ENGLISH MINI PROJECT

“Academic Writing”
Diajukan untuk memenuhi tugas akhir mata kuliah Pelatihan Bahasa Inggris

DOSEN PEMBIMBING :
Umi Rachmawati,M.Pd

Disusun oleh :
Rayi Citra Ayu Pangestuti 17.0605.0001

PROGRAM STUDI S1 FARMASI

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MAGELANG
2019
 OBESITY DISEASE
Obesity is one of the most serious problems of the 21st century and today there is a
record that about 2.1 billion people almost 30% of the world population are obese or
overweight. The rise in obesity rates worldwide over the last three decades has been
substantial and widespread, presenting a public health epidemic in both developed and
developing countries (Lemos,2018)

Obesity is projected to become a public health concern worldwide,1 and it is

becoming a serious problem in developing countries.1,2 The World Health Organization
(WHO) Expert Consultation on Obesity has warned about the escalation of obesity
prevalence in developing countries. A previous WHO report on Diet, Nutrition, and the
Prevention of Chronic Diseases mentioned obesity as the main risk factor for all non-
communicable diseases.3 In Indonesia, obesity and central obesity have become major health
issues since the “double burden of disease” has affected the Indonesian population. On the
one hand, infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality; on the other hand, the
incidence of non-communicable (Harbuwono,2018)

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by an increase of body fat stores.

It is a gateway to ill health, and has become one of the leading causes of disability and death,
affecting not only adults but also children and adolescents worldwide. Obesity is a major risk
factor for cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory disorders. This presents an ever
increasing social and economic burden to individuals, families and the healthcare system.
Obesity is a metabolic disease that has reached epidemic proportions. The World Health
Organization (WHO) has declared obesity as the largest global chronic health problem in
adults which is increasingly turning into a more serious problem than malnutrition. In 2014,
more than 1.9 billion adults (18 years and older) were overweight (Aktar,2017)

Obesity is defined as body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 according to the Asia-Pacific
standard for obesityCentral obesity is defined as waist circumference >90 cm for men and
>80 cm according to Asia–Pasific standard for central obesity. In clinical practice, the body
fatness is usually estimated by BMI. BMI is calculated as measured body weight (kg) divided
by measured height squared (m2). Patients with a BMI of 25 kg/m2 or greater are classified
as being overweight. Pre obesity and obesity class I, II and III (extreme obesity) are defined
as a BMI of 25 kg/m2 to 29.9 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2 to 34.9 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2 to 39.9 kg/m2, and
40 kg/m2 or greater, respectively (Subekti,2017)

Category BMI (kg/m2)

Underweight <18.5
Healthy Weight 18.5 – 24.9
Pre-obese state 25.0 – 29.9
Obesity grade I 30.0 – 34.9
Obesity grade II 35.0 – 39.9
Obesity grade III >40
(Nazmul, 2017)
 The reasons behind this “epidemic” could be attributed primarily to an energy
imbalance and diet should be a major target for its prevention. Recently, there is evidence
supporting the role of eating behaviors in the development of overweight. Among the various
eating behaviors, intake of high energydense foods is considered as a cause of weight gain,
overweight and obesity, especially when large portion sizes are consumed regularly, a diet
rich in fatty foods, snacking and eating quickly have shown to be associated with increased
prevalence of obesity, the frequency of eating and the style of eating may also contribute to
obesity. Several studies have shown that sedentary lifestyles for example, prolonged
television viewing, physical inactivity, and unhealthy eating habits during childhood was
associated with an elevated risk of developing obesity (Sahib,2014)

The secondary reasons are familial and genetic predisposition, psychological factors,
diseases (hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome) and drugs (steroids, tricyclic antidepressants,
sulfonylureas, valproate and contraceptives) that may play a role in the etiology of obesity
Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic concern. It increases the risk of diseases and health related
problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, gall bladder disease,
osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, some forms of cancer and infertility. Obesity is also associated
with hyperlipidemia, pregnancy complications, hirsutism (khleel,2014)

Obesity should be treated ideally with exercise and diet Indeed, the use of diets to
control body weight in the long term makes the vast majority of overweight or obese
individuals have to modify their type of diet to reduce daily energy intake (Londono, 2018)

