FIRST DAY
Third Hand Smoke – refers to cigarette
EXAM
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Chapter 4
SMOKING
Each cigarette stick has 4000 chemicals
and consuming it would cut an
individual’s live for atleast 5 minutes.
The smoke contains:
Hydrogen cyanide(a deadly substance
used in gas chambers)
Insecticides
Methanol
butane fuels
benzene(causes leukemia)
cadmium
formaldehyde(used in embalming.
Substances in Tobacco.
Tar – is carcinogenic and accumulates
inside the respiratory system.
Nicotine – toxic chemical compound that
mostly consists nitrogen, which also
makes cigarettes addictive.
Carbon Monoxide – is a poisonous
chemical from burnt cigarette that makes
the heart more work to supply sufficient
oxygen in the body.
Kinds of Tobacco
Mainstream Smoke – also known as “first
hand smoke” is the smoke from lit
cigarette that is both inhaled and exhaled
Second hand Smoke – a very dangerous
smoke. It is the smoke puffed out by
smokers called environmental tobacco or
“sidestream smoke”.
offshoots which is attached to the
smoker’s hair and clothing.
Why do people start smoking ?
a. Parental Role Model
b. Rebellion or experimentation
c. Depression
d. Limited Education
e. Weight Control
f. Aggressive marketing
g. Stress
h. Addiction
Why do people keep smoking ?
a. Pleasure
b. Fear of weight gain
c. Nicotine dependence
d. Use of other substances (drugs or
alcohol)
POOR DIETARY HABITS
Dietary habits – usual choices of food
that people make.
Poor Dietary Habits – occurs when the
person does not follow the principles of
good nutrition - adequacy , balance and
variety.
Adequacy – refers to moderate amount of
nutrients to maintain normal function.
Balance – refers to correct combination of
nutrients.
Variety – refers to consumption of
different types of food products.
Poor dietary is about not eating enough
healthy foods.
Poor dietary habits lead to malnutrition
resulting to stress , tiredness , sleep
deprivation , weak brain functions ,
indigestions and heart problem.
Health problem such as:
a. Obesity
b. Tooth decay
c. High blood pressure
d. High cholesterol
e. Heart disease and stroke
f. Type-2 diabetes
g. Osteoporosis
h. Certain types of cancer
i. Depression
j. Eating disorder
SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE
- Occurs when the individual lacks
the recommended level of physical
activity or if he/she is physically
inactive.
TYPES OF DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH
UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE.
1. Cardiovascular Disease – disease
of the heart and blood vessels and
is the leading causes death of the
phil.
TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR
a. Arteriosclerosis – condition
causing the arteries to harden and
thicken.
b. Atherosclerosis – types of
arteriosclerosis when deposited
fat hardens and becomes plaque
on arterial walls. Plaque build up
can begins as early as two years
old.
c. Coronary Heart Disease – coronary
arteries (pathway of blood to the
heart muscles) are narrowed or
blocked ; a disease of the coronary
vessels and not the heart.
d. Heart Attack – cardiac muscle
failure due to lack of blood flow to
the heart.
e. Angina Pectoris – chest pain from
narrowed coronary arteries due to
inadequate oxygen for the heart.
Usually last for 5 minutes.
f. Rheumatic Fever – immune system
attacks the heart can cause fever ,
weakness and damage to its
valves.
g. Heart Rhythm Abnormalities /
arrythmia – irregular heart
rhythm.
h. Congestive heart Failure – not able
or below its capacity to pump
blood , causing liquid to
accumulate in the lungs and other
areas of the body.
2. Cancer – disease where cells
divide in an uncontrolled pace.
TYPES OF TUMOR
a. Malignant - is cancerous. The
tumor can spread to invade and
destroy nearby tisues and bpdy
parts. This process called
metastasis
b. Benign – is not cancerous. Tumor
may increase in size but do not
invade other body parts. Typically
harmless unless it obstructs
normal tissues or organs.
4 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CANCER
a. Carcinoma – Is the most common
of the categories ; an invasive
malignant tumor from ephithelial
tissue that tends to spread to other
body parts. Cancer of the skins ,
 breast , uterus , prostate , lung , WAYS TO PREVENT LIFESTYLE DISEASE
stomach , colon and rectum . 1. Eat healthy food.
b. Sarcoma – Connective or 2. Do daily routines of physical
supportive cancer , which include activity.
muscle , bone , fat , blood vessels 3. Do not Smoke
and cartilage cancers. 4. Drink moderate amounts of
c. Lymphoma – arises in cells of the alcohol only.
lymphatic or the immune system 5. Manage stress.
tissues characterized by abnormal
production of white cells and
decrease in resistance. CHAPTER 5
d. Leukemia – cancer of the blood or
bone marrow characterized by an
Nutrition – Is the health branch that
abnormal production of blood
stresses the importance of the food for
cells, usually leukocytes or white
growth and development , as well as
blood cells.
lowering the chances of acquiring disease
3.Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus – disease
and illness.
resulting from a condition of the body
wherein the body is not able to produce
Nutrients – important food substances. It
or effectively use insulin.
helps our body function properly. It
provides energy and facilitates growth
a. Type 1 diabetes – insulin reliant
and repair of cells.
diabetes because the body
produces little or no insulin at all.
6 TYPES OF NUTRIENTS.
b. Type 2 diabetes – is non-insulin
a. Water
dependent.
b. Fat
c. Gestational Diabetes – occurs in
c. Carbohydrates
certain pregnant individuals.
d. Minerals
e. Vitamins
4.Chronic Respiratory Disease –
f. Protein
commonly called Chronic Obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD); occurs in the
Macronutrients – carbohydrates , fats,
air paths and other parts of the lungs.
proteins and water ( require the body in
large amount).
MAJOR RISKS FACTORS OF COPD :
Micronutrients- Vitamins and minerals
are only in small amount.
a. Tobacco smoking
b. Indoor air pollution
They all help our body to produce
c. Outdoor air pollution
enzymes , hormones and other substances
d. Occupational dusts and chemicals
critical to growth and development.
like vapors , irritants , fumes.
