Digestive System Study Guide

Mouth- Tongue, teeth, and saliva from the salivary glands (all are accessory organs) change food into
soft mass called a bolus. Both mechanical (teeth, tongue) and chemical (saliva) digestion take place
here.

Teeth- What is used to physically breakdown large chunks of food before it is swallowed.

Salivary Glands- Salivary glands is an accessory organ to the digestive system. There are 3 types of
salivary glands: Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual. Salivary glands convey their exocrine secretions
through ducts into the tract. Thin, watery, and free of mucous salivary secretions are said to be serous in
nature. The largest salivary gland is the parotid gland. Submandibular glands are mixed or compound
salivary glands because they contain both serous and mucous producing secretory cells. The smallest of
the main salivary glands is the sublingual gland and it is the only salivary gland that only produces
mucous saliva.

Esophagus- Muscular tube moves food to stomach using peristalsis (muscle contractions). Small
amounts of mechanical digestion takes places here.

Stomach- Muscular sac that turns food into a thin, watery liquid called chyme. Mechanical digestion
takes place by peristalsis. Chemical digestion takes place by digestive juices/enzymes.

Liver- The liver is one of the accessory organs to the digestive system. It secretes bile into the ducts and
is the largest gland in the body also considered an exocrine gland. The hepatic duct drains the bile from
the liver.

Gallbladder- The gallbladder is an accessory organ to the digestive system. It concentrates and stores
bile from the liver. By the cystic duct the bile enters and leaves the gallbladder.

Pancreas- it is one of the accessory organs to the digestive system. It is considered as an exocrine gland.

Small Intestine- Long tube (small diameter) that functions in nutrient absorption. Lines with villi: finger-
like projection. Each villus is composed of cells that have microvilli. Cells transport nutrients to the
bloodstream, through capillary beds to be distributed to the body cells. Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
all help the small intestine with chemical digestion.

Large Intestine- Absorbs water from undigested chyme. Chyme can be in the large intestine for as long
as three days. No digestion takes place here.

Rectum- Stores solid waste called feces until it is released from the body through peristalsis. No
digestion takes place here.

Anus- Releases undigested food/waste, in the form of feces, from the body. No digestion takes place
here.

As the peristalsis movement pushes food down the GI tracts, segmentation contractions further assist in
mixing food with digestive juices and helps continue the mechanical breakdown of larger food particles.

Mechanical vs Chemical Digestion

Juices- The release of digestive juices is part of the secretion mechanism. Amylase in saliva and
pancreatic juices have a resulting product as maltose.

Pancreatic- The pancreatic cells secrete pancreatic juice (most important digestive juice) into pancreatic
ducts; main duct empties into the duodenum.

Gastric- Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes.

Bile- Made by liver, stored in gallbladder, enters digestive system in small intestine

Saliva- Made by salivary glands, aids in breakdown of complex carbs

Terms

Bolus- Bolus of food is moved through the oropharynx by involuntary movement.

Chyme- Contraction of the stomachs muscular walls mixes the food thoroughly with the gastric juice and
breaks it down into a semisolid mixture called chyme.

Feces- physical feces

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine, in order in which food or feces passes through them?

1. Cecum
2.Ascending colon
3.Transverse colon
4.Descending colon
5.sigmoid colon
6.rectum
7.anal canal

Stool- The discharge of fecal matter.

Protein- Nutrients that help build and maintain body cells and tissues, made of long chains of amino
acids, used to make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, supply body with energy

Carbohydrate- The starches and sugars present in foods. Body’s main source of energy. Simple- sugars.
Complex- starches (fiber)

Fat- Lipid- fatty substances that does not dissolve in water, some fat is necessary for good health. Types:
saturated- solid at room temperature, unsaturated- liquid at room temperature

Diseases

Cirrhosis Liver- Destruction and scarring of the liver (alcoholism and hepatitis)

Cirrhosis S/S- Jaundice, fatigue, weakness, itching, ascites (excess fluid)

Cirrhosis treatment- Liver transplant

Diabetes- a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired,
resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and
urine.

Constipation- Hard, difficult to expel feces

Diarrhea- Frequent, watery feces

Hepatitis- a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver.

Appendicitis- Inflammation and infection of the appendix

Appendicitis S/S- RQL abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, high WBC count

Appendicitis treatment- Appendectomy

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)- Also known as acid reflux , is a long-term condition in which
stomach contents rise up into the esophagus , resulting in either symptoms or complications.

Pancreatitis- Inflammation of the pancreas

Ulcer- Sore in the lining of the stomach or beginning of small intestine (too much stomach acid)

Gastroenteritis- inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically resulting from bacterial toxins or
viral infection and causing vomiting and diarrhea.

Urinary System Study Guide

Formation of Blood

Urinary Terms

Urine-

• Blood flows to kidney by means of renal artery

• Waste products are filtered from body by structures in kidney

• Waste (urine) flows from kidney by means of ureter to urinary bladder

• Filtered blood returns to circulating blood

Nephron- each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule,
through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine.

Kidney- posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum at L1 vertebrae containing nephrons.

Bladder- Muscular bag that collects urine.

Urethra- Tube passing from urinary bladder to exterior of body.

Ureter- Extended from kidneys to urinary bladder.

Albumin- Protein found in blood.

Catheter- Tube for removing fluids from or injecting fluids into body cavity.

Cystoscope- Instruments used for interior examination of urinary bladder or ureter.

Dialysis- Diffusion of dissolved substance through semipermeable membrane

Micturition- Urination

Elimination- Elimination is the excretion of the residues of the digestive process (feces) from the rectum,
through the anus; or defecation.

Urea- Chief nitrogenous constituent of urine, end product of protein met metabolism.

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Water minerals, vitamins, plate size like grains, diseases, nutrition slides