4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines

Therefore, ,f  55.5, and g  64.5.

Solve each triangle. Round to the nearest

tenth, if necessary.

3. 
1. 
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  
Because two angles are given, K = 180 – (40 +
Because two angles are given, A = 180 – (110 + 58 ) or 82 . Use the Law of Sines to find j and ℓ.
38 ) or 32 . Use the Law of Sines to find a and b.

Therefore, ,a  11.2, and b  19.8. Therefore, ,j  16.2, and     21.4.

2. 
4. 
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  
Because two angles are given, H = 180 – (53 +
Because two angles are given, S = 180 – (62 +
112 ) or 15 . Use the Law of Sines to find f and g.
56 ) or 62 . Use the Law of Sines to find r and s.

Therefore, ,f  55.5, and g  64.5. Therefore, ,r  6.6, and s  7.

5. 
SOLUTION:  
3. 
Because two angles are given, T = 180 – (12 +
SOLUTION:   148 ) or 20 . Use the Law of Sines to find t and u.
Because two angles are given, K = 180 – (40 +
58 ) or 82 . Use the Law of Sines to find j and ℓ.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines
Therefore, ,r  6.6, and s  7. Therefore,  b  12.8, and c 28.7.

7. GOLF   A golfer misses a 12-foot putt by putting 3º

off course. The hole now lies at a 129º angle
5.  between the ball and its spot before the putt. What
distance does the golfer need to putt in order to
SOLUTION:   make the shot?
Because two angles are given, T = 180 – (12 + SOLUTION:  
148 ) or 20 . Use the Law of Sines to find t and u. Draw a diagram of a triangle with two angle
measures of 3 and 129 and an included side
length of 12 feet.
 

Therefore,  t  29.0, and u  17.7. (not drawn to scale)

 
Because two angles are given, the missing angle is
180° − (3° + 129°) or 48°. Use the Law of Sines to 
find x.
6.   
SOLUTION:  
Because two angles are given, D = 180 – (25 +
72 ) or 83º. Use the Law of Sines to find band c.

 
Therefore, the distance the golfer needs to putt is
about 0.85 ft.

8. ARCHITECTURE  An architect’s client wants to

Therefore,  b  12.8, and c 28.7.
7. GOLF   A golfer misses a 12-foot putt by putting 3º
off course. The hole now lies at a 129º angle
between the ball and its spot before the putt. What
distance does the golfer need to putt in order to
make the shot?
SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram of a triangle with two angle
measures of 3 and 129 and an included side
length of 12 feet.
build a home based on the architect Jon Lautner’s
Sheats-Goldstein House. The length of the patio will
be 60 feet. The left side of the roof will be at a 49º
angle of elevation, and the right side will be at an 18º
angle of elevation. Determine the lengths of the left
and right sides of the roof and the angle at which
they will meet.
SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram of a triangle with two angle
measures of 49 and 18 and an included side
length of 60 feet.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by (not drawn

Cognero to scale) Page 2
 
Because two angles are given, the missing angle is  
 b. Determine the distance of a direct flight to the
destination
 
SOLUTION:  
4-7 Therefore,
The Lawtheofdistance
Sinesthe golfer
and theneeds
Law to putt is
of Cosines
about 0.85 ft. a. Draw a diagram to model the situation.
 
8. ARCHITECTURE  An architect’s client wants to
build a home based on the architect Jon Lautner’s
Sheats-Goldstein House. The length of the patio will
be 60 feet. The left side of the roof will be at a 49º
angle of elevation, and the right side will be at an 18º
angle of elevation. Determine the lengths of the left (Not drawn to scale)
and right sides of the roof and the angle at which  
they will meet.
 
Because two angles are given, the missing angle is
180° − (157° + 8°) or 15°. Use the Law of Sines to 
find x.

SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram of a triangle with two angle
measures of 49 and 18 and an included side
length of 60 feet.
 

Therefore, the distance of the flight is 90 + 48.4 or

about 138.4 miles.
 
 
Because two angles are given, θ is 180° − (49° +
b. Find the length of the side opposite the 157
18°) or 113°. Use the Law of Sines to find x and y.
angle.
 
 

Therefore, the left and right sides of the roof are

about 20.1 and 49.2 feet, respectively, and the angle
at which they meet is about 113 .

9. TRAVEL  For the initial 90 miles of a flight, the pilot
heads 8º off course in order to avoid a storm. The
pilot then changes direction to head toward the
destination for the remainder of the flight, making a
157 angle to the first flight course.
a. Determine the total distance of the flight.
b. Determine the distance of a direct flight to the
destination
SOLUTION:   10. a = 9, b = 7, A = 108
a. Draw a diagram to model the situation.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Therefore, the distance of a direct flight is about
135.9 miles.
Find all solutions for the given triangle, if
possible. If no solution exists, write no solution.
Round side lengths to the nearest tenth and
angle measures to the nearest degree.
SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given Page 3
dimensions.
  
Therefore, the remaining measures of are
4-7 Therefore,
The Lawtheofdistance
Sinesofand
a direct
theflight
Law is about
of Cosines B  48 , C  24 , and c  3.9.
135.9 miles.

Find all solutions for the given triangle, if
possible. If no solution exists, write no solution.
Round side lengths to the nearest tenth and
angle measures to the nearest degree.
10. a = 9, b = 7, A = 108
SOLUTION:   12. a = 18, b = 12, A = 27
Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given
dimensions.
 
11. a = 14, b = 15, A = 117
SOLUTION:  
A is obtuse and a < b because 14 <15. Therefore,
this problem has no solution.
SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given
dimensions.

(Not drawn to scale)

 
Notice that A is obtuse and a > b because 9 > 7.  
Therefore, one solution exists. Apply the Law of Notice that A is acute and a > b because 18 > 12.
Sines to find B. Therefore, one solution exists. Apply the Law of
Sines to find B.

 
Because two angles are now known, C ≈ 180 –  
(108 + 48 ) or about 24 . Apply the Law of Sines Because two angles are now known, C  180º –
to find c. (27º + 17.62º) or about 135.38º. Apply the Law of
Sines to find c.

 
Therefore, the remaining measures of are  
B  48 , C  24 , and c  3.9.  
Therefore, the remaining measures of ABC are
11. a = 14, b = 15, A = 117 B  18 , C  135 , and c  27.8.
SOLUTION:   13. a = 35, b = 24, A = 92
A is obtuse and a < b because 14 <15. Therefore,
SOLUTION:  
this problem has no solution.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given Page 4
12. a = 18, b = 12, A = 27 dimensions.
 
SOLUTION:  
  
   
4-7 Therefore,
The Lawtheofremaining measures
Sines and theofLaw
ABC
ofare
Cosines Therefore, the remaining measures of are
B  18 , C  135 , and c  27.8. B  43 , C  45 , and c  24.7.

13. a = 35, b = 24, A = 92 14. a = 14, b = 6, A = 145

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given
dimensions. dimensions.
   

 
Notice that A is obtuse and a > b because 35 > 24.  
Therefore, one solution exists. Apply the Law of
 
Sines to find B.
Notice that A is obtuse and a > b because 14 > 6.
Therefore, one solution exists. Apply the Law of
Sines to find B.

 
Because two angles are now known, C  180 –
(92 + 43.26 ) or about 44.74 . Apply the Law of  
Sines to find c.
Because two angles are now known, C ≈ 180 –
(145 + 14.23 ) or about 20.77 . Apply the Law
of Sines to find c.

 
Therefore, the remaining measures of are
B  43 , C  45 , and c  24.7.  
Therefore, the remaining measures of are
14. a = 14, b = 6, A = 145 B  14 , C  21 , and c  8.7.
SOLUTION:  
15. a = 19, b = 38, A = 30
Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given
dimensions. SOLUTION:  
  Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given
dimensions.
 

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 5

    
4-7 Therefore,
The Lawtheofremaining measures
Sines and theofLaw ofare
Cosines Therefore, the remaining measures of are
B  14 , C  21 , and c  8.7. B = 90 , C = 30 , and c  32.9.