ESSENTIALS NUTRIENTS IMPORTANCE Signs and Symptoms of
deficiency
A. MACRONUTRIENTS
a. Needed for growth , a. Ridges or white lines
PROTEINS building , and repair of in both finger and toe
body tissues. nails ; hair loss and
b. Enough protein is thinning or brittle
essential to maintain, hair; muscle
muscle mass and deterioration.
strength .
a. Main source of energy a. Irritability , nausea ,
CARBOHYDRATES b. Maintains blood bad breath , muscle
glucose level during cramps, excess fatigue,
exercise and replaces increase in body fat,
glycogen stores after deficit in body sodium
exercise. and water ,
constipation , regular
headaches
FATS a. Needed for immune a. Dry skin , hair loss ,
system function and body weight
helps the body store deficiency , cold
and use vitamins. intolerance, bruising ,
slow growth, poor
infection resistance ,
and slow wound
healing , loss of
menstruation.
WATER a. Needed for waste Dehydration, muscle cramps
removal ; regulates confusion , nausea , slurred
body temperature speech .
B. MICRONUTRIENTS
VITAMINS a. Helps the body use
carbohydrates,
proteins and fats.
b. Maintains healthy skin Anemia, painful joints, cracks
, bones, teeth and hair in teeth, depression ,
; aid vision frequents infections
VITAMIN B a. Important in the a. Anemia depression
(thiamin,riboflavin and production of energy convulsion skin rashes
niacn) from carbohydrate b. Anemia nervous system
and fat. degeneration progressing
Vitamin B6
 b. Needed to breakdown, to paralysis and
glycogen to release hypersensitivity
glucose and make
hemoglobin that
carries oxygen in
blood.
VITAMINS B12 a. Aids in maintenance of a. Red blood cells
red blood cells breakage anemia ,
muscle degeneration.
VITAMIN E AND C a. Aid in bone , teeth, and a. Anemia frequent
skin formation and infection etc.
resistance to infection.
b. Help protect the body
to oxidative damage.
FOLATE a. Aids in formation of a. Anemia heartburn
red blood cells and frequent infection.
proteins.
MINERALS a. Help in regulating the a. Sports anemia – a
chemical reaction of condition where
the body. temporary decrease in
Iron b. Helps in energy hemoglobin
metabolism concentration occurs
during exercise.
b. Anemia weakness
fatigue etc.
Calcium a. Helps build and
maintain bones and
teeth.
ZINC a. Plays a role in immune
function protein
synthesis.

increase the blood glycogen levels

for energy)

BEFORE EXERCISE
- Food eaten before exercise serves
as the energy source and will
define one’s performance. ( 3 to 4
hrs. before exercising is ideal as it
DURING EXERCISE
Advisable to eat 30-60g of carbohydrates
every hour for a heavy exercise of more
than 1 hr.
 - Consume water 15-30 minutes and
avoid waiting to get thirsty before
drinking
AFTER EXERCISE
- Very important to eat after
exercise to reload the body’s
glycogen. Supply.
- It is deal to eat within the first 30
minutes with 1q carbohydrate for
every 1kg of an individual weight.
- Necessary to eat every within 4
hrs.
POOR NUTRITION CONSEQUENCES
1. Poor performance
2. Long recovery
3. Immune suppression
4. Weight changes
EATING HABITS
- Characterizes the way an
individual consumes food
WEIGHT CONTROL
- Process of achieving and
maintaining the desired weight of
an individual.
WAYS TO IMPROVE EATING HABITS.
a. REFLECT – all specific eating
habits , both good and bad and
identify common triggers for
unhealthy eating.
b. REPLACE – unhealthy eating habits
with healthier ones.
c. REINFORCE – new healthier eating
habits.
GENMATH
(TERMS)
EXPONENTIAL EQUATION- is of the form
= a where b is a positive number except 1.
LOGARITHM- the number or value denoted
by “log”
COMMON LOGARITHM- the logarithm
whose base is 10.
NATURAL LOGARITHM- the logarithm
whose base is e.
LOGIC- study of principles and methods
governing correct or reliable inference.
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION- a statement
which affirms or denies something without
condition.
HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION- a statement
which affirms or denies something with
condition.
SIMPLE PROPOSITION- a statement which
contains only one functional part or idea.
COMPOUND PROPOSITION- a statement
which contains two functional parts that are
either related or unrelated.
TRUTH VALUE of a proposition is true if it is
a true proposition and false if it is a false
proposition.
TRUTH TABLE- shows the relationship
between the truth values of the statements.
NEGATION- opposite of the given truth
value.
CONJUNCTION- and (Λ)
Condition: 2T = T
DISJUNCTION- or (V)
Condition: 1T = T
IMPLICATION/CONDITIONAL- à (if p, then
q)
 P = hypothesis
 Q= conclusion
BICONDITIONAL- <--> (p if and only if q)
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
STRESS- challenging stimuli
EUSTRESS- positive stress
DISTRESS- negative stress
FRONTAL LOBE- primary motor area. This
controls voluntary movement in a
contralateral manner.
TEMPORAL LOBE- primary auditory area.
This area is incharge of hearing and
processing of auditory stimuli.
PARIETAL LOBE- contains primary
somatosensory area which processes
sensory signals and sense of body
movements.
OCCIPITAL LOBE- primary visual area.
RIGHT HEMISPHERE- controls the left part
of the body.
LEFT HEMISPHERE- controls the right
hemisphere.
CORPUS CALLOSUM- serves as a bridge
between the left and right brain
hemispheres.
MIND-MAPPING- a technique where ideas
branch from a central image.
