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LEARNING OUTCOMES
◦Classify fossil fuels. (CO1)
◦Discuss the different steps in petroleum
processing and petroleum products.
(CO1)
◦Recognize biofuels as an alternative
energy source. (CO1)
FOSSIL FUELS
◦ The product of natural changes in organic materials over
millennia.
Other components:
a. Energy components
- ethane, propane, butane,
isobutene, and pentane
b. Non-energy components
- carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
http://www.history.alberta.ca/EnergyHeritag
hydrogen sulfide, and water e/gas/premodern-global-history/physical-
character-of-natural-gas.aspx
FOSSIL FUELS: Types
Wet Natural Gas
- If it contains hydrocarbons in addition
to methane
2. Ring compounds
a. Cycloalkanes (Naphthene series) CnH2n
b. Aromatic (Benzenoid series) CnH2n-6
Petroleum Constituents
3. Lesser components
Sulfur (0-6%)– useless and undesirable
– has bad odor and can cause corrosion in
pipes
Nitrogen (0-0.5%), Oxygen (0-3.5%), trace metals, salts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maZyPJIOknE
Octane-Rating
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ToBZ74Yhas
Petroleum Constituents
Iso-alkanes (iso-Paraffin series) CnH2n+2
➢Branched chain
➢Higher anti-knock properties and octane rating than
n-paraffin (better performance of internal combustion
engines
➢e.g. 2-methylpentane
2-methylhexane
Petroleum Constituents
Olefin (Alkene series) CnH2n
➢ not naturally present in petroleum but
produced during cracking
◦87% iso-octane
◦13% n-heptane
DIES
Diesel Fuel
•
hydrocarbons (including
naphthenes and alkylbenzenes)
➢ fuel used in diesel engines, whose
fuel detonation takes place without
spark.
Diesel Fuel
◦40% n-hexadecane
◦60% 1-methylnapthalene
Kerosene
➢ a thin, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons,
with density of 0.78-0.81g/cm3.
➢ obtained from the fractional distillation of
petroleum between 150°C and 275°C,
resulting in a mixture of carbon chains
containing 12 to 15 carbon atoms.
➢ Kerosene is widely used to power jet-engine
aircraft (Jet fuel) and some rockets, and is also
commonly used as a heating fuel.
Residues
➢ constituents that are not volatile enough after
distillation
➢ E.g. Asphalt - road paving material, waterproofing
structures, roofing material
Biofuels
http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/biofuels/
Biofuels
➢ produced from living organisms or from metabolic
by-products (organic or food waste products).
➢ In order to be considered a biofuel, the fuel must
contain over 80 percent renewable materials.
https://lawofalgae.wiki.zoho.com/Chapter
-1----Introduction-to-Algae-Biofuels.html
Biofuels: Types
1. Wood
https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/could-super-wood-replace-steel-in-cars-
airplanes-1810304
Biofuels: Types
2. Liquid biofuel
– e.g. ethyl alcohol
produced from
fermenting starch or
sugar
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953416300903
Biofuels: Types
3. Liquid biofuel
– e.g. Biodiesel which is made
primarily from oily plants (such
as the soybean or oil palm) and
to a lesser extent from other oily
sources (such as waste cooking
fat from restaurant deep-
frying). http://www.washingtonagnetwork.co
m/2018/05/02/biodiesel-ranks-first-
among-fleets-for-alt-fuel-use/
Biofuels: Types
4. Biogas– includes methane
gas and other gases which
can be derived from the
decomposition of biomass in
the absence of oxygen—and
methanol, butanol, and
dimethyl ether—which are in
development.
https://technologytimes.pk/post.php?title=Bi
ogas+production++from+livestock+manure
Biofuels
promise of biofuels:
▪ in combination with an emerging technology called
carbon capture and storage, the process of producing and
using biofuels may be capable of perpetually removing
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.