting values between 9% and 11%. Compared to other
residues from the industry, it is a good quality biomass fuel with uniform size distribution,
easy
handling, easy crushing, and limited biological activity due to low moisture content.
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
107
49 Table 3.6: Properties of PKS PROPERTY VALUE OF PKS Bulk density Mg/m
3 0.74 Dry density Mg/m 3 0.65 Water content (%) 9 Water absorption (%) 14 Specific
gravity 1.62
Impact Value (%) 4.5 Fig no. 3.5 : Palm Kernel Shell
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
50 3.6 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS Following test were conducted for
investigation of properties of concrete: 1. Compressive strength test 2. Slump cone test for
workability FLOW CHART OF METHODOLOGY Curing of specimen Casting of specimen
Collection
of raw materials Testing of specimen Result analysis & discussion Preparation of fresh
concrete
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
51 3.7 MATERIAL TESTING: 3.7.1 SLUMP TEST (WORKABILITY TEST) This
test is conducted to determine the workability of concrete. Its apparatus consists of a cone of
10cm
top diameter, 20 cm bottom diameter, & 30 cm height as shown in fig.3-16. It has two
handles for
lifting purpose. Concrete to be tested for its workability is placed in the cone. Slump thus
formed
generally has either of the three slump pattern specified as shown in fig.3-15. An even slump
is
termed as true slump, if one half of the concrete cone slides down it is called shear slump & if
entire
concrete cone slides down it is termed as collapse slump. Test of workability on Fresh
Pervious
Concrete Procedure: ? The internal surface of the conical mould is thoroughly cleaned and
freed
from adherence of any old set concrete or from additional moisture. The cone is then placed
over a
non- absorbent, horizontal, rigid & smooth surface. ? It is then filled with concrete to be
tested in four
different layers, each layer being ¼ of the height of cone & each layer is tamped 25 times by
tamping rod; strokes being evenly distributed over the cross section. ? After taming the top
layer,
concrete is struck off level with trowel. ? The cone is then removed from the concrete
immediately
raising it in vertical direction, allowing concrete to subside. ? The difference between height
of mould
and that of highest point of subsided concrete is measured. This difference (in mm) is the
slump
108
value of concrete.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
52 3.7.1.1 Description Regarding Negligible Workability: ? Due to absence of fine
aggregate in workability testing it is observed that there is negligible workability about 0 to
10mm. ?
It is due to the closely packing of coarse aggregate with each other. Fig no. 3.6 Slump Pattern
Fig
no. 3.7 Slump Cone & Tamping Rod
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
53 Fig no. 3.8 Process of Slump Cone Test
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
54 3.8 COMPRESSIVE TESTING It is the measure of resistance of hardened
concrete towards compression. It is the most important characteristic of concrete as the
concrete
structure experiences heavy compression, hence it is very important to determine tolerable
limit of
compressive load over concrete. This test is carried out by preparing cube specimen of size
150mm
X 150mm X 150mm in cubical moulds, cured for desired number of days and crushed under
compression testing machine (CTM) or universal testing machine (UTM) to determine the
tolerable
load of the hardened concrete. This load then divided by the cross sectional area of the
specimen
gives the compressive strength of the concrete. Compressive Strength is equal to PEAK
FORCE
OR LOAD (KN) AREA OF SPECIMEN (mm 2 ) 3.8.1 APPARATUS REQUIRED FOR
COMPRESSIVE TEST a. CUBICAL MOULDS: According to IS 516:1959 cubical moulds
of size
150mmX 150mm X 150mm or 100mmX 100mm X 100mm shall be used for preparing a
specimen.
The mould shall preferably be of metal; steel or cast iron, and tough enough to prevent
deformation.
Each cubical mould consists of a metal base plate having a plane non – absorbent surface.
The
base plate is provided to support the mould during the placing of concrete without leakage.
The
internal surfaces of the assembled mould are lubricated with mould oil applied in thin layers
to
109
prevent adhesion of the concrete, before placing of concrete in moulds. Moulds are shown in
Fig.
3-9
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
55 Fig no. 3.9 CUBICAL MOULDS b. TESTING MACHINE: As per IS516:1959,
the testing machine should be of any reliable type & also should be capable of applying the
load at
the rate specified i.e. 140 kg/sq.cm/min. The testing machine consists of two steel bearing
platens
with hardened faces. Bearing faces of both platens of testing machine should be larger than
the
nominal size of the specimen on which the load is to be applied. Generally compression
testing
machine (CTM) or universal testing machine (UTM) is used as testing machine. In the
present study
universal testing machine (UTM) is used for testing compressive strength of concrete.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
