Adsorption Final Report-1

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

CBE 3631 Unit Operations
Teaching Assistant: Fengli Zhang
Instructor: Dr. Andy Maxson
Adsorption
Group 12
Caitlyn Harrington, Leader
Paul Williger
Peter Eichhorn
Jon Meyers
Due Date: April 13, 2019

Submitted: April 13, 2019
Abstract
The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effects of feed concentration and flow
rate on the adsorption of acetic acid from a dilute stream onto a packed bed of activated
carbon. We ran breakthrough trials on one column while we regenerated a second column
using the temperature swing method. In lab, we first determined bed characteristics such
as bulk density, particle density, and void fraction which were used in later calculations.
We created a conductivity calibration curve by measuring the conductivity of acetic acid
solutions with known concentrations and then used the curve to convert between measured
conductivity and concentration. We performed six total trials using flow rates of 120, 160,
and 200 mL/min and feed concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5 wt% acetic acid and measured the
outlet concentration of acetic acid over time.
We used lab data to create breakthrough curves and calculated breakthrough time,
height of unused bed, and adsorbate load. We saw a number of general trends that matched
theory. First, as the flow rate increased, the height of the unused bed increased, and as
the feed concentration increased, the height of the unused bed decreased. We also saw
that as the flow rate and feed concentration increased, the breakthrough time decreased.
We performed an ANOVA test, on the effect of flow rate and feed concentration on the
adsorbate load. While there was a positive correlation between both independent variables
and adsorbate load, p-values of 0.4504 and 0.3134 for flow rate and feed concentration,
respectively, suggest that we cannot conclude there are statistical significant effects.
We concluded optimal conditions of low flow rate (120 mL/min) and high feed concen-
tration (0.5 wt%) decreased unused bed height and increased efficiency. We determined a
linear isotherm best described our data. Using this conclusion and calculations, we scaled
up an activated carbon adsorption column for use in a microbrewery to remove solutes from
tap water to improve beer taste. We planned for a 5.00 m column with 4.78 m of usable
bed at a cost of $563,267. Overall, the system should have a net profit of $19,854,080.
Contents
1 Purpose 1
2 Introduction 2
2.0.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.0.2 Scientific Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Experiment Description 10
3.1 Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 Results and Discussion 13

4.1 Bed Characterization Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Conductivity Calibration Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Breakthrough Curve Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Isotherm Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.5 Optimal Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5 Error Analysis 35
5.1 Qualitative Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2 Quantitative Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2.1 Error Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2.2 Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6 Conclusions 43
7 Recommendations 45
8 Design Extension 47
8.1 Background and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
8.2 Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8.3 Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
9 Notation 53
9.1 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
10 Literature Cited 54
11 Appendix A: Preliminary Assignment 58

11.1 Safety Hazards and Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
11.2 MSDS Safety Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
11.3 Flowsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
11.4 Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
11.4.1 Determination of Bed Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
11.4.2 Adsorbent Pre-Treatment and Column Packing . . . . . . . . . . . 72
11.4.3 Initiating Flow through the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.4.4 Probe Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.4.5 Running a Breakthrough Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.4.6 Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.4.7 Emergency Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.5 Pre-Experiment Error Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.6 Introduction Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11.6.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11.6.2 Scientific Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.7 Concentration Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
11.8 Data Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
11.9 Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
11.9.1 Solution Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
13 Appendix B: Experimental Summary Report 92
14 Executive Summary 93
14.1 Experimental Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
14.2 Experimental Observations and Difficulties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
14.3 Time Sequenced Activity Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
14.4 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
14.4.1 Conductivity Calibration Curve and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
14.4.2 Concentration vs. Time Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
14.4.3 Conductivity vs. Time Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
14.4.4 C/C0 vs. Time Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
14.5 Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
14.5.1 Bulk Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
14.5.2 Particle Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
14.5.3 Bed Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
14.5.4 Void Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
14.6 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
14.6.1 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
16 Appendix C: Sample Calculations 150

16.1 Initial Concentration Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
16.2 Bed Characterization calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
16.2.1 Bulk Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
16.2.2 Particle Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
16.2.3 Bed Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
16.2.4 Bed Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
16.2.5 Void Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
16.3 Breakthrough Curve Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
16.3.1 Total Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
