Rate of Decomposition of H2O2

Chemistry HL Internal Assessment
TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT ON THE RATE CONSTANT OF

DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN PRESENCE OF
TWO DIFFERENT CATALYSTS.
Dhruvin Doshi
0
CONTENTS
1 Background Information ................................................................................................................. 3
2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Research Question .......................................................................................................................... 5
4 Hypothesis....................................................................................................................................... 5
5 Variables.......................................................................................................................................... 5
5.1 Independent Variable ............................................................................................................. 5
5.2 Dependent Variables............................................................................................................... 6
5.3 Controlled Variables................................................................................................................ 6
6 Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................ 8
6.1 list of apparatus and quantity required with their uncertainties. .......................................... 8
7 List of Reagents ............................................................................................................................... 8
8 Handling Of Reagents And Safety Measures .................................................................................. 9
8.1 Hydrogen Peroxide ................................................................................................................. 9
8.2 Potassium Iodide..................................................................................................................... 9
8.3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate ..................................................................................................... 9
9 Pre Lab Preparation ........................................................................................................................ 9
9.1 Preparation of the solutions ................................................................................................... 9
9.1.1 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide Solution ......................................................................... 9
9.1.2 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate solution ....................................................... 10
9.2 Set up of the apparatus......................................................................................................... 11
9.3 Measure volume of gas conical flask can occupy ................................................................. 11
10 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 12
10.1 Decomposition catalyzed by Catalyst ................................................................................... 12
10.2 Sample Blank Observation Table: ......................................................................................... 14
11 Observations ............................................................................................................................. 15
11.1 Qualitative Observations ...................................................................................................... 15
11.1.1 Decomposition Catalyzed by 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide....................................... 15
11.1.2 Decomposition Catalyzed by 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate ....................... 15
11.2 Raw Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 16
11.2.1 Decomposition Catalyzed by 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide....................................... 16
11.2.2 Decomposition Catalyzed by 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate ....................... 21
12 Data Processing ......................................................................................................................... 26
12.1 Sample Data Calculation ....................................................................................................... 26
12.1.1 Calculating uncertainty in Pre-lab preparation ............................................................. 26
1
12.1.2 Uncertainty involved in Concentrations of the solutions: ............................................ 26
12.1.3 Uncertainty in measured volume of gas conical flask can occupy ............................... 26
12.1.4 Calculating Rate ............................................................................................................ 27
12.1.5 Calculating Average rate and temperature .................................................................. 29
12.1.6 Uncertainty in Average ................................................................................................. 29
12.1.7 Summary table of Rates and temperatures of all three Ratios .................................... 30
12.1.8 Calculating concentration of 3% Hydrogen Peroxide ................................................... 30
12.1.9 Calculating final concentration of the Catalyst ............................................................. 31
12.1.10 Uncertainty in the final concentration:..................................................................... 32
12.1.11 Calculating Celsius to Kelvin ...................................................................................... 33
12.1.12 Calculating Rate constant ......................................................................................... 33
12.2 Processed Data...................................................................................................................... 36
12.2.1 Decomposition in presence of 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide .................................... 36
12.2.2 Decomposition in presence of 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate solution ...... 36
12.3 Data Representation ............................................................................................................. 37
13 Conclusion and Evaluation ........................................................................................................ 38
13.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 38
13.2 Evaluating Errors ................................................................................................................... 39
13.3 Further Improvements .......................................................................................................... 39
13.4 Further investigations ........................................................................................................... 40
14 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 40
14.1 Websites Referred ................................................................................................................ 40
14.2 Books Referred...................................................................................................................... 40
2
1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
In this lab experiment rate constant ‘k’ of decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) will be
investigated in presence of 2 different catalysts: Potassium Iodide solution (KI) and Ferric Nitrate
Nonahydrate solution (Fe(NO3)3).
Rate of a chemical reaction is basically how quickly a reaction proceeds. It is amount of substance
reacted per unit time. The rate law expression relates the rate of the reaction to the concentration of
the reactants. If the reaction is:
𝐴+𝐵 → 𝐶+𝐷
Then rate is expressed as:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∝ [𝐴]𝑚 [𝐵]𝑛

To convert proportionality to an equation Rate constant k is introduced:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]𝑚 [𝐵]𝑛
Where m and n are order of a reaction. Order of a reaction can only be determined experimentally
and not through stoichiometry. Order of a reaction is always in whole numbers.
Rate constant may be defined as the rate of the reaction when the concentration of each reactant is
taken as unity. That is why the rate constant is also known as specific reaction rate.1
Rate of a reaction is affected by many factors. It is affected by change in temperature, change in

concentration, change in pressure change in particle size and use of catalysts. In this lab we will see
how different catalysts affect the change in the rate and hence rate constant for a fixed values of
concentrations.
Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself undergoing a chemical
change. It increases the rate of reaction by providing alternate route for the reaction, by lowering the
activation energy.
Increase in rate of reaction of reaction results in increase in value of rate constant. Greater the value
of rate constant, faster will be the reaction. Unit of rate constant depends on the order of the reaction.
Rate is:
∆[𝐻2 𝑂2 ] ∆[𝑂2 ]
− =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Because concentration of oxygen is proportional to its pressure, Rate at which hydrogen peroxide
decomposes can be calculated by monitoring the rate of the increase of pressure due to the
formation of oxygen. As oxygen is a gas, it makes more sense to work with the number of moles than
with concentration to obtain the concentration of Hydrogen peroxide from equation 1,
1 ∆𝑛𝐻2 𝑂2 ∆𝑛𝑂2
− =
2 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
1
http://www.thebigger.com/chemistry/chemical-kinetics/define-rate-constant-and-also-discuss-its-
characteristics/
3
Change in number of moles can’t be measured in lab so it is replaced by ideal gas law equation ∆𝑛 =
∆𝑝 𝑉
so it gives:
𝑅𝑇
1 ∆𝑛𝐻2 𝑂2 𝑉 ∆𝑝
− =
2 ∆𝑡 𝑅𝑇 ∆𝑡
Where,
𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑂2 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚3

𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1
𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝐾
∆𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑎
Change in number of moles of hydrogen peroxide can’t be measured in lab so it is replace by

