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International Specialty Conference on Cold- (1982) - 6th International Specialty Conference on
Formed Steel Structures Cold-Formed Steel Structures
Nov 16th
Recommended Citation
Yu, Wei-wen, "AISI Design Criteria for Bolted Connections" (1982). International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures.
3.
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AISI DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
By Wei-Wen Yu l
INTRODUCTION
In the United States and some other countries, the bolted connect-
ions used for cold-formed steel structures are designed in accordance
with Section 4.5 of the AISI Specification (2). These design provisions
were originally developed on the basis of the Cornell Tests (16,17) and
updated in 1980 to reflect the results of additional research (4, 8, 9,
12, 18) and to provide a better coordination with the specifications
of the Research Council on Structural Connections and the American
Institute of Steel Construction (1, 14).
675
676 SIXTH SPECIALTY CONFERENCE
2. Materials
In view of the fact that A325 and A490 bolts are available only
for a diameter of 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) and larger, whenever smaller bolts
(less than 1/2 in. (12.7 rom) in diameter) are required in a design,
high-strength A449 and A354 Grade BD bolts can be used as equivalents
of A325 and A490 bolts, respectively.
For other types of fasteners, which are not listed in this section,
the allowable stresses should be determined by tests in accordance with
the AISI Specification.
3. Bolt Installation
e . l.5d (1)
mln
and p
e . (2)
mln 0.60F t
Y
in which e. is the required mlnlmum end distance measured in the line
of stress,mln in., d is the diameter of bolts, in., P is the allowable
load transmitted by one bolt, kips, Fy is the yield point of connected
parts, ksi, and t is the thickness of the thinnest connected part, in.
Equation (2) was used to prevent the failure in longitudinal shearing
of the connected part along two parallel lines in the direction of
applied force. It was derived from the following equation with a
safety factor of 2.3.
P
u
e = ""1-.4""::"F=--t (3)
y
In the above equation, Pu is the failure load per bolt, kips (16, 17).
(4)
in which 0b is the ultimate bearing stress between the bolt and connected
part, ksi, and Fu is the tensile strength of the connected part, ksi.
The proceeding equation is based on the results of bolted connection tests
involved with the following parameters:
It should be noted that Eq. (S) is also used for the Specifications
of the Research Council on Structural Connections and the American
Institute of Steel Construction (1,14). Therefore, the present AISI
requirement for minimum edge distance is the same as that required by
the AISC and Research Council Specifications when Fu/Fy ~ 1.lS.
When the edge distance is sufficiently large (i.e. for large e/d
ratios), the bearing capacity between the connected part and fastener
may govern the strength of bolted connections. Recent studies indicate
that the bearing strength of bolted connections depends on the tensile
strength of the connected part, the thickness of the connected part,
the types of joints (lap joint or butt joint), the F /F ratio of the
connected part, the use of washers, the "catenary aC¥ioft" of steel
sheets, and rotation of fasteners. Tables 1 and 2 list several formulas
for determining the ultimate bearing stress, 0b' on the basis of various
conditions. These equations were developed from the test data with the
following variables (18):
Diameter of bolt, d: 3/16 - 1 in. (4.8 - 2S.4 mm)
Thickness of connected part, t: 0.024 - 0.260 in. (0.6 - 6.6 mm)
Edge distance, e: O.SO - 4.S0 in. (12.7 - 114 mm)
Yield point of steel, Fy: 28.1 - 82.6 ksi ( 194 - S70 MPa)
Tensile strength of steel, Fu: 41.83 - 82.6 ksi (288 - S70 MPa)
BOLTED CONNECfIONS 679
It should be noted that the 1980 AISI provisions are limited only
to certain thicknesses of materials because of a lack of test results
for very thin sheets. For the thicknesses of materials not covered in
Tables 4.5.6 (A) and 4.5.6 (B), the allowable bearing stress must be
determined by the test data and a factor of safety of 2.22. A limited
number of test data on very thin materials can be found in Ref. 8.
For connections in which washers are placed under both the heads
and nuts of the bolts, the equations for computing the allowable tension
stress [Eqs. (4.5.5-1) and (4.5.5-2)J, were derived from the following
formula for the ultimate tensile stress, a net , with the proper factors
of safety.
