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Chapter 4
by
Dr.-Ing. Ir. Josia Irwan Rastandi, M.T.
"Forming hinges was simple with iron, but difficult with reinforced
concrete. It created statically indeterminate frames continuing through
several spans, a difficulty surmountable only by using analytical methods"
[Holger Falter, Architecture and Mathematics, 1998]
“In Hardy Cross' day, if you wanted to design a highway bridge, or if you
wanted to design a high-rise building, you would end up with several
thousand simultaneous mathematical equations. And there were no
computers of the kind we have today. He developed a procedure by
which, in a very short time, you could actually analyze or design a very
complex building or bridge and calculate all the stresses in it."
[Zia Rizzaq, professor of civil engineering at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, 1995]
from :
Hardy Cross, 1952, Engineers and Ivory Towers
16. Moment-Distribution Method
• Preliminary design
Check of computerized analyses
Providing a better insight into the behavior of structures
Sign Convention
Member Stiffness
2 EI
M M nf = (2θ n + θ f − 3ψ nf ) + FEM nf
θ L
A B 4 EI
M= θ
L L
EI = Constant
K I
4 EI
= Bending Stiffness = =K
L 4E L
= Moment corresponding to a unit rotation = Re lative Bending Stiffness
M θ
MBA = Carry-over Moment
A B
L
EI = Constant
2 EI 1
M BA = θ= M if far end is fixed
L 2
M BA =0 if far end is hinged
Distribution Factors
M
E, I1, L1 θ
A θ D
B E, I3, L3
θ
E, I2, L2
B D
A
MBC
MBC
MCB C
M= M BA + M BC + M BD
4 EI1 4 EI 2 3EI 3
M= ( + + )θ
L1 L2 L3
= ( K BA + K BC + K BD )θ = (∑ K B )θ
= 4 E ( K BA + K BC + K BD )θ = 4 E (∑ K B )θ
M
θ=
4E ∑ K B
K BA K BC K BD
M BA = M M BC = M M BD =
∑ KB ∑ KB ∑ KB
→ The applied moment M is distributed to the mebers
in proportional to their relative bending stiffness.
K
= Distribution Factor = DF
∑K
M BA = DFBA M M BC = DFBC M M BD = DFBD M
In moment-distribution method,
the effects of chord rotation are taken into account
by means of fixed-end moments.
2 EI 6 EI
M nf = (2θ n + θ f − 3ψ nf ) + FEM nf FEM AB = FEM BA = − ∆
L L2
L
EI
A B
ψ ∆
ψ =−
∆ L
2 EI 6 EI
M nf = (2θ n + θ f − 3ψ nf ) + FEM nf FEM AB = FEM BA = 2
∆
L L
20
KBD=3 K BA 2 1
DFBA = = =
A
KAB=2
B
D
∑ KB 6 3
K BC 1
DFBC = =
KBC=1
∑ KB 6
K BD 3 1
DFBD = = =
∑ KB 6 2
C
MBA20 MBD
KBD=3
1 20
A D M BA = DFBA × M = × 20 =
KAB=2 3 3
MBC B
1 10
M BC = DFBC × M = × 20 =
6 3
KBC=1
1
M BD = DFBD × M = × 20 = 10
2
MAB 20
MBA MBD MDB
KBD=3
20 10
A D M AB = M BA / 2 = /2=
KAB=2 M 3 3
BC B
10 5
M CB = M BC / 2 = /2=
3 3
KBC=1
M DB = 0
MCB
1.5k/ft 30k
EI = constant
A D E = 29,000 kis
B C
I = 500 in4
20’ 10’ 10’ 15’
A E = 29,000 kis
D
B C I = 500 in4
20’ 10’ 10’ 15’
1. Distrubution Factors
Calculating the distribution factors at joints that are free to rotate,
At joints B,
I I
K AB 20 K BC 20
DFBA = = = 0.5 DFBC = = = 0.5
K AB + K BC I + I K AB + K BC I + I
20 20 20 20
At joints C,
I I
K BC 20 K CD 15
DFCB = = = 0.429 DFCD = = = 0.571
K BC + K CD I +I K BC + K CD I +I
20 15 20 15
A D
B C
20’ 10’ 10’ 15’
2. Fixed-End Moments
Restraining the joints that are free to rotate against rotation,
FEM AB = 50k − ft FEM BA = −50k − ft
FEM BC = 75k − ft FEM BC = −75k − ft
FEM CD = 0 FEM DC = 0
50 50 75 75
75
16.1 21.4
B
A D
32.2 42.8
C
DM CB = 75 × 0.429 = 32.2k − ft DM CD = 75 × 0.571 = 42.8k − ft
CM BC = 32.2 × 0.5 = 16.1k − ft CM DC = 42.8 × 0.5 = 21.4k − ft
41.1
Unbalanced Moment = -50 + 75 +16.1 = 41.1 k-ft
50 75 16.1 Balancing Moment = -41.1 k-ft
B
41.1
B
A D
10.3 C
20.6 20.6 10.3
DM BA = −41.1× 0.5 = −20.6k − ft DM BC = −41.1× 0.5 = −20.6k − ft
CM AB = −20.6 × 0.5 = −10.3k − ft CM CB = −20.6 × 0.5 = −10.3k − ft
A I2
B C K AB = I1 K BC =
L2
L1, I1 L2, I2 L1
At joint B I1 I2
L1 L2
DFBA = DFBC =
I1 I
+ 2 I1 I
+ 2
L1 L2 L1 L2
At joint C
I2
L2
DFCB = = 1.0
I2
L2
DM BC = BM B × DFBC
CM CB = DM BC × 0.5 Balancing the joint of simple support
iteratively
A 3 I2
B C K AB = I1 K BC =
L1, I1 L2, I2 L1 4 L2
At joint B I1 3 I2
L1
DFBA = DFBC = 4 L2
I1 3I
+ 2 I1
+ 2
3I
L1 4 L2 L1 4 L2
At joint C
3 I2
L2
DFCB = 4 = 1.0
3 I2
4 L2
DM BC = BM B × DFBC
CM CB = 0 Balancing the joint of simple support
only once at the first
A D
L1, I1 B L2, I2 C L3, I3
I2
K AB = I1 K BC = K CD = 0
L1 L2
At joint C
I2
L2 0
DFCB = = 1.0 DFCD = =0 Treating as a simple support
I2 I2
L2 L2
L1, I1 B L2, I2 C
3 I2
K AB = I1 K BC =
L1 4 L2
To consider the effect of cantilever overhang,
its member end moment should be introduced in the first stage of solution.
