TAGORE ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Part – A

1. Define Lax Equivalence Theorem?

2. Describe the process involved in finding solution using CFD?
3. Differentiate between explicit method and implicit method?
4. Classify three types of equations for second order PDE with examples?
5. Derive forward differencing for second order derivative in space with truncation
error of first order?
6. What is courants number?
7. What is substantial derivative?
8. Mention difference between shock capturing and shock fitting?
9. Define circulation around vortex filament.
10. What is numerical dissipation?
11. What is variational formulation?
12. State the point collocation method.
13. What is non overlapping cells?
14. What is irrotational flow?
15. Explain the different types of convergence criteria used for iterative methods?
16. Explain Truncation error, Global error and Discretization error?
17. Differentiate between explicit formulation and implicit formulation?
18. Define Source Flow?
19. What is the importance of Vortex flow.
20. Mention the importance of implicit time dependent method?
21. Mention the types of boundary condition used in computational fluid flow?
22. What is conservative and non conservative form of governing equation in
computational fluid flow?
23. Briefly mention the advantages of upwind differencing?
24. What is point collocation method?
25. Define local shape function or element shape function.
26. Differentiate multistage time stepping from Lax Wendroff time stepping.
27. What are advantages of vertex based finite volume method?
28. What is physical significance of Euler’s equations and write the equation in its
vector form?
29. What is a no slip condition in incompressible flows?
30. How is Panel method connected with boundary element method
31. What is grid independent solution?
32. Why is computer simulation necessary in fluid flow and heat transfer?
33. Explain briefly the disadvantages of using upwind scheme for convective terms.
34. What is Oseen approximation in simplifying Navier-Stokes equations?
35. Discuss the errors in finite element Discretization.
36. What are the advantages of finite volume method over finite difference method?
37. What are adaptive grid techniques?
38. Distinguish between structured and unstructured grids?
39. Bring out any two differences between zeroth order and first order boundary
conditions?
40. Explain why transformation of boundary layer equations is needed for many
applications of engineering.
41. Give any two important applications of time dependent methods.
42. What are stiff problems in CFD?
43. Mention the salient features of approximate factorization schemes.
44. What is the need for staggered grid approach in finite volume schemes?
45. Mention any two types of flux evaluation schemes in finite volume methods.
46. What is the role of a shape function in finite element methods?
47. Bring out any two differences between first order and second order boundary
conditions?
48. Distinguish between grid for explicit scheme and implicit scheme?
49. What is CFL criterion?
50. What is L2 and Lά norm error?

Part – B

1. Derive the momentum equation using control volume approach in PDE form?

2. Derive the following finite difference approximation. Use two variable in the
Taylor’s series:

3. Consider the function f(x) = ex

a) Using a mesh increment x 0.1, determine f’(x) at x = 2.0 using a first

order forward difference
formula, second-order forward difference formula and a second-order
centered difference formula. Carry four digits after the decimal place.
Calculate the errors and discuss their relative values.
b) Repeat the calculations of a) for x 0.2 . Calculate the errors and discuss
their relative values.
c) Compare the errors of parts (a) and (b). Discuss the relative values.

4. Explain the Jacobii- iteration scheme and from that derive the point Gauss Seidel
method and Line Gauss Seidel Method for 2-D steady state Heat Conduction
equation? Also explain the Point Successive over Relaxation (PSOR) Method?

(i) Explain the three types of boundary condition used in 2-D

steady state Heat conduction equation for a solid plate?

(ii) Explain the ADI scheme applied to the 2D steady state HC

equation?
5. Consider Convection equation where u is a positive constant.
st nd
Derive the 1 and 2 form of MDE using FTCS approximation. Perform stability
analysis using both von Neumann and Hirtz method?

6. Consider the convection equation where u is a positive constant.

Derive the first and approximate second form of the modified differential
equations (MDE) using a BTCS approximation. Perform stability analyses using
both von Neumann and Hirtz methods.