STEPS TO FOLLOW WHEN MAKING A MIND-
MAPPING:
1. Create a central idea.
2. Add branches to the map.
3. Add keywords.
4. Color code the branches.
5. Include images.
MENTAL HEALTH- the achievement of
expected developmental milestones and
the establishment of effective coping skills,
secure attachments, and positive social
relationships.
ENGAGEMENT- it is experienced when we
have what we call “flow”
MEANING- belonging to and serving
something you believe is bigger than the
self.
SENSE OF ACCOMPLISHMENT- it is related
with feelings of success, achievement, sense
of competence and mastery.
MENTAL HYGIENE- discipline which deals
with protecting and maintaining mental
health.
DEPRESSION- largest cause of disease
among young people.
ANXIETY- sense of a vague unease with no
known actual cause that makes one feel
mostly tensed and restless.
CONDUCT DISORDER- repetitive and
persistent pattern of behavior that violates
the rights of others, social norms, rules or
laws.
ANOREZXIA NERVOSA- excessive restriction
of food intake.
BULIMIA NERVOSA- binge eating and self-
induced vomitting.
SELF-INJURY- intentional damage to the
body tissues.
RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR- early start of
sexual intercourse.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE- maladaptive pattern of
substance use that significantly causes
distress and maladjustment.
ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR- covers a wide range
of actions, from theft and burglary to
physical abuse and substance abuse.
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS- recurring stress
and anxiety brought about by perceived
traumatic events.
PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS:
1. Identify the problem.
2. Brainstorm possible solutions.
3. Evaluate pros and cons.
4. Choose the best option.
5. Create a backup plan.
EMOTIONS- organized responses
- Disorganized interruptions of
mental activity (traditional
meaning)
VOLUNTARY- choosing to avoid people
because she feels uncomfortable.
INVOLUNTARY- can be seen in one’s facial
expression of emotions.
BURNOUT- gradually decreasing of reserved
energy
ASPECTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE:
1. Physiological/Physical
2. Social
3. Cognitive/Mental
4. Emotional
5. Values/Spiritual
OVERT TYPE- displayed reaction.
COVERT TYPE- concealed
PRIMARY EMOTIONS- major or basic
SECONDARY EMOTIONS- minor or complex
EMOTIONAL SHARING- communication of
our thoughts and feelings that surround an
emotional event.
INTENSITY- how strongly one feels
emotions.
POSITIVE EMOTIONS- pleasant and provide
a good feeling
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS- unpleasant and
causes discomfort.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE- set of skills for
processing emotional information.
PERSONAL SKILLS/COMPETENCIES:
1. SELF-AWARENESS- skill of being
aware of emotions.
• EMOTIONAL AWARENESS- ability to
recognize one’s emotions and their
effects.
• ACCURATE SELF-ASSESSMENT- having
a good understanding of one’s own
strengths and weaknesses
• SELF-CONFIDENCE- having a strong
sense of self-worth.
2. SELF-REGULATION/MANAGEMENT-
ability to manage one’s emotions.
• SELF-CONTROL- ability to recognize
and control one’s emotions
appropriately.
• TRUSTWORTHINESS- ability to
maintain one’s integrity.
• CONSCIENTIOUSNESS- taking
responsibility for personal performance.
• ADAPTABILITY- being flexible in
response to change.
• INNOVATION- being open to different
and new ideas.
3. SELF-MOTIVATION- force that drives
one to do things.
SOCIAL SKILLS:
1. EMPATHY- ability to communicate
and lead by understanding one’s
thoughts, views and feelings.
2. SOCIAL SKILLS- skill needed to
effectively handle and influence
other people’s emotions.
ATTRACTION- anything that draws two or
more people together.
PROXIMITY- considered to be the best
predictor of liking and loving.
MEER EXPOSURE- repeated exposure to an
object or person will more likely lead to
positive feeling.
SIMILARITY- two or more people who are
similar in terms of beliefs and attitudes will
like each other.
PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS- good-looking
people attract you.
ESP- Extra Sensory Perception
SECOND DAY
EXAM
SCIENCE
SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION/ABIOGENESIS- life could
appear from nonliving material.
BIOGENESIS- life originates from pre-
existing life
FRANCESCO REDI- he concluded that life
arose from living matter such as maggots
from eggs.
JOHN NEEDHAM- he concluded that life in
broth was caused by spontaneous
generation.
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI- he concluded
that life occurred from something that
entered the unsealed flask and that it was
the one responsible for life to grow.
LOUIS PASTEUR- his experiment
supported the theory of biogenesis and
disapproved spontaneous generation.
DIVINE CREATION- life forms and
everything in the universe were created
through a supernatural power.
CREATIONISM- life arose from nothing
but the power of a divine.
PANSPERMIA- proposes that a meteor or
cosmic dust may have carried to Earth
significant amounts of organic molecules.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION- the process by
which energy is released by the
breakdown of food substances.
METABOLLISM- all chemical processes,
reactions, and energy changes happening
inside the body of an organism.
NUTRITION- the process by which
organisms acquire food.
HOMEOSTASIS- the maintenance of the
body’s internal environment.
LOCOMOTION/MOTILITY- moving from
one place to another.
IRRITABILITY- the ability of an organism
to respond appropriately against a
stimulus.
TROPISM/RESPONSE- the reaction of an
organism to stimuli.
ADAPTATION- the ability to adjust to
changes in the environment.
EVOLUTION- refers to the changes in
characteristics of a group of organisms.
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION- a gradual
or rapid change in body structure or
behavior to be better suited and to
survive a new environment,
GROWTH- an increase in size and volume
by converting food to become a part of
body cells.
INTUSSUSCEPTION- the process of living
things exhibiting growth from within the
cells.
ORGANOGENESIS- process of cell
differentiation and formation of new
organs.
ACCRETION- growth by external addition
of substances.
REPRODUCTION- a process by which
genetic information is passed on from one
generation to another as organisms
produce offspring that resemble their
parents.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION- organisms
reproduce with the use of two individuals
contributing their sex cells.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION- occurs when
an organism makes copies of itself.