15. a = 19, b = 38, A = 30 16. a = 5, b = 6, A = 63

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given Notice that A is acute and a < b because 5 < 6. So,
dimensions. this problem has no solution, one solution, or two
  solutions. Find h.

Notice that A is acute and b > a because 38 > 19.
Therefore, one solution exists. Apply the Law of
Sines to find B.
Because a < h, no triangle can be formed with sides
a = 5, b = 6, and A = 63 . Therefore, this problem
has no solution.

17. a = 10, b = , A = 45
SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given
dimensions.
 

 
Because two angles are now known, C =180 –
(30 + 90 ) or 60 . Apply the Law of Sines to find  
c. Notice that A is acute and b > a because  > 
10. Therefore, one solution exists. Apply the Law of
Sines to find B.

 
Therefore, the remaining measures of are
B = 90 , C = 30 , and c  32.9.

16. a = 5, b = 6, A = 63
 
SOLUTION:  
Because two angles are now known, C ≈ 180 –
Notice that A is acute and a < b because 5 < 6. So,
(45 + 90 ) or 45 . Apply the Law of Sines to find
this problem has no solution, one solution, or two
c.
solutions. Find h.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 6

Because a < h, no triangle can be formed with sides

 Because a < h, no triangle can be formed with sides  
4-7 aThe
= 5, Law
b = 6, and A = 63 and
of Sines . Therefore,
the Lawthis problem
of Cosines Therefore, the remaining measures of are
has no solution. B =90 , C = 45 , and c =10.

17. a = 10, b = , A = 45 18. SKIING  A ski lift rises at a 28 angle during the

first 20 feet up a mountain to achieve a height of 25
SOLUTION:   feet, which is the height maintained during the
Draw a diagram of a triangle with the given remainder of the ride up the mountain. Determine
dimensions. the length of cable needed for this initial rise.
 

  SOLUTION:  
Notice that A is acute and b > a because  >  In this problem, A = 28 , a = 25 ft, and b = 20 ft. So,
10. Therefore, one solution exists. Apply the Law of A is acute and a > b. Therefore, one solution exists.
Sines to find B. Apply the Law of Sines to find B.

 
  Because two angles are now known, the angle
Because two angles are now known, C ≈ 180 – opposite x is 180 – (28 + 22.06 ) or about
(45 + 90 ) or 45 . Apply the Law of Sines to find 129.94 . Apply the Law of Sines to find x.
c.

 
Therefore, the remaining measures of are
B =90 , C = 45 , and c =10.
18. SKIING  A ski lift rises at a 28 angle during the
first 20 feet up a mountain to achieve a height of 25
feet, which is the height maintained during the
remainder of the ride up the mountain. Determine
the length of cable needed for this initial rise.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Therefore, the length of cable needed for the initial
rise is about 41 feet.
Find two triangles with the given angle
measure and side lengths. Round side lengths
to the nearest tenth and angle measures to the
nearest degree.
19. A = 39 , a = 12, b = 17
SOLUTION:  
A is acute, and h = 17 sin 39 or about 10.7. Notice
that a < b because 12 < 17, and a > h because 12 >
10.7. Therefore, two different triangles are possible
Page 7
with the given angle and side measures. Angle B will
be acute, and angle B' will be obtuse, as shown
below.
 nearest degree.
19. A = 39 , a = 12, b = 17
SOLUTION:  
4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines
A is acute, and h = 17 sin 39 or about 10.7. Notice
that a < b because 12 < 17, and a > h because 12 > Solution 2 B is obtuse.
10.7. Therefore, two different triangles are possible
with the given angle and side measures. Angle B will
be acute, and angle B' will be obtuse, as shown
below.
 
 
Note that . To find B', find an
obtuse angle with a sine that is also 0.8915. To do
this, subtract the measure given by your calculator to
nearest degree, 63º, from 180º. Therefore, B' is
  approximately 117º.
Make a reasonable sketch of each triangle and apply Find C.
the Law of Sines to find each solution. Start with the  
case in which B is acute.
 
Solution 1 B is acute.  
Apply the Law of Sines to find c.

 
Find B.

 
Therefore, the missing measures for acute
are
B  63 , C  78 , and c  18.7, while the missing
measures for obtuse are B'  117 , C
 24 , and c  7.8.

20. A = 26 , a = 5, b = 9
 
Find C. SOLUTION:  
A is acute, and h =9 sin 26 or about 3.9. Notice
that a < b because 5 < 9, and a > h because 5 > 3.9.
  Therefore, two different triangles are possible with
Apply the Law of Sines to find c. the given angle and side measures. Angle B will be
  acute, and angle B' will be obtuse, as shown below.

 
Make a reasonable sketch of each triangle and apply
the Law of Sines to find each solution. Start with the
Solution 2 B is obtuse. case in which B is acute.
 
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero   Page 8

Solution 1 B is acute.
   nearest degree, 52 , from 180 . Therefore, B' is
Make a reasonable sketch of each triangle and apply approximately 128 .
the Law of Sines to find each Find C.
4-7 The Law of Sines andsolution.
the Law Startof
with the
Cosines
case in which B is acute.
 
   
Solution 1 Apply the Law of Sines to find c.
B is acute.

 
Find B.
 
Therefore, the missing measures for acute
are B  52 , C  102 , and c  11.2, 
while the missing measures for obtuse are B'
 128 , C 26 , and c  5.0.

21. A = 61 , a = 14, b = 15
SOLUTION:  
A is acute, and h = 14sin 61 or about 12.2. Notice
  that a < b because 14 < 15, and a > h because 14 >
Find C. 12.2. Therefore, two different triangles are possible
with the given angle and side measures. Angle B will
be acute, and angle B' will be obtuse, as shown
  below.
Apply the Law of Sines to find c.

 
Make a reasonable sketch of each triangle and apply
the Law of Sines to find each solution. Start with the
case in which B is acute.
   
Solution 1 B is acute.
Solution 2 B is obtuse.

 
  Find B.
Note that . To find B', find an
obtuse angle with a sine that is also 0.2630. To do
this, subtract the measure given by your calculator to
nearest degree, 52 , from 180 . Therefore, B' is
approximately 128 .
Find C.

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eSolutions Page 9
Apply the Law of Sines to find c.
 
  
Find C.

4-7  The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines  

Find B. Apply the Law of Sines to find c.

 
Therefore, the missing measures for acute
  are
Find C. B  70 , C  49 , and c 12.2, while the missing
measures for obtuse are B'  110 , C
 9 , and c  2.5.
 
Apply the Law of Sines to find c. 22. A = 47 , a = 25, b = 34
SOLUTION:  
A is acute, and h = 34 sin 47 or about 24.9. Notice
that a < b because 25 < 34, and a > h because 25 >
24.9. Therefore, two different triangles are possible
with the given angle and side measures. Angle B will
be acute, and angle B' will be obtuse, as shown
below.
Solution 2 B is obtuse.

 
Make a reasonable sketch of each triangle and apply
  the Law of Sines to find each solution. Start with the
Note that . To find B', find an case in which B is acute.
obtuse angle with a sine that is also 0.9371. To do  
this, subtract the measure given by your calculator to  
nearest degree, 70 , from 180 . Therefore, B' is Solution 1 B is acute.
approximately 110 .
 
Find C.

   
Apply the Law of Sines to find c. Find B.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 10

 
Therefore, the missing measures for acute
are
  
Find C.

4-7  The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines  

Find B. Apply the Law of Sines to find c.

 
Therefore, the missing measures for acute
  are B  84 , C  49 , and c  25.8, while 
Find C. the missing measures for obtuse are B'
 96 , C  37 , and c  20.6.

  23. A = 54 , a = 31, b = 36
Apply the Law of Sines to find c. SOLUTION:  
A is acute, and h = 36 sin 54º or about 29.1. Notice
that a < b because 31 < 36, and a > h because 31 >
29.1. Therefore, two different triangles are possible
with the given angle and side measures. Angle B will
be acute, and angle B' will be obtuse, as shown
below.