18k 2 k/ft
A C EI = constant
B
10’ 15’ 30’
0.545 0.455
64.8 -43.2 150.0 -150.0
-58.2 -48.6
-29.1 -24.3
M BC = 101.4k − ft M BC = −174.3k − ft
0
35.7 18k 101.4 2 k/ft 174.3 174.3
35.7 101.4
0
35.7 18k 101.4 2 k/ft 174.3 174.3
35.7 101.4
27.6
8.2
+ +
− −
9.8
13.8m
27.6 − 2 × 30 = −32.4k
32.4
27.6 − 2 x = 0, x = 13.8m
89.0
+
46.3
+
− −
−
35.7
80kN 40kN
A C
B
5m 5m 5m 5m
E, 1.5I E, I
K AB = 1.5I / 10 K BC = I / 10
At joint B
1.5I / 10 I / 10
DFBA = = 0.6 DFBC = = 0.4
1.5I / 10 + I / 10 1.5I / 10 + I / 10
At joint C
I / 10
DFCB = = 1.0
I / 10
A C
B
5m 5m 5m 5m
E, 1.5I E, I
K AB = 1.5I / 10 K BC = (3 / 4) I / 10
At joint B
1.5I / 10 (3 / 4) I / 10
DFBA = = 0.667 DFBC = = 0.333
1.5I / 10 + (3 / 4) I / 10 1.5I / 10 + (3 / 4) I / 10
At joint C
(3 / 4) I / 10
DFCB = = 1.0
(3 / 4) I / 10
A D
B C
6m 9m 4m
E, I
K AB = I / 6 K BC = (3 / 4) I / 9 = I / 12 K CD = 0
At joint B
I /6 2 I / 12 1
DFBA = = DFBC = =
I / 6 + I / 12 3 I / 6 + I / 12 3
At joint C
I / 12 0
DFCB = = 1.0 DFCD = = 0.0
I / 12 I / 12
A D
B C
20’ 20’ 20’
E=29,000 ksi , I = 7,800 in4
5 1 3
∆ B = in ∆ C = 1 in ∆ D = in
8 2 4
K AB = (3 / 4) I / 20 = 0.0375I K BC = I / 20 = 0.05I K CD = (3 / 4) I / 20 = 0.0375I
At joint A At joint D
0.0375I 0.0375I
DFAB = = 1.0 DFDC = = 1.0
0.0375I 0.0375I
At joint B
0.0375I 0.05I
DFBA = = 0.429 DFBC = = 0.571
0.0375I + 0.05I 0.0375I + 0.05I
At joint C
0.05I 0.0375I
DFCB = = 0.571 DFCD = = 0.429
0.05I + 0.0375I 0.05I + 0.0375I
6 EI∆
FEM AB 2 = FEM BA2 = = 1227.2k − ft
L2
6 EI∆
FEM BC 2 = FEM CB 2 = 2 = 1718.1k − ft
L
6 EI∆
FEM CD 2 = FEM DC 2 = − 2 = 1472.7k − ft
L
Example 16.5
2k/ft
AC : E=29,000ksi I=800 in4
C D E BD : E=29,000ksi I=800 in4
10’
CD : E=29,000ksi I=1,600 in4
40 k
DE : E=29,000ksi I=1,600 in4
10’
A B
30’ 30’
K AC = 800 / 20 = 40 K BD = 800 / 20 = 40
K CD = 1600 / 30 = 53.333 K DE = 0.75 × 1600 / 30 = 40
At joint C
40 53.333
DFCA = = 0.429 DFCD = = 0.571
40 + 50.333 40 + 50.333
At joint D
40 53.333 40
DFDB = = 0.3 DFDC = = 0.4 DFDE = = 0.3
40 + 50.333 + 40 40 + 50.333 + 40 40 + 50.333 + 40
At joint E
40
DFED = = 1.0
40
Slope-Deflection Method
Joint Translation Suppot Settlement ∆ : Known Ψ : Known
(Chord Rotation)
Sidesway ∆ : Unknown Ψ : Unknown
Moment-Distribution Method
Joint Translation Suppot Settlement ∆ : Known FEM : Known
(Chord Rotation) Sidesway ∆ : Unknown FEM : Unknown
M Mo MR
M = Mo + M R
M Q : Known
Q : Known
MQ
R : M R = Q : MQ
R
MR = MQ
Q
M = Mo + M R
7m
B
A
3m 4m
AC CA CD DC DB BD
Mo
MR
Q C D
Q = 34.41 kN
A
MQ
6 EI∆' 6 EI∆'
FEM AC = FEM CA = − 2
=− AC CA CD DC DB BD
L 49
FEM CD = FEM DC = 0
6 EI∆' 6 EI∆'
FEM BD = FEM DB = − 2
=−
L 25
6 EI∆'
FEM AC = FEM CA = − = −50kN ⋅ m
49
50 × 49 408.33
∆' = =
6 EI EI
FEM BD = FEM DB = −
6 EI 408.33
× = −98kN ⋅ m MQ
25 EI
A C
B
30’ 18’
E, I E, 2I
A C
B
R = 53.04 k
Mo
∆=? MR = ?