∆𝐶
equation 𝑛 = where ∆𝐶 is change in concentration and 𝑉𝑠 is the total volume of solution.
𝑉𝑠
Substituting the equation gives:
𝑉𝑠 ∆[𝐻2 𝑂2 ] 𝑉 ∆𝑝
− =
2 ∆𝑡 𝑅𝑇 ∆𝑡
Rearranging the formula gives:
∆[𝐻2 𝑂2 ] 2𝑉 ∆𝑝
=
∆𝑡 𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑇 ∆𝑡
∆[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]
Rate of reaction in this case is = 𝑘[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]𝑚 [𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]𝑛 substituting this equation gives:
∆𝑡
2𝑉 ∆𝑝
𝑘[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]𝑚 [𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]𝑛 =
𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑇 ∆𝑡
And making k the subject gives the final equation2 as:
2𝑉 ∆𝑝
𝑘= 𝑚 𝑛
𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑇[𝐻2 𝑂2 ] [𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡] ∆𝑡
2 INTRODUCTION
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) an odorless, colorless chemical compound comprised of water (H2O) and
oxygen (O2). It is a simplest peroxide (compounds with a single oxygen-oxygen bond). It was first
identified and isolated by the French chemist Louis Jacques Thenard in 1818 and, by the beginning of
the 20th century, had become one of Europe's most popular surface disinfectants due to the speed
with which it kills microorganisms through oxidation.3 It is used principally for bleaching cotton and
other textiles and wood pulp, in the manufacture of other chemicals, as a rocket propellant, and for
cosmetic and medicinal purposes.4
2
Equation and derivation: www.pasco.com/file_downloads/experiments/sample_labs/AC-Lab-12-Hydrogen-
Peroxide-Decomposition-T.pdf
3
http://www.naturalnews.com/048103_hydrogen_peroxide_natural_disinfectant_hygiene.html
4
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/278760/hydrogen-peroxide
4
The single bond between two Oxygen (O2) atoms is weak which makes it unstable so it readily
decomposes to give Water (H2O) and Oxygen (O2). This property of the compound makes it highly
reactive and a very strong oxidizing agent. Thus it quickly decomposes to attain stability. Equation 1
below is the reaction of decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide.
2𝐻2 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑂2
𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
Rate law for this reaction will be:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]𝑚 [𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]𝑛
In this lab change in rate constant will be investigated when catalyst will change and then help
understand which is a better catalyst.
3 RESEARCH QUESTION
To investigate the effect of catalyst on the rate constant of a reaction of decomposition of Hydrogen
Peroxide (H2O2) by recording pressure change at a given time interval.
4 HYPOTHESIS
Catalyst will affect the rate of a reaction, so for different catalysts the rate will differ if the ratio of
reactants is same. Catalyst does not affect the overall order of the reaction, so the overall order will
remain the same even if the catalyst changes. Rate constant does not depend on the concentration
of the reactants and their ratio while reacting, so Rate constant for one catalyst will remain the same
for different ratios. According to the rate law:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]𝑚 [𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]𝑛

If the concentrations remain the same, order remains the same and only the rate will change with
change in catalyst then the rate constant 𝑘 will vary. However, Order of the reaction will not change
with respect to catalyst or concentration. It is independent.
5 VARIABLES
5.1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Table 1
Measuring/Controlling the
Variable Units (symbol)
variable
15, 20 and 25cm³ of each
Type of Catalyst
0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide

(KI) catalyst were added to each
volume of H2O2. It was
Cubic centimeter (cm³)
-3
measured using measuring
0.1 mol dm Ferric Nitrate cylinder.
Nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3.9H2O)
5
5.2 DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Table 2
variable
Pressure is measured
throughout the reaction for
three minutes using Pasco
Pressure Pascal (Pa)
absolute pressure sensor.
Pressure at interval of 10
seconds is measured.
5.3 CONTROLLED VARIABLES

Table 3
variable
This will be kept constant to
60 cm3. This is necessary
because increasing or
decreasing the volume may
differ the concentration and
lead to inaccurate results.
Total volume Cubic centimetre (cm³)
Secondly, increase or
decrease in volume will
increase or decrease the
pressure inside the conical
flask. This is measured using
measuring cylinders.
The time period of the
reaction is kept 180 seconds.
Increase or decrease in time
period may lead to inaccuracy
Time Period Seconds (s)
in finding the pressure and
temperature of the solution.
It is measure using
stopwatch.
Solution of the both
homogenous catalyst (Ferric
Nitrate Nonahydrate and
Concentration of the catalyst Concentrations (M) Potassium Iodide) are kept
constant i.e. 0.1 mol dm-3. The
solutions were prepared pre
lab.
6
Table 3 continued
variable
The concentration of
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is
kept to 3%. It is diluted from
6% to 3% just before the trial
by using this formula where
C1 is the initial concentration,
Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide V1 is the initial volume, C2 is
Percentage (%)
(H2O2) the desired concentration
and V2 is desired volume.
𝐶1 𝑉1 = 𝐶2 𝑉2
Using this formula initial

volume required to get 3%
H2O2 from 6%.
Different combinations of
volume of catalyst will be
added to H2O2 during the
experiment. The ratios will
be:
3% H2O2 Catalyst
3
10 cm 15 cm3
3
10 cm 20 cm3
15 cm3 15 cm3
3
15 cm 20 cm3
3
Ratio of reactant to Catalyst - 15 cm 25 cm3
20 cm3 20 cm3
3
10 cm 25 cm3
20 cm3 15 cm3
3
20 cm 25 cm3
They is measured using
measuring 25 cm3 cylinders.
Selecting different ratios
gives the results for different
cases which makes the final
analysis more accurate.
Physical state of the catalysts
used is liquid. It is to ensure
that the surface area does not
change when the ratio
between the catalyst and the
Physical state of the catalysts - reactant is the same. This is
necessary because changing
in the state affects the rate
and the comparison between
the catalysts becomes easier
when their state is same.
7
6 APPARATUS
6.1 LIST OF APPARATUS AND QUANTITY REQUIRED WITH THEIR UNCERTAINTIES.

Table 4
Absolute
Apparatus Capacity Quantity required
Uncertainty
Measuring Cylinder 1000 cm³ or 1 dm³ 1 ± 5 cm³
Measuring Cylinder 500 cm³ 1 ± 2.5 cm³
Beakers 250 cm³ 2 ± 5 cm3
Beakers 1000 cm³ or 1 dm³ 2 ± 25 cm³
Conical Flask 250 cm³ 1 ± 2.5 cm3
Pasco Data Logger - 1 -
Pasco Temperature Probe - 1 ± 0.01 °C
Pasco Absolute Pressure
- 1 ± 1 Pa
Sensor
Digital Weighing balance - 1 ± 0.001g
Stopwatch - 1 ± 0.01s
Brown Bottles - 2 -
7 LIST OF REAGENTS
1) 3% Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
2) 0.1 mol dm-3Potassium Iodide solution(aqueous) (KI)
3) 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate solution(aqueous) (Fe(NO3)3.9H2O)
8
8 HANDLING OF REAGENTS AND SAFETY MEASURES
Basic safety measures include wear safety glasses, wear a lab coat and wear gloves. DO NOT smell or
taste the compound. DO NOT touch a compound with your bare hands. Tie your long hair to the back.
Dispose all extra or used up chemicals securely and safely. Tie 15 to 20 rounds of the cellophane tape
around the conical flask so even if the flask blasts, it keeps the glass pieces together.
8.1 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Hydrogen peroxide is an unstable compound and a strong oxidizing agent. Hydrogen Peroxide should
be stored away from the sunlight in a cool place. It is essential to use fresh sample H2O2 for each
reaction because of its ability to decompose quickly. Exposure of skin to 6% H2O2 can temporary bleach
the skin causing it to go white. More than 6% H2O2 going into eyes can cause severe damage and
permanent damage to it. Seek medical attention immediately.
8.2 POTASSIUM IODIDE

Potassium Iodide easily decomposes when exposed to sunlight so it should be stored in a dark and a
cool place. It is a mild irritant in raw form i.e. in the salt form. Chronic exposure to the compound may
lead to adverse effect on thyroid gland.
8.3 FERRIC NITRATE NONAHYDRATE

Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate also decomposes when exposed to sunlight so it should be stored in a dark
and a cool place. Inhalation of the compound causes irritation is respiratory tract and can cause
coughing or shortness of breath. If exposed to skin it may cause itching, redness or pain. Long contact
of the compound with your eyes may cause discoloration to the eye. Seek medical attention
immediately.
9 PRE LAB PREPARATION
9.1 PREPARATION OF THE SOLUTIONS

Potassium Iodide and Ferric nitrate solutions are required to be prepared in advance. While Hydrogen
peroxide is required to be prepared just before the experiment is performed
9.1.1 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide Solution