 
Solution 2 B is obtuse.

 
Make a reasonable sketch of each triangle and apply
the Law of Sines to find each solution. Start with the
case in which B is acute.
   
Note that . To find B', find an  
obtuse angle with a sine that is also 0.9946. To do Solution 1 B is acute.
this, subtract the measure given by your calculator to
nearest degree, 84º, from 180º. Therefore, B' is
approximately 96 .
 
Find C.
 
Find B.
 
Apply the Law of Sines to find c.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 11

 
Therefore, the missing measures for acute  
 approximately 180º –  70º or 110º.
Find C.

4-7  The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines  

Find B. Apply the Law of Sines to find c.

 
Therefore, the missing measures for acute
  are B  70 , C  56 , and c  31.8, while 
Find C. the missing measures for obtuse are B'
 110 , C 16 , and c  10.6

  24. A = 18 , a = 8, b = 13
Apply the Law of Sines to find c. SOLUTION:  
A is acute, and h = 13 sin 18 or about 4.01. Notice
that a < b because 8 < 13, and a > h because 8 >
4.01. Therefore, two different triangles are possible
with the given angle and side measures. Angle B will
be acute, and angle B' will be obtuse, as shown
below.

 
Solution 2 B is obtuse.

 
Make a reasonable sketch of each triangle and apply
the Law of Sines to find each solution. Start with the
case in which B is acute.
   
Note that . To find B', find an  
obtuse angle with a sine that is also 0.9395. To do Solution 1 B is acute.
this, subtract the measure given by your calculator to
nearest degree, 70º, from 180º. Therefore, B' is
approximately 180º –  70º or 110º.
Find C.

 
  Find B.
Apply the Law of Sines to find c.

eSolutions
  Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12

Therefore, the missing measures for acute

 
are B  70 , C  56 , and c  31.8, while 
  
Find C.

4-7  The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines  

Find B. Apply the Law of Sines to find c.

 
Therefore, the missing measures for acute
  are B  30 , C  132 , and c  19.2, 
Find C. while the missing measures for obtuse are B'
 150 , C  12 , and c  5.4.

  25. BROADCASTING  A radio tower located 38 
Apply the Law of Sines to find c. miles along Industrial Parkway transmits radio
broadcasts over a 30-mile radius. Industrial Parkway
intersects the interstate at a 41º angle. How far
along the interstate can vehicles pick up the
broadcasting signal?

 
Solution 2 B is obtuse.
 
SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram of the situation where A represents
the location of the radio tower, B represents the
  leftmost point on the interstate that is within the 30-
Note that . To find B', find an mile broadcasting radius, and C' represents the
obtuse angle with a sine that is also 0.5022. To do rightmost point on the interstate within the
this, subtract the measure given by your calculator to broadcasting radius.
nearest degree, 30º, from 180º. Therefore, B' is
approximately 180º – 30º or 150º.
 
Find C.

 
Apply the Law of Sines to find c.
 
Due to the information given, use the Law of Sines
to solve for B in ABC.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 13

 
Therefore, the missing measures for acute
 the distance between the two boats when the second
boat enters the radius of the lighthouse light.

  SOLUTION:  
4-7 Due
ThetoLaw of Sines and the Law of Cosines
the information given, use the Law of Sines Draw a diagram to represent the situation.
to solve for B in ABC.  

 
Because two angles are now known, A  180 –
(41 + 56.2 ) or about 82.8 . Apply the Law of  
Sines again to find BC. Due to the information given, use the Law of Sines
to solve for B in ABC.

 
Notice that ABC' is an isosceles triangle, so B ≈ C',
B ≈ 56.2º, and thus C' ≈ 56.2º. Because two angles  
in ABC' are now known, A ≈ 180º – (56.2º + 56.2º) ≈ So, A ≈ 180º – (44º + 74.75º) or about 61.25º.
67.6º. Use the Law of Cosines to find BC'.  
Notice that ABC is an isosceles triangle. Draw an
altitude from vertex A to BC'.

 
Therefore, vehicles can pick up the broadcasting
signal for about 33.4 miles along the interstate. Use the sine function to find x.

26. BOATING   The light from a lighthouse can be 
seen from an 18-mile radius. A boat is anchored so
that it can just see the light from the lighthouse. A
second boat is located 25 miles away from the
lighthouse and is headed straight toward it, making a
44º angle with the lighthouse and the first boat. Find
the distance between the two boats when the second
boat enters the radius of the lighthouse light.
SOLUTION:   nearest degree.
Draw a diagram to represent the situation.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
 
Therefore, the distance between the two boats when
the second boat enters the radius of the lighthouse
light is 2(9.17) or about 18.3 miles.
Solve each triangle. Round side lengths to the
nearest tenth and angle measures to the
27.  ABC, if A = 42 , b = 12, and c = 19
SOLUTION:  
Page 14
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
measure.
 Find the measure of the remaining angle.
 
Therefore, the distance between the two boats when
4-7 the
The second
Lawboatofenters
Sinestheand
radius of the
the Lawlighthouse
of Cosines Therefore, B  39 , C  99 and a  12.9.
light is 2(9.17) or about 18.3 miles.

Solve each triangle. Round side lengths to the 28.  XYZ, if x = 5, y = 18, and z = 14
nearest tenth and angle measures to the
nearest degree. SOLUTION:  
27.  ABC, if A = 42 , b = 12, and c = 19 Use the Law of Cosines to find a missing angle
measure.
SOLUTION:  
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
measure.

 
Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle
measure. measure.

Find the measure of the remaining angle. Find the measure of the remaining angle.

Therefore, B  39 , C  99 and a  12.9. Therefore, X  11 , Y 137 and Z  32 .

29.  PQR, if P = 73 , q = 7, and r = 15

28.  XYZ, if x = 5, y = 18, and z = 14
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
Use the Law of Cosines to find a missing angle measure.
measure.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle

measure.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle

measure.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 15
 Find the measure of the remaining angle. Find the measure of the remaining angle.

4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines

Therefore, X  11 , Y 137 and Z  32 . Therefore, Q  27 , R  80 and p  14.6.

29.  PQR, if P = 73 , q = 7, and r = 15 30.  JKL, if J = 125 , k = 24, and l = 33

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
measure. measure.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle
measure. measure.

Find the measure of the remaining angle. Find the measure of the remaining angle.

Therefore, Q  27 , R  80 and p  14.6. Therefore, K  23 , L  32 and j  50.7.

30.  JKL, if J = 125 , k = 24, and l = 33 31.  RST, if r = 35, s = 22, and t = 25
SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing angle
measure. measure.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle

measure.
Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle
measure.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 16

 Find the measure of the remaining angle. Find the measure of the remaining angle.

4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines

Therefore, K  23 , L  32 and j  50.7. Therefore, R  96 , S  39 and T 45 .

31.  RST, if r = 35, s = 22, and t = 25 32.  FGH, if f = 39, g = 50, and h = 64
SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing angle Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing angle
measure. measure.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle
measure. measure.

Find the measure of the remaining angle.

Find the measure of the remaining angle.

Therefore, R  96 , S  39 and T 45 .

Therefore, F  38 , G 51 and H  91 .
32.  FGH, if f = 39, g = 50, and h = 64
33.  BCD, if B = 16 , c = 27, and d = 3
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing angle
measure. Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side
measure.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle

measure.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle

measure.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 17

 Find the measure of the remaining angle. Find the measure of the remaining angle.

4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines

Therefore, F  38 , G 51 and H  91 . Therefore, C  162 , D  2 and b  24.1.

33.  BCD, if B = 16 , c = 27, and d = 3 34.  LMN, if l = 12, m = 4, and n = 9

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing side Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing angle
measure. measure.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle

measure.

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle

measure.

Find the measure of the remaining angle.

Therefore, C  162 , D  2 and b  24.1.