16.3.2 Usable Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
16.3.3 Breakthrough Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
16.3.4 Symmetrical Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
16.3.5 ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
16.3.6 Adsorbate Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
16.3.7 Adsorbate Load at Break Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
16.3.8 Total Adsorbate Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
16.3.9 Height of Unused Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
16.4 Error Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
16.4.1 Bulk Density Bed 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
16.5 Design Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
16.5.1 Mass Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
16.5.2 Radius of Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
16.5.3 Height of Used Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
16.5.4 Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
16.5.5 Breakthrough Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
16.5.6 Total Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
16.5.7 Mass of Activated Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
17 Appendix D: Raw Data 157
18 Appendix E: Additional Figures 189

List of Figures
1 (a) Concentration profiles at various times along the height of the adsorption
bed (b) Breakthrough concentration curve at the outlet of the fixed bed [1] 4
2 Bed capacity from Breakthrough Curve [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Adsorption Isotherms [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Activated Carbon Bed Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5 Conductivity Calibration Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6 Comparison of Breakthrough Curves for Different Size Mass Transfer Zones
[2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7 Breakthrough Curve for 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid Solution at 120 mL/min . . . 21
13 C/C0 vs Total Volume for 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid Solution at 120 mL/min . 24
19 q (g acetic acid/ g bed) vs C (wt% acetic acid): Linear Isotherm Model for
Trial 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
20 1/q (g bed/ g acetic acid) vs 1/C (wt% acetic acid)−1 : Langmuir Isotherm
Model for Trial 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
21 log(q) versus log(C): Freundlich Isotherm Model for Trial 1 . . . . . . . . . 31
22 Height of Unused Bed versus Initial Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
23 Height of Unused Bed versus Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
24 qtotal versus Initial Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
25 qtotal versus Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
26 qtotal vs Initial Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
27 qtotal vs Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
28 Regression Plot for qtotal (g acetic acid/g bed) and C0 (wt % acetic acid)
using the JMP Fit Y by X Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
29 Regression Plot for qtotal (g acetic acid/g bed) and Q (mL/min) using the
JMP Fit Y by X Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
30 Flowsheet of Adsoprtion Column System [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
31 (a) Concentration profiles at various times along the height of the adsorption
bed (b) Breakthrough concentration curve at the outlet of the fixed bed [1] 79
32 Bed capacity from Breakthrough Curve [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
33 Adsorption Isotherms [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
34 Conductivity Calibration Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
35 Conductivity versus Time for 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid Solution at 120 mL/min 131
47 Lab Recorded data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
48 Linear Isotherm for Trial 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
49 Langmuir Isotherm for Trial 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
50 Freundlich Isotherm for Trial 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
List of Tables
1 Breakthrough Curve Trendline Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2 Calculated Values from Breakthrough Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Equipment Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4 Analysis of Variance and Parameter Estimates for the C0 model . . . . . . 41
5 Analysis of Variance and Parameter Estimates for the qtotal model . . . . . 42
6 Scale-Up Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7 Fixed/Start-Up Costs for Adsorption Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8 Yearly Expenses and Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
9 Equipment Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
10 Concentration Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
11 Calibration Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
12 Concentration Data from 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid Solution at 120 mL/min . . 101
18 Concentration Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
19 Calibration Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
20 Raw Data from 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid Solution at 120 mL/min Trial . . . . 159
1 Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to determine optimal operating conditions for an ad-
sorption process by investigating three different feed flow rates and two different acetic
acid feed stream concentrations. The scope of the experiment is to operate bench-scale
adsorption columns by passing dilute acetic acid solutions through fixed, packed beds of
activated carbon. A total of six trials are performed using different feed flow rates of 120,
160, and 200 mL/min and feed concentrations of 0.3 wt% and 0.5 wt%. After each trial, we
construct breakthrough curves to calculate the breakthrough time, total time, height of the
unused bed, and adsorbate loading. We use these values, combined with bed characteristic
data, to determine the optimal conditions for this adsorption process. Using the adsorbate
loading and effluent concentration data, we determine the appropriate isotherm for this
system. During the experiment, we utilize two separate adsorption columns. While one is
in use, we regenerate the other via the temperature swing method. Overall, we run three
trials on each adsorption column, and this allows for investigation into the possible effects
of multiple adsorption and desorption trials on the columns. Finally, we use the results
from this bench-scale adsorption system to scale-up a fixed bed of packed activated carbon
for use in a microbrewery to remove solutes from a tap water stream.
