NAME

NIM
CLASS

QUIZ 1
A. Petroleum Systems Elements and processes

1. Define Petroleum System. (poin 10)

Essential Elements
• Source rocks (1)
• Reservoir rocks (1)
• Seal rocks (1)
• Overburden rocks (1)
Major Processes
• Trap formation (2)
• Hydrocarbon
– Generation/maturation (2)
– Migration (1)
– Accumulation (1)

2. Indicate the importance of geographic and stratigraphic extends of the systems to the exploration programs.
(poin 5)

Besarnya akumulasi/cebakan/prospek hidrokarbon

Kualitas hidrokarbon
Kematangan

3. How do we know that a particular source rock is mature? Explain about parameter(s) values to
evaluate the rock maturation (poin 10)
Select 2 from 3

• Tmax (3) – explanation (2)

• Vitrinite Reflectance/Ro (3) – explanation (2)
• Gradient geothermal/depth (3) – explanation (2)
NAME
NIM
CLASS

B. Petroleum Systems Elements and processes (cont.)

1. Chose the appropriate legend box to the figure (poin 6)

Definition 2 (2)

Definition 3 (2)

Definition 1 (2)

2. Discuss these 3 situations (what differences relative to the previous case?): (poin 6)

a. Monoclinal structure
Migrasi terus berjalan, tidak terbentuk trap sebagai cebakan hidrokarbon (2)

b. A porous and permeable rock with cementation

Penghambat migrasi atau trap baru (2)

c. Slow deposition of overburden, or none at al

Material organik dalam Source rock kurang/tidak matang (2)
NAME
NIM
CLASS

C. Source rock properties and maturation

The organic fragments in sedimentary rocks are called kerogen. There are different types of
kerogen, depending on the source of organic material. If sedimentary rocks have sufficient organic
content to supply economic hydrocarbon deposits, they are called source rocks. Most source rocks
are shale or carbonates rocks that were deposited under anaerobic conditions.

1. How many kerogen types could be defined in the oil source rocks? Explain it (poin 9)

Type I (3 – masing2 penjelasan bernilai 1 poin)

Algal remains deposited under anoxic conditions
Deep lakes
Generate waxy crude oils
HI
Type II (3 – masing2 penjelasan bernilai 1 poin)
Planktonic & bacterial remains
Marine anoxic conditions
Generate both oil and gas
HI
Type III (3 – masing2 penjelasan bernilai 1 poin)
Terrestrial plant matter̶
Decomposed by bacteria and fungi, sub-oxic
Generate gas with some light oil
HI

2. What is Production Index (PI) and Transformation Ratio (TR)? How they can be used to
quantify the percent of hydrocarbon migrated out of a source rocks? (poin 10)

PI=S1(measured) / S1(orig)+S2(orig)
(poin 2.5)

/
TR = S1(original) S1(orig)+S2(orig)
(poin 2.5)

Dengan cara diplotkan terhadap kedalaman, dan melihat selisih/perbedaannya (5)

Digambarkan ilustrasinya (bonus 5 poin)

NAME
NIM
CLASS

D. Trap type (poin 4)

a. Structural trap (anticline) (1)

b. Structural trap (fault) atau combination traps (anticline and fault) (1)
c. Structural trap (salt dome/diapir) (1)
d. Stratighrapic trap (cementation/secondary diagenetics trap/pinch out) (1)

E. Case Studies – A Quick Look Interpretation

You have been asked to perform a quick evaluation of the blocks being offered off of
Somewhereia. Is there enough potential that our company should take a serious look.

A check of in-house and public literature reveals that a well was drilled on the shelf, just updip
from the open blocks. There is also a grid of 2D seismic lines. Both the seismic data and some
information from the well are in the company records department. Figure 1 shows the location of
the wells and available seismic lines.
NAME
NIM
CLASS

The well information is sparse, from a scouting service (Figure 2). However, there is a good
nearshore sandstone that would form a high-quality reservoir. A good marine shale lies above the
sandstone. It should provide an adequate seal. Source rocks that should be able to yield oil are
present in the well, but are immature (not buried deeply enough to start generating HCs).