∆' → M Q → Q
6 EI∆' EI∆' 6 E ( 2 I )∆ ' EI∆'
FEM AB = FEM BA = = FEM BC = FEM CB = − =−
L2 150 L 2
27
EI∆'
FEM BC = FEM CB = − = −100k − ft
27
2700
∆=
EI
2700
FEM AB = FEM BA = = 18k − ft
150
MQ
C
D
B
A
∆2
R2
∆1
R1
M Mo
Q21 ∆2'
Q22
C1 × ∆1' C2 ×
Q11 Q12
M Q1 MQ2
1
Member Stiffness Factor (K) & Carry-Over Factor (COF)
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
B C
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
3
Joint Stiffness Factor (K)
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
Kjoint = KT = ΣKmember
4
Distribution Factor (DF)
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
K
DF =
ΣK
Notes:
- far-end pined (DF = 1)
- far-end fixed (DF = 0)
K(BC)/(K(BC) + K(CD) )
5
Distribution of Couple at Node
CB
A B C D
DF 1 DFBA DFBC DFCA DFCD 0
CB
CO=0 CB(DFBC) CO=0.5
CB( DFBC)
6
50 kN•m
L1= L2 = L3
A B C D
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.5 0.5 0
50 kN•m
CO=0 CO=0.5
50(.667) 50(.667) 16.67
50(.333)
50(.333) B
7
Distribution of Fixed-End Moments
P w
L1= L2 = 8 m, L3 = 10 m
A B C D
DF 1 DFBA DFBC DFCB DFCD 0
MF MF B
MF
0 MF(DFBC) MF( DFBC) 0.5
L1= L2 = 8 m, L3 = 10 m
A B C D
DF 1 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0
14
30 30 B 16 16
14
0 5.6 5.6 0.5 4.2
0 B 8.4 8.4
9
Moment Distribution for Beams
10
Example 1
20 kN 3 kN/m
2EI 3EI
A B C
4m 4m 8m
11
20 kN 3 kN/m
2EI 3EI
30 16 16
A B C
CO 0.5 0 0.5 0
4m 4m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0
20 kN 24 kN
A B B C
25.34 kN•m 11.33 kN•m
6.83 kN 13.17 kN 13.75 kN 10.25 kN 12
Note : Using the Slope 20 kN 3 kN/m
Deflection
2EI 3EI
20+10 16 16
A B C
4m 4m 8m
3(2 EI )
M BA = θ B − 30 − − − (1)
8
4(3EI )
M BC = θ B + 16 − − − (2)
8
MBA MBC
+ ΣMB = 0: -MBA - MBC = 0
B
(0.75 + 1.5)EIθB - 30 + 16 = 0
θB = 6.22/EI
MBA = -25.33 kN•m,
MBC = 25.33 kN•m
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 = −11.33 kN • m
8 13
20 kN 3 kN/m
A C
11.33
B
6.83 kN
13.17 + 13.75 = 26.92 kN 10.25 kN
4m 4m 8m
13.75
6.83
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
- 4.58 m - -10.25
-13.17
27.32
6.13
M + +
(kN•m)
- - x (m)
-11.33
-25.33
Deflected
shape x (m)
14
Example 2
From the beam shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.
10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m
15
10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m
2EI 15
26.67 26.67 40 3EI
A 0.5 B 0.5 C 0.5 D
4m 4m 8m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8 K3 = 3(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2) K2/(K2+ K3) K3/(K2+ K3)
50 kN•m
CO=0 CO=0.5
50(.667) 50(.667)
50(.333)
50(.333) B
16
10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m
2EI 15
26.67 26.67 40 3EI
A 0.5 B 0.5 C 0.5 D
4m 4m 8m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8 K3 = 3(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2) K2/(K2+ K3) K3/(K2+ K3)
17
10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m
2EI 36.22
13.78 43.25 43.25 3EI
A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m
10 kN
40 kN
36.22 kN•m
A B 43.25 kN•m
C D
Ay = 0.47 kN ByL = 9.53 kN CyR = 25.41 kN Dy = 14.59 kN
40 kN
13.78 kN•m 43.25 kN•m
B C
ByR = 12.87 kN CyL= 27.13 kN
18
10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m
A D
2EI B C 3EI
0.47 kN 14.59 kN
9.53+12.87=22.4 kN 27.13+25.41=52.54 kN
4m 4m 8m 8m
-36.22
-43.25
Deflected x (m)
shape
19
Example 3
From the beam shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected shape.
A D
EI
B C
3m 3m 9m 3m
20
120 kN•m 40 kN
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m
A D
30 30 101.25 EI
B C
0.5 0.5
3m 3m 9m 3m
K1 = 4(2EI)/6 K2 = 3(EI)/9
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 0 0.80 0.20 1
Joint couple 40 10 -120
CO 20 -60
FEM 30 -30 101.25
Dist.
