CHAPTER 8 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

8.1 USING BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

1
16 x
1. dx
0 8x2 2
u 8 x2 2 du 16 x dx
u 2 when x 0, u 10 when x 1
1 10
16 x 1 10
2
dx du ln u
u 2
0 8x 2 2
ln10 ln 2 ln 5

x2
2. dx
x2 1
1
Use long division to write the integrand as 1 2
.
x 1
x2 1
2
dx 1 dx 2
dx
x 1 x 1
1
x tan x C

2
3. sec x tan x dx
2
Expand the integrand: sec x tan x sec2 x 2sec x tan x tan 2 x
sec2 x 2sec x tan x (sec2 x 1)
2sec2 x 2sec x tan x 1
2
sec x tan x dx 2 sec 2 x dx 2 sec x tan x dx 1 dx
2 tan x 2sec x x C
We have used Formulas 8 and 10 from Table 8.1.

/3
1
4. 2
dx
/4 cos x tan x
1
u tan x du sec2 x dx dx
cos2 x
u 1 when x 4, u 3 when x /3

/3 3
1 1 3
2
dx du ln u
u 1
/4 cos x tan x 1
1
ln 3 ln1 ln 3
2

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544 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

1 x
5. dx
1 x2
Write as the sum of two integrals:

1 x 1 x
dx dx dx
2 2
1 x 1 x 1 x2
For the first integral use Formula 18 in Table 8.1 with a 1.
For the second:
u 1 x2 du 2 x dx
x 1 1
dx 1/2
du
1 x 2 2 u

u 1 x2

1 x
So dx sin 1 x 1 x2 C
2
1 x

1
6. dx
x x
1
u x 1 du dx
2 x
1 1
dx 2 du
x x u
2ln u C 2ln x 1 C

e cot z
7. dz
sin 2 z
1
u cot z du csc2 z dz dz
sin 2 z
e cot z
dz e u du
sin 2 z
e u C e cot z C

3
2ln z
8. dz
16 z
3
u ln z 3 3ln z du dz
z
Using Formula 5 in Table 8.1,
3
2ln z 1
dz 2u du
16 z 48
3
2u 2ln z
C C
48ln 2 48ln 2

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 Section 8.1 Using Basic Integration Formulas 545

1
9. z z
dz
e e
ez
Multiply the integrand by .
ez
1 ez
dz dx
ez e z e2 z 1

u ez du e z du

ez 1
2z
dx 2
du
e 1 u 1
tan 1 u C tan 1 e z C

2
8
10. 2
dx
1 x 2x 2
u x 1 du dx
u 0 when x 1, u 1 when x 2
2 1
8 1
2
dx 8 2
du
1 x 2x 2 0 u 1
1
8 tan 1 u 8 0 2
0 4

0
4
11. dx
11 (2 x 1)2
u 2 x 1 du 2dx
u 1 when x 1, u 1 when x 0
0 1
4 1
2
dx 2 2
du
1 1 (2 x 1) 11 u
1
2 tan 1 u 2
1 4 4

3
4x2 7
12. dx
1 2x 3
2
Use long division to write the integrand as 2 x 3 .
2x 3
3
4x2 7 3 3 3
2
dx 2 x dx 3 dx dx
1 2x 3 1 2x 3
1 1

3 3 3 3
2 x dx 3 dx x2 3x 1 8 12 4
1 1 1

For the last integral,

u 2 x 3 du 2 dx
u 1 when x 1, u 9 when x 3

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546 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

3 9
2 1
dx du
1 2 x 3 1 u
9
ln u ln 9 ln1 2 ln 3
1
3
4x2 7
So dx 4 2ln 3
1 2x 3

1
13. dt
1 sec t
1 sec t
Multiply the integrand by .
1 sec t
1 1 sec t 1 sec t cos t cos t
2
cot 2 t 1 csc2 t
1 sec t 1 sec t tan t sin 2 t sin 2 t
1 cos t
dt 1 dt csc2 t dt dt
1 sec t sin 2 t
t cot t csc t C
Here we have used Formula 9 in Table 8.1 for the second integral, and the substitution u sin t , du cos t dt
1 1 1
for the third integral, which gives it the form 2
du .
u u sin t

14. csc t sin 3t dt

Write sin 3t as sin(2t t ) and expand.

cos 2t sin t (2sin t cos t ) cos t

csc t sin 3t
sin t
cos 2t 2cos 2 t 2cos 2t 1

csc t sin 3t dt 2cos 2t dt 1 dt

sin 2t t C

/4
1 sin
15. d
0 cos2
Split into two integrals.