Find the measure of the remaining angle.
34.  LMN, if l = 12, m = 4, and n = 9
SOLUTION:  
Therefore, L 131 , M  15 and N  34 .
Use the Law of Cosines to find the missing angle
measure. 35. AIRPLANES  During her shift, a pilot flies from the
Columbus to Atlanta, a distance of 448 miles, and
then on to the Phoenix, a distance of 1583 miles.
From Phoenix, she returns home to Columbus, a
distance of 1667 miles. Determine the angles of the
triangle created by her flight path.
SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram to represent the situation.
 

Use the Law of Sines to find a missing angle

measure.

 
Use the Law of Cosines to find an angle measure.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 18

Use the Law of Sines to find a second angle

 Find A.
Find the measure of the remaining angle.

4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines Therefore, the angles of the triangle created by the
Therefore, L 131 , M  15 and N  34 . flight path are about 15.6 , 71.5 , and 92.9 .

35. AIRPLANES  During her shift, a pilot flies from the 36. CATCH  Lola rolls a ball on the ground at an angle 
Columbus to Atlanta, a distance of 448 miles, and of 23° to the right of her dog Buttons. If the ball rolls
then on to the Phoenix, a distance of 1583 miles. a total distance of 48 feet, and she is standing 30 feet
From Phoenix, she returns home to Columbus, a away, how far will Buttons have to run to retrieve
distance of 1667 miles. Determine the angles of the the ball?
triangle created by her flight path.
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:   Draw a diagram to model the situation.
Draw a diagram to represent the situation.  
 

 
Use the Law of Cosines to find x.
 
Use the Law of Cosines to find an angle measure.

Therefore, Buttons will have to run 23.5 feet to

retrieve that ball.
Use the Law of Sines to find a second angle
measure. Use Heron’s Formula to find the area of each
triangle. Round to the nearest tenth.
37. x = 9 cm, y = 11 cm, z = 16 cm
SOLUTION:  
First, find the value of s.

 
Next, use Heron's Formula find the area of .
 
Find A.

Therefore, the angles of the triangle created by the  

2
flight path are about 15.6 , 71.5 , and 92.9 . Therefore, the area of is about 47.6 cm .

36. CATCH  Lola rolls a ball on the ground at an angle  38. x = 29 in., y = 25 in., z = 27 in.

of 23° to the right of her dog Buttons. If the ball rolls
a total distance of 48 feet, and she is standing 30 feet SOLUTION:  
away, how far will Buttons have to run to retrieve First, find the value of s.
the ball?
SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram to model the situation.
 
 
Next, use Heron's Formula find the area of .
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 19

 
  
 
4-7 Therefore,
The Lawtheofarea
Sines
of andisthe
aboutLaw of2Cosines
47.6 cm . 2
Therefore, the area of is about 167.6 ft .

38. x = 29 in., y = 25 in., z = 27 in. 41. x = 8 yd, y = 15 yd, z = 8 yd

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
First, find the value of s. First, find the value of s.

   
Next, use Heron's Formula find the area of . Next, use Heron's Formula find the area of .

   
2
Therefore, the area of is about 312.2 cm . Therefore, the area of
2
is about 20.9 ft .
39. x = 58 ft, y = 40 ft, z = 63 ft 42. x = 133 mi, y = 82 mi, z = 77 mi
SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
First, find the value of s. First, find the value of s.

   
Next, use Heron's Formula find the area of . Next, use Heron's Formula find the area of .

Therefore, the area of
40. x = 37 mm, y = 10 mm, z = 34mm
SOLUTION:   expand their backyard by purchasing a vacant lot
First, find the value of s.
2  
is about 1133.0 ft . 2
Therefore, the area of is about 2895.1 ft .
43. LANDSCAPING  The Steele family want to 
adjacent to their property. To get a rough
measurement of the area of the lot, Mr. Steele
counted the steps needed to walk around the border
and diagonal of the lot.

 
Next, use Heron's Formula find the area of .

 
Therefore, the area of
2
is about 167.6 ft . a. Estimate the entire area in steps.
b. Mr. Steele measured his step to be 1.8 feet.
41. x = 8 yd, y = 15 yd, z = 8 yd Determine the area of the lot in square feet.
SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 20
First, find the value of s. a. Find the area of the Steele’s property. First, find s.
4-7  The Law of Sines and the Law of 2Cosines
Therefore, the area of is about 2895.1 ft . Therefore, the area is about 14,617 square feet.

43. LANDSCAPING  The Steele family want to  44. DANCE  During a performance, a dancer remained
expand their backyard by purchasing a vacant lot
adjacent to their property. To get a rough
measurement of the area of the lot, Mr. Steele
counted the steps needed to walk around the border
and diagonal of the lot.
within a triangular area of the stage.
a. Find the area of stage used in the performance.
b. If the stage is 250 square feet, determine the
percentage of the stage used in the performance.
SOLUTION:  
a. Use Heron’s Formula to find the area. First find s.

a. Estimate the entire area in steps.

b. Mr. Steele measured his step to be 1.8 feet.  
Determine the area of the lot in square feet.
SOLUTION:  
a. Find the area of the Steele’s property. First, find s.
Therefore, the area of stage used in the performance
is 163.9 square feet.
 
b. The stage is 250 square feet. So, 163.9 ÷ 250 =
0.656 or about 66% of the stage is used in the
Use Heron's Formula find the area of the triangle. performance

Find the area of each triangle to the nearest

tenth.
  45.  ABC, if A = 98 , b = 13 mm, and c = 8 mm
Next, find the area of the vacant lot.
SOLUTION:  

Use Heron's Formula find the area of the triangle.

2
Therefore, the area of ABC is about 51.5 mm .

 
46.  JKL, if L = 67 , j = 11 yd, and k = 24 yd
Therefore, the total area is 963.1 + 3548.4 or about
4511.5 square steps. SOLUTION:  
 
b. Use dimensional analysis to convert the area from
square steps to square feet.

2
Therefore, the area of ABC is about 121.5 mm .

47.  RST, if R = 35 , s = 42 ft, and t = 26 ft

Therefore, the area is about 14,617 square feet.
SOLUTION:  
44. DANCE
eSolutions Manual  During a performance, a dancer remained
- Powered by Cognero Page 21
within a triangular area of the stage.

4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines
2
Therefore, the area of ABC is about 121.5 mm .
47.  RST, if R = 35 , s = 42 ft, and t = 26 ft
SOLUTION:  
of at least 75 square feet, what is the measure of the
third side?
SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram to model the situation of a triangle
with side lengths of 15 and 18 feet. Because the 42º
angle is a nonincluded angle, there are two possible
triangles that can be formed.

2  
Therefore, the area of ABC is about 313.2 mm . Triangle 1
Use the Law of Sines to find C.
48.  XYZ, if Y = 124 , x = 16 m, and z = 18 m
SOLUTION:  

2
Therefore, the area of ABC is about 119.4 mm .
 
49.  FGH, if F = 41 , g = 22 in., and h = 36 in. So, C = 180º – (42º + 53.41º) or about 84.59º. Use
the Law of Sines again to find c.
SOLUTION:  

2 Find the area of the triangle to make sure that it is at

Therefore, the area of ABC is about 259.8 mm .
least 75 square feet.
50.  PQR, if Q = 153 , p = 27 cm, and r = 21 cm
SOLUTION:  

 
Triangle 2
Use the Law of Sines to find C.
2
Therefore, the area of ABC is about 128.7 mm .

51. DESIGN  A free-standing art project requires a

triangular support piece for stability. Two sides of
the triangle must measure 18 and 15 feet in length  
and a nonincluded angle must measure 42 . If
support purposes require the triangle to have an area
of at least 75 square feet, what is the measure of the
third side?  
SOLUTION:   So, C = 180º – (42º + 33.89º) or about 104.11º. Use
Draw a diagram to model the situation of a triangle the Law of Sines again to find c.
with side lengths of 15 and 18 feet. Because the 42º
angle
eSolutions is a nonincluded
Manual angle, there are two possible
- Powered by Cognero Page 22
triangles that can be formed.
4-7  The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines
So, C = 180º – (42º + 33.89º) or about 104.11º. Use
the Law of Sines again to find c.
Therefore, the measure of the third side is about 22.3
ft or about 26.1 ft.
Use Heron’s Formula to find the area of each
figure. Round answers to the nearest tenth.