The conclusion from the well information is that there is a potential reservoir, source, and seal.
The open blocks do hold promise if: (1) the source is more deeply buried, (2) the sandstone unit
extends far enough out into the basin, and (3) the sandstones maintain good porosity further out
into the basin, i.e., no facies change and not too much lose of porosity with greater burial depth.

One of the 2D seismic lines passes near the well location. The potential source, reservoir, and seal
units extend out to the open blocks, then they are cut away by a major erosional event in the early
Tertiary. Although the units extend out into the basin, sedimentary facies may change downdip
(e.g., the sandstone may grade into a siltstone or shale). The reservoir is also deeper and porosity
decreases with depth. On the positive side, there are some rotated fault blocks that could provide
large traps.
NAME
NIM
CLASS

A study done at a university provides insights into how the Bonanza Basin formed. This study
indicates that it is a divergent (pull-apart) margin with rifting during the Late Jurassic. The A-1 well
is on normal continental crust, but most of the open acreage is on thinned continental or oceanic
crust (Figure 4). This means higher heat flow and deeper burial for the open blocks than at the A-
1 well location. This reduces the risk of an immature source rock.

You perform a quick interpretation of the top of the potential reservoir unit on the 2D seismic lines.
You use a simple relationship to convert from seismic time to depth. Figure 5 shows your results
(depths in kilometers). Over the open blocks, the potential reservoir varies in depth from about
500 m to 7000 m.
NAME
NIM
CLASS

You have one more ‘trick’ to apply to this analysis. Using the well information, you model how the
source rock would mature as a function of depth and how the reservoir porosity would decrease
with depth. The results of this modeling are shown in Figure 6.

You have a map to the top of the reservoir, but not one for the source. In the well the source is
400 m deeper than the reservoir, and on the seismic these intervals do not show much thickening
or thinning.
On Figure 7, indicate using color or shading where the reservoir is expected to be excellent,
intermediate, and poor based on the model shown in Figure 6.
NAME
NIM
CLASS

On Figure 8, show where you expect oil and gas generation to be occurring based on the model
shown in Figure 6. (HINT: Subtract 400 m from the depths shown in Figure 6 to compensate for the
400 m depth difference between the reservoir and the source intervals.

Indicate on this map (Figure 7) your preliminary estimate of reservoir quality. From Figure 6,
excellent reservoir quality is expected above a depth of 3500 m. Use color, shading, or a line
pattern to indicate depths above 3500 m. Intermediate reservoir quality is expected between 3500
m and 4500 m. Use a different color, shading, or line pattern to indicate this depth range. Use a
third color, shading, or line pattern to indicate where poor reservoir quality is expected. (poin 7.5)

Gambar map benar (5)

Ada keterangan/legenda (2.5)
NAME
NIM
CLASS

Indicate on this map (Figure 8) your preliminary estimate of source maturity. This map is for the
top of the reservoir, but we will use it by assuming the source is always 400 m deeper. Figure 6
indicates that above 3400 m the source is immature; it does not generate oil or gas. This area
would be above 3000 m on this reservoir map (3400 – 400 m). Use color, shading, or a line pattern
to indicate depths above 3000 m, where the source is immature. Similarly, indicate where (1) oil
and (2) gas are being generated using different colors, shadings, or line patterns. (poin 7.5)

Gambar map benar (5)

Ada keterangan/legenda (2.5)

QUESTIONS:

1. Are there any blocks that look promising? Which ones? Why? (poin 12.5)
• 5 dan/atau 8 (4.5)
• Explanation: Mention maturity SR (4)
Mention Reservoir quality (4)

2. Are there any blocks that hold very little potential? Which ones? Why? (poin 12.5)
• 1, 2, 3, 4 atau salah satunya (4.5)
• Explanation: Mention maturity SR (4)
Mention Reservoir quality (4)

Courtesy of ExxonMobil and

FWSchroeder