/4 /4 /4
1 sin 1 sin
2
d 2
d d
0 cos 0 cos 0 cos 2
/4
/4 sin
sec2 d d
0 0 cos 2
/4
tan sec 0 (1 2) (0 1) 2

The second integral is evaluated with the substitution u cos du sin d , which gives

sin 1 1 1
2
d 2
du .
cos u u cos

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 Section 8.1 Using Basic Integration Formulas 547

1
16. d
2
2
1
Write the integrand as . With u 1, du d ,
1 ( 1)2
1 1
d d
2
2 1 ( 1)2
1 1
du sin u C sin 1( 1) C
2
1 u
We have used Formula 18 in Table 8.1 with a 1.

ln y
17. dy
y 4 ln 2 y

ln y 1
Write the integrand as .
y 1 4 ln 2 y
8 ln y
u 1 4 ln 2 y du dy
y
ln y ln y 1
2
dy dy
y 4ln y y 1 4ln 2 y
1 1 1 1
du ln u C ln(1 4 ln 2 y ) C
8 u 8 8
Note that the argument of the logarithm is positive, so we don t need absolute value bars.

2 y
18. dy
2 y
1
u y du dy
2 y

Using Formula 5 in Table 8.1,

2 y
dy 2u du
2 y
1 u 1
2 C 2 y C
ln 2 ln 2

1
19. d
sec tan
cos
Multiply the integrand by .
cos
1 cos cos
d d
sec tan cos 1 sin
u 1 sin du cos d

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548 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

cos 1
d du ln u C
1 sin u
ln (1 sin ) C

We can discard the absolute value because 1 sin is never negative.

1
20. dt
t 3 t2

Use Formula 5 in Table 7.10, with a 3.

1 1 t
dt csch 1 C
t 3 t 2 3 3

4t 3 t 2 16t
21. dt
t2 4
4
Use long division to write the integrand as 4t 1 2
.
t 4
4t 3 t 2 16t 1
2
dt 4t dt 1 dt 4 2
dt
t 4 t 4
t
2t 2 t 2 tan 1 C
2
To evaluate the third integral we used Formula 19 in Table 8.1 with a 2.

x 2 x 1
22. dx
2x x 1
Split into two integrals.

x 2 x 1 1 1
dx dx dx
2x x 1 2 x 1 x
x 1 ln x C
1
For the first integral we used u x 1, du dx, du u C
2 x 1

/2
23. 1 cos d
0
1 cos
Multiply the integrand by .
1 cos
/2 /2
/2 1 cos2 sin
1 cos d d d .
0 1 cos 0 1 cos
0

(Note that when 0 / 2, sin 0 so sin 2 sin . )

u 1 cos du sin d
u 2 when 0, u 1 when /2
/2 1 2
sin 1 1 2
d du du 2 u 2 2 2
0 1 cos 2 u 1 u 1

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 Section 8.1 Using Basic Integration Formulas 549

24. (sec t cot t )2 dt

Expand the integrand:

2
sec t cot t sec2 t 2sec t cot t cot 2 t
sec2 t 2sec t cot t csc2 t 1

(sec t cot t )2 dt sec2 t dt 2 csc t dt csc2 t dt 1 dt

tan t 2ln csc t cot t cot t t C

We have used Formulas 8, 9 and 15 from Table 8.1.

1
25. dy
2y
e 1
ey
Multiply the integrand by .
ey
1 ey
dy dy ; u ey du e y dy
2y y 2y
e 1 e e 1

ey 1
dy du
y 2y
e e 1 u u2 1
1 1 y
sec u C sec e C

We have used Formula 20 in Table 8.1.

6
26. dy
y 1 y

1
u y du dy
2 y

6 1
dy 12 du
y 1 y 1 u2
1
12 tan y C

2
27. dx
x 1 4 ln 2 x

2
u 2 ln x du dx
x

2 1
dx du
x 1 4 ln 2 x 1 u2
1 1
sin u C sin 2 ln x C

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550 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

1
28. dx
( x 2) x 2 4x 3
u x 2 du dx

1 1
dx du
2
( x 2) x 4x 3 u u2 1
sec 1 u C sec 1 x 2 C

We have used Formula 20 in Table 8.1 with a 1.

29. (csc x sec x )(sin x cos x ) dx

Expand the integrand and separate into two integrals.