9.1.1.1 Calculating mass required to prepare 0.1 mol dm-3 solution.
Potassium iodide has a molar mass of 166.01 g. The equation below was used to determine the mass
required to prepare 0.1 mol dm-3 potassium iodide solution.
𝑛
𝐶=
𝑉
In this equation C is desired concentration, V is the volume and n is number of moles. Replacing this
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚)
equation 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀) in the above equation we get:
𝑚
𝐶=
𝑀𝑉
9
The Desired concentration is 0.1 mol dm-3, desired volume is 1 dm³ and molar mass is 166.01g. Mass
required is calculated by:
𝐶𝑀𝑉 = 𝑚
Calculating required mass:
0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3 × 166.01 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 × 1 𝑑𝑚3 = 𝑚
So required mass would be 16.601g ≈ 16.6g.
9.1.1.2 Preparing the solution

1) Measure 16.6g of the salt using digital weighing balance.
2) Add measured salt to 1000 cm³ measuring cylinder.
3) Pour the water into 1000cm³ measuring cylinder until it reaches the 1000 cm³ mark.
4) Stir it using glass stirring rod until it dissolves.
5) Store the sample into empty brown glass bottles and use it as per required.
9.1.2 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate solution
9.1.2.1 Calculating mass required to prepare 0.1 mol dm-3 solution.

Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate has a molar mass of 404.00g. This formula was used to determine the mass
required to prepare 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate Solution of quantity 1 dm³. The required
mass was calculated by using:
𝐶𝑀𝑉 = 𝑚
Calculating required mass:
0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3 × 404 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 1 𝑑𝑚3 = 𝑚

So required mass would be 40.4g.
9.1.2.2 Preparing the solution

1) Measure 40.4g crystals of the salt using digital weighing balance.
2) Add measured salt to 1000 cm³ measuring cylinder.
3) Pour the water into 1000cm³ measuring cylinder until it reaches the 1000 cm³ mark.
4) Stir it using glass stirring rod until it dissolves.
5) Store the sample into empty brown glass bottles and use it as per required.
10
9.2 SET UP OF THE APPARATUS
Note: When you see the symbol ‘?’ with a superscripted number following a step, refer to the
numbered tech tips listed in the Tech Tips appendix of PASCO data collection system. There detailed
technical instructions for performing that step is available.
1) Start new experiment on the data collection system and select temperature and pressure to
record for every second in a tabular format. ?(1.2)
2) Place the barbed connector of the pressure sensor tightly into the rubber stopper/cork and
connect it to the pressure port of the sensor with a piece of tubing. Refer to the figure5 below.
If necessary, add a drop of glycerin onto the end to the connector that goes into the hole in
the rubber stopper.
Figure 1 shows how to attach stopper to the absolute pressure sensor.
3) Insert the temperature sensor into the other hole in the rubber stopper/cork.
4) Cover the sides of the 2 holes and the pressure sensor with M-seal so it prevents the leakage
of air and pressure.
5) Using cellophane tape, cover 10 to 15 rounds of the conical flask so that even if flask crack the
glass pieces remain together.
6) Mark a line on the stopper/cork to ensure that every time the internal pressure before the
reaction remains the same.
9.3 MEASURE VOLUME OF GAS CONICAL FLASK CAN OCCUPY

1) Fill the conical flask with water up to the rim.
2) Cover the opening of the flask with stopper so that the excess water pours out.
3) Pour out the water into 500 cm3 measuring cylinder
4) Measure the volume of water. This is the total volume inside the conical flask.
5) Subtract 60 from total volume measured. This is the volume of gas conical flask.
6) Convert cm³ to m³ by dividing it by 1 × 10−6
Value measured was 306 cm³. Subtracting 60 cm³ gives volume of gas conical flask can occupy, which
in this case is 246 cm³
5
Figure from: http://www.pasco.com/file_downloads/experiments/sample_labs/AC-Lab-12-Hydrogen-
Peroxide-Decomposition-_I_-S.pdf
11
10 PROCEDURE
10.1 DECOMPOSITION CATALYZED BY CATALYST

1) The reaction will occur in ratios mentioned in table 5
Table 5
Sr. no. 3% H2O2 Volume of 0.1 mol dm-3 catalyst H2O
1 10 cm³ 15 cm³ 35 cm³
2 10 cm³ 20 cm³ 30 cm³
3 10 cm³ 25 cm³ 25 cm³
4 15 cm³ 15 cm³ 30 cm³
5 15 cm³ 20 cm³ 25 cm³
6 15 cm³ 25 cm³ 20 cm³
7 20 cm³ 15 cm³ 25 cm³
8 20 cm³ 20 cm³ 20 cm³
9 20 cm³ 25 cm³ 15 cm³
2) Measure 15 cm³ of catalyst using 25 cm³ measuring cylinder.

3) Measure 30 cm³ of distilled water using 50 cm³ measuring cylinder.
4) Pour water and catalyst into 250 cm³ conical flask.
5) Prepare 3% hydrogen peroxide from 6% hydrogen peroxide by looking at the table below.
Table 6
Required
Volume of 6% Amount of Volume of 3%
amount of 3% Additional notes
H2O2 water to add H2O2 formed
H2O2
5 cm³ 5 cm³ 10 cm³ 10 cm³ -
Discard the excess 5
10 cm³ 10 cm³ 20 cm³ 15 cm³
cm³
10 cm³ 10 cm³ 20 cm³ 20 cm³ -
6) Select the required amount of 3% hydrogen peroxide for example 15 cm³

7) Measure the 10 cm³ of 6% Hydrogen Peroxide using 10 cm³ cylinder.
8) Measure the 10 cm³ of distilled water using second 10 cm³ cylinder.
9) Pour the measured distilled water into second 50 cm³ measuring cylinder and shake the
mixture well.
10) The required amount is 15 cm³ and 20 cm³ is formed. So measure 15 cm³ in second 25
cm³ measuring cylinder and discard the excess 5 cm³.
11) Record the Temperature inside the Flask.
12) Pour the H2O2 solution into the conical flask and immediately insert the rubber
stopper/cork into the flask.
Important: Make sure that stopper is sitting firmly in the flask only up to the marked line. Pressure is
building in the flask and a loose stopper/cork might pop out. If that happens experiment needs to be
repeated.
12
13) Start the stopwatch, start recording the data and keep on stirring the conical flask at a
constant speed. DO NOT forget to hold the stopper tightly.
14) Stop recording the data at 180s.
15) Note down the pressure at every 10s for 19 times from 0s to 180s.
16) Repeat 1 to 15 steps for 5 times each for different ratios of H2O2 and catalyst mentioned
in table number 5.
17) Repeat steps 1-16 for remaining 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate.
13
10.2 SAMPLE BLANK OBSERVATION TABLE:
Note: This is a sample observation table for a particular ratio of concentration of catalyst (potassium iodide in this case) and hydrogen peroxide.
Amount of 3% H2O2|cm³ ± 0.1 cm³

Amount of 0.1 mol dm-3 KI |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³
Amount of Water|cm³ ± 0.5 cm³
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4 Reading 5
Absolute Absolute Absolute Absolute Absolute
Time/ Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature
Pressure/ Pressure/ Pressure/ Pressure/ Pressure/
s in Flask/ °C in Flask/ °C in Flask/ in Flask/ °C in Flask/ °C
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
±0.001kPa ±0.001kPa ±0.001kPa ±0.001kPa ±0.001kPa
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
14
11 OBSERVATIONS
11.1 QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS

11.1.1 Decomposition Catalyzed by 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide
0.1 mol dm-3 KI remains colorless when mixed with water in the conical flask. When it comes in contact
with H2O2, the color changes to orange and bit of effervescence is observed to due oxygen getting
evolved. Minor increase in temperature is felt.
Figure 2 shows the color when

Hydrogen Peroxide and Potassium
Iodide are mixed.
11.1.2 Decomposition Catalyzed by 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate

0.1 mol dm-3 Fe(NO3)3.9H2O is orange in color. When mixed with water the color does not change.
When it comes in contact with H2O2, the color changes from orange to blackish dark brown. And then
as the reaction progresses the color changes from dark brown to orangish yellow. High effervescence
was observed and could also be heard throughout the reaction due to evolving gas. Minor
Temperature change is felt.
Figure 3 shows blackish dark brown color (left) when

Ferric nitrate Nonahydrate solution and Hydrogen
Peroxide are mixed which changes to orangish yellow (right).
15
11.2 RAW DATA COLLECTION
11.2.1 Decomposition Catalyzed by 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide
11.2.1.1 Ratio 1
Amount of 3% H2O2|cm³ ± 0.1 cm³ 10
Amount of 0.1 mol dm-3 KI |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 15
Amount of Water|cm³ ± 0.5 cm³ 35
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 100.392 100.852 101.058 100.460 101.368
30 100.770 101.495 101.705 101.105 102.053
60 101.364 102.138 102.352 101.750 102.666
90 102.233 25.22 102.781 25.32 102.999 25.16 102.395 25.23 103.316 25.44
120 102.853 103.524 103.746 103.040 103.965
150 103.454 104.167 104.294 103.685 104.678
180 104.134 104.719 104.941 104.330 105.263
16
11.2.1.2 Ratio 2
Amount of Water|cm³ ± 0..5 cm³ 30
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 100.680 100.532 101.232 100.386 100.827
30 101.072 101.468 102.076 101.231 101.780
60 101.662 102.236 102.920 102.077 102.634
90 102.704 25.44 103.088 25.54 103.861 25.34 102.922 25.68 103.388 25.4
120 103.579 103.940 104.608 103.767 104.141
150 104.567 104.791 105.452 104.612 105.095
180 105.481 105.643 106.395 105.458 105.949
11.2.1.3 Ratio 3
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 99.440 100.512 101.432 100.686 100.877
30 100.210 101.673 102.519 101.880 102.109
60 101.357 102.781 103.605 102.773 103.192
90 102.641 25.82 103.767 25.81 104.643 25.64 103.967 26.01 104.275 26.34
120 103.621 104.851 105.878 105.060 105.358
150 104.154 105.936 106.913 106.235 106.641
180 106.166 107.135 107.991 107.268 107.524
17
11.2.1.4 Ratio 4
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 100.969 101.012 100.632 100.286 100.725
30 101.406 102.048 101.752 101.318 101.832
60 102.483 103.083 102.984 102.350 102.807
90 103.582 23.58 104.224 23.47 103.792 23.49 103.934 23.56 103.848 23.67
120 104.692 105.154 104.812 104.414 104.712
150 105.786 106.216 105.963 105.446 105.930
180 106.837 107.402 107.135 106.478 106.977
11.2.1.5 Ratio 5
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 100.640 100.312 101.212 100.626 101.545
30 101.335 102.266 102.573 101.825 102.719
60 102.671 103.620 104.074 103.283 104.081
90 104.301 23.25 104.973 23.46 105.275 23.18 104.531 23.27 105.448 23.45
120 105.299 106.480 106.629 105.900 106.816
150 106.909 107.512 107.983 107.268 108.184
180 108.662 108.652 109.708 108.996 109.551
18
11.2.1.6 Ratio 6
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 101.046 100.902 100.823 101.558 101.445
30 102.031 102.474 102.283 102.819 102.394
60 103.375 103.927 103.664 104.279 103.783
90 104.895 23.63 105.380 23.46 105.192 23.69 105.650 23.71 105.291 23.45
120 106.315 106.833 106.648 107.200 106.740
150 108.114 108.286 108.104 108.661 108.189
180 109.401 109.739 109.643 110.243 109.943
11.2.1.7 Ratio 7
Amount of Water|cm³ ± 1 cm³ 25
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 101.072 101.328 101.103 100.986 101.054
30 101.375 102.459 102.139 102.016 102.062
60 102.412 103.351 103.139 102.956 103.089
90 103.389 23.25 104.363 23.18 104.607 23.75 104.031 23.44 104.106 23.49
120 104.619 105.375 105.175 105.046 105.123
150 105.672 106.387 106.193 106.061 106.140
180 106.708 107.325 107.103 106.896 107.049
19
11.2.1.8 Ratio 8
-3
Amount of 0.1 mol dm KI |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 15
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 101.285 100.385 101.065 100.946 100.987
30 102.231 105.367 106.318 105.384 105.251
60 109.106 113.198 114.315 115.018 113.193
90 113.265 23.78 121.718 23.65 122.185 23.81 123.617 23.76 125.946 23.55
120 123.498 129.281 130.368 130.847 130.187
150 132.323 132.330 136.471 136.884 136.998
180 139.360 139.631 139.323 138.036 138.213
11.2.1.9 Ratio 9
Amount of Water|cm³ ± 1 cm³ 15
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 100.864 100.856 101.055 100.358 101.098
30 102.191 102.993 103.777 102.478 103.218
60 104.308 105.058 105.965 104.647 105.320
90 106.432 24.02 107.178 23.32 107.671 23.50 106.701 23.12 107.431 23.09
120 108.579 109.285 109.465 108.816 109.542
150 110.788 111.392 111.825 111.080 111.653
180 113.181 113.499 114.290 113.045 113.828
20
11.2.2 Decomposition Catalyzed by 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate
11.2.2.1 Ratio 1
Amount of 3% H2O2 |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 10
Amount of 0.1 mol dm-3 Fe(NO3)3.9H2O |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 15
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 100.658 101.453 100.775 101.923 100.354
30 103.643 104.320 103.172 103.372 104.318
60 106.503 107.091 105.982 106.123 106.318
90 109.918 24.20 109.315 24.22 108.362 24.86 109.187 24.35 108.153 24.35
120 113.606 114.021 112.018 113.512 111.912
150 116.231 117.315 116.312 117.812 116.981
180 123.447 124.953 122.081 123.081 121.909
21
11.2.2.2 Ratio 2
Amount of 3% H2O2 |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 10
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 100.886 101.375 101.091 100.892 101.023
30 102.000 103.031 104.123 105.001 103.871
60 106.661 105.961 106.121 107.325 105.035
90 113.284 24.22 112.984 24.37 112.359 24.30 111.935 25.01 110.909 24.78
120 118.138 118.543 117.963 117.658 117.812
150 121.948 121.123 122.017 121.986 122.315
180 125.599 127.012 126.965 128.103 126.185
11.2.2.3 Ratio 3
Amount of 3% H2O2 |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 15
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 100.603 101.038 101.651 100.913 101.075
30 102.772 103.631 104.085 103.981 104.102
60 109.614 110.893 110.368 111.071 110.972
90 117.724 23.74 117.931 23.75 118.951 24.15 117.618 23.91 116.351 23.73
120 124.135 125.364 125.681 124.985 125.810
150 129.683 130.018 128.997 127.918 128.341
180 134.193 135.613 136.325 136.083 136.471
22
11.2.2.4 Ratio 4
Amount of 3% H2O2 |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 15
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 100.846 100.916 101.084 100.978 101.136
30 110.314 111.006 110.981 111.327 110.916
60 119.952 118.965 119.810 120.181 119.971
90 129.069 23.74 128.106 24.01 129.256 24.37 128.371 23.56 129.381 23.71
120 134.86 134.017 135.152 135.731 134.175
150 139.363 139.480 139.651 140.013 140.273
180 142.091 142.128 141.981 142.318 141.293
11.2.2.5 Ratio 5
Amount of 3% H2O2 |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 15
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 101.647 100.371 100.450 100.900 100.657
30 104.224 103.476 104.913 103.710 103.175
60 113.666 113.176 114.073 113.911 114.718
90 129.357 23.54 127.981 24.11 126.710 23.65 127.743 23.34 127.516 24.10
120 135.568 133.701 133.871 135.189 134.741
150 140.642 139.967 138.176 140.173 137.684
180 148.771 148.017 150.712 148.871 149.906
23
11.2.2.6 Ratio 6
Amount of 3% H2O2 |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 20
Time/ Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature
s in Flask/ °C in Flask/ °C in Flask/ °C in Flask/ °C
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 99.850 101.013 101.513 0 99.850 101.013
30 104.148 106.322 105.981 30 104.148 106.322
60 117.061 118.913 119.106 60 117.061 118.913
90 128.990 23.78 129.168 24.13 129.513 90 128.990 23.78 129.168 24.13
120 137.371 139.806 140.006 120 137.371 139.806
150 145.172 149.120 149.513 150 145.172 149.120
180 158.328 159.213 158.106 180 158.328 159.213
11.2.2.7 Ratio 7
Amount of 3% H2O2 |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 10
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 101.379 100.983 100.505 100.913 101.132
30 105.106 103.176 105.318 104.513 103.713
60 112.595 110.921 111.671 112.185 112.182
90 117.928 23.96 116.913 24.32 117.681 24.18 117.368 23.78 117.315 24.32
120 121.905 121.317 120.983 121.371 120.115
150 125.710 125.813 124.909 126.310 124.301
180 128.294 126.357 127.168 127.351 127.613
24
11.2.2.8 Ratio 8
Amount of 3% H2O2 |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 20
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 101.285 100.385 101.065 100.946 100.987
30 106.231 105.367 106.318 107.384 106.251
60 117.265 116.198 117.184 117.018 116.193
90 127.498 23.91 126.718 23.85 127.185 24.16 128.617 24.38 128.946 23.74
120 136.323 135.281 135.368 136.847 136.187
150 143.360 142.330 142.471 143.884 142.998
180 150.632 149.631 150.323 151.036 150.255
11.2.2.9 Ratio 9
Amount of 3% H2O2 |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 20
-3
Amount of 0.1 mol dm Fe(NO3)3.9H2O |cm³ ± 0.25 cm³ 25
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
±0.01°C ±0.01°C °C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C ±0.01°C
0 101.031 100.982 100.381 101.087 101.351
30 107.486 106.715 106.138 105.519 106.816
60 123.192 122.183 122.387 123.713 123.915
90 135.445 24.27 134.431 24.19 134.012 24.08 135.108 24.53 134.806 23.95
120 144.529 144.158 143.716 142.098 143.000
150 152.201 151.920 152.017 153.074 153.913
180 168.353 168.715 166.945 167.918 168.183
25
12 DATA PROCESSING
12.1 SAMPLE DATA CALCULATION