Find the area of the triangle to make sure that it is at

least 75 square feet.

52. 
SOLUTION:  
Find the area of PQR. Because three side lengths
Therefore, the measure of the third side is about 22.3 are given, you can use Heron’s formula. First, find s.
ft or about 26.1 ft.

Use Heron’s Formula to find the area of each

figure. Round answers to the nearest tenth.
 

 
Find the area of RSU. RU = 38.1 + 24.3 = 62.4.

52.   
SOLUTION:  
Find the area of PQR. Because three side lengths  
 
Find the area of STV. SV = 34 + 43.2 = 77.2

Therefore, the total area is 808.2 + 1009.6 + 1143.2

= 2961.0 square meters.

53. 
SOLUTION:  
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero First, find the area of EFJ. Because three side
Page 23
lengths are given, you can use Heron’s formula.
First, find s.
  

Therefore, the total area is 808.2 + 1009.6 + 1143.2  

4-7 The
= Law
2961.0 of meters.
square Sines and the Law of Cosines Therefore, the total area is 110.7 + 178 or about
288.7 square millimeters.

54. 
SOLUTION:  
First, find the area of ABD. Because three side
53.  lengths are given, you can use Heron’s formula.
First, find s.
SOLUTION:  
First, find the area of EFJ. Because three side
lengths are given, you can use Heron’s formula.
First, find s.

 
Find the area of BCD.

 
Find the area of FGH.

 
Therefore, the total area is 15.0 + 28.3 or about 43.3
square centimeters.
 
Therefore, the total area is 110.7 + 178 or about
288.7 square millimeters.

55. 

54.  SOLUTION:  
First, find the area of KLN. Because three side
SOLUTION:   lengths are given, you can use Heron’s formula.
First, find the area of ABD. Because three side First, find s.
lengths are given, you can use Heron’s formula.
First, find s.

 
Find the area of LMN.
 
Find the area of BCD.

 
Therefore, the total area 600 + 462.6 or about 1062.6
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero square feet. Page 24
 
Therefore, the total area is 15.0 + 28.3 or about 43.3 56. ZIP LINES  A tourist attraction currently has its 
square centimeters.
  
4-7 Therefore,
The Lawtheoftotal
Sines
area isand
15.0the Law
+ 28.3 of Cosines
or about 43.3
SOLUTION:  
square centimeters.
Draw a diagram to represent the situation.

55. 
SOLUTION:  
First, find the area of KLN. Because three side
lengths are given, you can use Heron’s formula.
First, find s.

 
Recall from Geometry that when two parallel lines
are cut by a transversal, then consecutive angles are
  supplementary.
 
Find the area of LMN.
∠A + 39 + 72 = 180
∠A = 69
 
∠C = 72° − 31° = 41°
 
  ∠B = 180° − (69° + 41°) = 70°.
Therefore, the total area 600 + 462.6 or about 1062.6  
square feet. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
56. ZIP LINES  A tourist attraction currently has its 
base connected to a tree platform 150 meters away
by a zip line. The owners now want to connect the
base to a second platform located across a canyon
and then connect the platforms to each other. The
bearings from the base to each platform and from
platform 1 to platform 2 are given. Find the distances
from the base to platform 2 and from platform 1 to
platform 2.
 
Use the Law of Sines again to find c.

SOLUTION:  
Draw a diagram to represent the situation.  
Therefore, the distance from the base to platform 2
is about 149.02 meters, and the distance from
platform 1 to platform 2 is about 104.72 meters.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 25
57. LIGHTHOUSES  The bearing from the South Bay 
lighthouse to the Steep Rock lighthouse 25 miles
away is N 28 E. A small boat in distress spotted
  
Therefore, the distance from the base to platform 2
4-7 The
is Law
about ofmeters,
149.02 Sinesandandthe the Law
distance of Cosines
from
 
platform 1 to platform 2 is about 104.72 meters.
Use the Law of Sines again to find the distance from
57. LIGHTHOUSES  The bearing from the South Bay  the lighthouse at Steep Rock to the boat.
lighthouse to the Steep Rock lighthouse 25 miles
away is N 28 E. A small boat in distress spotted
off the coast by each lighthouse has a bearing of N
50 W from South Bay and S 80 W from Steep
Rock. How far is each tower from the boat?

 
Therefore, South Bay is about 25.72 miles from the
boat and Steep Rock is about 31.92 miles from the
boat.

Find the area of each figure. Round answers to

SOLUTION:   the nearest tenth.
Draw a diagram to represent the situation.

58. 
SOLUTION:  
First, find the area of the triangle with side lengths of
43 and 32 cm.

 
Recall from Geometry that when two parallel lines  
are cut by a transversal, then alternate interior angles Next, find the area of the triangle with side lengths
are congruent. Therefore, C in ABC is 80 – of 43 and 51 cm.
28 = 52 .
 
B = 50 + 28 = 78
   
A = 180 – (52 + 78 ) = 50 Therefore, the total area of the figure is 394.6 +
2
  548.3 or about 942.9 cm .
Use the Law of Sines to find the distance from the
lighthouse at South Bay to the boat.

59. 
 
Use the Law of Sines again to find the distance from
the lighthouse at Steep Rock to the boat.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
SOLUTION:  
Each of the triangles that make up this composite
figure have one side length of 36 mm, a second side
length of 42 mm, and an included angle of 26°. Use
these values to find the area for one triangle.
Page 26

 
  
Therefore, the total area of the figure is 394.6 +  
Therefore, the total area of the figure is 2404.91 +
4-7 548.3
The orLaw
aboutof942.9
Sines
cm and
2
. the Law of Cosines 2
1544.45 or about 3949.4 ft .

59. 
SOLUTION:  
61. 
Each of the triangles that make up this composite
figure have one side length of 36 mm, a second side SOLUTION:  
length of 42 mm, and an included angle of 26°. Use First, find the area of the triangle with side lengths of
these values to find the area for one triangle. 32 and 37.5 in.

   
Therefore, the total area is 3(331.4) or about 994.2 Next, find the area of the triangle with side lengths
2
mm . of 32 and 42 in.

 
Therefore, the total area of the figure is 369.4 +
2
514.8 or about 884.2 in .

62. BRIDGE DESIGN   In the figure below,  =
60. 
45 ,  = 55°,  , B is the
SOLUTION:   midpoint of AC, and DE  EG. If AD = 4 feet, DE
First, find the area of the triangle with side lengths of = 12 feet, and CE = 14 feet, find BF.
65 and 81 ft.  
 

 
Next, find the area of the triangle with side lengths
of 67 and 87 ft.
SOLUTION:  
Because AD = 4 and DE = 12, AE = 16. It is given
that CE = 14 and CED = 55 .
 
 
Therefore, the total area of the figure is 2404.91 +
2
1544.45 or about 3949.4 ft .

 
Use the Law of Cosines to find AC.

61.  Manual - Powered by Cognero

eSolutions Page 27

SOLUTION:    
Because B is the midpoint of AC, AB 6.98.
First, find the area of the triangle with side lengths of
 63. BUILDINGS  Barbara wants to know the distance 
between the tops of two buildings R and S. On the
4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines top of her building, she measures the distance
  between the points T and U and finds the given angle
Use the Law of Cosines to find AC. measures. Find the distance between the two
buildings.

 
Because B is the midpoint of AC, AB 6.98.

SOLUTION:  
Because two side lengths of ABC are now known, Label the point at which and intersect as X.
the Pythagorean Theorem can be used to find BD.

 
Notice that FDG is a 45 -45 -90 triangle.
Because DE = 12 and DE ≅ EG, EG = 12. So, DG
= 24.

