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Submitted to fulfil one of the task of the english course taught by:
Arranged by :
Group 4
Thank God I pray to Allah SWT, because on His mercy I can finish the paper entitled
“The Paper English Language (the male and female reproductive system).” Writing this
paper is one of the task of English language courses.
We have prepared this paper in earnest and get help from various parties so that it can
facilitate the creation of this paper. For this reason, we express our gratitude to all those who
have contributed to the making of this paper.
Apart from all that, we are also fully aware that there are still many shortcomings
arrangement and grammar. Therefore, with open arms we accept all suggestion and criticisms
from readers so that we can improve this scientific paper.
Finally, we hope that the paper on the male and female reproductive system for this reader
can provide benefits and inspiration for readers.
PREPACE .................................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................................... 4
INTTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4
A. Issue background ............................................................................................................ 4
B. Formulation of the problem ............................................................................................ 5
C. The purpose of the problem ............................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER II.............................................................................................................................. 6
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 6
MEN'S REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 6
1. Male reproductive organs ............................................................................................... 6
a) Internal Reproductive Organs ..................................................................................... 6
b) External reproductive organs ...................................................................................... 7
2. Spermatogenesis ............................................................................................................. 8
3. Hormone in men ............................................................................................................. 9
4. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System .................................................................. 9
B. WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ....................................................................... 10
1. Female reproductive organs .......................................................................................... 10
a. internal reproductive organs ...................................................................................... 10
b. external reproductive organs ..................................................................................... 12
2. Oogenesis ...................................................................................................................... 12
3. hormone in women ....................................................................................................... 13
4. Fertilization ................................................................................................................... 15
5. Gestation (Pregnancy) ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
6. Labor ............................................................................................................................. 16
7. Lactation ....................................................................................................................... 17
8. Disorders of the Women's Reproductive System ......................................................... 17
CHAPTER III .......................................................................................................................... 19
CLOSING ................................................................................................................................ 19
A. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 19
B. Suggestion ..................................................................................................................... 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER I
INTTRODUCTION
A. Issue background
Reproduction is the ability of living things to produce new offspring. The aim is to
maintain the type and preserve the species so that it does not become extinct. In which
humans to produce new offspring begins with fertilization. So that reproduction in
humans is done in a generative or sexual way.
To be able to know reproduction in humans, it must first know the genitals involved
and the processes that take place in it.
The reproductive system in humans will begin to function when a person reaches
maturity (puberty) or a period of return. In a man the testicles have been able to produce
male sex cells (sperm) and testosterone. The hormone testosterone functions to affect the
emergence of secondary sex signs in men, including the voice changes to be bigger, the
growth of hair in certain places such as a jambang, mustache, beard, and chest grow into a
field, the Adam's apple enlarges. Whereas a woman
the ovary has been able to produce eggs (ovum) and female hormones namely
estrogen. The hormone estrogen functions to affect the emergence of secondary sex signs
in women, namely the skin becomes more refined, the voice becomes higher, the growth
of breasts and hips enlarge.
The reproductive system is a system that functions to reproduce. Consisting of testes,
ovaries and other parts of the genitals
Reproduction or breeding is part of physiology (physiology). Physiological
reproduction is not vital to individual life and even though a human reproductive cycle
stops, humans can still survive, for example humans who have vasectomy in their
reproductive organs (testes or ovaries) or reach menopause and andropouse will not die.
In general, new reproduction can take place after the human reaches puberty or adult sex,
and this is regulated by the endocrine glands and hormones produced in the human body.
Reproduction is also part of the body's processes that are responsible for the
continuity of a generation.
For the life of reproductive living beings it is not vital to mean that without the
reproduction process living things do not die. However, if living creatures cannot
reproduce, the continuation of the generation of living things is threatened and extinct,
because offspring (children) cannot be produced which are a means to continue the
generation.
Sexuality is something of the strength and drive of life between men and women
where these two creatures are a system that allows for continued descent - connecting so
that human existence is not extinct. Many happy and lively events aroused by the
existence of sex, but not a few also the existence of sad events, calamities and destruction
caused by sex too.
So important is the issue of sexuality in human life that there is an expert opinion that
extensively states that all human behavior is essentially motivated and driven by sex. So it
is not surprising that there are opinions of other researchers saying that most personality
disorders, behavioral disorders occur by the disruption of the pattern of development of
psychosexual life.
DISCUSSION
b. Scrotum
Scrotum (testicle bag) is a sac inside which contains testicles. Scrotum amounts
to a pair, the right scrotum and left scrotum. Between the right scrotum and the left
scrotum is limited by the bulkhead in the form of connective tissue and smooth
muscle (dartos muscle). The dart muscle functions to move the scrotum so that it can
contract and relax. Inside the scrotum there are also muscle fibers that originate from
the striated muscle of the abdominal wall called the cremaster muscle. This muscle
acts as a regulator of the temperature of the testicular environment so that the
condition is stable. The process of sperm formation(spermatogenesis) requires a
stable temperature, which is several degrees lower than body temperature.
2. Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis occurs in the testis, precisely in the seminiferous tubules.
Spermatogenesis includes the maturation of germinal epithelial cells through a process of
cell division and differentiation, which aims to form functional sperm. Cell maturation
occurs in the seminiferous tubules which are then stored in the epididymis. The walls of
the seminiferous tubules are composed of connective tissue and germinal epithelium tissue
(seed epithelium tissue) that functions during spermatogenesis. The spinning of
seminiferous tubules is present in the testicular chambers (testicular lobules). One testis
generally contains about 250 testicular lobules. The seminiferous tubules consist of a large
number of germinal epithelial cells (seed epithelial cells) called spermatogonia (single
spermatogonia). Spermatogonia is located in two to three outer layers of seminiferous
tubular epithelial cells.
The sperm head consists of thick nucleated cells with only a few cytoplasm. In the
surface membrane at the end of the sperm head there is a thick sheath called the acrosome.
Akrosom contains hyaluronidase and proteinase enzymes which function to penetrate the
protective layer of the ovum.
In the tail of the sperm there is a sperm body located in the middle of the sperm. Sperm
bodies contain lots of mitochondria which function as energy producers for sperm
movement.
All stages of spermatogenesis occur due to the influence of sertoli cells which have a
special function to provide food and regulate the process of spermatogenesis.
3. Hormone in men
a. Estoteron
Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells found between seminiferous tubules. This
hormone is important for the division of germinal cells to form sperm, especially
meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes.
b. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
LH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. LH functions to stimulate Leydig cells
to secrete testosterone
c. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
FSH is also secreted by the cells of the anterior pituitary gland and serves to
stimulate sertoli cells. Without this stimulation, conversion of spermatids to sperm
(spermination) will not occur.
d. Estrogen
Estrogen is formed by sertoli cells when stimulated by FSH. Sertoli cells also secrete
an androgen binding protein that binds to testosterone and estrogen and brings them
into the fluid in the seminiferous tubules. These hormones are available for sperm
maturation.
e. Growth Hormone
Growth hormone is needed to regulate testicular metabolic functions. Specifically,
growth hormone increases initial division.
4. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
1. Hypogonadism
Hypogonadism is a decrease in testicular function caused by disruption of hormone
interactions, such as the hormone androgen and testosterone. This disorder causes
infertility, impotence and absence of signs of personality. Treatment can be done with
hormone therapy.
2. Cryptoridism
Cryptoridism is the failure of one or both testes to descend from the abdominal
cavity into the scrotum during infancy. This can be handled by administering the
human chorionic gonadotropin hormone to stimulate phytoterone. If it hasn't gone
down too, surgery is done
Urethritis
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra with symptoms of itching in the penis and
frequent urination. The most common organism that causes urethritis is Chlamydia
trachomatis, Ureplasma urealyticum or herpes virus.
Prostatitis
Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate. The cause can be bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli or not bacteria.
Epididymitis
Epididymitis is an infection that often occurs in the male reproductive tract. The
epididymitis causing organisms are E. coli and Chlamydia.
3. Orchitis
Orchitis is inflammation of the testes caused by viral parotitis. If it occurs in adult
men it can cause infertility.
4. Fertilization
Fertilization or conception occurs when secondary oocytes containing the ovum are
fertilized by sperm. Fertilization generally occurs as soon as the secondary oocytes
enter the oviduct. However, before sperm can enter the secondary oocyte, the sperm
must first penetrate the layers of granulosa cells attached to the outer side of the
secondary oocyte called the corona radiata. Then, the sperm must also penetrate the
layer after the corona radiata, the pellucida zone. The pellucida zone is the inner layer
of the corona radiata, which is a glycoprotein that encloses the secondary oocyte.
Sperm can penetrate secondary oocytes because both sperm and secondary oocytes
secrete enzymes and / or certain compounds, so that activities support each other.
In sperm, the chromosome part secretes:
1. Hyaluronidase
An enzyme that can dissolve hyaluronid compounds in the corona radiate.
2. Acrosine
Protease which can destroy glycoproteins in the pellucida zone.
3. Antifertilizin
Antigen to secondary oocytes so that sperm can attach to secondary oocytes.
Secondary oocytes also secrete certain compounds, namely fertilizin which is
composed of glycoproteins with functions:
1) Activate sperm to move faster.
2) Attract positive sperm chemotactically.
3) Gather sperm around the secondary oocyte.
When one sperm penetrates a secondary oocyte, granulocyte cells in the
secondary oocyte cortex secrete certain compounds that cause the pellucida zone to
be penetrated by other sperm. The presence of sperm penetration also stimulates the
completion of meiosis II in the secondary oocyte nucleus, so that from the whole
process of meiosis I to completion of meiosis II three polar bodies and one ovum are
called secondary oocytes.