12.1.1 Calculating uncertainty in Pre-lab preparation
12.1.2 Uncertainty involved in Concentrations of the solutions:

Percentage uncertainty is calculated by following formula:
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦
% 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 = × 100
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
12.1.2.1 Sample:
Least count of the weighing balance is ±0.001g so percentage uncertainty in measured mass is:
0.001 𝑔
16.604 𝑔
16.604𝑔 ± 0.006%
Absolute uncertainty of 1000 cm³ measuring cylinder is ±5 cm³ so percentage uncertainty in
measured volume is:
5 𝑐𝑚3
1000 𝑐𝑚3
1000 𝑐𝑚3 ± 0.5%
Percentage Uncertainty in concentrations is then calculated by adding the percentage uncertainty.
0.5% + 0.006% = 0.506%
12.1.2.2 Summary:
 Percentage uncertainty in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm-3 KI is ± 0.506%
 Percentage uncertainty in concentrations of 0.1 mol dm-3 Fe(NO3)3.9H2O is ± 0.502%
12.1.3 Uncertainty in measured volume of gas conical flask can occupy

Absolute uncertainty of 500 cm³ measuring cylinder is ±2.5 cm³ so percentage uncertainty in
measured volume of gas conical flask can occupy:
2.5 𝑐𝑚3
246 𝑐𝑚3
246 𝑐𝑚3 ± 1.02%
26
12.1.4 Calculating Rate
Equation for rate is:
∆𝑃
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
∆𝑡
Where,
∆𝑃 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
∆𝑡 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
This could be calculated by plotting Pressure v/s time graph. After plotting the data, best fit line is
required to be plotted. Equation of the best fit line will be in form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, where m is the slope
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
of the best fit line and c is the y-intercept. Equation of the slope (m) is 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥. In this graph Pressure
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
v/s time; m would be . Hence slope would be equal to the rate.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
12.1.4.1 Calculating rate for Ratio 1

The graphs can be plotted using Microsoft word®. After plotting the data, Plot a best fit line and display
its equation.
Graph 1: Pressure v/s Time
Reading 1
For Reading 1, equation of the best fit line is:
105.000
Absolute Pressure/ kPa
104.000 y = 0.022x + 100.23 𝑦 = 0.022𝑥 + 100.24

Comparing it to 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 gives us:
±0.001kPa
103.000
102.000
𝑚 = 0.0215
101.000 𝑐 = 100.24
100.000 Hence the rate for reading 1 for ratio 1 is
0 50 100 150 200
0.022 kPa s-1
Time/ s ±0.01s

Reading 2
105.000
y = 0.022x + 100.85
104.000 𝑦 = 0.022𝑥 + 100.84
±0.001kPa
103.000 Comparing it to 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 gives us:

102.000
𝑚 = 0.0218
101.000 𝑐 = 100.84
0 50 100 150 200
0.022 kPa s-1
Time/ s ±0.01s
27
Reading 3
106.000
105.000 y = 0.022x + 101.06 𝑦 = 0.022𝑥 + 101.06

104.000
±0.001kPa
103.000
102.000 𝑚 = 0.0217
101.000 𝑐 = 101.06
0 50 100 150 200
0.022 kPa s-1
Time/ s ±0.01

Reading 4
105.000
104.000 y = 0.022x + 100.46 𝑦 = 0.022𝑥 + 100.44

±0.001kPa
103.000
102.000
𝑚 = 0.0215
101.000 𝑐 = 100.44
0 50 100 150 200
0.022 kPa s-1
Time/ s ±0.01

Reading 5
106.000
105.000 y = 0.022x + 101.38 𝑦 = 0.022𝑥 + 101.38

±0.001kPa
104.000
103.000
𝑚 = 0.0217
102.000 𝑐 = 101.38
-50 0 50 100 150 200
0.022 kPa s-1
Time/ s ±0.01s
Table 7 summarizes the findings in ratio 1
Table 7
Rate/ kPa s-1 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022
Temperature in Flask/ °C 25.22 25.32 25.16 25.23 25.44
28
12.1.5 Calculating Average rate and temperature
Formula for average is:
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑥̅ = 6
𝑛
Where,
𝑥̅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑥𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
So Average of rate for ratio 1 is:
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 1 + 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 + 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 3 + 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 4 + 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 5
𝑥̅ =
5
0.022 + 0.022 + 0.022 + 0.022 + 0.022