POPULATION- the organism interacts
with other organisms of the same kind.
BIOTECHNOLOGY- defined as the
application of biological concepts and
systems to make products beneficial to
man.
PROKARYOTIC CELL- unicellar organisms
without a nucleus and membrane-
enclosed organelles.
EUKARYOTIK- unicellar organism with a
nucleus.
HYDROLYSIS- splitting of hydrogen and
oxygen.
STOMATA- tiny openings where gases
enter and exit the leaves.
THYLAKOID- tiny, disc-shaped structured
stacked on top of each other.
GRANUM- stack of thylakoids.
STROMA- space
CHLOROPHYLL- green pigment
molecules.
CHLOROPLAST- site of photosynthesis.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6CO2 +6H2O --> C6H12O6+6O2
LIGHT DEPENDENT STAGE- occurs in the
thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
where the chlorophyll pigment absorbs
the light energy from the sun and
converts it into chemical energy together
with water.
PRODUCT: ATP, NADH
LIGHT INDEPENDENT STAGE/CALVIN
CYCLE- occurs in the stroma of the
chloroplast. It consists of reactions that
use the energy stored and carried in the
light-independent reaction to build
glucose.
PRODUCT: 2G3P, oxygen
AEROBIC- requires oxygen
ANAEROBIC- does not require oxygen
GLYCOLYSIS- splitting of sugar that
occurs in cytoplasm. It does not require
oxygen.
KREB’S/CITRIC ACID CYCLE- the product
produced by this cycle are 2ATP, 6NADH
and
CATABOLIC PROCESS- cutting or splitting
of molecules.
ANABOLIC PROCESS- producing
molecules.
FERMENTATION- a way of harvesting
chemical energy that doesn’t require
oxygen. It produces 2ATP molecules per
glucose.
2 TYPES OF FERMENTATION
 LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION-
lactate is carried by the blood to
the liver where it is converted back
to pyruvate and oxidized in the
mitochondria of liver cells.
 ALCOHOL FERMENTATION- the
baking and winemaking industries
have used this type of
fermentation.
PLANT REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL/VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION-
produces identical offspring from a single
parent plant.
GRAFTING- involves attaching to a piece
of stem from one plant to a root or root-
beating stem of another plant.
FISSION- asexual process in which one-
celled organisms can reproduce an exact
copy of the parent.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION- involves the
fusion of sex cells from parent plants.
GAMETES- male and female reproductive
cells
OVULE- female reproductive gametes of a
flower.
POLLEN- male reproductive gametes of a
flower.
PERPETUATION- continuity of life
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
 VASCULAR- has vascular tissues.
 NON-VASCULAR- has no vascular
tissues.
4 MAIN PARTS OF PLANT:
1. LEAF- major site in photosynthesis.
2. STEM- transports water and minerals
and foods.
3. ROOTS- absorbs waters, stores, food,
keeps plant upright.
4. FLOWER- attracts insect to help the
plant reproduce. It has the reproductive
organ.
ANATOMY OF A FLOWER
1. ANTHER- contains the pollen.
2. FILAMENT- the stalk supporting the FERTILIZATION- an egg cell and a sperm
anther. join together.
3. OVULE- it will become the seed. INFORMAL FERTILIZATION- sexual
4. STIGMA- receptacle for pollen. reproduction occurs in the outside of the
5. STYLE- stalk between stigma and ovary. body.
6. OVARY- surrounds the seeds as it
matures. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION- male and
7. SEPAL- modifies leaves that surround female release sperm and eggs into the
the flower when it is still a bud. Collective environment ̶ sperm and egg join outside
term: calyx. the body.
8. STEM- stalk that supports the whole INTERNAL FERTILIZATION- fertilization
flower. takes place inside the body of the female.
9. PETAL-modified leaves that surround
the reproductive parts. Often they are GAMETOGENESIS- production of gametes
brightly colored to attract pollinating SPERMATOGENESIS- the development of
insects and animals. Collective term: sperm
corolla OOGENESIS- the development of a mature
egg
POLLEN PARTHENOGENESIS- growth and
development of embryo without
- Generative cell fertilization by male. Its population is all
- Tube cell female.
Ex: lizards, salamanders, fish, turkey
POLLINATION
MATING- male and female join together to
- Cross pollinatiom ensure fertilization not essential to sexual
- Self pollination reproduction.
Ex: snakes, elephants
MICROSPORE- male
MACROSPORE- female HERMAPHRODITES- organisms that
change sex in order to reproduce
TRADITIONAL TYPES OF VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
ORAL COMMUNICATION
 Cuttings
 Layering SPEECH WRITING PROCESS –
 Grafting process of writing is not
 Budding- small part of parent’s chronological or linear rather than
body grows into new organism. it is recursive.
 Tissue Culture
EDITING – correcting misspells and
grammars.
REVISING – correct big chunks of NARROWING DOWN A TOPIC –
information or idea. making your main idea more
specific and focused.
COMPONENTS OF SPEECH
WRITING DATA GATHERING – is the stage
where you collect ideas ,
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS – entails
information sources and references
looking into the profile of your
that relevant or related to your
target audience.
specific topic.
a. DEMOGRAPHY –(age
WRITING PATTERNS – general
range, male-female
structures that will help you
ratio, educational
organize the ideas related to your
degree etc.)
topic.
b. SITUATION – time ,
venue , occasion and a. Biographical – presents
size. description of your life or a person
c. PSYCHOLOGY – values famous or not. ( Inform or
beliefs attitudes entertain)
preferences cultural
b. Categorical/topical – Presents
and racial ideologies
related categories supporting the
and needs.
topic.(inform , persuade , entertain)
PURPOSE
c. Causal – cause and effect (inform)
INFORMATIVE – provides the
d. Chronological – idea in time
audience with a clear
order (inform)
understanding of the concept or
idea presented by the speaker. e. Comparison/contrast –
comparison / contrast of 2-3 main
ENTERTAINMENT – speech
points.(inform , persuade)
provides the audience with
amusement. f. Problem solution – identified
problem and causes then
PERSUASIVE- speech provides the
recommend solutions (inform ,
audience with well – argued ideas
persuade)
that can influence their own beliefs
and decisions.