1
2 Introduction
2.0.1 Background
Adsorption is the process by which a solute or solutes of interest are separated from a
liquid or gas stream and are transferred to the surface of a solid. In most commercial
processes, adsorption involves passing the liquid or gas stream over a fixed bed of packed
solid particles [1]. Adsorption has many applications in industry and research, which
includes using activated charcoal in gas masks to remove poisonous gases from the air,
decolorizing sugar solutions, and many others [4]. In adsorption, the solute or solutes
which are separated from the liquid or gas phase are referred to as the adsorbates, and
the solid that the adsorbates bind to is referred to as the adsorbent. Adsorption takes
place as a series of steps: the adsorbate first diffuses from the fluid to the exterior surface
of the particle; then it diffuses inside to the surface of the pore; finally, the adsorbate is
adsorbed on the surface [1]. The adsorbate and adsorbent can interact via intermolecular
forces known as physisorption, covalent bonds known as chemisorption, or electrostatic
interactions known as ion exchange [3].
The adsorbates can bind to the adsorbent until the adsorbent bed is saturated. At
that point, the bed needs to be regenerated via one of the following methods: temperature
swing, pressure swing, or concentration swing [1]. In this experiment, there were two
columns packed with activated carbon. While one was being used for adsorption, the
other was regenerated using the temperature swing method. In the temperature swing
method, the temperature of one of the columns is raised which allows for desorption because
the intermolecular forces binding the adsorbate to the adsorbent are lowered at higher
temperatures [1]. The temperature is then brought back down, and the column is ready
again for adsorption. The temperatures can be cycled, alternating between the two columns
so that one column is always being used for adsorption while the other is regenerating.
2
2.0.2 Scientific Theory
In this experiment, various concentrations of dilute acetic acid solution are fed through fixed
beds of activated carbon. The acetic acid will be separated from the liquid phase and will
be transferred to the surface of the activated carbon via physisorption, which involves Van
der Waals interactions. We are evaluating how flow rate and initial feed concentration affect
adsorption and what conditions are necessary to achieve optimal adsorption. Although we
are only manipulating the flow rate and feed concentration, the overall efficiency of the
adsorption column can also be affected by the specific surface area, column diameter, and
breakthrough characteristics of the adsorbent [3]. The column efficiency is typically limited
by diffusion [1]. The driving force behind diffusion is the concentration gradient between
the fluid stream and the adsorbent. Therefore, increasing the flow rate of the feed solution
should decrease the overall efficiency. This is because as the flow rate increases, the rate of
diffusion remains the same while the residence time decreases, which decreases the column
performance. Increasing the feed concentration of the acetic acid should increase the overall
efficiency. This is because as the feed concentration increases, the residence time remains
the same but the rate of diffusion increases. Therefore, the column performance increases.
The adsorption column is made up of a packed bed of activated carbon particles. The
bulk density (ρb ) is found by taking the ratio of the mass of the particles of the substance
divided by the volume they occupy. This is the density of dry, unpacked particles. The
particle density (ρp ) is found by taking the ratio of the mass of the particles divided by their
occupied volume excluding void spaces. This density is not affected by the compaction of
the particles. The void fraction is the fraction of the bed that is void space and is defined
ρb
as = 1 − ρp
. The higher the void fraction, the more porous the material, and thus the
more places for the adsorbate to adsorb. The bed density is neither the bulk or particle
densities and is instead calculated by taking the carbon mass divided by the calculated
column volume.
3
An important concept in adsorption is the mass transfer zone. This mass transfer zone
is the fixed distance along the bed which solute is being adsorbed at any time. As the fluid
stream contacts the fixed bed, the solute begins adsorbing and mass transfer begins at the
inlet of the bed. As the fluid flows through the bed, the concentration of the solute drops
along the length of the bed and reaches zero before the end of the bed. As time progresses,
the inlet of the bed becomes saturated and the mass transfer and adsorption take place at
a point farther along the bed. This distance along the bed where the mass transfer takes
place is referred to as the mass transfer zone. Figure 1a shows the mass transfer zone is a
narrow S-shaped curve. The S-shape in the curve comes from resistance to mass transfer
[1]. The mass transfer zone shifts along the bed from t1 to t2 , t2 to t3 , and so on along the
total height of the bed.