 
TXU is 180 − (65 + 38 ) = 77 . Use the Law
From the properties of 45 -45 -90 triangles, 24 = of Sines to find
 So, x =
 
Because BDA = 90 and FDE = 45 , BDF
= 45 . The measures of BD, DF, and BDF are
now known.

 
SXU = 180 − 77 = 103  
XSU = 180 − (54 + 103 ) = 23
 
Use the Law of Sines to find
 
 
Use the Law of Cosines to find BF.

63. BUILDINGS  Barbara wants to know the distance 
between the tops of two buildings R and S. On the  
top of her building, she measures the distance Because RXT and SXU are vertical angles,
between the points T and U and finds the given angle
RXT is 103 . Therefore, XRT is 180 − (53
measures. Find the distance between the two
buildings.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero + 103 ) = 24 . Use the Law of Sines to find Page 28
  
 
4-7 Because
The LawRXT
of Sines and the Law of Cosines
and SXU are vertical angles,
Therefore, the distance between the two buildings is
about 40.9 meters.
RXT is 103 . Therefore, XRT is 180 − (53
+ 103 ) = 24 . Use the Law of Sines to find 64. DRIVING  After a high school football game, Della 
left the parking lot traveling 35 miles per hour in the
direction N 55 E. If Devon left 20 minutes after
Della at 45 miles per hour in the direction S 10 W,
how far apart are Devon and Della an hour and a
half after Della left?

 
Because ∠TXU and ∠RXS are vertical angles,
∠RXS is 77°. Use the Law of Cosines to find 
 

Therefore, the distance between the two buildings is
about 40.9 meters.
64. DRIVING  After a high school football game, Della 
left the parking lot traveling 35 miles per hour in the
direction N 55 E. If Devon left 20 minutes after
Della at 45 miles per hour in the direction S 10 W,
how far apart are Devon and Della an hour and a
half after Della left?
SOLUTION:  
Use the distance formula d = rt, where r is the rate
and t is time.
For Della, the distance traveled is d = 35(1.5) or 52.5
miles. Because Devon left 20 minutes after Della,
the time that he has been driving is
 or about 1.17 hours. So, 
for Devon, the distance traveled is d ≈ 45(1.17) or
about 52.5 miles.
 
Because Della is traveling N 55º E and Devon is
traveling S 10º W, the angle between them is 35° +
90° + 10° or 135°, as shown.

SOLUTION:  
Use the distance formula d = rt, where r is the rate
and t is time.
 
For Della, the distance traveled is d = 35(1.5) or 52.5
miles. Because Devon left 20 minutes after Della,  
the time that he has been driving is Use the Law of Cosines to find the distance
between them.
 or about 1.17 hours. So, 

for Devon, the distance traveled is d ≈ 45(1.17) or

about 52.5 miles.
Because Della is traveling N 55º E and Devon is
traveling S 10º W, the angle between them is 35° +
90° + 10° or 135°, as shown.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
Therefore, after an hour and a half, Devon and Della
are about 97 miles apart.
65. ERROR ANALYSIS  Monique and Rogelio are
Page 29
solving an acute triangle in which  = 34 , a =
16, and b = 21. Monique thinks that the triangle has
  
  The Pythagorean Theorem should be used to find a
4-7 Therefore,
The Lawafter
of an
Sines anda half,
hour and the Devon
Law and
of Cosines
Della missing side length of a right triangle when given two
are about 97 miles apart. side lengths. However, the Pythagorean Theorem
can only be used to solve for the missing side. For
65. ERROR ANALYSIS  Monique and Rogelio are example, use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x in
solving an acute triangle in which  = 34 , a = the in ΔABC.
16, and b = 21. Monique thinks that the triangle has
one solution, while Rogelio thinks that the triangle
has no solution. Is either of them correct? Explain
your reasoning.
SOLUTION:  
This problem involves the ambiguous case. There  
may be 0, 1, or 2 solutions. Compare a with b and h. The trigonometric ratios can be used to solve a right
  triangle when given two side lengths or one side
length and the measure of an acute angle of the
For the acute case, h =  21 sin 34 or 11.7. Because
triangle. For example, you can use trigonometry to
a < b and h < a, there are two solutions. Therefore,
neither Monique nor Rogelio are correct. find the measure of ∠A in ΔABC.

66. Writing in Math  Explain the different

circumstances in which you would use the Law of
Cosines, the Law of Sines, the Pythagorean
Theorem, and the trigonometric ratios to solve a
triangle.
67. REASONING  Why does an obtuse measurement
SOLUTION:   appear on the graphing calculator for inverse cosine
The Law of Cosines should be used to solve an while negative measures appear for inverse sine?
oblique triangle when given three side lengths or two
side lengths and the included angle. For example, use SOLUTION:  
the Law of Cosines to find x in ΔABC.  The range of sine is [–1, 1], which is included in the
domain of [−90, 90] or [− , ]. Since the range
includes negative numbers, it is possible for the
inverse sign to be negative.

The Law of Sines should be used to solve an oblique
triangle when given the measures of two angles and
a noninlcuded side, two angles and the included side,
or two sides and a nonincluded angle. For example,
use the Law of Sines to find x in ΔQRS.
 
The range of cosine is [–1, 1], which is included in
the domain of [0, 180] or [0, ]. Since the domain is
from [0, 180] it is possible for there to be obtuse
measurements.

 
The Pythagorean Theorem should be used to find a  
missing side length of a right triangle when given two  
side lengths. However, the Pythagorean Theorem  
can only be used to solve for the missing side. For
example, use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x in 68. PROOF  Show for a given rhombus with a side
eSolutions Manual
the in ΔABC.- Powered by Cognero Page 30
length of s and an included angle of θ that the area
2
can be found with the formula A = s sin θ.
 2
for one of the triangles is s sin . To find the
 
area of the rhombus, double the area for one
4-7  The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines 2
  triangle. So, the area of rhombus ABCD is s sin .

68. PROOF  Show for a given rhombus with a side 69. PROOF  Derive the Law of Sines.
length of s and an included angle of θ that the area
2 SOLUTION:  
can be found with the formula A = s sin θ.
SOLUTION:  
Draw rhombus ABCD with side length of s.

Sample answer: Let h 1 be an altitude of either

triangle shown above. From the definition of the sine
function, h 1 = b sin A, and h 1 = a sin B. Therefore, b
sin A = a sin B.
A line drawn from B to D creates two congruent
triangles. Using the area formula for SAS, the area Dividing by ab yields  =  , where sin A ≠
2 0 and sin B  0. 
for one of the triangles is s sin . To find the
 
area of the rhombus, double the area for one  
2
triangle. So, the area of rhombus ABCD is s sin . When an altitude h 2 is drawn from vertex B to side

69. PROOF  Derive the Law of Sines. AC (extended in the obtuse triangle), h 2 = c sin A,
and h 2 = a sin C. 
SOLUTION:  
 
Therefore, c sin A = a sin C.
Dividing by ac yields  =  . 
 
Sample answer: Let h 1 be an altitude of either By the Transitive Property of equality,  = 
triangle shown above. From the definition of the sine
function, h 1 = b sin A, and h 1 = a sin B. Therefore, b  =  .
sin A = a sin B.
Dividing by ab yields  =  , where sin A ≠ 70. PROOF  Consider the figure below.

0 and sin B  0. 

 
 
When an altitude h 2 is drawn from vertex B to side
AC (extended in the obtuse triangle), h 2 = c sin A,
a. Use the figure and hints below to derive the first
and h 2 = a sin C.  2 2 2
formula a = b + c − 2bc cos A in the Law of
  Cosines.
Therefore, c sin A = a sin C. *  Use the Pythagorean Theorem for  DBC.
2 2 2
Dividing by ac yields  =  .  *  In  ADB, c = x + h .

  *  cos A =

By the Transitive Property of equality,  
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 =  .
=  b. Explain how you would go about deriving the
other two formulas in the Law of Cosines.
Page 31
SOLUTION:  
a.
First use the Pythagorean Theorem on ΔDCB.