(csc x sec x )(sin x cos x ) 1 cot x tan x 1 cot x tan x

(csc x sec x )(sin x cos x ) dx cot x dx tan x dx

ln sin x ln sec x C ln sin x ln cos x C

We have used Formulas 12 and 13 from Table 8.1.

x
30. 3sinh ln 5 dx
2

x 1
u ln 5 du dx
2 2
x
3sinh ln 5 dx 6 sinh u du
2
x
6cosh u C 6cosh ln 5 C
2

3
2 x3
31. dx
2 x2 1

2x
Use long division to write the integrand as 2 x .
x2 1
3 3 3
2 x3 2x 3 2x
2
dx 2x 2
dx 2 x dx 2
dx
x 1 x 1 2 2 x 1
2 2

For the second integral we use u x 2 , du 2 x dx.

3 3 3
3 2x
2 x dx 2
dx x2 ln x 2 1
2 2 x 1 2 2
(9 2) (ln8 ln1)
7 ln 8 9.079

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 Section 8.1 Using Basic Integration Formulas 551

1
32. 1 x 2 sin x dx is the integral of an odd function over an interval symmetric to 0, so its value is 0.
1

0
1 y
33. dy
1
1 y

1 y
Multiply the integrand by and split the indefinite integral into a sum.
1 y

1 y 1 y 1 y
dy dy dy dy
1 y 1 y 2
1 y 2
1 y2
1
sin y 1 y2 C

The first integral is Formula 18 in Section 8.1, and for the second we use the substitution
u 1 y 2 , du 2 y dy . So
0 0
1 y 1
dy sin y 1 y2
1
1 y 1

(0 1) 0 1
2 2

ez
34. ez dz

z
Write the integrand as e z ee and use the substitution u e z , du e z dz.
z z
e z e dz e z ee dz eu du
z
eu C ee C

7
35. dx
( x 1) x 2 2 x 48

u x 1, du dx; x 2 2 x 48 u 2 72
We use Formula 20 in Table 8.1.

7 7
dx du
2 2
( x 1) x 2 x 48 u u 72
1 1 u 1 x 1
7sec C sec C
7 7 7

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552 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

1
36. dx
(2 x 1) 4 x 4 x 2

u 2 x 1, du 2dx; 4 x 4 x2 u 2 12
We use Formula 20 in Table 8.1.

1 1 1
dx du
(2 x 1) 4 x 4 x 2 2 u u 2
12
1 1 1 1
sec u C sec 2x 1 C
2 2

2 3 7 2 7
37. d
2 5

5
Use long division to write the integrand as 2 1 .
2 5

2 3 7 2 7 2 5
d d d 1d d
2 5 2 5
1 3 1 2 5
ln 2 5 C
3 2 2
In the last integral we have used the substitution u 2 5, du 2d .

1
38. d
cos 1
cos 1
Multiply the integrand by .
cos 1
1 cos 1 cos 1 1 cos
csc2 csc cot
cos 1 cos 1 cos2 1 sin 2

csc2 csc cot d csc2 d csc cot d

cot csc C
We have used Formulas 9 and 11 from Table 8.1.

1
39. dx
1 ex

ex
Use one step of long division to write the integrand as 1 .
1 ex

1 ex
dx 1 dx dx x ln 1 e x C
1 ex 1 ex

For the second integral we have used the substitution u 1 e x , du e x dx. Note that 1 e x is always positive.

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 Section 8.1 Using Basic Integration Formulas 553

x
40. dx
1 x3
3 1/2
u x 3/2 , du x dx
2
x 2 1
3
dx du
1 x 3 1 u2
2 2
tan 1 u C tan 1 x 3/2 C
3 3

/4 /4
41. The area is 2cos x sec x dx 2sin x ln sec x tan x
/4 /4

2 ln 2 1 2 ln 2 1

2 1
2 2 ln 2 2 ln 3 2 2 1.066
2 1

/4
42. The volume using the washer method is 4cos 2 x sec2 x dx.
/4

Split into two integrals; for the first write 4cos2 x as 2 1 cos 2x and for the second use Formula 8 in
Table 8.1.
/4 /4 /4
4cos 2 x sec 2 x dx 4 cos2 x dx sec 2 x dx
/4 /4 /4
/4 /4
2 1 cos 2 x dx sec2 x dx
/4 /4
/4 /4
2 x sin 2 x /4
tan x /4

2
1 1 1 ( 1)
2 2

43. For y ln (cos x ) , dy / dx tan x. The arc length is given by

/3 2 /3
1 tan x dx sec x dx since sec x is positive on the interval of integration.
0 0

/3 /3
sec x dx ln sec x tan x
0 0

ln 2 3 ln 1 0 ln 2 3

44. For y ln (sec x ) , dy / dx tan x. The arc length is given by

/4 2 /4
1 tan x dx sec x dx since sec x is positive on the interval of integration.
0 0

/4 /4
sec x dx ln sec x tan x
0 0

ln 2 1 ln 1 0 ln 2 1

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