Dist. -9 -2.25
CO -4.5
Σ 45.5 1 49 -120
21
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN
1
A D
49 120 120
45.5 EI
B C
3m 3m 9m 3m
40 kN
40 kN
45.5 kN•m 1 kN•m
A B 120 kN•m
C D
B C
22
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN
A D
EI
B C
27.75 kN
12.25+37.11 = 49.36 kN
52.89+40 = 92.89 kN
3m 3m 9m 3m
37.11 40
27.75
V (kN) + + +
- x (m)
-12.25 3.71 m -
37.75 -52.89
19.84
M(kN•m) + 1 + x (m)
- -
-
-45.5 -49
-120
Deflected x (m)
shape
23
Example 4
The support B of the beam shown (E = 200 GPa, I = 50x106 mm4 ) settles 10 mm.
Use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
2EI 3EI
A B C
4m 4m 8m
24
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
B
A C
2EI 30 16 3EI
0.5 4 m 16
4m 10 mm 8 m
0.5
6(2 EI )∆ 6(2 EI )∆ 6(3EI ) ∆
A − = 9.375 6(3EI ) ∆ = 28.125
L 2
2L 2 = 28.125 L2
L2
∆ [FEM]∆ ∆
B B
6(2 EI )∆ C
L2 K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0
Joint couple -12 5 10
CO -6 5
[FEM]load -30 16 -16
[FEM]∆ 9.375 -28.125 -28.125
20 kN 24 kN
12 kN•m
8.725 kN•m 26.205 kN•m
A B B C
23.725 kN•m
Ay = 7.41 kN ByL = 12.59 kN ByR = 11.69 kN Cy = 12.31 kN
27
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
A C
2EI B 3EI 26.205
7.41 kN
12.59+11.69 = 24.28 kN 12.31 kN
4m 4m 8m
7.41 11.69
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
- 3.9 m - -12.31
-12.59
41.64
12
+
M
(kN•m) x (m)
-8.725 - -0.93 -
-23.725 -26.205
Deflected 10 mm θB = 23.9/EI
shape x (m)
28
Example 5
For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the moment
distribution method to
(a)Determine all the reactions at supports
(b)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
29
12 kN•m
4.5+(4.5/2) 6 kN/m
= 6.75
B
A
4.5 10 mm
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 0.5 3 m 0.5
DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
Joint couple 12
CO 6
[FEM]load 6.75
[FEM]∆ 50
M (kN•m) -20.08
20.08 12
x (m)
For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the moment
distribution method to
(a)Determine all the reactions at supports
(b)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
33
• Overview 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
C 10 mm
2EI 1.5EI
3m 3m
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
10 mm
C
R
∆
B ×C
A
R´
R + R ' C = 0 − − − (1*)
34
• Artificial joint applied 12 kN•m
4.5+(4.5/2) 6 kN/m
= 6.75
B
A
4.5 10 mm
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 0.5 3 m 0.5
DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
Joint couple 12
CO 6
[FEM]load 6.75
[FEM]∆ 50
46.47 + 66.67C = 0
C = −0.6970
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
20.08 kN•m A
10 mm
20.08 kN C
R = 46.47 kN 8.39 kN
∆
B
80 kN•m A × C = −0.6970
46.67 kN 20 kN
R´ = 66.67 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
12.45 kN 5.55 kN 38
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
12.45 kN 5.55 kN
3m 3m
M (kN•m) 14.57 12
1.67 +
x (m)
-
-35.68
Deflected shape
x (m)
39
Symmetric Beam
• Symmetric Beam and Loading
P P
θ θ
A B C D
L´ L L´
real beam
V´B L L V´C
M L
2 2 + ΣMC´ = 0: − VB ' ( L ) + ( L)( ) = 0
EI 2
B´ C´
ML
M VB ' = θ =
M 2 EI
L EI
EI
2 EI
conjugate beam M= θ
L
The stiffness factor for the center span is, therefore,
2 EI
K=
L
40
• Symmetric Beam with Antisymmetric Loading
P
θ
A D
B θ C
P
L´ L L´
real beam
1 M L M 1 M L 2L
( )( ) + ΣMC´ = 0: − VB ' ( L) + ( )( )( ) = 0
2 EI 2 EI 2 EI 2 3
V´B 2 ML
L VB ' = θ =
B´ 3 6 EI
C´
6 EI
1 M L V´C M= θ
M ( )( ) L
2 EI 2
EI The stiffness factor for the center span is, therefore,
conjugate beam
6 EI
K=
L 41
Example 5a
Determine all the reactions at supports for the beam below. EI is constant.
15 kN/m
A D
B C
4m 6m 4m
42
15 kN/m
A D
wL2/15 = 16 B wL2/12 = 45 C wL2/15 = 16
4m 6m 4m
3EI 3EI 2 EI 2 EI
K ( AB ) = = , K ( BC ) = =
L 4 L 6
K ( AB ) K ( AB ) (3EI / 4)
( DF ) AB = = 1,( DF ) BA = = = 0.692,
K ( AB ) K ( AB ) + K ( BC ) (3EI / 4) + ( 2 EI / 6)
K ( BC ) (2 EI / 6)
( DF ) BC = = = 0.308
K ( AB ) + K ( BC ) (3EI / 4) + (2 EI / 6)
DF 1.0 0.692 0.308
[FEM]load 0 -16 +45
15 kN/m
A D
B 74.02 kN C 74.02 kN
0.98 kN 0.98 kN
4m 6m 4m
45
29.02
V 0.98
(kN) x (m)
-0.98
-29.02 -45
31.42
M +
(kN•m) x (m)
- -
-36.07 -36.07
Deflected
shape 44
Example 5b
Determine all the reactions at supports for the beam below. EI is constant.