TOPIC – is your main point.
OUTLINE – hierarchical list that
shows the relationship of your
ideas.
BODY OF THE SPEECH – provides
explanation , examples any details
that can help you deliver your
purpose and explain the main idea
of your speech.
INTRODUCTION – foundation of
your speech.
CONCLUSION – restates the main
idea of your speech.
EDITING/REVISING
a. edit for focus
b. edit for clarity
c. edit for concision
d. edit for continuity
e. edit for variety
f. edit for impact and beauty
REHEARSING – gives you an
opportunity to identify what works
and what does not work for you and
your target audience.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY
EXTEMPORANEOUS – speaking
with limited preparation
a. Most popular type
b. Guided by notes or outline
c. Delivered conversationally.
IMPROMPTU – speaking without
advanced preparation.
a. unrehearsed speech
b. spoken conversationally
MANUSCRIPT – speaking with
advance preparation
a. planned and rehearsed speech
b. reading aloud and written
messages.
MEMORIZED – speaking with
advanced preparation
a. planned and rehearse
b. reciting a written message word
for word from memory.
BUSINESS MATH
TERMS :
MARK UP – Can be defined as the amount
that is added to the original costs of an
item to arrive at a selling price.
MARK UP RATE – may be thought as the
ratio of the mark up to the original price.
Selling price – Sum of Mark up and the
original price.
MARK DOWN – deducted amount from
the original price.
MARK DOWN RATE – ratio of the mark
down to the original price .
GROSS MARGIN RATE – ratio of the gross
margin to the selling price.
GROSS MARGIN – is another way of
looking at how the selling price of an item
is affected by a certain add-on percentage.
DISCOUNT – is a percentage that is
deducted from the original price.
SINGLE TRADE DISCOUNT – is a one-time
discount that is given to customers when
they buy a product.
DISCOUNT SERIES – means that multiple
discounts are applied successfully on the
same time.
PROFIT – is usually associated with the
terms revenue and expenses. Difference
between revenue and expenses.
REVENUE – is the amount of money that a
company receives for its goods or
services.
EXPENSES – is the amount of money that
the company spends to either produce it’s
good perform its services.
BREAK EVEN POINT – when the total cost
of expenses and the total revenues are
equal.
GROSS PROFIT – overall amount before
deductions
NET PROFIT – deducted amount.
COMMISSION – certain amount paid to
the sales agents based on a percentage of
their sales.
GRADUATED COMMISSION – type of
commission in which percent of sales
earned increase incrementally as the sales
amount increase.
STRAIGHT COMMISSION – type of
commission received by an employee
which is already their entire pay.
SALARY PLUS COMMISSION – a fixed
monthly salary in addition to their
commission.
INTEREST – amount that is paid for the
use of another’s party’s money.
PRINCIPAL AMOUNT – percentage of a
certain amount.
FUTURE VALUE – amount obtain when
the principal amount of loan or an
investment and its interest are added.
MORTGAGE – as an agreement by which a
debtor pays the lender for a certain
property over a period of time.
Sometimes called principal amount of the
loan.
COLLATERAL -any property of the
borrower pledged as a security for the
repayment of his or her loan.
THIRD DAY EXAM
KOMUNIKASYON
HOUSE BILL NO. 4701 (AN ACT PROVIDING FOR
THE USE OF ENGLISH AS A MEDIUM OF
INSTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINE SCHOOLS)-
pagpapalakas ng wikang Ingles bilang
pangunahing wikang panturo.
CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER 20- naglalaman
ng bagong listahan ng mga kurso sa General
Education Curriculum.
Tinaguriang Social Media Capital of the World
ang PILIPINAS.
SOCIAL MEDIA- tumutukoy sa grupo ng
internet-based applications na ginawa batay sa
Web 2.0
KAKAYAHANG LINGGUWISTIK- tumutukoy ito sa
gramatikal ng wika sa lebel ng pangungusap.
KAALAMANG PONOLOHIKAL- tumutukoy sa
pamilyaridad sa tunog ng wika na makatutulong
din sa pagkilala sa mga salita na bumubuo sa
isang wika.
KAALAMANG MORPOLOHIKAL- kakayahan sa
pagbuo ng mga salita sa pamamagitan ng mga
iba’t-ibang proseso na ipinahihintulot sa isang
partikular na wika.
DIPTONGGO- mga tunog na nabubuo sa
pamamagitan ng pag-uugnay ng mga patinig at
malapatinig na w/at/y.
Ponema: aw/iw/ay/ey/iy/oy/uy
Ex: awtor, halaw, gulay, giliw
DIGRAPO- sikwens ng dalawang katinig ngunit
may iisang tunog lamang.
Ex: tsismis, shabu, tseke, short, tsinelas
KLASTER- magkasunod na katinig sa isang pantig
at naririnig pa rin ang indibiduwal na
ponemang katinig.
Ex: pwede, prito, krus, bwenas, braso
PARES-MINIMAL- mga pares ng salita na
magkaiba ng kahulugan ngunit magkapareho
ang kapaligiran maliban sa isang ponema.
Ex: paso-baso, kuro-guro, ilog-irog, apo-abo,
sabsab-sapsap, satsat-sadsad, sabay-sabaw
PONEMANG SUPRASUGMENTAL- ang mga
kaakibat na tunog upang lalong maintindihan
ang isang salita o pahayag.
DIIN- tumutukoy sa empasis ng salita o pahayag.
TONO- tumutukoy sa damdamin ng pahayag.