56 3.8.2 PROCEDURE OF CASTING a. CASTING OF CUBES 1. Filling of cube
moulds of size (150x150x150) mm must be done in three layers. The concrete must be placed
using
a scoop and the scoop should be moved around the top edges of the cube mould so that
symmetrical distribution of concrete is done in each layer as the concrete slides down from
the
inclined scoop into the moulds. 18 cubes were prepared. 2. Each layer must be compacted
fully
either by using a tamping rod or by using vibration techniques. Concrete is compacted by
hand
tamping, in 150 mm mould, then 35 strokes are given per layer uniformly covering the entire
surface
especially the corners. 3. The concrete should be compacted fully well in each layer leaving
no
chance for air entrapment within its mass. When air bubbles no longer appear on the top
surface of
concrete it is understood that the concrete is fully compacted. 4. Finally, trowel the surface
level with
the top of the mould. Identification mark, number and/or date can be lightly scratched on the
wet
trowelled concrete surface using a matchstick or a scraper.
COARSE
110
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
57 3.8.3 PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFICATION, CURING AND TESTING OF
CONCRETE CUBES 1. Coding/marking/identification should be done such that the strength
of the
test sample can be easily correlated to the concrete mix used and the structure in which the
concrete was poured. 2. Strip the mould after 16 to 24 hours gently without damaging the
edges or
surfaces of the cubes. 3. Submerge the specimen in the curing pond containing clean water
till such
time it is due for testing. 4. Check the dimensions and weight of the specimen before testing.
5. The
cube should be placed in compression testing machine in such a manner that the smooth faces
of
the cubes rest on the steel plates. The face of the cube which is trowel finished should never
be
brought into contact with the machine platens as it will cause asymmetrical loading of the
cube due
to an uneven surface as compared to the faces which are moulded smooth. 6. The loading
should
be done without slackening and increased continuously at a rate of 140 Kg/Sq.cm./min. until
the
concrete cube breaks down or is crushed and no additional load can be sustained. 7. The
appearance of concrete after failure and the observations of the failures must be recorded.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
58 Fig. no. 3.10 Preparation of Specimen
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
59 Fig no. 3.11 Testing of Specimen
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
60 3.9 FLEXURAL TESTING Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile
strength of concrete. It is a measure of an unreinforced concrete beam or slab to resist failure
in
bending. It is measured by loading 150 x 150-mm concrete beams with a span length at least
three
111
times the depth. The flexural strength is expressed as Modulus of Rupture (MR) in (MPa) and
is
determined by standard test methods ASTM C 78 (third-point loading) or ASTM C 293
(centre-point
loading). Flexural Strength of Concrete Flexural MR is about 10 to 20 percent of compressive
strength depending on the type, size and volume of coarse aggregate used. However, the best
correlation for specific materials is obtained by laboratory tests for given materials and mix
design.
The MR determined by third-point loading is lower than the MR determined by centre-point
loading,
sometimes by as much as 15%. 3.9.1 PROCEDURE OF FLEXURAL TESTING • Prepare
the test
specimen of size (100x100x500) mm by filling the pervious concrete into the mould in 3
layers of
approximately equal thickness. Tamp each layer 35 times using the tamping bar as specified
above.
Tamping should be distributed uniformly over the entire cross section of the beam mould and
throughout the depth of each layer. • Clean the bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading
rollers, and remove any loose sand or other material from the surfaces of the specimen where
they
are to make contact with the rollers. • The specimen stored in water shall be tested
immediately on
removal from water; whilst they are still wet. The test specimen shall be placed in the
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
61 machine correctly cantered with the longitudinal axis of the specimen at right
angles to the rollers. • The load applied at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.
Fig no.
3.12 Prepared Beam
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
62 Fig no. 3.13 Testing Machine Fig no. 3.14 Placing Specimen for Testing
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
63 Fig no. 3.15 Testing of Specimen 3.10 WATER PERMEABILITY TEST 3.10.1
CONSTANT HEAD METHOD (CHM) The coefficient of permeability is equal to the rate of
flow of
water through a unit cross section area under a unit hydraulic gradient. In the constant head
permeameter, the head causing flow through the specimen remains constant throughout the
test.
The coefficient of permeability (k) is obtained from the relation. The constant head test is
