1 Interaction Picture

Consider the schrodinger equation,

@ i
j (t)i = Hj (t)i
@t h
integrate both side get:

Z @ Z
@t j (t)i i
dt =H dt (1)
j (t)i h
i
ln[j (t)i] ln[j (0)i] = Ht (2)
h
j (t)i i
ln[ ] = exp( Ht) (3)
j (0)i h
i
j (t)i = exp( Ht)j (0)i (4)
h
= U (t)j (0)i (5)
i
let U (t) = exp( h Ht);
i
U0 (t) = exp( h H0 t);

de…ne a state vector j I (t)i in the interaction picture:

j I (t)i = U0y (t)j (t)i (6)

where U0y (t) = exp( hi H0 t)
U_ 0y (t) = i i
h H0 exp( h H0 t)

j _ I (t)i = U_ 0y (t)j (t)i + U0y (t)j _ (t) (7)

i i
= H0 U0y (t)j (t)i (H0 + H1 )U0y (t)j (t)i (8)
h h
i
= H1 IU0y j (t)i (9)
h
i
= (U0 H1 U0y )U0y j (t)i (10)
h

let V (t) = U0 H1 U0y ,

i
j _ I (t)i = V (t)j I (t)i (11)
h
integrate both side get:

1
 Z @ Z
@t j I (t)i i
dt = V (t)dt (12)
j I (t)i h
Z
j (t)i i
ln[ I ]= V (t)dt (13)
j I (0)i h
Z
i
j I (t)i = exp( V (t)dt)j I (0)i (14)
h
j I (t)i = UI (t)j I (0)i (15)

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summarize the expression using time ordering operator( actually i dont really
understand this ’dyson series’. the partition of in…nite small part of time is just
to describe the perturbation at better resolution?)

To understand Dyson series, consider the follwoing solution to

Schrodinger equation in interaction picture
i
j _ I (t)i = V (t)j I (t)i (16)
h
Integrate Z t
i
j I (t)i = V (t1 )j I (t1 )idt1 (17)
h 0
Substitute Eq. 17 back to itself we get
2 Z t Z t1
i
j I (t)i = V (t1 ) V (t2 )j I (t2 )idt2 dt1 (18)
h 0 0
2 Z t Z t1
i
= dt1 dt2 V (t1 )V (t2 )j I (t2 )i (19)
h 0 0

Subsitute this result back to itself again and repeat this step many
times. At the end you will see the Dyson series pattern.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

1
X Zt Zt Zt
i k1 k
UI (t) = ( 1) ( ) dt1 dt2 ::: dtk (V1 (t1 )V2 (t2):::::Vk (tk )) (20)
h k!
k=0 t0 t0 t0
Z
i
= T (exp( V (t))dt) (21)
h

2
 …nd U0 (t);
given H0 = (h! a )jaihaj + (h! b )jbihbj
H1 = [jPab je i jaihbj + jPba jei jbihaj]E cos(vt)
= [h R e i jaihbj + h R ei jbihaj] cos(vt)

i
U0 (t) = exp(H0 t) (22)
h
= exp( i(! a jaihaj + ! b jbihbj)t) (23)
= exp( i! a tjaihaj) exp( i! b tjbihbj) (24)

simplify using taylor series exapnsion

(i! a jaihaj)2 (i! b jbihbj)2

U0 (t) = (1 i! a jaihaj + + :::)(1 i! b jbihbj + + :::) (25)
2 2
(i! a )2 (i! b )2
= (1 i! a jaihaj + jaihaj + :::)(1 i! b jbihbj + jbihbj + :::) (26)
2 2
(i! b )2 (i! b )2
= 1 i! b jbihbj + jbihbj i! a jaihaj + i! a jaihaj! b jbihbj i! a jaihaj jbihbj
(27)
2 2
(i! a )2 (i! a )2 (i! a )2 (i! b )2
+ jaihaj jaihaji! b jbihbj + jaihaj jbihbj (28)
2 2 2 2
using relation hajbi = hbjai = 0; hajai = hbjbi = 1

(i! b )2 (i! a )2
U0 (t) = 1 i! b jbihbj + jbihbji! a jaihaj + jaihaj + ::: (29)
2 2
(i! b )2 (i! a )2
= 1 + jbihbj jbihbj i! b jbihbj + jbihbj + jaihaj jaihaj i! a jaihaj + jaihaj +
(30)
:::
2 2
(i! b )2 (i! a )2
= 1 jbihbj jaihaj + (1 i! b + + :::)jbihbj + (1 i! a + + :::)jaihaj (31)
2 2
using relation 1 jbihbj jaihaj = 0

U0 (t) = exp(i! a t)jaihaj + exp(i! b t)jbihbj (32)

…nding V (t);