7. Consider the Lax-Wendroff approximation for the convection equation,

, given as:

8. Derive the first and approximate second form of the modified differential
equation (MDE). Perform a stability analysis using the von Neumann method.

Derive the Dufort-Frankel approximation of the diffusion equation,

given as:

Derive the first and approximate second form of the MDE and investigate consistency
and order.

10. Consider the general second-order PDE:

Show that the classification of this PDE is unchanged when any non-singular, real
transformation x, y , is used.
11. Classify the following PDEs (e.g., order, type, linear vs. non-linear, homogeneous
vs. non-homogeneous):

12. Derive the fourth-order centered-difference approximations for fx|i and fxx|i .

13. Derive the second-order centered-difference approximation for fxy|i,j .

14. Consider the function f(x) = ex

a) Using a mesh increment x 0.1, determine f’(x) at x = 2.0 using a first

order forward difference
formula, second-order forward difference formula and a second-order
centered difference formula. Carry six digits after the decimal place.
Calculate the errors and discuss their relative values.
b) Repeat the calculations of a) for x 0.2 . Calculate the errors and discuss
their relative values.
c) Compare the errors of parts (a) and (b). Discuss the relative values.

15. Derive the following finite difference approximation. Use two variable Taylor
series.

16. Write the governing equations for elliptical grid generation equations with control
functions. Identify the geometric coefficients in the equations and write the
expressions for the same. How is the discretization done for the derivatives
appearing in the governing equations?
17. Explain mathematical properties of Elliptic, Parabolical and Hyperbolic equations
with respect to computational fluid flow.

18. Using Taylor series expansion, derive first order forward difference for ∂2f / ∂x2.

19. Explain with suitable example how a source panel method is used in non lifting
flows over arbitrary two dimensional bodies.

20. Mention the procedure used in vortex panel method for lifting flows over arbitrary
two dimesional bodies.

21. Explain the description of Parndtl boundary layer equations.

22. State and explain the stability properties of explicit and implicit methods.

23. What are Quadrilateral Lagrange Elements and Isoparametric elements in FEM?

24. What is strong formulation? Explain with the help of one dimesional boundary
value problem.

25. What is cell centered formulation? Explain with the help of ousing control
volume, semi Discretization equation Ώi,j ∂U / ∂t + ∫ F.n ds = 0.

26. State and explain the spurious modes for Runge Kutta cell vertex formulation in
FVM.

27. Transform the Laplace’s equation from x, y , generalized coordinates

and show that the resulting equation is elliptic.

28. Describe the Panel method for solving inviscid incompressible flows.

29. Simulate the flow around an inclined aerofoil using Panel method.

30. How do you determine the accuracy in Discretization process? What are the uses
and difficulties of approximating the derivatives with higher order finite
difference schemes? How do you overcome these difficulties?

31. Explain the linear and quadratic interpolation approximating methods in finite
elemnt analysis.

32. Explain the Lax Friedrich and Lax Wendroff central Discretization methods to
solve the 1D unsteady convection equation?
33. Derive the stability condition for CTCS discretization of second order wave
equation using Von Neumann stability analysis.
34. Explain the need for turbulence modeling in dealing with CFD problems. What
are the various turbulence models used in CFD problems.

35. Explain the basic concept of finite volume method. Discretize non linear 1D
unsteady convection equation using upwind method in finite volume form.

36. (i) Describe the hierarchy of coundary layer equations in terms of their order.
Explain their pecularities.

(ii) What are space marching methods? How and when are they useful in fluid
flow problems? Describe the application of space marching procedure with one
example?

37. What are salient features of generalized Crank – Nicholson scheme? Distinguish
between explicit and implicit grid?

38. Explain the general behaviour of Elliptic, Parabolical and Hyperbolic equations
with respect to computational fluid flow.

39. Derive the non conservative form of Navier-Stokes equation (Momentum

equation)?

40. State and explain the procedure for solution of a tridiagonal system of linear
algebraic equations?