𝑥̅ =
5
𝑥̅ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝒔−𝟏
12.1.6 Uncertainty in Average

Uncertainty in the Average is calculated using standard deviation. The formula for calculating
standard deviation is7:
5
(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝜎 (𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = √∑
𝑛−1
𝑖=1
Where,
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑥̅ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
Standard deviation for first set of readings is calculated:
5
(𝑥𝑖 − 0.022)2
𝜎 = √∑
4−1
𝑖=1
𝜎=0
6
Equation from: http://www.brighthubeducation.com/homework-math-help/112833-calculating-weighted-
averages/
7
The formula taken from:
http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/stats/regression/level1/meanstdev/stdevconceptdefinition.htm
29
12.1.7 Summary table of Rates and temperatures of all three Ratios
Table 8
Volume Volume Volume Rate/ kPa s-1
Time/
of H2O2/ of KI/ of H2O/ Reading Number STD DEV
s 𝑥̅
cm³ cm³ cm³ 1 2 3 4 5
10 15 35 180 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0
10 20 30 180 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028 0
15 15 30 180 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.037 0
Table 9
Volume Volume Volume Temperature in Flask/ °C
Time/
of H2O2/ of KI/ of H2O/ Reading Number STD DEV
s 𝑥̅
cm³ cm³ cm³ 1 2 3 4 5
10 15 35 180 25.22 25.32 25.16 25.23 25.44 25.27 0.11
10 20 30 180 25.44 25.54 25.34 25.34 25.40 25.41 0.08
15 15 30 180 25.82 25.81 25.64 25.64 26.34 25.85 0.29
12.1.8 Calculating concentration of 3% Hydrogen Peroxide
12.1.8.1 Initial concentration

3% hydrogen peroxide means that for every 100 ml of water there is 3g of H2O2 present. Concentration
𝑛
of H2O2 needs to be found out. Formula for concentration is 𝑉 where n is number of moles and v is the
𝑚
volume. Number of moles can be found out using where m stands for mass and M for molar mass.
𝑀
So final formula after substituting would be:
𝑚
𝐶=
𝑀𝑉
So, concentration of H2O2 is:
3𝑔
𝐶=
100 𝑐𝑚3
34.01 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ×
1000 𝑐𝑚3
Hence the concentration of H2O2 is 0.882 mol dm-3
12.1.8.2 Final concentration

The final volume is 60 when everything is added together. Concentration of H2O2 and new
concentration can be found out using:
𝐶1 𝑉1 = 𝐶2 𝑉2
Where,
𝐶1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑚3
𝐶2 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑚3
30
So final concentration is:
𝐶1 𝑉1
= 𝐶2
𝑉2
10 𝑐𝑚3
0.882 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚−3 ×
1000 𝑐𝑚 3 = 𝐶
2
60 𝑐𝑚3
1000 𝑐𝑚3
𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒅𝒎−𝟑 = 𝑪𝟐

Table 10 below shows the final concentration of all amounts of H2O2
Table 10
Initial Final
Amount of 3% Final Volume of
Concentration of Concentration of
Sr. No. H2O2/ mixture/
H2O2/ 3% H2O2/
cm³ ± 0.1 cm³ cm³
mol dm-3 mol dm-3
1 10 0.882 60 0.147
2 15 0.882 60 0.220
3 20 0.882 60 0.294
12.1.9 Calculating final concentration of the Catalyst

Initial concentration of the catalytic solution is known. It is 0.1 mol dm-3. Final concentration needs to
be calculated. It is calculated using:
𝐶1 𝑉1 = 𝐶2 𝑉2
Where,
𝐶1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑚3
𝐶2 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑚3
So final concentration is:
15 𝑐𝑚3
0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚−3 ×
1000 𝑐𝑚 3 = 𝐶
3 2
60 𝑐𝑚
1000 𝑐𝑚3
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒅𝒎−𝟑 = 𝑪𝟐
Final concentration is same for all three catalyst because initial concentration and volume remains the
same.
31
Table 11 below shows the final concentration of all amounts of catalyst used.
Table 11
Initial Final
Amount of Final Volume of
Concentration of Concentration of
Sr. No. catalyst/ mixture/
catalyst/ catalyst/
cm³ cm³
mol dm-3 mol dm-3
1 15 0.1 60 0.025
2 20 0.1 60 0.033
3 25 0.1 60 0.042
12.1.10 Uncertainty in the final concentration:

Uncertainty for final concentration of catalyst and H2O2 will be same for a particular set because the
total volume remains the same and uncertainty in final concentration of H2O2 is calculated by adding
individual uncertainty of water, catalyst and H2O2.
12.1.10.1 Sample for uncertainty of H2O2:

First uncertainty of the 3% H2O2 prepared from 6% H2O2 needs to be calculated. Absolute
uncertainty of the 10 cm³ measuring cylinder is ±0.1 cm³ and absolute uncertainty of 25 cm³
measuring cylinder is ± 0.5 cm³ so percentage uncertainty in measured volume is:
0.1 𝑐𝑚3
5 𝑐𝑚³
5 𝑐𝑚³ ± 2%
Two volumes of the same amount are chosen. Water and H2O2 are then mixed so % uncertainty is:
2% + 2% = 4%
The uncertainty in concentration is the same as in the volume of 3% H2O2. So it is ±4%
12.1.10.2 Sample for uncertainty of catalyst:

Absolute uncertainty of 25 cm³ measuring cylinder is ±0.25 cm³ so percentage uncertainty in
measured volume of 0.1 mol dm-3 KI is:
0.25 𝑐𝑚3
20 𝑐𝑚³
20 𝑐𝑚³ ± 1.25%
As uncertainty in preparation of 0.1 mol dm-3 was ±0.506% so final uncertainty is:
0.506% + 1.25% = 1.756% ≈ 1.77%
32
12.1.11 Calculating Celsius to Kelvin
Formula used to convert Celsius to Kelvin is:
𝐾 = ℃ + 273
Where,
𝐾 𝑖𝑠 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
℃ 𝑖𝑠 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠
Calculating K:
𝐾 = 25.27 + 273
𝑲 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟕
Table 12 shows temperature for set 1 converted to Kelvin from Celsius
Table 12
Volume Volume Volume
Temperature in Temperature in
of H2O2/ of KI/ of H2O/ Time/
Sr. No. Flask/ Flask/
cm³ ± 0.1 cm³ ± cm³ ± 0.5 s ± 0.01s
°C ± stdev K ± stdev
cm³ 0.25 cm³ cm³
1 10 15 35 180 25.27 ± 0.11 298.27 ± 0.11
2 10 20 30 180 25.41 ± 0.08 298.41 ± 0.08
3 15 15 30 180 25.85 ± 0.29 298.85 ± 0.29
12.1.11.1 Uncertainty in calculating Celsius to Kelvin

Uncertainty in calculating Celsius to kelvin remains the uncertainty in the average temperature. The
uncertainty is standard deviation.
12.1.12 Calculating Rate constant

The table below summarizes the data calculated so far:
Table 13
Concentration of Concentration of Temperature in
Rate/
Sr. No. H2O2/ KI/ Flask/
kPa s-1 ± stdev
mol dm-3 mol dm-3 K ± stdev
1 0.147 0.025 0.022 ± 0 298.27 ± 0.11
2 0.147 0.033 0.028 ± 0 298.41 ± 0.08
3 0.220 0.025 0.037 ± 0 298.85 ± 0.29
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = [𝐻2 𝑂2 ]𝑚 [𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]𝑛
To calculate rate constant order of the reaction needs to be calculated.
12.1.12.1 Calculating Order of the reaction

