The Child & ADOLESCENT LEARNERS

Childhood
refers to the time or state of being
a child, the early stage in the
existence or development of
something.
It connotes a time of innocence,
where one is free from responsibility
but vulnerable to forces in his
environment.
Childhood
The time for children to be in school
and at play, to grow strong and
confident with the love and
encouragement of their family and an
extended community of caring adults.
It is a precious time in which children
should live free from fear, safe from
violence and protected from abuse
and exploitation. (www.unicef.org)
Early Childhood
• The developmental period extending from the end of 
infancy to about 5 or 6 years
• Often called the “preschool years”
• Children learn to become more self­sufficient
• Children now develop school readiness skills
• Children spend many hours playing with peers
 Middle and Late Childhood
• The developmental period extending from 
about 6 to 11 years of age
• Approximately corresponds to the elementary 
school years
• Fundamental skills of reading, writing, and 
arithmetic are mastered
• Child is formally exposed to larger world and 
its culture
Childhood
 Early Childhood names:
 By Parents: problem age/
troublesome age (less appealing
age as compared to babyhood),
toy age.
 By Educators: preschool age.
 By Psychologists: pre-gang age,
exploratory age,
imitative/creative age.
Childhood
 Late Childhood Names:
 By Parents: most problematic
age, sloppy age, quarrelsome
age.
 By Educators: elementary
school age, critical period in the
achievement drive.
 By Psychologists: gang age
(age of conformity), creative age,
play age.
Adolescence
From the Latin word “adolescere”
which means “to grow up”
In common usage “adolescent” and
“teenager are synonymous.
It is the period of psychological and
social transition between childhood
and adulthood
Adolescence
The age of adolescence vary by
culture. The World Health Organization
(WHO) defines adolescence as the
period of life between 10 and 19 years
of age.
In US, adolescence begins between
ages 12 and 14 and ends at 19 or 20.
Philippines consider those aged 15-24
years as young adults and
those aged 15-19 years as adolescents
Adolescence
The 3 main stages of adolescence:

Early adolescence
Middle adolescence
Late adolescence
Adolescence
Early adolescence (9-13
years) – characterized by a
spurt of growth and the
development of secondary
sexual characteristics.
Adolescence
Middle adolescence (14-15
years) – this stage is
distinguished by the
development of a separate
identity from parents, of new
relationships with peer groups
and the opposite sex, and of
experimentation.
Adolescence

Late adolescence (16-19

years) – At this stage,
adolescents have fully developed
physical characteristics (similar
to adults), and have formed a
distinct identity and have well-
formed opinions and ideas.
(NCERT 1999)
What is development?
a progressive series of orderly,
coherent changes (Hurlock, 1972)
is the pattern of change that begins
at conception and continues
throughout the human life span
(Santrock, 2008)
What is growth?

generally refers to change in

body structure including the size
of muscles, size of brain, and
the appearance of secondary
sex characteristics
 Growth Development

• change of physical aspects of the organism • overall changes and progressive changes of the organism
•  change in shape, form, structure, size of the body • structural change and functional progress of the body
• stops at maturation • continues till death of the organism
• can be measured accurately •  subjective interpretation of one’s change
Sources:

• Acero, Victorina D., et al. Child and Adolescent

Development. Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2008.
• Meece, Judith L. Child and Adolescent Development for
Educators. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1997.
• Lupdag, Anselmo D. Educational Psychology. Metro
Manila: National Bookstore, 1984.