3
V (t) = U0 H1 U0y (33)
i i y
= U0 [h Re jaihbj + h R e jbihaj]U0 cos(vt) (34)
i i y
= U0 [h R e jaihbj + h cos(vt) R e jbihaj]U0 (35)
= (exp(i! a t)jaihaj + exp(i! b t))jbihbj)(h R e i jaihbj + h i
R e jbihaj)
(36)
(exp( i! a t)jaihaj + exp( i! b t)jbihbj) cos(vt) (37)
= [(h R e i exp(i! a t)jaihbj + h R ei exp(i! b t)jbihaj) (38)
(exp( i! a t)jaihaj + exp( i! b t)jbihbj) cos(vt)] (39)
= h R [(e i exp(i(! a ! b )t)jaihbj (40)
+ei exp(i(! b ! a )t)jbihaj) cos(vt)] (41)
as ! = ! a ! b ; cos(vt) = 21 (exp(ivt) + exp( ivt))

h R i i
V (t) = [e exp(i(! v)t)jaihbj + e exp(i(! + v)t)jaihbj (42)
2
+ei exp( i(! v)t)jbihaj + ei exp( i(! + v)t)jbihaj] (43)
using rotating wave approximation, exp( i(! + v)t) is neglected,
let = (! v) = 0;then,

h R i
V (t) = [e exp(i t)jaihbj + ei exp( i t)jbihaj] (44)
2
h R i
= [e jaihbj + ei jbihaj] (45)
2

h R 2
V 2 (t) = ( ) [e i
jaihbj + ei jbihaj]2 (46)
2
h R 2 2i
= ( ) (e jaihbjjaihbj + ei e i
jbihajjaihbj + e i
ei jaihbjjbihaj + e2i jbihajjbihaj)
(47)
2
h R 2
= ( ) [jaihaj + jbihbj] (48)
2

h R 3
V 3 (t) = ( ) (e i
jaihbj + ei jbihaj)(jaihaj + jbihbj) (49)
2
h R 3 i i
= ( ) (e jaihbjjaihaj + e jaihbjjbihbj + ei jbihajjaihaj + ei jbihajjbihbj)
(50)
2
h R 3 i
= ( ) (e jaihbj + ei jbihaj) (51)
2

thus we can deduce the V (t) can be categorized for its even and odd number
of power

4
 h R 2n
V 2n (t) = ( ) [jaihaj + jbihbj]n (52)
2
h R 2n+1
V 2n+1 (t) = ( ) (e i
jaihbj + ei jbihaj) (53)
2
substitute into equation 20,

Z
i
UI (t) = T (exp( V (t))dt) (54)
h
1
X Zt Zt Zt
i 1
= ( 1) ( )kk
dt1 dt2 ::: dtk (V1 (t1 )V2 (t2):::::Vk (tk )) (55)
h k!
k=0 t0 t0 t0
Zt Zt Zt1
i i 21
= 1+( ) dt1 V (t) + ( ) dt1 dt2 V 2 (t) + ::: (56)
h h 2!
t0 t0 t0
i Rt i 1 i Rt 2
= 1+ (e jaihbj + ei jbihaj) + (
(jaihaj + jbihbj) (57) )
2 2 2!
i Rt 3 1 i Rt 4 1
+( ) (e i jaihbj + ei jbihaj) + ( ) (e i jaihbj + ei jbihaj)
(58)
2 3! 2 4!
Rt 2 1 Rt 4 1
= (1 ( ) (jaihaj + jbihbj) + ( ) (jaihaj + jbihbj)2 + :::) (59)
2 2! 2 4!
Rt Rt 3 1
+i( (e i jaihbj + ei jbihaj) i( ) (e i jaihbj + ei jbihaj) +(60)
:::)
2 2 3!
using [jaihaj + jbihbj]n = jaihaj + jbihbj

1 Rt 2 1 Rt 4
= (jaihaj + jbihbj)(1 ( ) + ( ) + :::) (61)
2! 2 4! 2
i Rt 1 Rt 3
+i(e jaihbj + ei jbihaj)( ( ) + :::) (62)
2 3! 2
using taylor series
1 1
cos(at) = 1 2! (at)2 + 4! (at)4 + :::
1 1
sin(at) = at 3! (at) + 5! (at)5 + :::
3

therefore,

Rt Rt i
UI (t) = cos( )(jaihaj + jbihbj) + i sin( )(e jaihbj + ei jbihaj) (63)
2 2

substitute the solution back to equation 14,let initial state be j I (0)i = jai

j I (t)i = UI (t)j I (0)i (64)

5
compare with j I (t)i = ca (t)jai+cb (t)jbi, then at t = 0; ca (0) = 1; cb (0) = 0:

…nally, we get

Rt Rt
j I (t)i = cos( )jai + i sin( )jbi (65)
2 2