Order of the reactions can be calculated by using the formula:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑙𝑛 (𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒2 )
1
𝑛=
[𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]2
𝑙𝑛 ( )
[𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]1
33
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑙𝑛 (𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒3 )
1
𝑚=
[𝐻 𝑂 ]
𝑙𝑛 ( 2 2 3 )
[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]1
Where,
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂2
Calculating n:
0.0282
𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑛= 0.0216
0.0333
𝑙𝑛 ( )
0.0250
𝑛 = 0.9383 ≈ 1
Calculating m:
0.0365
𝑙𝑛 (0.0217)
𝑚=
0.220
𝑙𝑛 (0.147)
𝑚 = 1.2919 ≈ 1
Note: order of the reaction is always in whole numbers as mentioned in the introduction.
Table 14 below shows the order of the reaction for first three ratios of KI and H2O2.
Table 14
Concentration Concentration Temperature
Sr. Rate/ Rate/
of H2O2/ of KI/ in Flask/ n m
No. kPa s-1 Pa s-1
mol dm-3 mol dm-3 K
1 0.147 0.025 0.022 21.700 298.27
2 0.147 0.033 0.028 28.400 298.41 0.938 1.292
3 0.220 0.025 0.037 36.500 298.85
12.1.12.2 Calculating Rate Constant ‘K’ using order

The rate constant K is calculated using the formula:
2𝑉 ∆𝑝
𝑘=
[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]𝑚 [𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]𝑛 𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑇 ∆𝑡
Calculating k using the first ratio:
2 × 242 × 10−6
𝑘= × 21.7
60
0.1471.2755 × 0.02500.9383 × 1000 × 8.314 × 298.27
𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 𝒅𝒎𝟑 𝒔−𝟏
34
12.1.12.2.1 Calculating Percentage Uncertainty in Rate constant
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Absolute uncertainty for rate constant is calculated by following formula:
∆𝑉 𝑚∆[𝐻2 𝑂2 ] 𝑛∆[𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡] ∆𝑇 ∆𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 = ( + + + + )×𝑘
𝑉 [𝐻2 𝑂2 ] [𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡] 𝑇 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
12.1.12.2.1.1 Sample:
First Absolute uncertainty is required to be calculated so it is calculated using formula mentioned
above. NOTE: Percentage uncertainty was previously calculated so using the same uncertainty and
converting the percentage to fraction form absolute uncertainty is calculated.
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦
2.5 1.2919 × 4 0.9383 × 2.17 0.108995 0.000134
=( + + + + ) × 0.0256
246 100 100 298.27 21.7
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 = 0.00237

Percentage uncertainty is:
0.00237
0.0256
% 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 = 9.24%
35
12.2 PROCESSED DATA
12.2.1 Decomposition in presence of 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide
Table 15
Volume
Volume Volume Volume Average uncertainty
Sr. O2 can [H2O2]/ [KI]/ T in Flask/ k/
of H2O2/ of KI/ of H2O/ Rate/ n m in k/
No. occupy/ mol dm-3 mol dm-3 K mol dm-3 s-1
cm³ cm³ cm³ ∆KPa ∆t-1 %
m³
1 10 15 35 0.1470 0.0250 0.0216 298.27
2 10 20 30 0.1470 0.0333 0.0282 298.41 0.9203 1.2919 0.026 9.24
3 15 15 30 0.2205 0.0250 0.0365 298.85
2.46 × 10−4
4 15 20 25 0.2205 0.0333 0.0343 296.54
5 15 25 20 0.2205 0.0417 0.0455 296.30 1.2678 1.2031 0.053 6.69
6 20 20 20 0.2939 0.0333 0.0485 296.58
7 10 25 25 0.1470 0.0417 0.0337 296.48
8 20 15 25 0.2939 0.0250 0.0385 296.72 1.1797 1.0591 0.037 8.13
9 20 25 15 0.2939 0.0417 0.0703 297.29
Average 1.1226 1.1847 0.038 8.02
12.2.2 Decomposition in presence of 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate solution
Table 16
Volume of Volume
Volume Volume [Fe(NO3)3.9H2O] Average T in uncertainty
Sr. Fe(NO3)3.9 O2 can [H2O2]/ k/
of H2O2/ of H2O/ / Rate/ Flask/ n m in k/
No. H2O / occupy/ mol dm-3 -3 mol dm-3 s-1
cm³ cm³ mol dm ∆KPa ∆t-1 K %
cm³ m³
1 10 15 35 0.1470 0.0250 0.1180 297.40
2 10 20 30 0.1470 0.0333 0.1492 297.39 0.816 1.324 0.102 9.19
3 15 15 30 0.2205 0.0250 0.2019 297.43
2.46 × 10−4
4 15 20 25 0.2205 0.0333 0.2325 297.04