MGA NOMINAL:
 PANGNGALAN- nagsasaad ito ng
pangalan ng tao, bagay, pook,
konsepto, at mga pangyayari. Ex:
Cedric, Ilocos Norte, bansa,
nasyonalismo
 PANGHALIP- pamalit o panghalili ito sa
pangngalan. Ex: ako, ikaw, siya, tayo
 PANDIWA- mga salita itong nagsasaad
ng kilos.
a. Aktor- tumula ng isang madamdaming
pyesa sa Franceska.
b. Layon- tinula ni Franceska ang isang
madamdaming pyesa.
c. Benepaktibo- idinalaw ni Kyeli ang anak
sa kanyang ama.
d. Direksyonal- tinunton ni Kyeli at ng anak
niya ang landas patungo sa liblib ng
gubat.
e. Lokatibo- pinagenrolan ni Vian ang
Unibersidad ng Pilipinas para sa
kanyang araling gradwado.
f. Instrumental- ipinangenrol ni Vian sa
Unibersidad ng Pilipinas para sa
kanyang araling gradwado ang naipong
pera.
g. Kosatibo- ikinatuwa ni Lyndon ang
pagdalaw ni Kenneth.
h. Repsiprokal- sa pagdalaw ni Lyndon kay
Kenneth, nagkatuwaan sila.
MGA PANURING:
 PANG-URI- mga salitang naglalarawan o
nagbibigay turing ito sa pangngalan o
panghalip.
 PANG-ABAY- mga salitang naglalarawan
o nagbibigay turing sa pang-uri,
pandiwa, o kapwa pang-abay.
MGA PANG-UGNAY
  PANGATNIG- mga salitang nag-uugnay
ng dalawang salita, parirala, o sugnay.
Ex: at, pati, ni, subalit, ngunit, dahil,
sapagkat
 PANG-ANGKOP- mga katagang nag-
uugnay sa panuring at salitang
tinuturingan.
 PANG-UKOL- inuugnay nito ang isang
pangngalan sa iba pang salita. Ex: sa, ng
MGA PANANDA
 PANTUKOY- mga salitang laging
nangunguna sa pangngalan o
panghalip. Ex: si, sina, ang, ang mga
 PANGAWING- salitang nagkakawing
ng paksa o simuno at panaguri. Ex:
ay
PAGBUO NG MGA SALITA:
 PAGLALAPI- tumutukoy ang prosesong
ito sa paggamit ng panlapi upang
makabuo ng mga bagong salita.
 PAG-UULIT- tumutukoy ang prosesong
ito sa pag-uulit sa salita o bahagi ng
salita.
 PAGTATAMBAL- tumutukoy ang
prosesong ito, sa pagbubuo ng bagong
salita mula sa dalawang magkaibang
salita.
KAALAMANG SINTAKTIK- tumutukoy ito sa
pagbubuo ng mga parirala, sugnay, at
pangungusap na may kabuluhan.
KAAYUSAN:
 KARANIWANG AYOS- Naipadala ni
April ang sulat.
 DI-KARANIWANG AYOS- Ang sulat
ay naipadala ni April.
LAYUNIN:
 PASALAYSAY- Nag-aaral sa Unibersidad
ng Pilipinas sina Macy at Aaron.
 PATANONG- Saan nga ba pumapasok
ang magpinsang Dindin at Darel?
 PAUTOS- Kunin mo ang mga gamit na
ito at ipasok mo.
 PAKIUSAP- Pakikuha nga ang mga gamit
na ito at pakipasok mo.
 PADAMDAM- Mabuhay!
KAYARIAN:
 PAYAK- isang malayang sugnay. Ex: Si
Princess ay kumukuha ng kursong AB
Economics.
 TAMBALAN- dalawang malayang
sugnay. Ex: Si Darrel ay kumukuha ng
kursong BS Business Administration at
nagtatrabaho din siya para matustusan
ito.
 HUGNAYAN- isang malayang sugnay at
isa o higit pang di malayang sugnay. Ex:
Habang ginaganap sa Pilipinas ang APEC
Summit, nagrarally naman ang iba’t-
ibang civil society group.
 LANGKAPAN- dalawang malayang
sugnay at isa o higit pang di malayang
sugnay.
KAKAYAHANG SOSYOLINGGUWISTIK- kakayahan
ng gumagamit ng wika na nangangailangan ng
pag-unawa sa konteksto ng lipunan kung saan
niya ito ginagamitm
SETTING- pook
PARTICIPANTS- kalahok
ENDS- pakay o layunin
ACT SEQUENCE- takbo ng usapan
KEYS- tono
INSTRUMENTALITIES- tsanel
NORMS- paksa
GENRE- diskursong ginagamit
KAKAYAHANG PRAGMATIK- tumutukoy ito sa
abilidad niyang ipabatid ang kanyang mensahe
nang may sensibilidad sa kontekstong sosyo-
kultural at gayon din sa abilidad niyang
mabigyang-kahulugan ang mga mensaheng
nagmumula sa iba pang kasangkot sa
komunikatibong sitwasyon.
SPEECH ACT THEORY- nagagamit ang wika sa
pagganap sa mga kilos at kung paanong ang
kahulugan at kilos ay maiuugnay sa wika (Austin
& Searle)
LOCUTIONARY ACT- batayang akto ng pahayag o
ang paggawa ng isang makabuluhan na
linggwistikong pahayag.
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT- intensyon at gamit ng
pahayag.
PERLOCUTIONARY ACT- epekto ng mismong
pahayag.
KOMUNIKASYONG DI-BERBAL:
 CHRONEMICS- oras
 PROXEMICS- espasyo
 KINESICS- body language
 HAPTICS- sense of touch
 ICONICS- simbolo at icon
 COLORICS- kulay
 PARALANGUAGE- paraan ng pagbigkas
ng isang salita
 OCULESICS- mata
 OBJECTICS- bagay
 OLFACTORICS- pang-amoy
 PICTICS- mukha
 VOCALICS- tunog liban sa pasalitang
tunog.