Many of the strategies for successful weight loss and maintenance will help prevent
obesity. Following a healthy lifestyle can help to prevent overweight and obesity and this can
be done mainly by improving eating habits (cutting calories, making healthier choices,
restricting certain foods) and increasing physical activity. Providing health education for the
consumers in order to reduce portion sizes, which may help to limit opportunities for “passive
overeating.” The food and restaurant industries should be encouraged to take responsible
actions by reducing portion sizes, especially of high- energy density foods, increasing the
availability of foods that are low in fat and low in energy density. Foods that are naturally
low in fat and energy density, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, should be made
easily available and affordable in both restaurants and grocery stores ( Tamara,2016)

The evidence and recommendations for nonpharmacological management of obesity,

including diet therapy, physical activity and behavioural therapy, as well as pharmacotherapy,
and bariatric surgery are discussed in the present review. Eating, It is better to use the term
‘eating plan’ rather than ‘diet’. Diets tend to be seen as short term and there are many which
are pushed by magazines, in books, and online, and there is a large industry producing these
diet plans. This plethora of diets is confusing and unhelpful for someone attempting to lose
and then maintain weight loss. General advice for nonpharmacological management of
obesity is decrease energy density of foods and drinks,decrease the size of food portions ,
avoid snacking between meals, do not skip breakfast and avoid eating in the night time,
manage and reduce episodes of loss of control or binge eating (Allyn,2019)

Antiobesity drug therapy is indicated for those individuals who cannot achieve weight
loss despite an adequate trial of lifestyle modification. Pharmacotherapy should only be
prescribed in conjunction with lifestyle modifications, and not as monotherapy for
obesity.The relatively limited success of lifestyle interventions has driven the search for
effective anti-obesity drugs. Drug treatment of obesity is driven by similar principles for
pharmacotherapy of other chronic diseases: it needs to be effective and safe (particularly as it
will need to be used long term), acceptable to patients and affordable . While the
physiological control of body weight theoretically provides many targets (satiety, nutrient
absorption and energy expenditure), in practice it has proven hard to find safe and effective
drugs and regulatory authorities such as The Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA has
approved five long-term obesity drugs for adults who are obese so far: lorcaserin,
phentermine/topiramate, naltrexone/bupropion, Orlistat and liraglutide over the past two
years. A fifth alternative, orlistat is a long-term medication that is effective for up to six
months and is the only drug used to treat childhood obesity. (Milton,2018)

SUMMARY
Obesity is a chronic disease which has spread all over the world. It can be defined as a
condition of abnormal fat accumulation in the human body or overweight. Body weight and
height, as well as associated indicators like overweight and obesity. Persons are defined as
overweight if their body weight exceeds a certain level for a given body height. Obesity has
been recognized as an important contributing factor in the development of chronic and
serious diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension,
stroke, heart failure, dyslipidaemia, uric acid, etc. An important cause in the development of
this disease is the increasing availability of foods rich in calories and High Fat Diet (HFD),
snacking and eating quickly have shown to be associated with increased prevalence of
obesity, the frequency of eating and the style of eating may also contribute to obesity. And
sedentary lifestyles for example, prolonged television viewing, physical inactivity, and
unhealthy eating habits during childhood was associated with an elevated risk of developing
obesity. The secondary reasons are familial and genetic predisposition, psychological factors,
diseases (hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome) and drugs (steroids, tricyclic antidepressants,
sulfonylureas, valproate and contraceptives).

Obesity should be treated ideally with exercise and diet. Treatment for obesity
included pharmacological and nonpharmacological. For nonpharmacological management of
obesity, including diet therapy, physical activity and lifestyle management. And Drug
treatment of obesity is driven by similar principles for pharmacotherapy of other chronic
diseases. Antiobesity drug therapy is indicated for those individuals who cannot achieve
weight loss despite an adequate trial of lifestyle modification.
 REFERENCES

Harbuwono,2018. Obesity and central obesity in Indonesia: evidence from a national

health survey. Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia : Jakarta

Allyn, 2019. Dietary Therapy for Obesity: An Emperor With No Clothes. Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa : Iowa City

Raheem, Tamara. 2016. Eating Behavior in a Sample of Overweight and Obese: A

Cross Sectional Study. Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Bagdad,
Baghdad, Iraq

Aktar, Nazma.2017. Obesity: A Review of Pathogenesis and Management Strategies

in Adult. Medical College & Hospital,Bangladesh,Dhaka : Bangladesh

Lemos, 2018. Pharmacological Advances to the Treatment of Obesity. Vice-Rectory

of Research, Physiotherapy Program, Manuela Beltrán University : Colombia

Kuhnert, 2017. Overweight and obesity among adults in Germany. Robert Koch
Institute : Berlin