112
characterized by a constant water column height during the test. In Soil Mechanics, it is
usually
recommended to use the constant head test in order to determine its hydraulic conductivity of
high
permeability materials (k<10-3 cm/s), which is the case of the pervious concrete. However,
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
64 all authors have published results of the falling head permeability tests in
pervious concrete, since for practical purposes such as the material quality control in field,
the use
of falling head test seems to be simpler then the constant head, what makes it easier to
compare
the results in field with those obtained in laboratory. The apparatus is equipped in the bottom
with a
plastic ring where de specimen is placed. A flexible membrane positioned internally on the
plastic
ring is pressurized on the side of the samples in order to avoid water leaks by its lateral
during the
test. The container used to produce the water pressure is provided with an inlet and an outlet
of
20
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water as well as by a lower safety outlet to prevent overflow. The cylindrical cores were cut
into four
pieces in order to carry out the permeability tests, since de equipment has a 5.5 cm sample
height
limitation. The surface and the bottom parts of the specimen were discarded and just the
remaining
top and bottom central pieces were tested. The control of the water column height was carried
out
by levelling the column height up in the container, which was calibrated by the incoming
water flow.
It was carried out several attempts to find the optimal column height for the testing material
in order
to maintain a laminar water flow, which tends to vary with the fluid velocity in the conduit.
The test
was started by placing the sample on the plastic ring and pressuring the flexible membrane,
sealing
the core laterals. Then, water flow was released in order to fill up the entire system with
water. The
flow rate was increased until column height constancy. The water discharged was collected in
a
known-weight-recipient and the time for collect 750 to 1,000 mL of water was measured.
Four trials
were carried out for each sample and the hydraulic conductivity was calculated by the
average of
the obtained values. Once
113
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
65 obtained the volume of discharge and the elapsed time for its collection, the
hydraulic conductivity was determined by Equation: Where, k is the hydraulic conductivity
(cm/s), V
is the volume of discharge (cm³), L is the length of specimen (cm), h is the column height
(cm), A is
the cross-sectional area of specimen (cm²) and t is the time for discharge (s).
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
66 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION The experimental result
obtained from previously discussed methodology has been analysed and discussed under this
chapter. The investigation consists of testing of pervious concrete for workability,
compressibility,
flexural strength and permeability test. For testing of compression, five different samples of
cube
were prepared, each sample consisting of six specimens of cube. Out of these six samples 3
specimens are tested for 7 days compressive test, and 3 specimens are tested for 28 days
compressive test. For determining workability, slump cone test is opted to determine the
slump
value of different mixes prepared by replacement of cement. 4.2 ANALYSIS OF SLUMP
TEST
Following results of slump test were obtained for different mixes of concrete prepared by
replacement of cement. Table No. 4.1- SLUMP VALUES OF MIX DESIGN S NO. Mix
Proportion
SLUMP VALUE 1 1:2.85 0-10
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
67 4.3 ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Following Nomenclature
was adopted for testing of different types of mixes prepared by replacement of coarse
aggregate by
0%, 10%, 15%, & 20%, 25% and 30% of Palm Kernel Shell by weight of cement. Table No.
4.2
Types of Mixes Fig no. 4.1 Specimen of Pervious Concrete TYPE OF MIX % OF PALM
KERNEL
SHELL CC 0% (CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE) MD 1 10 % MD 2 15% MD 3 20% MD4
25% MD5
30%
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114
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
68 Table No. 4.3 Average Compressive strength 7 Days (N/mm^2) Mix
Replacement Average Compressive strength 7 Days (N/mm^2) CC 0% 20.1 MD1 10% 19.55
MD2
15% 18.32 MD3 20% 18.29 MD4 25% 17.65 MD5 30% 17.11 Graph No. 4.1 Compressive
strength
7 Days 20.1 19.55 18.32 18.29 17.65 17.11 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 0% 10% 15% 20% 25%
30% 7
Days 7 Days
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69 Table No. 4.4 Average Compressive strength 28 Days (N/mm^2) Mix
Replacement Average Compressive strength 28 Days (N/mm^2) CC 0% 41.33 MD1 10%
40.12
MD2 15% 39.87 MD3 20% 38.52 MD4 25% 36.33 MD5 30% 36.19 Graph No. 4.2
Compressive
strength 28 Days 32 34 36 38 40 42 0% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 28 Days 28 Days