15 kN/m
A C D
B
15 kN/m
4m 3m 3m 4m
45
Fixed End Moment 15 kN/m
A C D
wL2/15 = 16 B 11wL2/192 5wL2/192
= 30.938 = 14.063
5wL2/192 11wL2/192
= 14.063 = 30.938 wL2/15 = 16
A C D
B
15 kN/m
15 kN/m
16.875 16
A C D
16 B 16.875
15 kN/m
46
15 kN/m
16.875 16
A C D
16 B 16.875
15 kN/m
4m 3m 3m 4m
3EI 3EI 6 EI 6 EI
K ( AB ) = = = 0.75EI , K ( BC ) = = = EI
L 4 L 6
0.75 1
( DF ) AB = 1, ( DF ) BA = = 0.429, ( DF ) BC = = 0.571
0.75 + 1 0.75 + 1
DF 1.0 0.429 0.571
[FEM]load 0 -16 16.875
15 kN/m
A C D
B
15 kN/m
5.91 kN 52.05 kN 52.05 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 27.96
V 5.91 5.91
(kN) x (m)
-24.09 -24.09
M 16.375
(kN•m) x (m)
-16.375
Deflected shape
48
Moment Distribution Frames: No Sidesway
49
Example 6
From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 2.5EI
4m
3EI
5m D 5m
50
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 45 25 2.5EI
0.5 0.5
4m
KAB = KBC = 3(2.5EI)/5 = 1.5 EI 3EI 0.5
A B D C
Member AB BA BC BD DB CB
DF 1 0.25 0.25 0.5 0 1
Joint load -10 -10 -20
CO -10
FEM -45 25
Dist. 5 5 10
CO 5
Σ 0 -50 20 -10 -5 0 51
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
20
2.5EI 50 2.5EI
14 kN 10 16 kN
3EI
5 Member AB BA BC BD DB CB
D Σ 0 -50 20 -10 -5 0
40 kN•m
58 kN 34 24 3.75
50 20
48 kN 3.75 40 kN
A B 0 50 kN•m 58
10 B C 3.75
58 20 3.75
14 kN 34 kN 10 kN•m 16 kN
24 kN
3.75 kN
5
3.75 kN
58
52
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 20 2.5EI
14 kN 50 16 kN
3EI 10 4m
5
D
5m 5m
58 kN
35
16
10
20
5
53
Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway
54
Single Frames
P P
∆ ∆
C C R´
B C B R B
x C1
A D A D A D
0 = R + C1R´
55
Multistory Frames ∆2 P3
P2
P4
P1 ∆1
P3
∆´´ ∆´´
P2 R2´´
R2 R2´
∆´ ∆´
P4
x C1 x C2
P1 R1´
R1 R1´´
From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected shape.
EI is constant.
16 kN
1m 4m
B C
5m
A D
57
• Overview
16 kN 16 kN
1m 4m C C R´
B C B R B
5m 5m = + x C1
A D A D A D
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1)
58
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)
16 kN
b=1m a=4m C
B R
Pa2b/L2 Pb2a/L2
= 10.24 = 2.56
A D
Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R = 0
x x x
59
16 kN
1m 4m C
R A B C D
B
0.5 DF 0 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
10.24 2.56 0
FEM 10.24 -2.56
5m 5m Dist. -5.12 -5.12 1.28 1.28
0.5 0.5
CO -2.56 0.64 -2.56 0.64
A D Dist. -0.32 -0.32 1.28 1.28
CO -0.16 0.64 -0.16 0.64
5.78 kN•m Dist. -0.32 -0.32 0.08 0.08
2.72 kN•m
CO -0.16 0.04 -0.16 0.04
Dist. -0.02 -0.02 0.08 0.08
B C Σ -2.88 -5.78 5.78 -2.72 2.72 1.32
5m 5m Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: 1.73 - 0.81 + R = 0
x
A Ax = 1.73 kN D
Dx = 0.81 kN R = - 0.92 kN
∆ ∆
B 5m C
100 kN•m R´
100 kN•m
5m 5m
100 kN•m 100 kN•m
A
D
Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R´ = 0
x x x
61
∆ ∆
B 5m C
R´ A B C D
0.5 0.50 0.50
100 kN•m 100 kN•m DF 0 0.50 0.50 0
FEM 100 100 100 100
5m 5m Dist. -50 -50 -50 -50
0.5 0.5
100 kN•m 100 kN•m CO -25.0 -25.0 -25.0 -25.0
A Dist. 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
D
CO 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
Dist. -3.125 -3.125 -3.125 -3.125
60 kN•m 60 kN•m CO -1.56 -1.56 -1.56 -1.56
Dist. 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
CO 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39
B C
Dist. -0.195 -0.195 -0.195 -0.195
Σ 80 60 -60 -60 60 80
5m 5m
80 kN•m 80 kN•m R´ = 56 kN
62
Substitute R = -0.92 and R´= 56 in (1) :
R + C1R´ = 0
-0.92 + C1(56) = 0
0.92
C1 =
56
16 kN 16 kN
B C C R´ 1m 4m C
R B B
5.78 2.72 60 60 4.79 3.71
2.72 60 60 3.71
5.78 4.79
+ x C1 = 5m 5m
2.88 80 80 1.57 2.63
1.32
1.73 kN 0.81 28 28 1.27 kN
A D A D A D 1.27
63
8.22
16 kN
3.71
1m 4m C
B 4.79
4.79 3.71 3.71
4.79
4.79 3.71
5m 5m
1.57 2.63
Deflected shape 64
Example 8
From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected shape.