Figure 1: (a) Concentration profiles at various times along the height of the adsorption bed
(b) Breakthrough concentration curve at the outlet of the fixed bed [1]
4
Figure 1b shows a breakthrough concentration curve at the outlet of the fixed bed. The
breakthrough curve shows the time it takes for the mass-transfer zone to reach to outlet of
the fixed bed. The breakthrough time (tb ), or the time at the break point shown in Figure
1b, is the time it takes for the outlet concentration to reach a value typically between
0.01-0.05 percent of the feed concentration [1]. The symmetric time (ts ) is the time when
the outlet concentration is half of the feed concentration. In this experiment, breakthrough
concentration curves are created for each of the 6 trials, which will allow for the calculation
of tb , ts , and corresponding parameters. The break point for our experiment is found when
the outlet concentration of acetic acid equals 0.04 percent of the feed concentration [3]. We
use a conductivity probe to measure the concentration of acetic acid in this experiment. To
determine concentration from conductivity readings, we make a calibration curve relating
known concentration values with the corresponding conductivity values.
Using the generated breakthrough curves, calculated breakthrough times, and bed char-
acteristics, we are able to calculate the total time (tt ), usable time (tu ), height of unused
bed (HU N B ), and adsorbate load (q). The total time is equivalent to the total bed capacity
and can be calculated using Equation 1.
Z ∞
c
tt = (1 − )dt (1)
0 c0
The usable time is equivalent to the usable capacity of the bed up until the breakthrough
time and can be calculated using Equation 2.
Z tb
c
tu = (1 − )dt (2)
0 c0
The height of the unused bed represents the mass transfer zone. This value is indepen-
dent of the total length of the column and instead depends on fluid velocity, or flow rate [1].
The smaller the height of unused bed, the narrower the mass transfer zone, and the more
efficient the adsorption process at using the activated carbon to remove the acetic acid [3].
5
Therefore, the higher the flow rate, the larger the height of unused bed and the higher the
feed concentration, the lower the height of unused bed. The height of the unused bed can
be calculated using Equation 3, where HT is the total bed length.
tt − tu
HU N B = HT · ( ) (3)
tt
In Figure 2, the total shaded area represented the total bed capacity. The crosshatched
area in the figure is the usable portion of the bed. In order to scale up designs, first
calculate the required length of bed needed to achieve usable capacity (HB ) at the break
point. This is directly proportional to the breakthrough time. Then the total length of the
bed is found by summing up HB and HU N B , as shown in Equation 4.
HT = HB + HU N B (4)
Figure 2: Bed capacity from Breakthrough Curve [1]
6
The equilibrium between the solute in the fluid phase and the solute on the solid can be
plotted on a curve called an adsorption isotherm. Figure 3 shows the solid concentration
q which is the kg adsorbate/kg adsorbent plotted versus the fluid concentration c which is
the kg adsorbate/m3 fluid.
Figure 3: Adsorption Isotherms [1]
The adsorbate load, q, is calculated using Equation 5, where Q is the feed stream flow
rate in mL/min and ti can be calculated using Equation 6.
ρsolution QCo ti
q(t) = (5)
Vbed ρbed
Z t
c
ti = (1 − )dt (6)
0 co
7
The linear isotherm follows Equation 7 where K is an experimentally determined con-
stant with units m3 /kg adsorbent. This isotherm is not very common but can be used to
approximate data in dilute regions [1].
q = Kc (7)
The Freundlich isotherm is good at approximating data for many solid adsorption sys-
tems and is especially good at approximating liquids. This isotherm follows Equation 8
where K and n are experimentally determined constants and n is dimensionless and K’s
units depend on n. Plotting this isotherm on a log-log scale shows a line with the slope of
n.
q = Kcn (8)
The Langmuir isotherm is based on the assumption that there are only a fixed number
of active sites available for adsorption, only a monolayer is formed, and the adsorption is
reversible and reaches an equilibrium condition [1]. This isotherm is typically representative
of chemisorption, and therefore, it is not predicted to match our data because we are looking
at physisorption in our experiment. The isotherm follows Equation 9 where q0 and K are
constants and q0 has units of kg adsorbate/kg solid and K has units of kg/m3 . Plotting
1/q versus 1/c gives a straight line with a slope equal to K/q0 and a y-intercept of 1/q0 .
q0 c
q= (9)
K +c
Finally, we will scale up the adsorption process tested in the lab by creating an activated
carbon adsorption column for use in a microbrewery in the Short North. The adsorption
column will be used to remove solutes from the Columbus city tap water to improve the
quality and taste of our beer. The city water has been previously filtered in a wastewater
plant, however, there are still small amounts of contaminants that are allowable by the
8
EPA, which are formed during the sanitation process. One class of these contaminants
is trihalomethanes, or THMs, which are carcinogens that can also affect the taste of beer
and other carbonated beverages [5]. This adsorption column can help remove solutes from
our water stream, improve the overall taste of our beer, and allow for our microbrewery to
remain competitive with other local breweries.