5 15 25 20 0.2205 0.0417 0.2910 297.48 1.006 1.231 0.153 6.37
6 20 20 20 0.2939 0.0333 0.3313 297.06
7 10 25 25 0.1470 0.0417 0.1544 297.19
8 20 15 25 0.2939 0.0250 0.2207 296.96 1.029 1.273 0.156 8.73
9 20 25 15 0.2939 0.0417 0.3733 297.11
Average 0.950 1.276 0.137 8.10
36
12.3 DATA REPRESENTATION
The graph 6 below shows the values of rate constant in presence of 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide
catalyst along with error bars.
Graph 6
RATE CONSTANT
Rate Constant 1 Rate Constant 2 Rate Constant 3 Average Rate constant
0.0600
Rate constant (k)/mol dm-3 s-1
0.0500
0.0400
0.0300
0.0200
0.0100
0.0000
0.1M POTASSIUM IODIDE
CATALYST
The Graph 7 below shows the values of rate constant in presence of 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate
Nonahydrate catalyst along with error bars.
Graph 7
RATE CONSTANT
Rate Constant 1 Rate Constant 2 Rate Constant 3 Average
0.1800
Rate constant (k)/mol dm-3 s-1
0.1500
0.1200
0.0900
0.0600
0.0300
0.0000
0.1M FERRIC NITRATE NONAHYDRATE
CATALYST
37
13 CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION
13.1 CONCLUSION
Purpose of the lab was to investigate the effect on rate constant by change in catalyst. When Potassium
iodide solution was used as catalyst then average rate constant turns out to be 3.84 x 10-2 mol dm-3 s-1 ±
8.02% and when Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate solution was used then the average rate constant turns out
to be 0.1369 mol dm-3 s-1 ± 8.1%. The result have been fairly consistent throughout as the percentage
error has only been ≈8% in both catalyst. This result cannot be verified with the literature values because
for a rate constant in presence of catalyst at a particular temperature there are no literature values. The
values differ depending on the catalyst and the temperature.
In graph 6 and 7, rate constant of reaction is plotted against catalyst. The graph shows that all the values
of rate constant are almost same. However they are not equal. This shows that there have been errors
that have occurred in the experiment which have cause these anomalies.
Results are in agreement with the hypothesis. According to the theory, Rate constant is only affected by
temperature and change in catalyst. Concentration does not affect the rate constant. Rate constant
remains almost same for a catalyst. When the catalyst changes the rate constant drastically varies. Rate
constant of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed Ferric nitrate Nonahydrate solution is
approximately 3 times the rate constant of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by potassium
iodide solution. Rate of decomposition is greater when catalyzed by ferric nitrate Nonahydrate solution
compared to rate of decomposition catalyzed by potassium iodide solution. As rate is greater, order and
concentration is same and hence is the rate constant is greater. As rate constant increases the extent of
the reaction also increases. From the data and the calculated value, it is concluded that Ferric nitrate
Nonahydrate is a better catalyst.
Table 17 shows how the rate constant values vary from the average.
Table 17
Catalyst 0.1 mol dm-3 KI 0.1 mol dm-3 Fe(NO3)3.9H2O
Average k/ Deviation from Deviation from
0.038 0.137
mol dm-3 s-1 average k average k
k1/ mol dm-3 s-1 0.026 - 0.012 0.102 - 0.035
k2/ mol dm-3 s-1 0.053 + 0.015 0.153 + 0.016
k3/ mol dm-3 s-1 0.037 - 0.001 0.156 + 0.019
Deviation from the average is very less except for the k1 of ferric nitrate Nonahydrate catalyst (highlighted
cell) where deviation is 50% of the value. This anomaly is caused by errors that occurred during the
experiment. Less deviation means more accurate the value is.
38
13.2 EVALUATING ERRORS
Table 18
Effect on the
Source of error Type of error Possible improvements
experiment
Because of a variation Magnetic stirrer could
in the readings taken, be used to stir the
there is an increase in mixture a constant
the uncertainty in the steady rate so that
The variation in the
readings graphed. This measured pressure has
readings taken by Systematic
decreases the precision fair grounds of
stirring speed
of the readings. The comparison. This way
obtained value then the readings are less
deviates away from the prone to error are more
actual value. precise.
Conical Flask could be
Rate of the reaction is placed in water bath of
temperature room temperature so
dependents so change that the change in
in temperature will room temperature does
The Variation in the
affect the rate thus the not affect the reaction
readings taken by
Random precision and and water bath
change in external
consistency of the regulates the
temperature
readings will be temperature and keeps
affected. The obtained it same throughout the
value then deviated reaction. Take more
away from actual value. readings to get more
accurate average.
Concentration of H2O2 is
not same throughout
the reaction because it Instead of using 6%
is made when required H2O2 and preparing it
The Variation in the so there would be slight into 3% H2O2, directly
readings taken by difference in all the 3% H2O2 could be used.
Random
change in concentrations of H2O2 Secondly more readings
Concentration of H2O2 used in the experiment. could be taken to
This affects the values achieve a better
obtained and then average.
deviates away from the
actual value.
13.3 FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS

1. For every trial fresh seal packed bottle of H2O2 could be use so that it would have not
decomposed while we are preparing it. This would reduce the error occurred. This would not be
economical hence it was not included in the procedure.
2. Use more precise instruments to avoid further error.
39
13.4 FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS
This lab could be performed for different catalysts. This lab could be performed using acetanilide and how
it affects the rate constant. Different reactions could be considered instead of just decomposition.
Substitution reaction can also be taken and effect of catalyst on rate constant could be analyzed.
14 BIBLIOGRAPHY
14.1 WEBSITES REFERRED

 http://www.h2o2.com/products-and-services/us-peroxide-
technologies.aspx?pid=112&name=Hydrogen-Peroxide
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide
 https://scilearn.sydney.edu.au/fychemistry/SummerSchool/1BTopic11.pdf
 https://www.physics.upenn.edu/uglabs/lab_manual/Error_Analysis.pdf
 http://www.pasco.com/file_downloads/experiments/sample_labs/AC-Lab-12-Hydrogen-
Peroxide-Decomposition-T.pdf
14.2 BOOKS REFERRED

 Pearson Baccalaureate’s Higher Level Chemistry Developed specifically for the IB Diploma by
Catrin Brown and Mike Ford
 IBID Press’s Chemistry 3rd Edition by John Green and Sadru Damji
40

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Chemistry HL Internal Assessment

TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT ON THE RATE CONSTANT OF

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∝ [𝐴]𝑚 [𝐵]𝑛

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]𝑚 [𝐵]𝑛

Rate of a reaction is affected by many factors. It is affected by change in temperature, change in

𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑂2 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚3

Change in number of moles of hydrogen peroxide can’t be measured in lab so it is replace by

Rate law for this reaction will be:

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]𝑚 [𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]𝑛

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐻2 𝑂2 ]𝑚 [𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡]𝑛

5.1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide

5.3 CONTROLLED VARIABLES

Using this formula initial

6.1 LIST OF APPARATUS AND QUANTITY REQUIRED WITH THEIR UNCERTAINTIES.

8.1 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

8.2 POTASSIUM IODIDE

8.3 FERRIC NITRATE NONAHYDRATE

9 PRE LAB PREPARATION

9.1 PREPARATION OF THE SOLUTIONS

9.1.1 0.1 mol dm-3 Potassium Iodide Solution

0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3 × 166.01 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 × 1 𝑑𝑚3 = 𝑚

So required mass would be 16.601g ≈ 16.6g.

9.1.1.2 Preparing the solution

9.1.2 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate solution

9.1.2.1 Calculating mass required to prepare 0.1 mol dm-3 solution.

0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3 × 404 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 1 𝑑𝑚3 = 𝑚

9.1.2.2 Preparing the solution

Figure 1 shows how to attach stopper to the absolute pressure sensor.

9.3 MEASURE VOLUME OF GAS CONICAL FLASK CAN OCCUPY

10.1 DECOMPOSITION CATALYZED BY CATALYST

2) Measure 15 cm³ of catalyst using 25 cm³ measuring cylinder.

6) Select the required amount of 3% hydrogen peroxide for example 15 cm³

Amount of 3% H2O2|cm³ ± 0.1 cm³

11.1 QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS

Figure 2 shows the color when

11.1.2 Decomposition Catalyzed by 0.1 mol dm-3 Ferric Nitrate Nonahydrate

Figure 3 shows blackish dark brown color (left) when

12.1 SAMPLE DATA CALCULATION

12.1.2 Uncertainty involved in Concentrations of the solutions:

0.5% + 0.006% = 0.506%

12.1.3 Uncertainty in measured volume of gas conical flask can occupy

12.1.4.1 Calculating rate for Ratio 1

104.000 y = 0.022x + 100.23 𝑦 = 0.022𝑥 + 100.24

Graph 2: Pressure v/s Time

103.000 Comparing it to 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 gives us:

105.000 y = 0.022x + 101.06 𝑦 = 0.022𝑥 + 101.06

Graph 4: Pressure v/s Time

104.000 y = 0.022x + 100.46 𝑦 = 0.022𝑥 + 100.44

Graph 5: Pressure v/s Time

105.000 y = 0.022x + 101.38 𝑦 = 0.022𝑥 + 101.38

Table 7 summarizes the findings in ratio 1

0.022 + 0.022 + 0.022 + 0.022 + 0.022

12.1.6 Uncertainty in Average

12.1.8 Calculating concentration of 3% Hydrogen Peroxide

12.1.8.1 Initial concentration

12.1.8.2 Final concentration

𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒅𝒎−𝟑 = 𝑪𝟐

12.1.9 Calculating final concentration of the Catalyst

So final concentration is:

12.1.10 Uncertainty in the final concentration:

12.1.10.1 Sample for uncertainty of H2O2:

12.1.10.2 Sample for uncertainty of catalyst:

0.506% + 1.25% = 1.756% ≈ 1.77%