The correlations between Eq. (6) and the test data are shown
graphically in Figs. 9 to 11. The test specimens were involved with
the following parameters (18):
When washers are not used and when only one washer is used in
bolted connections, the ultimate tensile stress on the net section,
0net' can be determined by using Eq. (7):
For A449 bolts smaller than 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) in diameter,
Avg. ~/~ for 1/4 in. and 3/8 in. bOltS]
F 21 (for A325 bolts) [ A
v vg. ~/~ for 1/2 in. and 1 in. bolts
21 0.585 = 18.33 ksi;
0.670
use Fv 18 ksi (124 MPa)
SUMMARY
APPENDIX I-REFERENCES
4. Chong, K. P., and Matlock, R.B., "Light Gage Steel Bolted Connections
Without Washers," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE Proceed-
ings, Vol. 101, No. ST7, July 1975.
7. Frank, K.H. and Yura, J.A., "An Experimental Study of Bolted Shear
Connections," The University of Texas at Austin, September 1981.
11. Marsh, C., "Tear-Out Failure of Bolt Groups," Journal of the Struc-
tura:LPivision, ASCE Proceedings, Vol. 105, No. STIO, October 19~-
12. McKinney, W.M., Liu, V.A.S., and Yu, W.W., "Study of Cold-Formed
Steel Structural Members Made of Thick Sheets and Plates," Final
Report, University of Missouri-Rolla, -April 1975.
17. Winter, G., "Light Gage Steel Connections With High-Strength, High-
Torqued Bolts," Publication of the International Association for
Bridge and Structural Engineering, Vol. 16, p. 513, 1956.
18. Yu, W.W., and Mosby, R.L., "Bolted Connection in Cold-Formed Steel
Structures," University of Missouri-Rolla, January 1981.
APPENDIX II - NOTATION
d diameter of bolt;
e end distance;
TABLE 1
Inside sheet
of double > 1.15 3.5 F 1.50 F 2.33
- u U
shear
connections < 1.15 3.0 F 1.35 F
u
2.22
u
< 3/16 but
> 0.024
-
Single shear
connections > 1.15 3.0 F 1.35 F 2.22
- u u
and inside
sheets of < 1.15 3.0 F 1.35 F 2.22
u u
double shear
connections
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
Note: The gross and root areas are based on the AISC Manual of Steel
Construction, 8th Edition, p. 4-141.
1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 in. 2 = 645 mm~
\
M
~
• -\, ~I\\ \
(' ~
.\ (a)
5 \
~~----------------------~
• ~I ~ I~
~\ \1
S3 \ ~
(c) Tensile failure of sheet (Type III) (d) Shear failure of bolt
(Type IV)
5.0 o
40 o
[/J
r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ 3~ y~ -- ~::t
/ 0 [/J
8 / ~. ----2.-30
<tl.@F-·
, u cil
3,0 Y' Q
8
. / 8 ~ 0 0 ~
°bFu /'
1 /""---0--- _________ _ -=~~!o __ _ ><
El / 8 / 0
8
20 /
°bFU / ~
/ / LEGEND
- -- 1il
8/ / [!] Type Failure g
// // 0 Type II Failure
1.0
.;; / / • Type II a I Failure
~/
~'/ 6. Type II a ill Failure
'?/
o
o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
e Id
Fig. 2 Single Shear Connections with Washers, F IF > 1.15, Shear and Bearing Strength
Study u y-
6.0
o
5.0 o
+20%
4.0
3.5
Gb
G
Fu
~
3.0 j - 20 0;'
0_
/~ _ _ _ _ -0 _ _ _ _ ----
tltI:I
o
/
G / 8
. //
2.0 Gb -!. ~
Fu - d LEGEND ~
~//r o
G Type Failure ~
_/
o Type n Failure
/ //
1.0 / // • Type n a 1 Failure
// / IA Type II a m Failure
/. /
;;//
~
o ~V~ ____-L______ -L~~~~~~ __- L______ ~ ______~______~
e/d 0\
00
\0
Fig. 3 Double Shear Connections with Washers, Fu/Fy > 1.15, Shear and Bearing Strength Study
'"~
5.0
(/J
4.0
0
/ /~ __ !p__ ....._____ -P__ + 20 ;; ~
(/J
/ • II> 0 ----'-
/ ITb o til
3.0 ~~/ '" F · 3.0
o o
~ / 0 " ~
....::
(jb / 0 i!:.
Fu / // • // r------ ___. ___ =20 % 8
2.0 0b / / 0 LEGEND ---
~
~
__ e / / [!J Type I Failure
Fu -"dX // o Type IT Failure
Q
/ // • Type Ia IT Failure
1.0
/// i!:. Type n a ill Failure
;:
~/.'/
r'/
o .~~--------~--------~--------~----------~--------~----------~--------~
o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
e /d
Fig. 4 Single Shear Connections with Washers, Fu/Fy < 1.15, Shear and Bearing Strength Study
5.0
4.0
/ 20 %
r-------2 ---- t::d
/ CJb
o
/e ~ -=30 @
/ / ~ .