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
70 Table No. 4.5 Compressive strength 7 and 28 Days Mix Replacement
Average Compressive strength 7 Days (N/mm^2) Average Compressive strength 28 Days
(N/mm^2)
CC 0% 20.1 41.33 MD1 10% 19.55 40.12 MD2 15% 18.32 39.87 MD3 20% 18.29 38.52
MD4 25%
17.65 36.33 MD5 30% 17.11 36.19 Graph No. 4.3 Comparison between Compressive
Strength of
Pervious Concrete after 7 and 28 Days Curing 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0% 10% 15%
20% 25%
30% 7 Days 28 Days
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
71 4.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH Following Nomenclature was adopted for testing
of different types of mixes prepared by replacement of coarse aggregate by 0%, 10%, 15%, &
20%,
25% and 30% of palm kernel shell by weight of cement Table No. 4.6 Flexural strength after
7 Days
115
Curing Mix Replacement Average Flexural Strength 7 Days (N/mm^2) CC 0% 3.83 MD1
10% 3.21
MD2 15% 2.86 MD3 20% 2.62 MD4 25% 2.22 MD5 30% 2.17 Graph No. 4.4 Flexural
strength after
7 Days Curing 0 2 4 6 0% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 7 Days 7 Days
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BHOPAL (462033)
72 Table No. 4.7 Flexural strength after 28 Days Curing Mix Replacement
Average Flexural Strength 28 Days (N/mm^2) CC 0% 5.8 MD1 10% 5.6 MD2 15% 5.32
MD3 20%
4.9 MD4 25% 4.81 MD5 30% 4.76 Graph No. 4.5 Flexural strength after 28 Days Curing 0 5
10 0%
10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 28 Days 28 Days
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
73 Table No. 4.8 Flexural strength after 7 and 28 Days Curing Mix Replacement
Average Flexural Strength 7 Days (N/mm^2) Average Flexural Strength 28 Days (N/mm^2)
CC 0%
3.83 5.8 MD1 10% 3.21 5.6 MD2 15% 2.86 5.32 MD3 20% 2.62 4.9 MD4 25% 2.22 4.81
MD5 30%
2.17 4.76 Graph No. 4.6 Comparison of Flexural strength after 7 and 28 Days Curing 0 1 2 3
4567
0% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 7 Days 28 Days
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
74 4.5 WATER PERMEABILITY TEST Following Nomenclature was adopted for
testing of different types of mixes prepared by replacement of coarse aggregate by 0%, 10%,
15%,
& 20%, 25% and 30% of palm kernel shell by weight of cement Table No. 4.9 Permeability
Value for
10% replacement of CA by PKS Permeability Value for 10% replacement of CA by PKS
Time (Sec)
Height (cm) Coefficient of Permeability K (cm/sec)x10^-3 0 100 - 5 89.8 2.36 10 79.8 2.59
15 68.3
3.42 20 58.3 3.48 25 48 4.27 Average = 3.224
22
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
116
BHOPAL (462033)
75 Table No. 4.10 Permeability Value for 15% replacement of CA by PKS
Permeability Value for 15% replacement of CA by PKS Time (Sec) Height (cm) Coefficient
of
Permeability(K) (cm/sec)x10^-3 0 100 - 5 84 2.70 10 72.8 3.14 15 61.9 3.56 20 50.9 4.30 25
39.8
5.41 Average = 3.852 Table No. 4.11 Permeability Value for 20% replacement of CA by
PKS
Permeability Value for 20% replacement of CA by PKS Time (Sec) Height (cm) Coefficient
of
Permeability (K) (cm/sec)x10^- 3 0 100 - 5 88.4 2.71 10 76.6 3.15 15 64.7 3.71 20 52.9 4.43
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VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
76 25 41.3 5.44 Average K= 3.89 Table No. 4.12 Permeability Value for 25%
replacement of CA by PKS Permeability Value for 25% replacement of CA by PKS Time
(Sec)
Height (cm) Coefficient of Permeability K (cm/sec)x10^-3 0 100 - 5 83.7 1.60 10 77.6 1.66
15 71.6
1.77 20 65.4 1.99 25 59.4 2.15 Average K= 1.83
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
77 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS Following were the conclusions carried out •
The strength properties of pervious concrete containing aggregate with partial replacement of
Palm
Kernel Shell (PKS), without any fine aggregate and admixtures were investigated for 7 and
28 Days.
• The experimental investigations were carried out to determine the compressive strength,
flexural
strength and Water Permeability Test. • The compressive strength, flexural strength and
permeability
values change with aggregate content and PKS content. • The compressive strength and
flexural
strength values varied. • Based on experimental results, it can be concluded that, when runoff
collection is of primary concern and strength is not a governing issue, the use of pervious
concrete
can be regarded as a suitable and sustainable choice in various storm water management
applications.
COARSE
VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (462033)
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Effect of aggregate size and proportion on strength properties of palm kernel shell concrete.
―
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120
S1877042813045035 100%
This study presents the influence of fine aggregate and coarse
aggregate quantities on the properties of pervious concrete.
S1877042813045035 100%
S1877042813045035 100%
S1877042813045035 100%
S1877042813045035 100%
Materials used are OPC Type I, fine aggregate corresponding to
grading II and four sizes of coarse aggregate namely, 4.75 mm to 9