By the Transitive Property of equality,  
4-7 The  = 
Law of. Sines and the Law of Cosines
70. PROOF  Consider the figure below.
above Mars and is now positioned directly above one
=  of the poles. The radius of Mars is 2110 miles. If the
satellite was positioned at point X 14 minutes ago,
approximately how many hours does it take for the
satellite to complete a full orbit, assuming that it
travels at a constant rate around a circular orbit?

a. Use the figure and hints below to derive the first SOLUTION:  
2 2 2
formula a = b + c − 2bc cos A in the Law of Draw a diagram to represent the situation. Let B
Cosines. represent the location of the satellite when directly
*  Use the Pythagorean Theorem for  DBC. above the pole, let A represent a point directly below
2 2 2 B on the surface of Mars, and let C represent the
*  In  ADB, c = x + h .
center of Mars.
*  cos A =
b. Explain how you would go about deriving the
other two formulas in the Law of Cosines.
SOLUTION:  
a.
First use the Pythagorean Theorem on ΔDCB.
2 2
a 2 = (b − x) + h                    Pyth Thm.
   
Foil and simplify.  To find the amount of time that it takes for the
2 2 2 2 2
a 2 = b − 2bx + x + h            Expand (b − x) + h . satellite to complete one full orbit, start by finding the
  measure of the arc intercepted by points B and X.
2 2 2  
Substitute x + h . for c .
2 2 2 2 2  
a 2 = b − 2bx + c                    c = x + h .
  Use the information given to find the measure of
Substitute c cos A for x. 
2 2
a 2 = b − 2b(c cos A) + c        x = c cos A.
 
Then simplify.   
2 2 The length of XC is 2110 + 850 or 2960 miles.
a 2 = b + c − 2bc cos A          Comm. Prop. Two side lengths and an angle measure are now
  known.
b. To solve for b 2 and c2, altitudes can be drawn
from A and C and the same process can be used.

71. CHALLENGE  A satellite is orbiting 850 miles

above Mars and is now positioned directly above one
of the poles. The radius of Mars is 2110 miles. If the
satellite was positioned at point X 14 minutes ago,
approximately how many hours does it take for the
satellite to complete a full orbit, assuming that it
travels at a constant rate around a circular orbit?  
Use the Law of Sines to find

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 32

  
4-7  The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines Therefore, one full orbit takes approximately 4.36
hours or 4 hours and 22 minutes.
Use the Law of Sines to find
72. Writing in Math  Describe why solving a triangle in
which h < a < b using the Law of Sines results in
two solutions. Is this also true when using the Law
of Cosines? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:  
On the unit circle, the sine function is positive in the
first two quadrants, or when 0 < θ < π. Additionally,
if sin  = x, there also exists sin (180 − ) = x. This
  suggests that there will be two possible values of θ
So, is 180º – (125º + 35.73º) or about 19.27º. −1
when finding sin x= . 
 
Because point B is directly above point A,
 From geometry,  =
. Therefore, ≈ 19.27 . Find the amount
of time that it takes to complete one full orbit or 360º.

 
Convert 261.55 minutes to hours.  
This does not apply to the Law of Cosines. The 
cosine function is only positive on − <  <  .
  Because the measure of an angle of a triangle must
Therefore, one full orbit takes approximately 4.36 be greater than zero, there is only one value for .
hours or 4 hours and 22 minutes.
Find the exact value of each expression, if it
72. Writing in Math  Describe why solving a triangle in exists.
which h < a < b using the Law of Sines results in
two solutions. Is this also true when using the Law 73. 
of Cosines? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:  
On the unit circle, the sine function is positive in the
first two quadrants, or when 0 < θ < π. Additionally,
if sin  = x, there also exists sin (180 − ) = x. This Find a point on the unit circle on the interval
suggests that there will be two possible values of θ  with a x-coordinate of .
−1
when finding sin x= . 

–1
When t = , cos t = . Therefore, cos  =
 
This does not apply to the Law of Cosines. The 
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cosine function is only positive on − <  <  . . Page 33

Because the measure of an angle of a triangle must

 This does not apply to the Law of Cosines. The  –1
cosine function is only positive on − <  <  . When t = , sin t = . Therefore, sin  = 

4-7 Because
The Law the measure
of Sinesof an
andangle
theof Law
a triangle
of must
Cosines .
be greater than zero, there is only one value for .

Find the exact value of each expression, if it 75. arctan 1

exists.
SOLUTION:  
73.  Find a point on the unit circle on the interval

SOLUTION:    such that  =1.

Find a point on the unit circle on the interval

 with a x-coordinate of .

–1
When t = , tan t = . Therefore, tan 1=

–1
When t = , cos t = . Therefore, cos  = .

.
76. sin−1

74. sin−1 SOLUTION:  
Find a point on the unit circle on the interval
SOLUTION:    with a y-coordinate of .
Find a point on the unit circle on the interval

 with a y-coordinate of .

 
–1
When t = , sin t = . Therefore, sin  = 
–1
When t = , sin t = . Therefore, sin  = 
.
.
Identify the damping factor f(x )of each function.
Then use a graphing calculator to sketch the
75. arctan 1 graphs of f (x), −f (x), and the given function in
SOLUTION:   the same viewing window. Describe the
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero behavior of the graph. Page 34
Find a point on the unit circle on the interval
77. y = −2x sin x
 such that  =1.
SOLUTION:  
 –1
When t = , sin t = . Therefore, sin  = 

4-7 The
. Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines The amplitude of the function is decreasing as x
approaches 0.

Identify the damping factor f(x )of each function. 79. y = (x – 1)2 sin x
Then use a graphing calculator to sketch the
graphs of f (x), −f (x), and the given function in SOLUTION:  
the same viewing window. Describe the 2
The function y = (x – 1) sin x is the product of the
behavior of the graph. 2
77. y = −2x sin x functions y = (x – 1) and y = sin x, so f (x) = (x – 1)
2
.
SOLUTION:  
The function y = −2x sin x is the product of the
functions y = −2x and y = sin x, so f (x) = −2x.

The amplitude of the function is decreasing as x

approaches 0.

The amplitude of the function is decreasing as x 80. y = −4x2 cos x

approaches 0.
SOLUTION:  
2
The function y = −4x cos x is the product of the
78. y = x cos x 2 2
functions y = −4x and y = cos x, so f (x) = −4x .

SOLUTION:  

The function y = x cos x is the product of the

functions y = x and y = cos x, so f (x) = x.

The amplitude of the function is decreasing as x

approaches 0.

81. CARTOGRAPHY  The distance around Earth 
along a given latitude can be found using C =
, where r is the radius of Earth and L is the
latitude. The radius of Earth is approximately 3960
The amplitude of the function is decreasing as x miles. Make a table of values for the latitude and
approaches 0. corresponding distance around Earth that includes L
= 0 , 30 , 45 , 60 , and 90 . Use the table to
79. y = (x – 1)2 sin x describe the distances along the latitudes as you go
SOLUTION:   from 0 at the equator to 90 at a pole.
2
The function y = (x – 1) sin x is the product of the SOLUTION:  
2
functions y = (x – 1) and y = sin x, so f (x) = (x – 1) Substitute 0 , 30 , 45 , 60 , and 90 for L in C =
2 2pr cos L, to determine the corresponding distance.
.
Latitude Distance
0º 24,881.4
30º 21,547.9
45º 17,593.8
60º 12,440.7
90º 0
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 35
 
The amplitude of the function is decreasing as x The distances range from about 24,881 miles to 0
approaches 0. miles.
 x
The equation is approximately y = 1.0091(0.9805) .
4-7 Theamplitude
The Law ofofSines andisthe
the function Law of
decreasing as xCosines
 
approaches 0.
b. Let eu = 0.9805. Solve for u.
81. CARTOGRAPHY  The distance around Earth 
along a given latitude can be found using C =
, where r is the radius of Earth and L is the
latitude. The radius of Earth is approximately 3960
miles. Make a table of values for the latitude and
corresponding distance around Earth that includes L −0.0197
Substitute e for 0.9805 in the regression
= 0 , 30 , 45 , 60 , and 90 . Use the table to equation.
describe the distances along the latitudes as you go
from 0 at the equator to 90 at a pole.
SOLUTION:    
Substitute 0 , 30 , 45 , 60 , and 90 for L in C = c. From the regression equation ,
2pr cos L, to determine the corresponding distance. the value of N 0 is 1.0091 and the value of N should
Latitude Distance
be 0.01. Solve for x.
0º 24,881.4
 
30º 21,547.9
45º 17,593.8
60º 12,440.7
90º 0
 
The distances range from about 24,881 miles to 0
miles.