3.0 o
/
/ 8
O'b / 0
• ~____ - 20 0;'
Fu // ~
/// ----~-
/ Q
2.0 / (3
CJb / // LEGEND ~
= /
Fu ~-'
all G Type Failure
/ / o Type 1 a IT Failure
1.0 / //
• Type IT a ill Failure
~~//
~~/
V
O~K------~--------~------~------~------~--------~----~
o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 0\
'D
e /d
Fig. 5 Double Shear Connections with Washers, F < 1.15, Shear and Bearing Strength Study
u
IF y
0..
'-0
N
4.0
(/l
3.0 g
/~_________ +20% :t
(/l
// --lJb------- ;:g
/ / 00 .J. F = 2.2 - o
/ • I
CJb CJbe
2.0 -=(1 / ~______ _ 20 01.
Fu Fu 5
// -------~----
8
~ // LEGEND ~
/ / ~
1.0 / // o Type Failure Z
/ / / A Type n Failure
@
/-,/,/
• Type I a n Failure
~
OiL"
o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
e/d
Fig. 6 Single Shear Connections without Washers, F IF > 1.15, t > 0.036 in.
Shear and Bearing Strength Study U y-
4.0
3.0 ttl
/ ___________ 4... __________+ 20 % o
/ 0------- ti
!/ § 0~ b
Fu = 2.2 ~
/
CYb e / § 0 0 ~ 8
°b 2.0 -=d"
Fu Fu / / /,;------ %
// ---_ _ _ _ _ ..::... 20 ~
q
/ // -----
LEGEND (5
~
1.0 o Type Failure
/./ / /
A Type U Failure
/.'//
4/// • Type I 8 IT Failure
o
o 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
e /d
Fig. 7 Single Shear Connections without Washers, F IF < 1.15, t > 0.036 in. 0\
\0
Shear and Bearing Strength Study u y ...,
0-
1.0
~
4.0
C/l
3.0 S
::c
+ 20 % C/l
~------------~-------- til
// r = 2.2 o
/ ~ 0 ~
°b 2.0 / . S - 20 01 -<
/ ,,-____________ /0
Fu
// ",// --LEGENn--- 8
~
t:r1
/ /'" 0 Type n Failure ~
1.0 // / O"b e Failure occured g
~", F = d In the outside
b '/ u sheets of the
" ~ double shear
r connections
1.2
/~ ~ ttl
o
rq: '$'~.'- S
o
Onet
0.8 8
Fu t:.. t:;. /
~ ~( '~-----~~G~~D ,,"
~ / t:;. "
.. /8 : ,,/ ~
/ . /
t:;.
Type III q
If /"
/ / ,,/ " o o Type 18 III 5
/ ."
0.4 / ,,- [J Type II 8 ill 61
/ '.,../
/
/ ,/ • Type 18 IT 8 ill
/. /6
/."/
,... °net = (0.1 + 3 dis) ~ 1.0
Fu
o LI_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _~
Fig. 9 Effect of dis on Tensile Strength of Bolted Connections with Washers (Double
Shear, One Bolt) 0">
\0
v.
~
1.6
+20% Ul
1.2 //~-------- -------
A
/. ~
.A/ It :I:
Ul
1% /A A
A A ril
G// • • o
°net /% ~ .,.,r-- __ ,:.EQ~ ___ _
0.8
Fu //. ~ .... """ A ----- ~-<
/ .............
/
, ...... LEGEND
~/ ........
/ -6 A Type ill
0.4 ~/.. <mY" G
o Type 1 a ill
/./...... °net
~/ Tu"" = (0.1 + 3 dis) i!i 1.0 G Type n am
• Type 1 a n a IIr
00
I
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
dis
1.2 t- O
ttl
0
~
tTJ
10
()net 8
0.8 ~~../-=-_O;:t = (1-0.9r+3r(d/s)) ~ 1.0
Fu
LEGEND
~
Q
o One Bolt 0
-
Z
1Jl
0.4 t- 8. Two Bolts
I/~
El Three Bolts
o
o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
dis
1.6
0
0
0
0 C/l
1.2 I- -~
::t
~ C/l
til
(')
CJnet
0.8 ~
-~
Fu -<
°net 8
~ = (I-r+ 2.5 r(d/s)) ~ 1.0
~
:;.d
0.4 l- /' LEGEND tI1
o One Bolt g
A Two Bolts
D Three Bolts
1,/
C
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
dIs