9
3 Experiment Description
On the first lab day we first set up the computer Excel files we would be using to record
the lab data. Then, Caitlyn and Jon determined bed characteristics. The height and inner
diameter of the beds were measured to determine the bed density. 200 mL of unpacked
dry carbon were weighed to determine bulk density. 200 mL of carbon were weighed and
boiled in 350 mL of water and reweighed to determine particle density. Peter and Paul
made 6 solutions of acetic acid from 0.1-0.6 wt% by mixing 1% wt acetic acid solution with
pre-calculated amounts of distilled water. After the 6 solutions were made, Peter and Paul
took them to the probes to start calibration. To calibrate, Paul read off which solution
to use, Peter then uncapped the probe and put it in the solution, gently stirring, without
touching the probe to the glass. When a constant reading was reached, the probe was
removed, washed off, dryed, and prepared for the next solution. Each of the solutions had
three measurements taken, and all the measurements were randomized to ensure the best
determination of random error present in the system. This calibration was done on the
conductivity probe from column 1.
The order of the breakthrough trials was randomized in order to minimize nuisance
variables and collect better data from the trials. Paul would determine the order of the
trials. On the first lab day we were able to complete one trial using a 0.3 wt% acetic acid
at a flow rate of 200 mL/min. The conductivity of the 0.3 wt% solution was determined
by opening valve 4 and reading off the first conductivity meter’s measurements and the
initial temperature. To start the trial, we opened valve 5 of the first adsorption column,
measurements started and the conductivity was recorded every 15 seconds. When the
conductivity readings reach steady state for a couple of minutes or the conductivity readings
reach the initial conductivity of the feed solution, the trial was over. For our first trial we
were time restricted and were unable to observe complete adsorption. After our trial we
unplugged the 0.3 wt% acetic acid pump, closed flow valves, and cleaned up the adsorption
10
area.
On the second lab day we started by regenerating adsorption column 1 which had been
used for the trial on the first day. We did this by opening the white valve attached to
the water input cord 3b [3], closing valve V12, and opening valve V8 then V6. During the
regeneration, water left the adsorption chamber when V7 was opened, water was added,
and kept at least 1 inch above the activated carbon, through valve 12 and a push valve
that controlled the water stream entering the column. Hot water was used until the con-
ductivity was below 60 µS. At this point, cold water is used until the conductivity and the
temperature (◦ C) reading are both below 30. From here, the water valve and valves V6,
V7, and V8 were closed. While still making sure the water level was at least 1 inch above
the activated carbon.
We started our second trial with Acetic Acid at 0.5 wt% and a flow rate of 160 mL/min.
When we opened valve 9 of the second adsorption column, measurements started and the
conductivity was recorded every 15 seconds. When the conductivity readings reached
steady state for a few minutes we knew the trial was complete and we prepared column 2
for regeneration. For column 2 regeneration, we made sure valve V8 was closed, and V10,
V11, and V12 were open.
We then ran our third trial of 0.5 wt% acetic acid at 200 mL/min on column 1 until
conductivity readings were constant for a few minutes. During this trial column 2 was
regenerated. Our fourth trial of 0.3 wt% acetic acid at 160 mL/min on the column 2 until
regenerated. After our fourth trial we followed the shut down Procedure by closing the
valves and unplugging the pump.
On the third day, we ran our fifth trial of 0.5 wt% acetic acid at 120 mL/min on the
column 1 until conductivity readings were constant for a few minutes. During this trial
column 2 was regenerated. We then ran our sixth trial of 0.3 wt% acetic acid at 120 mL/min
on the column 2 until conductivity readings were constant for a few minutes. During this
11
trial column 1 was regenerated. After performing the shutdown procedure, we ensured we
had all the data needed for our calculations and left the lab.