20 kN/m 3m
B pin
C
3EI
3m 2EI
4EI 4m
A
D
65
• Overview
20 kN/m
B 3m, 3EI B C B C
C
R R´
3 m , 2EI
4m , 4EI
= + x C1
A A A
D D D
R + C1R´ = 0 ----------(1)
66
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)
20 kN/m A B C D
B 3m , 3EI C R 0.471 0.529
DF 0 1.00 1.00 0
0.5
15 FEM 15.00 -15.00
0.5 Dist. 7.065 7.935
0.5
CO 3.533
3 m , 2EI 4m, 4EI
15 Σ 18.53 -7.94 7.94
A
D 7.94 kN•m
A Ax = 33.53 kN D Dx = 0
18.53 kN•m 0
67
• Artificial joint removed ( sidesway)
D D
Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m
6(2 EI ) ∆
2
= 100
3
∆AB = 75/EI
68
∆ ∆
A B C D
B 3m C R´
0.5 DF 0 0.471 0.529 1.00 1.00 0
100
FEM 100 100 56.25
0.5
Dist. -47.1 -52.9 0
0.5
3m 4m CO -28.55
100
Σ 76.45 52.9 -52.9 56.25
56.25
A
D
52.9. kN•m
+ ΣF = 0:
C x
B -43.12 - 14.06 + R´ = 0
3m 4m R´ = 57.18 kN
A Ax = 43.12kN
D 14.06 kN
76.45 kN•m
56.25 kN•m 69
Substitute R = -26.37 and R´= 57.18 in (1) :
R + C1R´ = 0
-26.47 + C1(57.18) = 0
26.47
C1 =
57.18
20 kN/m
B B 52.9 kN•m B
C C 3m
R C
7.94 kN•m R´ 16.55 kN•m
7.94 kN•m 52.9
= 3m
+ 76.45 kN•m
x C1 4m
18.53 kN•m 53.92 kN•m
3m
53.92 kN•m 4m
53.92
53.49 kN
A 26.04 kN•m A
5.52 kN6.51 kN 26.04
Moment diagram
∆ ∆ D
D
5.52 kN
B C
A
Deflected shape
71
D
Example 8
From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.
EI is constant.
10 kN B
C
4m
A D
4m 3m
72
• Overview
10 kN B
C
4m
A D
4m 3m
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1)
=
10 kN B C B C
R R´
+ x C1
A D A D
artificial joint applied artificial joint removed
(no sidesway) (sidesway)
73
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)
10 kN B C
R
0 0
A D
Equilibrium condition : + ΣF = 0:
x
10 + R = 0
R = - 10 kN
74
• Artificial joint removed (sidesway)
100 kN•m
A D
Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R´ = 0
x x x
76
75 A B C D
B 75
R´ DF 0 0.50 0.50 0.625 0.375 1
0.5 C
100 FEM 100 100 -75 -75 40
40
4 m Dist. -12.5 -12.5 21.875 13.125
0.5 0.5
100 CO -6.25 10.938 -6.25
A D Dist. -5.469 -5.469 3.906 2.344
4m 3m CO -2.735 1.953 -2.735
Dist. -0.977 -0.977 1.709 1.026
KBA = 4EI/4 = EI, KBC = 4EI/4 = EI,
KCD = 3EI/5 = 0.6EI Σ 91.02 81.05 -81.05 -56.48 56.48
34.38 kN 34.38 kN
81.05 81.05 B C 56.48
B 56.48 C
34.38 kN 34.38 kN
+ ΣF = 0: 39.91 kN
A 43.02 kN x D
91.02 -43.02 - 39.91 + R´ = 0
34.38 kN R´ = 82.93 kN 34.38 kN
77
Substitute R = -10 kN and R´= 82.93 kN in (1) : -10 + C1(82.93) = 0
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1) C1 = 10/82.93
81.05
10 kN B C B C
R R´
81.05 56.48
x C1= 10/82.93
+ 56.48
0 0 91.02 39.91 kN
A 0 D A 43.02 kN D
0
=
34.38 kN
0 34.38 kN
9.77
10 kN B
C
9.77 6.81
6.81 4m
10.98 4.81 kN
A 5.19 kN
D
4.15 kN 4.15 kN
4m 3m
78
9.77
10 kN B
C
9.77 6.81
6.81 4m
10.98
A 5.19 kN 4.81 kN
D
4.15 kN 4.15 kN
4m 3m
9.77
B B
9.77 C C
6.81
A 10.98 A
D D
79
Example 9
From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,and
qualitative deflected shape.
EI is constant.