mm, 9 mm to 12.5 mm, 12.5 mm to 16 mm, 16 mm to
―
S1877042813045035 100%
Materials used are OPC Type I, fine aggregate corresponding to
grading II and four sizes of coarse aggregate namely, 4.75 mm to 9
mm, 9 mm to 12.5 mm, 12.5 mm to 16 mm, 16 mm to 19.5
S1877042813045035 100%
mm. Mixes were prepared with the water cement ratio of 0.34,
cement content of 400 kg/m 3 and maintaining the aggregate cement
ratio as 4.75:1.
S1877042813045035 100%
mm. Mixes were prepared with the water cement ratio of 0.34,
cement content of 400 kg/m3 and maintaining the aggregate cement
ratio as 4.75:1.
27
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Instances from:
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cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 97%
Neithalath. (2011). Pore structure features of pervious concretes
proportioned for desired porosities and their performance prediction.
Cement & Concrete
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 97%
Neithalath, N. (2011), "Pore structure features of pervious concretes
121
proportioned for desired porosities
and their performance prediction", Cement Concrete
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 95%
Neithalath. (2011). Pore structure features of pervious concretes
proportioned for desired porosities. •
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 95%
Neithalath, N. (2011), "Pore structure features of pervious concretes
proportioned for desired porosities
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 95%
Neptune. (2011). Comparison of test specimen preparation
techniques for pervious concrete pavements.
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 95%
Neptune, A.I. (2011), "Comparison of test specimen preparation
techniques for pervious concrete pavements",
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 96%
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pervious concretes for permeability prediction.
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 96%
Deo, O. (2010), "Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and connectivity
in pervious concretes for permeability prediction",
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 96%
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 96%
28
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Deo. (2010). Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and connectivity in
pervious concretes for permeability prediction.
Deo, O. (2010), "Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and connectivity
in pervious concretes for permeability prediction",
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 90%
Kim & H.K. Lee. (2010). Influence of cement flow and aggregate type
on the mechanical and acoustic.
cn=KJKHDQ_2016_v17n3_337 90%
Kim, H.K. and Lee, H.K. (2010), "Influence of cement flow and
aggregate type on the mechanical and acoustic
29
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Instances from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135413006039
S0043135413006039 100%
is a sub-class of pervious pavement system where the vast majority
122
of the surface is impermeable
S0043135413006039 100%
is a sub-class of pervious pavement system where the vast majority
of the surface is impermeable.
S0043135413006039 100%
installation of a macro-pervious pavement system (MPPS) (operated
as a visitors’ car park at a prison in Central Scotland) in retaining and
treating a range of pollutants which originate from automobile use or
become concentrated on the parking surface from the wider
environment. The
S0043135413006039 100%
installation of a macro-pervious pavement system (MPPS) (operated
as a visitors' car park at a prison in Central Scotland) in retaining and
treating a range of pollutants which originate from automobile use or
become concentrated on the parking surface from the wider
environment. The
S0043135413006039 100%
―
S0043135413006039 100%
30
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Instances from: https://works.bepress.com/zamin_jumaat/3/download/7:
https://works.bepress.com/zamin_jumaat/3/download/ 62%
Table No. 3.2 Chemical Composition of Cement Oxide Composition
CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MgO SO 2 K 2 O N 2 O
7: https://works.bepress.com/zamin_jumaat/3/download/ 62%
Table 1. Chemical composition of cement, fly ash and silica fume.
Oxide composition (%) Materials SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO MgO
SO 3 K 2 O Na 2 O 31
U R K U N D .pdf (D31238253)
Instances from: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/IJPS/article-
abstract/44E677A32056
15: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/IJPS/articleabstract/
44E677A32056 100%
U.Johnson Alengaram, Hilmi Mahmud, Mohd Zamin Jumaat and
S. M. Shirazi.,
Effect of aggregate size and proportion on strength properties of
palm kernel shell concrete.
15: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/IJPS/articleabstract/
44E677A32056 100%
U. Johnson Alengaram, Hilmi Mahmud, Mohd Zamin Jumaat and S.
123
M. Shirazi. "Effect of aggregate size and proportion on strength
properties of palm kernel shell concrete."
124

