‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‪K Factor :‬‬

‫آرش اﻛﺒﺮي ﻧﻮﺷﺎد‬

‫ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ‪ :‬زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ‪1388‬‬

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 ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﮔﺮاﻣﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Basic Principles and Calculation in Chemical Engineering‬‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﺒﻲ درﺑﺎره ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر ‪ K‬از ﻛﺘﺎب‬

‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ‪ D.M. Himmelblau‬ﮔﺮدآوري ﻛﺮدم ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل داده ﺷﺪه و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ‪ASTM D86‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮي را ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺎزوﻳﻴﻞ واﺣﺪ ‪ C.D.U‬و آﻳﺰوﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮده و در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻫﻤﻜﺎران در ﺑﻮﻟﺘﻦ ﻗﺮار دادم‬

‫ﺗﺎ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎر ﮔﺮاﻣﻲ آﻗﺎي ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻧﻌﻤﺘﻲ ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ را ﮔﻮﺷﺰد ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ و ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻔﻴﺪي را از‬

‫‪ Refining process handbook‬ﺑﺮاﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎدﻧﺪ و ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ در ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي اﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‪ ،‬راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ارزﻧﺪه ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‬
‫ﻧﻌﻤﺘﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ و اﺻﻼح ﻻزم را اﻧﺠﺎم دادم و ﺑﺪﻳﻦ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ از اﻳﺸﺎن ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫و اﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺟﻮش و ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ رﻳﺸﻪ ﺳﻮم از آن ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ‬

‫اﺳﺎس ‪ ) T.B.P‬ﻧﻘﺎط ﺟﻮش واﻗﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ‪ (True Boiling Point‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد وﻟﻲ ﭼﻮن روش ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬

‫در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ‪ ASTM D86‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﺮﻣﻮلﻫﺎي ‪ Empirical‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻻزم ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬

‫ﻛﻪ در اداﻣﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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K Factor or Watson Factor or UOP Characterization Factors

Average b. p ( o R )
3
K Factor 
Sp.gr (60 / 60 oF )
K Factor or Watson Factor is the cube root of the mean average boiling point
divided by the specific gravity. For a given carbon number, the boiling point and
specific gravity increase going from paraffins to naphthenes to aromatics,
however, specific gravity increase more rapidly, such that high Watson K
factors (greater than 12) correspond to an oil with high paraffinic content and
low Watson K factor(less than 12) corresponds to an oil with higher aromatic
content.
For example Iso gasoil & atmospheric gas oil were compared.
Date : 86-10-11
Sample Atmospheric Gas oil Iso Gas oil
o o o o o o
C F R C F R
IBP 238 460 920 177 351 811
5% 251 484 944 206 403 863
10% 260 500 960 213 415 875
Distillation 30% 279 534 994 237 459 919
50% 295 563 1023 267 513 973
70% 317 603 1063 311 592 1052
90% 354 669 1129 361 682 1142
95% 373 703 1163 375 707 1167
FBP 390 734 1194 390 734 1194
3 3
Sp.gr 0.8440 (g/cm ) 0.8240 (g/cm )
K factor 11.82 12.01
o
Pour Point C Zero Zero
o
Flash point C 98 62

Typical UOP Characterization Factors(K factor)

Type of Stock K Type of Stock K
Pennsylvania crude 12.2-12.5 Propane 14.7
Mid-Continent crude 11.8-12.0 Hexane 12.8
Gulf Coast crude 11.0-11.8 Octane 12.7
East Texas crude 11.9 Natural gasoline 12.7-12.8
California crude 10.98-11.9 Light gas oil 10.5
Benzene 9.5 Kerosene 10.5-11.5

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‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ‪ :‬از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ روش ﺗﻘﻄﻴـﺮ در آزﻣﺎﻳـﺸﮕﺎه ‪ ASTM D86‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ از ﻓﺮﻣـﻮلﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ در‬
‫‪ Refining process handbook‬داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺴﺒﻪ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر ‪ K‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

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 :‫ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ داﺷﺖ‬Atmospheric Gas Oil ‫ﺑﺮاي‬

500  534  563  603  669

V  573 .8 oF
5
669  500
S  2.1125
80

C   2.34813  (5.52467  S )  (0.01239  V )  (0.87567  S  S )  (1.33817  10 5  V  V )

 ( 4.39032  10 3  V  S )  (3.29273  10  2  S  S  S )  (3.553  10  7  S  S  V  V )

C   2.34813  (5.52467  2.1125 )  (0.01239  573 .8)  (0.87567  2.1125  2.1125 )

 (1.33817  10 5  573 .8  573 .8)
 ( 4.39032  10 3  573 .8  2.1125 )  (3.29273  10  2  2.1125  2.1125  2.1125 )
 (3.553  10  7  2.1125  2.1125  573 .8  573 .8)

C   40.4217

T  V  C  460  T  573.8  ( 40.4217 )  460  993.38

3 3
T 993.38
K Factor   11.82
density 0.8440

5
 :‫ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ داﺷﺖ‬Isomax Gas Oil ‫ﺑﺮاي‬

415  459  513  592  682

V  532 .2 oF
5

682  415
S  3.3375
80

C   2.34813  (5.52467  S )  (0.01239  V )  (0.87567  S  S )  (1.33817  10 5  V  V )

 ( 4.39032  10 3  V  S )  (3.29273  10  2  S  S  S )  (3.553  10  7  S  S  V  V )

C   2.34813  (5.52467  3.3375 )  (0.01239  532 .2)  (0.87567  3.3375  3.3375 )

 (1.33817  10 5  532 .2  532 .2)
 ( 4.39032  10 3  532 .2  3.3375 )  (3.29273  10  2  3.3375  3.3375  3.3375 )
 (3.553  10  7  3.3375  3.3375  532 .2  532 .2)

C   22.3025

T  V  C  460  T  532.2  ( 22.3025)  460  969.89

3 3
T 969.89
K Factor    12.01
density 0.8240

1) Ref: Basic Principles and Calculation in Chemical Engineering- D.M. Himmelblau

University of Texas – Fifth Edition – 1989

2) Refining process handbook