3.1 Safety Considerations
Besides wearing the required personal protection equipment (PPE) the group, except for
Paul, the data taker, wore nitrile gloves at all times. We were working with acetic acid
solutions and dry carbon; nitrile gloves will prevent any damage and/or burns that may
occur during the experiment. The PPE helps prevent any chemical spill damage. If or when
a spill occurred, the TA was immediately notified. When working with the dry activated
carbon, Caitlyn and Jon wore dust masks, as the Carbon poses an inhalation hazard.
Throughout the experiment we continually tried to make sure the water was at least 1
inch above the activated carbon [3]. Instances in which the water level was too close to the
carbon, bottom bed flow valves were closed to ensure no addition water would leave the
bed.
In the case of an emergency, we would first turn off and disconnect any electrical equip-
ment including the pumps and conductivity meters. We would close the top, then the
bottom valves of each column. Any boiling water would be secured and its heat source
would be terminated. Any Acetic Acid solutions would also be secured as well. After these
measures are taken, we will follow any other proper procedures for the emergency [3].
MSDS sheets for the acetic acid and activated carbon can be found in Appendix A. We
were all responsible for reading and being familiar with the safety information found in the
MSDS sheets.
12
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Bed Characterization Results
The bulk density when referring to an adsorbent, is the ratio of the mass of the particles
to the total volume they occupy. The activated carbon measurements are 113.2 grams and
kg
200 mL. We used Equation 10 to calculate a bulk density of 566 m3
. Sample calculations
for this and all other values in this section are in Appendix C.
W eight of activated carbon (g)
ρb = (10)
V olume of activated carbon (mL)
The particle density describes the ratio of particle mass to the space occupied by only
the particles themselves. To calculate this value we first recorded the mass of an activated
carbon sample (0.1191 kg). We then found the carbon particle volume by adding water to
the activated carbon and using water’s known density to subtract out the volume of water
from the mixture. We measured a water volume of 0.2503 m3 and a combined volume of
0.3500 L, meaning a carbon volume of 0.0997 m3 . We then used Equation 11 to calculate
kg
a particle density of 1195 m3
.
W eight of carbon particles (g)

ρp = . (11)
V olume of carbon particles (mL)
The bed density refers to the the mass of the packed bed of the column divided by the
volume of the packed bed. We calculated the bed density using Equations 12 and 13. With
column heights of 0.485 m and 0.510 m, an inner diameter of 0.241 m, and a packed bed
kg
mass of 0.114 kg, we determined the bed densities of bed 1 and 2 to be 517 m3
and 492
kg
m3
, respectively. Again, in depth sample calculations are in Appendix C.
Vcarbon ∗ ρb
ρbed = (12)
Vbed
ID 2
Vbed = π ∗ ( ) ∗h (13)
2
13
The void fraction is the fraction of void space in a porous material, in this case, the
activated carbon. We calculated the void fraction using the bulk and particle densities and
Equation 14 to be 0.5262.
ρb
=1−( ) (14)
ρp
A summary of these results are in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Activated Carbon Bed Characteristics
Our calculation are within the range of values we found in literature. The bulk density
of activated carbon used in industry is typically between 400 − 600 kg/m3 [6]. Our value of
566 kg/m3 falls in the upper portion of this range. Particle densities have literature values
ranging from 650 − 1150 kg/m3 [7]. Our particle density of 1195 kg/m3 is just above this
range. This high particle density explains why our void fraction is slightly above literature
values. The void fraction for activated carbon generally varies between 0.4-0.5 [7]. Our
value of 0.5262 is slightly higher because of the higher calculated particle density from our
experiment. This value is also very close to the void fraction of an ideal packing lattice,
which is 0.5 [1].
Porosity is a measure of the storage capacity of an adsorbent and, therefore, very
important for adsorption. Higher porosity corresponds to a greater void fraction and a
larger storage capacity. The more an adsorbent can hold, the more adsorbate it can adsorb
and the more effective it will be during the adsorption process. Using a less porous material
would allow less adsorbate to adsorb and leave the feed stream.
14
4.2 Conductivity Calibration Curve
In lab we measured the conductivity of the outlet stream, however, we wanted to know the
concentration of the outlet stream. We created a conductivity calibration curve in order
to relate between the measured conductivity and the concentration. Figure 5 shows the
conductivity calibration curve with the second order polynomial fit. This trendline matches
the data fairly well with an R2 value of 0.9813, and was used to calculate the concentrations
used in the breakthrough curve data.