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ENHANCEMENT OF STRENGHT OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE

FOR LIGHT TRAFFIC PAVEMENT BY USING PALM

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P.)

Rajeev Gandhi Proudyogiki Mahavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.)

STRENGHT OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE FOR LIGHT TRAFFIC PAVEMENT BY

USING PALM KERNEL SHELL” being submitted by RACHITA BORKAR (Enrolment

Technology degree in Construction Technology and Management to Rajiv Gandhi

Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) during the academic year 2016-2017 is a

Prof. RAJESH JOSHI

Prof. NIKHAT RAZA KHAN Dr. A.A. KHAN

Associate Professor Principal

R.G.P.M., Bhopal R.G.P.M., Bhopal (M.P.)

Internal Examiner External Examiner

I also declare that, ―A check for plagiarism has been carried

Dr. A.A. KHAN

At the outset I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my

I would like to thank to Director, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal for their Kind

I would also like to thank, Dr. J. S. Chauhan, Professor and

Finally, I am very grateful to my parents, my sister, my family member and friends

Lastly, my hands join in the praise of the almighty of God.

Student Name: RACHITA BORKAR

Enrolment No. 0159CE16MT10

Signature of Guide Director /Principal

(एम.ई./ एम.टे क/ एम.पाममछात्रोंहे त)ु

मैंअममतकमारमनवारे आत्मजश्रीअशोककमारमनवारे, उम्र 28 वमम, ननवासी G-

18/32 साउथटी.टी. नगरननयरमशप्राकाम्प्ऱेक्स(म.प्र.) काहोकरशऩथऩवमकूननम्पऩनकथनकरताहूककॉ

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Pervious concrete pavements are gaining popularity for storm water

The porous concrete filledwith coarse aggregate which is replaced with

Keywords: Pervious Concrete, Palm Kernel Shell, Replacement, Compressive

Figure No. Description of Figure Page no.

Table No. Description of Table Page No.

Table 3.1 Setting Time of Cement 43

Table 3.2 Chemical Composition of Cement 44

Table 3.3 Physical Properties of Cement 43 44

Table 3.4 Properties of Coarse Aggregate 45

Table 3.5 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate 46

Table 3.6 Properties of Palm Kernel Shell 49

Table 4.1 Slump Values of Mix Design 66

Table 4.2 Types of Mixes 67

Table 4.3 Average Compressive Strength 7 Days (N/mm2) 68

Table 4.4 Average Compressive Strength 28 Days (N/mm2) 69

Table 4.5 Compressive Strength 7 and 28 Days (N/mm2) 70

Table 4.6 Average Flexural Strength 7 Days (N/mm2) 71

Table 4.7 Average Flexural Strength 28 Days (N/mm2) 72

Table 4.8 Flexural Strength 7 and 28 Days (N/mm2) 73

Table 4.9 Permeability Value for 10% replacement of CA by PKS 74

Table 4.10 Permeability Value for 15% replacement of CA by PKS 75

Table 4.11 Permeability Value for 20% replacement of CA by PKS 75

Table 4.12 Permeability Value for 25% replacement of CA by PKS 76

Table No. Description of Table Page No.

Graph 4.1 Compressive Strength 7 Days (N/mm2) 68

Graph 4.2 Compressive Strength 28 Days (N/mm2) 69

Graph 4.3 Comparison between Compressive Strength 70

Graph 4.4 Flexural Strength 7 Days (N/mm2) 71

Graph 4.5 Flexural Strength 28 Days (N/mm2) 72

Graph 4.6 Comparison between Flexural Strength 73

Studies show this increase in urban storm water runoff is a leading

In pervious concrete, carefully controlled amounts of water and

Pervious concrete which is also known as the no-fines, porous, gap-