82. RADIOACTIVITY  A scientist starts with a 1-

gram sample of lead-211. The amount of the sample
remaining after various times is shown in the table
below.

a. Find an exponential regression equation for the
amount y of lead as a function of time x.
b. Write the regression equation in terms of base e.
c. Use the equation from part b to estimate when
there will be 0.01 gram of lead-211 present.
83. –1, 1, 5
SOLUTION:  
a. Enter the data into the calculator and then select
ExpReg.
 
There will be 0.01 gram remaining after about 234
minutes.
Write a polynomial function of least degree with
real coefficients in standard form that has the
given zeros.
SOLUTION:  
Using the Linear Factorization Theorem and the
zeros  −1, 1, and 5, write f (x) as follows.
f(x) = a[x − (–1)][x − (1)][x − (5)]
Let a = 1. Then write the function in standard form.

x
The equation is approximately y = 1.0091(0.9805) .
   
Therefore, a function of least degree that has −1, 1,
b. Let eu = 0.9805. Solve for u. 3 2
and 5, as zeros is f (x) = x – 5x – x + 5  or any 
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
nonzero multiple of f (x). Page 36

84. –2, −0.5, 4
 Multiply the polynomial by 2 so that the coefficient of
2
  the x -term is an integer. Therefore, a function of
least degree that has −2, –0.5, and 4, as zeros is f (x)
4-7 There
The Law
will be of
0.01Sines and theafter
gram remaining Law of 234
about Cosines 3 2
minutes. = 2x – 3x – 18x – 8or any nonzero multiple of f (x).

Write a polynomial function of least degree with 85. −3, −2i, 2i

real coefficients in standard form that has the
given zeros. SOLUTION:  
83. –1, 1, 5 Using the Linear Factorization Theorem and the
zeros –3,  2i, and −2i, write f (x) as follows.
SOLUTION:  
f(x) = a[x − (–3)] [x − (2i)][x − (−2i)]
Using the Linear Factorization Theorem and the  
zeros  −1, 1, and 5, write f (x) as follows. Let a = 1. Then write the function in standard form.
f(x) = a[x − (–1)][x − (1)][x − (5)]
 
Let a = 1. Then write the function in standard form.

 
Therefore, a function of least degree that has −1, 1,
3 2
and 5, as zeros is f (x) = x – 5x – x + 5  or any 
nonzero multiple of f (x).
84. –2, −0.5, 4
SOLUTION:   zeros  –5i , – i , i, and 5i, write f (x) as follows.
Using the Linear Factorization Theorem and the
zeros  −2, –0.5, and 4, write f (x) as follows.
f(x) = a[x − (–2)][x − (–0.5)][x − (4)]
Let a = 1. Then write the function in standard form.
Therefore, a function of least degree that has –3,  2i,
3 2
and −2i as zeros is f (x) = x + 3x + 4x + 12or any
nonzero multiple of f (x).
86. –5i, −i, i, 5i
SOLUTION:  
Using the Linear Factorization Theorem and the
f(x) = a [x − (–5i)][x − (−i)][x − (i)][x − (5i)]
Let a = 1. Then write the function in standard form.

 
Therefore, a function of least degree that has –5i , –
4 2
i , i, and 5i as zeros is f (x) = x + 26x + 25or any
nonzero multiple of f (x).
 
87. SAT/ACT  Which of the following is the perimeter
Multiply the polynomial by 2 so that the coefficient of
2 of the triangle shown?
the x -term is an integer. Therefore, a function of
least degree that has −2, –0.5, and 4, as zeros is f (x)
3 2
= 2x – 3x – 18x – 8or any nonzero multiple of f (x).

85. −3, −2i, 2i
SOLUTION:  
A 49.0 cm
Using the Linear Factorization Theorem and the
B 66.0 cm
zeros –3,  2i, and −2i, write f (x) as follows.
C 71.2 cm
f(x) = a[x − (–3)] [x − (2i)][x − (−2i)]
  D 91.4 cm
Let a = 1. Then write the function in standard form. E 93.2 cm
SOLUTION:  
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 37
When the altitude is drawn on the triangle, it is
separated into two congruent right triangles.
Because an acute angle and the opposite side length
  
Therefore, a function of least degree that has –5i , –  
4 2
4-7 iThe
, i, and 5i asof
Law Sines
zeros is f (x)and
= x the
+ 26xLaw ofany
+ 25or Cosines The perimeter of the triangle is 22 + 2(35.6) ≈ 93.2 
nonzero multiple of f (x). cm. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

87. SAT/ACT  Which of the following is the perimeter 88. In DEF, what is the value of θ to the nearest
of the triangle shown? degree?

F 26
G 74
A 49.0 cm
H 80
B 66.0 cm
J 141
C 71.2 cm
D 91.4 cm SOLUTION:  
E 93.2 cm Use the Law of Cosines to find θ.
SOLUTION:  
When the altitude is drawn on the triangle, it is
separated into two congruent right triangles.
Because an acute angle and the opposite side length
are given, you can use the sine function to find the
length of the hypotenuse.
 
Therefore, the correct answer is G.

89. FREE RESPONSE  The pendulum below moves

according to θ =  cos 12t, where θ is the angular
 
displacement in radians and t is the time in seconds.

a. Set the mode to radians and graph the function

for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
  b. What are the period, amplitude, and frequency of
The perimeter of the triangle is 22 + 2(35.6) ≈ 93.2  the function? What do they mean in the context of
cm. Therefore, the correct answer is E. this situation?
c. What is the maximum angular displacement of the
88. In DEF, what is the value of θ to the nearest pendulum in degrees?
degree? d. What does the midline of the graph represent?
e . At what times is the pendulum displaced 5
degrees?
SOLUTION:  
a.
F 26
G 74
H 80
J 141
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 38
SOLUTION:  
Use the Law of Cosines to find θ.
 pendulum in degrees?
d. What does the midline of the graph represent?
e . At what times is the pendulum displaced 5  
degrees? d. The midline represents when the pendulum is
4-7 The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines vertical and there is no angular displacement.
SOLUTION:    
a. e . Draw a diagram of the situation.
 

 
  Convert 5º to radians.
b. Period:
 
 
Determine the time θ = on 0 < t < 0.524.

 
The period represents the amount of time that it
takes for the pendulum to complete one full swing or
cycle.
Amplitude:

 
The amplitude represents the maximum angular
displacement of the pendulum.
 
Frequency:
So, the pendulum is displaced 5º after 0.101 second.
Determine the time when the pendulum is vertical.

 
The frequency represents the number of swings or
cycles that the pendulum completes per second.
 
c. The maximum angular displacement occurs when

θ=

 
d. The midline represents when the pendulum is
vertical and there is no angular displacement.
 
e . Draw a diagram of the situation.
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The pendulum is vertical when t = or about
0.1309 second, which is 0.0299 second after the
pendulum was displaced 5 the first time. So, the
pendulum is displaced 5 for a second time at
0.1608 second.
 
Therefore, in general, the pendulum is displaced 5º at
about 0.101 + 0.524n seconds and 0.161 + 0.524n
Page 39
seconds.
 0.1309 second, which is 0.0299 second after the
pendulum was displaced 5 the first time. So, the
pendulum is displaced 5 for a second time at
0.1608 second.
4-7  The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines
Therefore, in general, the pendulum is displaced 5º at
about 0.101 + 0.524n seconds and 0.161 + 0.524n
seconds.

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