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CURRENT LITERATURE
NOTES FOR STUDENTS
Crowngall.-Recent developments in the studyof crowngall and its rela-
tion to animal cancerhave been presentedby SMITH in severalpapers. The
first'of these,in pointof completionalthoughnot in timeof publication,is a
succinctaccountof remarkablegrowthphenomenaresultingfromthe action
of Bacteriumtumefaciens wheninoculatedintospecial tissuesof plants. Four
cases are distinguished.
i. Whentheinternodalcambiumis inoculated,thistissuelosesitstendency
to formmature structureshaving definiteorientation. Instead, the cells
continueto divide rapidly,forminglarge masses of mostlyembryonicpar-
enchymawithinwhichscatteredand irregularly arrangedxylemand phloem
elementsare differentiated.The process recalls that describedby LAMAR-
LIERE' in the galls of Gymnosporangium and aptly designatedby him as
"parenchymatization. "
2. When the corticalparenchyma is infected,a somewhatsimilardevelop-
menttakes place. The cell divisionssucceed each otherso rapidlythat the
cells in the proliferating
tissue remainsmall in comparisonwith the normal
parenchyma,and appear to remaincontinuallyin an embryonicstate. In
time,however,thereis a tendencyto developvascularelements,and theseare
thenarrangedin a moreor lesswell definedstele. The vascularsystemofsuch
tumorshas no connectionwiththat of the stem,consequentlythe galls soon
die fromimperfect nutritionand lack of water. The galls of thesetwo types
exhibitno externaldifferentiation.They includeall the formsof crowngall
describedin formerpapers.3
3. A more remarkableconditionis broughtabout when the crowngall
organismis inoculatedinto the leaf axils of younggrowingplants (species of
Pelargonium,Nicotiana, Lycopersicum,Citrus,and Ricinus). The tumots
337
338 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [OCTOBER
4 SMITH, ERWIN F., Studies on the crown gall of plants; its relationto human
cancer. Jour.Cancer Research I:23I-258. pis. I-25. ioi6.
5 It appears that the embryonictissue of the gall to a certainextentpushesin
among the cells of the sound tissue, a phenomenonwhichdistinguishesthis growth
fromotherplant galls inducedby fungouso ranimalparasites. The mode of progress
I9I7] CURRENT LITERATURE 339
of the tumor strand throughthe tissues is not yet clear. Whetherthis structure
pushes its way throughthe pith or cortexby apical growthafterthe mannerof the
internalroots of lycopods,or whetherprogressthroughthe tissues is accomplished
of the in-
by successive cell-invasionby the bacteria and subsequent differentiation
vaded cells into the characteristictumorstrand,has not yet been determined. From
studyof his stained sectionsSMITH thinksthat both typesof invasionoccur.
6 SMITH, ERWIN F., Mechanism of tumor growthin crown gall. Jour.Agric.
Research8: 65-i86. pIs.4-65.I9 I 7.
340 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [OCTOBER