40 kN
20 kN B
C
3EI
3m
4EI
4EI 4m
A
D
2m 3m 2m
80
40 kN
• Overview
20 kN B
C
3EI
3m
4EI
4EI 4m
A
D
2m 3m 2m
R + C1R´ = 0 ----------(1)
40 kN
=
20 kN B C B C
R R´
+ x C1
artificial joint applied artificial joint removed
(no sidesway) (no sidesway)
A A
D D
2m 3m 2m 2m 3m 2m
81
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)
40 kN
PL/8 = 15
B C
20 kN R
15+(15/2)
= 22.5 kN•m
A
D
2m 3m 2m
Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R = 0
x x x
82
A B C D
40 kN
20 kN B C DF 0 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 0
R
22.5 FEM 22.5
15
0.5 Dist. -13.5 -9.0
0.5 0.5 CO -6.75
24.5 kN 15.5 kN
13.5 kN•m
C + ΣF = 0:
B x
40 kN 23.08 + 20 -7.75 + R´ = 0
13.5 B C R´ = - 35.33 kN
A 7.75 kN
23.08 kN
24.5 kN 15.5 kN D
6.75 kN•m 0
24.5 kN 15.5 kN
83
• Artificial joint removed (sidesway)
m
3EI
06
4. 4
3.6
72
m
4EI
4EI
A
D
3(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2 6(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2
100 kN•m
R´
6(4EI)∆AB/(3.606) 2 B C
6(4EI)∆CD/(4.47) 2
100 kN•m
6(4EI)∆AB/(3.61) 2
3(4EI)∆CD/(4.472) 2
A
D
Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m : 6(4 EI ) ∆ AB = 100, ∆AB = 54.18/EI
3.612 84
CC´ ∆ = ∆ABcos 33.69° = 45.08/EI
B BB´ C C´
R´ C´
B´ ∆ CD
.69 o C ∆ tan 26.57 = 22.54/EI
26.57°
26.57°
33
B∆ 33.69o
AB
=5 ∆ tan 33.69 = 30.05/EI
4.3
A /E I
D
B´
∆ BC = B' C ' = 22.54 / EI + 30.05 / EI = 52.59 / EI
∆CD = ∆/cos 26.57°= 50.4/EI
100 kN•m
3(4EI)∆CD/(4.472) 2
A = 3(4EI)(50.4/EI)/(4.472) 2
D
= 30.24 kN•m
85
A B C D
3EI
B 52.59 C DF 0 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 0
R´
100 0.5 FEM 100 100 -52.59 30.24
3m Dist. -28.45 -18.96
100 0.5 0.5 4m CO -14.223
4EI Σ 85.78 71.55 -71.55
4EI 30.24
A 30.24
D
2m 3m 2m
23.85 kN 23.85 kN
71.55 kN•m + ΣF = 0:
x
C
B -68.34 - 19.49 + R´ = 0
71.55 B C R´ = 87.83 kN
=
40 kN
20 kN B
C
15.28 kN•m
27.76 kN•m
4.41 kN
12.16 kN•m
A 14.91 kN
15.59 kN
D
25.09 kN 87
40 kN
20 kN B
C
15.28 kN•m
27.76 kN•m
4.41 kN
12.16 kN•m
A 14.91 kN
15.59 kN
D
37.65 25.09 kN
15.28
C C
B B
A 27.76 A
12.16 Deflected shape
Bending moment diagram D D
88
Moment-Distribution
The method of moment distribution relies on a series of calculations that are repeated and that with every
cycle come closer to the final situation. In this way we are able to avoid solving simultaneous equations.
Inspection of the slope-deflection equations shows us that the final end-moments depend on 4 effects
namely, θA, θB, ψAB and the fixed end moments, FEM. By using moment-distribution we are able to
investigate each effect separately. The following beam will be used to illustrate moment-distribution.
Assume that the sum of the initial moments at the node B is equal to M0.
Rotation will take place until moment equilibrium is attained, i.e., sum moments ΣMB = 0.
D
Therefore: MBA + MBC
D
+ M0 = 0
D
Where MBA D
and MBC are the moments as a result of the rotation at B, θB, and are called the distribution
moments. Remember that all the other rotations and sway are prevented.
2 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EI AB ⋅ θ B 2 ⋅ EIBC 4 ⋅ EIBC ⋅ θ B
D
MBA = ⋅ (2 ⋅θB ) = D
. In a similar fashion MBC = ⋅ (2 ⋅θB ) =
LAB LAB LBC LBC
D
But: MBA + MBC
D
+ M0 = 0
Solve for θB.
M0
θB = −
4 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EIBC
+
LAB LBC
kBA is the stiffness of the member BA at the node B. It is also the moment that would be induced if a unit
rotation were applied at B in the member BA and the rotation at A was zero.
If B rotates a bending moment will be induced at A and C. Assume a rotation θB and calculate the moment at
A.
2 ⋅ ELAB M0
D
M AB = ⋅ (θ B ) , but bear in mind that θ B = −
LAB 4 ⋅ EI 4 ⋅ EIBC
AB
+
LAB LBC
2 ⋅ EI AB
⋅ M0
LAB
D
M AB =−
4 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EIBC
+
LAB LBC
The distributed bending moment is half the value of the distributed bending moment at B. This is called the
carry-over factor, CBA = ½.
The same solution may be obtained if one remembers that the stiffness of a member is the moment that is
induced if a unit rotation is applied at the node.
2 ⋅ EI AB 2 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EI AB
M AB = k AB = ⋅ (2 ⋅θA ) = ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ 1,0 ) =
LAB LAB LAB
2 ⋅ EI AB 2 ⋅ EI AB 2 ⋅ EI AB
MBA = ⋅ (θ A ) = ⋅ (1,0 ) =
LAB LAB LAB
MBA 1
CAB = =
M AB 2
Use the method of moment-distribution to determine the bending moment diagramme of the following beam.
Distribution at A and B
4 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EI k AB 1,0
k AB = = = 1,0 DAB = = = 1,0
LAB 4 ∑ k 1,0
∑ k = 1,0
Stiffness of members at B:
4 ⋅ EIBA 4 ⋅ EI k AB 1,0
kBA = = = 1,0 DAB = = = 0,60
LAB 4 ∑ k 1,66667
4 ⋅ EIBC 4 ⋅ EI kBC 0,66667
kBC = = = 0,66667 DBC = = = 0,40
LBC 6 ∑ 1,66667
k
∑ k = 1,66667
Initial Moments:
W ⋅ L 10 ⋅ 4
0
M AB = FEM AB = = = +5,0 kN.m
8 8
W ⋅L 10 ⋅ 4
0
MBA = FEMBA =− =− = −5,0 kN.m
8 8
w ⋅ L2 5 ⋅ 62
0
MBC = FEMBC =+ =+ = 15,0 kN.m
12 12
w ⋅ L2 5 ⋅ 62
0
MCB = FEMCB =− =− = −15,0 kN.m
12 12
3 ⋅ EIBA 3 ⋅ EI k AB 0,750
kBA = = = 0,750 DAB = = = 0,52941
LAB 4 ∑ k 1,41667
4 ⋅ EIBC 4 ⋅ EI kBC 0,66667
kBC = = = 0,66667 DBC = = = 0,47059
LBC 6 ∑ 1,41667
k
∑ k = 1,41667
W ⋅L 1 W ⋅L
0
MBA = FEMBA − 1 FEM AB = − − ⋅ + = −7,50 kN.m
2 8 2 8
w ⋅ L2 5 ⋅ 62
0
MBC = FEMBC = + =+ = 15,0 kN.m
12 12
Example 3:
Stiffness at B
W ⋅L 20 ⋅ 4
0
MBC = FEMBC = + =+ = +10,0 kN.m
8 8
P+xQ=0
Final bending moment = Bending moment with sway prevented + x times bending moment with arbitrary
sway.