600
y = -1207.5x2 + 1465.4x + 31.04

500
R² = 0.9813
400
Conductivity (µS)
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Concentration (wt % acetic acid)
Figure 5: Conductivity Calibration Curve
4.3 Breakthrough Curve Data
For each of the six trials, we created breakthrough plots which show the fraction of the
effluent concentration to the initial feed concentration versus time. For each of these curves,
a second- or third-order polynomial trendline was used to model the data. This trendline
equation is used to find the breakthrough and symmetric times. Using these values and
bed characteristics, the adsorbate load (q) and the height of the unused bed are calculated.
Figures 7-12 show the breakthrough curves for Trials 1-6. A table summarizing the trendline
15
equation and constants can be found in Table 1.
Table 1: Breakthrough Curve Trendline Constants

General Trendline Equation:
Trial Parameters
C/C0 = a ∗ t3 + b ∗ t2 + c ∗ t + d
Assume 0 until
Run Order Bed # C0 (wt%) Q (mL/min) a b c d
time (min)
6 2 0.3 120 3.43E-05 -3.10E-03 9.70E-02 -3.16E-01 3.25
4 2 0.3 160 4.70E-05 -3.43E-03 8.42E-02 -1.52E-01 2.50
1 1 0.3 200 1.02E-04 -5.86E-03 1.14E-01 -1.06E-01 1.25
5 1 0.5 120 0 -2.54E-03 1.11E-01 -2.24E-01 2.50
2 2 0.5 160 1.03E-04 -5.96E-03 1.15E-01 -2.11E-01 2.00
3 1 0.5 200 0 -4.26E-03 1.09E-01 -7.17E-02 0.50
We calculated tb and ts by finding the time where the trendline equation equalled 0.04
and 0.5, respectively. The equations are second- or third-order polynomials and we used
Excel’s GoalSeek function to calculate tb and ts . Each graph was split into two parts: a
part that was assumed to be zero until a certain time and a part that is modeled by the
trendline equation. The last column includes the time point where the graph is no longer
assumed to be zero. This makes it easier to calculate the integrals which are necessary for
calculating tt and HU N B . The total time was calculated using Equation 15, where the lower
bound represented the time where the plot was no longer assumed to be zero, the upper
bound represented the last recorded time point, and C/C0 was the trendline equation.
Z ∞
c
tt = (1 − )dt (15)
0 c0
We calculated tu using Equation 16, where the lower bound represented the time where
the plot was no longer assumed to be zero and the upper bound is tb .
Z tb
c
tu = (1 − )dt (16)
0 c0
16
We calculated HU N B using Equation 17 by multiplying the total height of the column,
HT , by a term dependent on tt and tu .
tt − tu
HU N B = HT · ( ) (17)
tt
The adsorbate load is calculated using the following equations. First, we calculated ti
by integrating from the time after the plot was no longer zero to each time point, as seen
in Equation 18. We use this value to calculate the adsorbate load, which has units of g
acetic acid/g activated carbon. In Equation 19, we assume ρsolution and C0 are constants.
Z t
c
ti = (1 − )dt (18)
0 c0
ρsolution ∗ Q ∗ C0 ∗ ti
q(t) = (19)
Vbed ∗ ρbed
The adsorbate load at the breakthrough time (qbreak ) and the total adsorbate load
(qtotal ) can be found by replacing ti in Equation 19 with tu and tt , respectively. Table 2
summarizes all the calculated values from the breakthrough curves.
Table 2: Calculated Values from Breakthrough Curves

Trial Parameters
Run qbreak qtotal
Bed # C0 (wt%) Q (mL/min) tu (min) tt (min) tb (min) ts (min) HU N B (m)
Order (g AcOH/ g bed) (g AcOH/ g bed)
6 2 0.3 120 4.19 0.0221 18.2 0.0957 4.20 13.1 0.373
4 2 0.3 160 2.53 0.0178 19.1 0.134 2.53 15.2 0.260
1 1 0.3 200 1.37 0.0120 12.9 0.113 1.37 8.37 0.268
5 1 0.5 120 2.53 0.0222 9.00 0.0790 2.53 8.04 0.216
2 2 0.5 160 2.47 0.0288 16.3 0.191 2.48 12.6 0.255
3 1 0.5 200 1.06 0.0155 8.76 0.128 1.07 7.32 0.264
Theory predicts that HU N B should increase with increasing flow rates and it should
decrease with increasing feed concentrations [8]. The larger HU N B corresponds with a
larger mass transfer zone which is less efficient. A highly efficient adsorption column should
have a narrow mass transfer zone. Figure 6 shows a comparison between the breakthrough
17
curves for systems with large mass transfer zones versus those with a narrow mass transfer
zone.