PRESUPPOSITION- isang bagay na
ipinagpapalagay ng nagsasalita na totoo at
ipinagpapalagay din niyang nalalaman ng
nakikinig.
KAKAYAHANG DISKORSAL- koneksyon ng
magkakasunod na mga pangungusap.
KOHISYON- ugnayan ng kahulugan sa loob ng
teksto.
KOHIRENS- kaisahan ng lahat ng pahayag sa
isang sentral na idea.
KAHULUGAN NG PANANALIKSIK
Ang pananaliksik ay isang maingat, kritikal,
disiplinadong inkwiri (Good, 1963).
Ang pananaliksik ay isang sistematikong
paghahanap sa mga mahahalagang
impormasyon (Aquino, 1974).
Ang pananaliksik ay isang proseso ng
pangangalap ng mga datos o impormasyon
(Manuel & Medel, 1976).
Ang pananaliksik ay isang sistematikong pag-
aaral o imbestigasyon ng isang bagay (Parel,
1966).
Ang pananaliksik ay isang pagtatangka upang
makakuha ng mga solusyon sa mga suliranin (E.
Trece & J.W. Trece, 1973).
Research may be defined as a purposive,
systematic and scientific process of gathering
data (Calderon & Gonzales, 1993).
URI NG PANANALIKSIK:
2. ANALISIS- kinakalap ang ibat ibang uri
ng datos
3. ARAL-KASO/CASE STUDY-
inoobserbahan ang mga gawi o kilos.
4. KOMPARISON- pinagaaralan ang dalawa
o higit pang subject
5. KORELASYON-PREDIKASYON- sinusuri
ang estadistikal na datos
6. EBALWASYON- inaalam kung nasunod
nang wasto ang mga itinalagang
pamamaraan
7. DISENYO-DEMOSTRASYON- isinasagawa
sa mga tuklas ng nakaraang
pananaliksik
8. SURBEY-KWESTYONEYR- gumagamit ng
talatanungan
 9. ISTATUS- sinusuri ang pinipiling sampol
10. KONSTRUKSYON NG TEORYA-
paghahanap o pagbubuo ng prinsipyo
11. TREND ANALISIS- hinuhulaan ang
maaaring kahihitnanan ng mga bagay.
EAPP
NOTE: EXCEPT GUIDELINES READ IT
ON YOUR BOOK!!!
Writing an Abstract, Precis, or Summary
What is an Abstract, Precis or Summary?
• Abstract, précis or summary and
sometimes as synopsis, are all the
same.
• texts aim to precisely condense a
larger work to present only the key
ideas.
• tell the audience the gist
• (15% to 30% original length, 200-250
words)
• achieved by getting the thesis
statement of the text and the main idea
or topic sentence of each paragraph
• combine through cohesive devices
• name of author and the title of the
article are indicated in the first
sentence
Descriptive Abstracts- purpose is to pique
the interest of the target audience.
Summative Abstract- readily present the
key ideas and major findings on the study.-
-more preferred in academic setting.
Research Abstract
• Usually contains 150 to 300 words
• Does not use any citation, does not
include specific result statistics
In terms os structure, a research abstract
• Rationale (around 20%)
• Research Problems (around 10%)
• Methodology (around 10%)
• Major Findings(around 40%)
• Conclusion and implications(Around
10%)
Writing a Reaction Paper, Review and
Critique
A reaction paper, review, and critique are
specialised forms of writing in which a
reviewer or reader evaluates any of the ff
• Scholarly work (e.g. academic book
and articles)
• work of art(performance art, play,
dance, sports, film, exhibits)
• Designs (industrial designs, furniture,
fashion design)
• Graphic designs (posters, billboards,
commercials, and digital media)
• Usually range in length from 250 to
750 words
• Not simply summaries but critical
assessments, analyses, or evaluation
of different works.
• Involves skills in critical thinking and
recognizing arguments.
• Do not rely on more opinions, rather
they use both proofs and logical
reasons
• Process ideas and theories
Critical Approaches in Writing a Critique
1. Formalism
• claims that literary works contain
intrinsic properties and treat each work
as distinct work of art
• it posits the key to understanding a
text is through the text itself
2. Feminist Criticism (feminism)
• focuses on how literature presents
women as a subjects of socio-political,
 psychological and economic
oppression
• patriarchal
3. Reader Response Criticism
• concerned with viewer’s reaction as
an audience of a work.
4. Marxist Criticism
• Concerned with differences between
economic classes and implication of a
capitalist system….
Structures of a Reaction Paper, Review or
Critique ( PAGE 143)
What is a Concept Paper?
Concept Paper
• Provides an overview of the project,
and helps funding agencies eliminate
proposals that are likely to be
disapproved
• 500 to 2000 words
Several uses
• Serves as a foundation of the full
proposal
• Helps determine whether a certain
project is feasible or not.
• Use to pique the interest of the
potential funding agencies
• Obtain informal feedback on the ideas
prior to preparing the full proposal
Three Ways in Explaining a Concept
1. Definition
Is the method of identifying a given term
and making its meaning clearer
A. Informal definition- done through a
parenthetical or brief explanation
B. Formal definition- explains the term
by incorporating the term to be
defined(species) the general category
of the term(genus) and the quality that
makes the term different from other
terms in the same category(differentia)
C. Extended definition- detailed way
of defining a term, incorporates various
patterns of development to explain a
given concept
2. Explication- method of explanation in
which sentences, verses, quotes, or
passages are taken from a literary working
then interpreted and explained in detailed
way.
3. Clarification- method of explanation in
which the points are organized from a
general abstract idea to specific and
concrete examples.
Writing a Position paper
• presents the writer’s stand or
viewpoints on a particular issue.