Example 4:
Determine the bending moment diagramme of the following sway structure. The support A is a hinge, E is
fixed and D is a roller. There is a hinge in BC at C.
Force P prevents the sway and force Q induces the arbitrary sway.
Apply force P to prevent the sway. Rotation will occur at B and at C.
3 ⋅ EI AB 3 ⋅ EI k BA 0,6
k BA = = = 0,6 DBA = = = 0,375
L AB 5 ∑k 1,6
3 ⋅ EI BC 3 ⋅ 2EI k BC 1,0
k BC = = = 1,0 DBC = = = 0,625
LBC 6 ∑k 1,6
∑ k = 1,6 ∑ D = 1,000
At C
3 ⋅ EI CD 3 ⋅ 2EI k CD 1,0
k CD = = = 1,00 DCD = = = 0,5556
LCD 6 ∑k 1,8
4 ⋅ EI CE 4 ⋅ EI k CE 0,8
k CE = = = 0,8 DCE = = = 0,4444
LCE 5 ∑k 1,8
∑ k = 1,8 ∑ D = 1,000
Initial moments:
0
M BC = FEM BC − 1 FEM CB
2
w ⋅L2 − w ⋅ L2 10 ⋅ 6 2 10 ⋅ 6 2
0
M BC = −1 = + = +45,00 kN.m
12 2 12 12 2 ⋅ 12
Arbitrary Sway
Choose ψAB as the unknown angle and calculate all others in terms of this angle.
BB' CC '
BB' = 5 ⋅ ψ ψ O1B = ψ BC = =ψ CC ' = 5 ⋅ ψ ψ O2C = ψ CD = = −0,5 ⋅ ψ
5 10
Assuming that all rotation angles are equal to 0 and there are sway angle it is possible to write the initial
moments in terms of these sway angle.
2 ⋅ EI AB
Standard case: M AB = (2 ⋅ θ A + θ B − 3 ⋅ ψ AB ) with θ angles = 0
L AB
− 6 ⋅ EI AB (ψ AB )
M AB =
L AB
3 ⋅ EI AB
Modified form: M AB = (θ A − ψ AB ) with θ angles = 0
L AB
− 3 ⋅ EI AB (ψ AB )
M AB =
L AB
Therefore:
Set EI = 20
12 : -20 : 10 : 24 : 24
∑ M O1 = 0
- 4 x Q + 3 x 10 – 16,445 + 5,067 x 10 – 1,4817 x 9 = 0
Q = 12,7237 kN
Superposition equation:
P+xQ=0
X = 0,66313
Determine the bending moment diagramme of the structure if E = 200 GPa, I = 150 x 10-6 m4 and the support
E moves 20 mm to the right.
+20
EE’ = 20 mm, therefore: ψ O1B = = ψ O1C = ψ CE
4000
20
CC ' = ψ O1C ⋅ 3000 = ⋅ 3000 = 15 mm
4000
Use the slope-deflection equations to determine the initial moments with all rotations θ equal to zero.
6 −6 2
2 ⋅ 2EI
0
M CB = (− 3 ⋅ ψ BC ) + FEM CB = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 200 x10 ⋅ 150 x10 − 3 ⋅ − 15 + − 45 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 2
6 6 6000 6
0
M CB = 150 − 40 = 110 kN.m
6 −6
3 ⋅ 2EI
0
M CD = (− ψ CD ) = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 200 x10 ⋅ 150 x10 − 15
6 6 6000
0
M CD = −75 kN.m
6 −6
3 ⋅ EI
0
M CE = (− ψ CE ) = 3 ⋅ 200 x10 ⋅ 150 x10 − 20
5 5 4000
0
M CE = −90 kN.m
At B
4 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EI k BA 1,0
k BA = = = 1,0 DBA = = = 0,4286
L AB 4 ∑k 2,3333
4 ⋅ EI BC 4 ⋅ 2EI k BC 1,3333
k BC = = = 1,3333 DBC = = = 0,5714
LBC 6 ∑k 2,3333
∑ k = 2,3333 ∑ D = 1,000
At C
4 ⋅ EI CB 4 ⋅ 2EI k CB 1,3333
k CB = = = 1,3333 DCB = = = 0,4546
LCB 6 ∑ k 2,9333
3 ⋅ EI CD 3 ⋅ 2EI k CD 1,000
k CD = = = 1,000 DCD = = = 0,3409
LCD 6 ∑ k 2,9333
3 ⋅ EI CE 3 ⋅ EI k CE 0,6
k CE = = = 0,6000 DCE = = = 0,2045
LBCE 5 ∑ k 2,9333
∑ k = 2,9333 ∑ D = 1,000