As soon as the sperm enters the secondary oocyte, the nucleus (nucleus) in the
head of the sperm will enlarge. Instead, the sperm's tail will degenerate. Then, the
sperm core containing 23 chromosomes (haploid) with an ovum containing 23
chromosomes (haploid) will unite to produce a zygote with 23 chromosome pairs
(2n) or 46 chromosomes.
5. Labor
Labor is the birth process of a baby. During labor, the uterus slowly becomes more
sensitive until it finally contracts periodically until the baby is born. The cause of
increased sensitivity and activity of the uterus resulting in contractions that are
influenced by hormonal factors and mechanical factors.
Hormones that affect uterine contractions, namely estrogen, oxytocin, prostaglandin
and relaxin.
1. Estrogen
Estrogen is produced by the placenta, whose concentration increases during labor.
Estrogen functions for uterine contractions.
2. Ocytoxin
Oxytocin is produced by the maternal and fetal pituitary. Oxytocin functions for
uterine contractions.
3. Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are produced by membranes in the fetus. Prostaglandin serves to
increase the intensity of uterine contractions.
4. Vaccine
Vaccine is produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and placenta. Vaccine
serves to relax or soften the cervix and loosen the pelvic bone so that it facilitates
labor.
6. Lactation
The survival of a newborn depends on the milk supply from the mother. Production
of milk (lactation) comes from a pair of mammary (breast) glands of the mother. Before
pregnancy, the breasts only consist of adipose tissue (fat tissue) and a system of
mammary glands and undeveloped gland (ductal gland) channels.
During pregnancy, the initial growth of the mammary gland is designed by
mammotropin. Mammotropin is a hormone produced from the maternal pituitary and
fetal placenta. In addition to mammotropin, there is also a large amount of estrogen and
progesterone released by the placenta, so that the glandular system of the breast glands
grows and divides. Simultaneously the breast glands and surrounding fat tissue also
increase. Although estrogen and progesterone are important for the physical
development of the breast gland during pregnancy, the special effect of these two
hormones is to prevent secretions from milk. Conversely, the hormone prolactin has the
opposite effect, which increases the secretion of milk. This hormone is secreted by the
maternal pituitary gland and its concentration in maternal blood increases from the 5th
week of pregnancy to the birth of the baby. In addition, the placenta secretes large
amounts of human chorionic somatomamotropin, which also has mild lactogenic
properties, thus supporting prolactin from the maternal pituitary.
7. Disorders of the Women's Reproductive System
1. Menstrual disorders
Menstrual disorders in women are divided into two types, namely primary
amenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of
menstruation until the age of 17 years with or without sexual development.
Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation for 3-6 months or more in
people who are experiencing menstrual cycles.
2. Genital cancer
Genital cancer in women can occur in the vagina, cervix and ovary.
3. Vaginal cancer
There is no known cause of vaginal cancer but it is likely to occur due to irritation
which is caused by a virus. Treatment includes chemotherapy and laser surgery.
4. Cervikal cancer
Cervical cancer is a condition where abnormal cells grow throughout the cervical
epithelium. Treatment is done by removing the uterus, oviduct, ovary, upper third of
the vagina and pelvic lymph glands.
5. Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer has unclear symptoms. It can be a severe feeling in the pelvis,
changes in the function of the digestive tract or has abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Treatment can be done surgically and chemotherapy.
6. Endomentriosis
Endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial tissue is located outside the
uterus, which can grow around the ovary, oviduct or far outside the uterus, for
example in the lungs.
Symptoms of endometriosis in the form of abdominal pain, waist pain and pain
during menstruation. If not treated, endometriosis can cause difficult pregnancy.
Handling can be done by administering medication, laparoscopy or laser surgery.
7. Vaginal infection
The initial symptoms of vaginal infections are vaginal discharge and itching.
Vaginal infections attack women of childbearing age. The causes include sexual
intercourse, especially if the husband has an infection, fungus or bacteria.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
The male and female reproductive system is different. In male reproduction having a
penis and testicular gland to produce sperm, the maturity of sperm cells is characterized by
wet dreams at the age of puberty. In the reproductive system the woman has a vagina and
ovary to produce an ovum. The maturity of the egg or ovum is marked by menarche
between the ages of 13-16 years. If there is a meeting between sperm cells and ovum cells
there will be a pregnancy that will develop into a fetus.
B. Suggestion
Knowledge about sex & sexuality should be shared by everyone. With the knowledge
that is owned, it is hoped that the person will be able to keep his reproductive organs from
being used freely without knowing the impact, Knowledge provided must be easy to
understand, on target, and not misleading. Thus the person will be able to deal with
external stimuli in a healthy, mature and responsible way.
BIBLIOGRAPHY