• Taking part in a larger debate
• You have the power to change the
opinions and attitude of others
GUIDELINES IN WRITING A POSITION
PAPER (PAGE 187)
What is Research
Research- systematic and scientific way of
investigating and gathering information to
answer a particular problem, establish facts
and reach conclusions
Survey report- is a paper which presents the
results of the author’s research
Field Report
• Usually used in the filed of social
sciences to link theory and application
• Usually contains the author’s
observation when out on the field
Laboratory or scientific technical report-
• Written by those in the sciences
mainly to persuade others to accept or
reject hypothesis
• Records detail for future researchers
 • Document a current phenomenon for
future reference
When choosing a topic
• Relevant
• It should be Interesting, especially to
the researchers
• Manageable
Thesis statement
SMART (specific, measurable, attainable,
realistic and time bound)
• answers the question you previously
asked to narrow down your topic
• Guides and serves as a central point
of all ideas
Research Questions
QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARC
QUESTION
1. Clear, especially to play person
2. Recquire the gathering of data
3. Should addressed an observed
problem or issue
4. Manageable in terms of your skills
and resources
5. Ethical
6. Practical use
Research Report
• Expanded paper that presents results
and interpretation of a phenomenon
• Not a summary of different articles or
ideas presented uncritically nor series
of quotations and compilation of
opinion
• Produced through formal investigation
and scientific inquiry
Part of a Research Report
1. Title page
contains an informative title which describes
the content of paper, name of author and
addresses, date when it is submitted
2. Abstract
Contains the summary of the (major)
findings and conclusions
3. Introduction
Explains the current state of the field of
discipline and identifies research gaps
addressed by the research
4. Literature Review
Contains the summary and synthesis of all
available sources related to study
Related concepts- explain some of the
fundamental concepts, some concepts,
theories are defined, explained and
describe.
Related studies-based on previously
conducted studies
5. Methodology
Contains the processes and steps taken in
gathering data
Context and participants- section explains
the number and demographic profile of
participants/ place where study conducted
Instrument section-present the tools that
you used in gathering data (questionnaire,
interview etc)
Instruments- method of validating them
Data gathering- section presents on how
data were collected
Data analysis- section presents how data
are analysed
6. Results
• factually described the data gathered
• Usually contains table and graphs that
summarize the collected data
7. Discussion
• presents the why’s of results
• Section provides an explanation for all
the results in relation to the previous
studies
8. Conclusion- contains the restatement of
major findings, limitations of the study,
recommendations and implications.
9. References- section contains the diff
Sources used in the study.
Preparing and Implementing Research
Instruments
Research instrument- a tool used to
gather data on a specific topic of interest.
• You need to prepare and implement
the appropriate instrument to gather
data you need.
• When preparing instrument, you must
ensure that it is valid and reliable
Valid- directly answer or addresses
research questions
Reliable- provides consistent and stable
data over a period of time
Type of Instrument
Survey
• Contains planned questions which are
used to measure attitudes, perceptions
and opinions.
• Responses directly related to specific
research questions
• In the form of interview or
questionnaire
3 types of question when conducting a
survey
Recall- asks for specific information (years
of service, age, and address)
Recognition- asks for a response to a
specify question where options are given
(multiple choice, dichotomous (yes/no),
rating scale format)
Open-ended- elicits brief explanations or
impressions from the respondent
Interview- an instrument allows the
researcher to qualitatively gather data.
Pre-interviewed stage- when an interview
guide is prepared and respondents are
identified and contacted
Warm up stage- initial part of interview
when questions will make respondents
more at ease
Main interview stage- main questions
directly related to research questions are
asked
Closing Stage- asked to wind down the
interview and respondents are
acknowledged and thanked.
Questionnaire- compared to interview, it is
more quantifiable, it lists written questions to
get specific information
Parts of a Questionnaire
1. Personal information section-
includes the name (optional), age,, date
of birth, address, educational
background (personal info related to
study)
2. Basic Questions section
• Establish that the person you are
asking is there right person for the
study
• Establish rapport for the interviewees
(interview)
3. Main questions section-contains
question that are directly related to your
research
4. Open-ended questions section-asks for
a brief explanation or response to an open
ended question
Observation
• Allows the description of behavior in
naturalistic or laboratory setting
• Usually used to cross-validate the
results other instruments
Types of Observation
Non participant- allows the researcher to
observe the subject without interacting with
them
Participant observation- allows the
researcher to interact actively with the
subjects, immersed themselves in a group
in long period of time
Structured Observation- researcher has a
list of behaviors that he/she wants to
observed.
Unstructured observation- researcher
allows behavior to emerge, behaviors are
documented through an in depth narrative
acc
Covert Observation - subjects are not
aware that they are being observed
Overt Observation- subjects are aware
that they are being observed.
Experiment- a procedure undertaken
scientifically and systematically to make a
discovery and to test hypothesis
1. Make observations
2. Develop the hypothesis
3. Design the experiment
4. Conduct the experiment
5. Analyze the results
6. Decide whether to accept and reject
hypothesis according to results
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
(207) MUST READ
PREPARING AND INTERPRETING
TABLES, GRAPHS AND FIGURES
Visuals can be classified into 6 groups:
graphs, tables, diagrams, charts, visual
images and maps.
Chart
• graphical representation of data using
symbols
• General purpose show ranks, levels,
procedures and classifications
Organizational Chart
Presents ranking, classifications and levels
of ideas.
Flow Chart- illustrates a process or
direction of steps.
RECTANGLE – denotes the steps and actions
DIAMOND – demands a yes or no response.
ROUNDED BOX – showing start and end of
the whole process
Tables
• useful in displaying numbers in
columns.
• Condenses and classifies information
to make comparisons between
Box head- heading on the top
Stub- heading on the dar left column
Graph- a graphical representation of data
using bars for bar graphs, lines for line
graphs, circles for pie graphs and pictures
for pictographs.
Bar graph- uses vertical and horizontal
bars that compare amounts and quantities.
Line Graph- shows trends and changes in
data.
Circle Graph- (pie graph) which uses pie-
shaped sections, shows the relationship of
the parts to the whole in percentages and
proportions.