Figure 6: Comparison of Breakthrough Curves for Different Size Mass Transfer Zones [2]
The mass transfer zone is a ”macro” approach to understanding the phenomena of mass
transfer in adsorption. The mass transfer zone represents where the solute – acetic acid,
in this case – is being transferred from the bulk inlet fluid stream to the adsorbate phase
[9]. The S-shape of the mass transfer zone comes from the resistance to mass transfer at
the micro level. An ideal mass transfer zone would be a straight line and would use all
of the bed for adsorption [2]. The smaller the height of the unused bed, the narrower the
mass transfer zone, and the more efficient the adsorption process is at using the activated
carbon to remove the acetic acid. The trials at flow rate of 200 mL/min should have a
larger HU N B than those at a flow rate of 120 mL/min. We see this trend with the trials
using a feed concentration of 0.5 wt%; however, it is not seen with the 0.3 wt% trials. The
trial using 0.3 wt% acetic acid and 120 mL/min had a much higher HU N B of 0.373 m, which
18
does not align with theory. This was the last trial we conducted, and perhaps the multiple
cycles of regeneration and other errors contributed to this result. Possible qualitative and
quantitative sources of error are discussed in Section 5. Additionally, exceptions to theory
can be expected due to differences in the distinct resistances of mass transfer in this system.
The higher concentration of acetic acid in the feed solution should decrease the height of the
unused bed. As mentioned in the Introduction, adsorption is primarily limited by diffusion,
which is driven by concentration gradient between the solute in the feed stream and solute
adsorbed onto the bed. Therefore, as the concentration in the feed increases, the rate of
diffusion of the solute molecules increases, and more of the adsorption bed should be used.
We saw in general that the HU N B was lower for the 0.5 wt% trials than it was for the 0.3
wt% trials at constant flow rates, which is consistent with theory.
Figure 6 shows how the breakthrough time is related to the mass transfer zone and
unused bed height. If the adsorption is less efficient, the process will have a larger mass
transfer zone and the breakthrough time will occur earlier [2]. The trials with the higher
flow rates should have smaller breakthrough times because they will have larger mass
transfer zones. Increasing the flow rate also decreases the contact time between the solute
and the adsorbent, which leads to less-efficient adsorption. The solute that is not adsorbed
in the stream is flowing at a faster rate and will reach the end of the column faster at higher
flow rates. As the feed concentration increases, at constant flow rate, the breakthrough time
should decrease because the bed will become saturated more quickly, due to the higher feed
concentration. In a literature model of adsorption, the breakthrough time decreased as the
feed concentration increased which matches theory [10]. Adsorption is primarily limited by
diffusion, which is driven by concentration gradients. The higher the feed concentration,
at constant flow rates, the higher the rate of diffusion and therefore occupying the binding
site more quickly. This leads to a faster saturation of the bed and should lead to a smaller
breakthrough time. Keeping feed concentration constant, for both the 0.3 wt% and 0.5 wt%
solutions, the breakthrough times decreased as the flow rates increased. This is consistent
19
with theory, which predicts smaller breakthrough times correspond with higher flow rates.
Theoretically, the 0.5 wt% trials at constant flow rates should have a smaller breakthrough
time than the 0.3 wt% trials. For the trials with a flow rate of 120 mL/min the breakthrough
time for the 0.3 wt% feed was 4.20 min, whereas, it was 2.53 min for the 0.5 wt% solution.
For the other flow rates, the breakthrough times were more similar but still larger for the
0.3 wt% solution. This is consistent with theory which predicts smaller breakthrough times
for the higher feed concentrations.
The adsorbate load represents the capacity of the bed and the amount of solute that was
adsorbed from the fluid stream onto the adsorbent bed. The adsorbate load is expressed
in grams of adsorbate – acetic acid – divided by the grams of the bed, which was activated
carbon. As the flow rate of the fluid stream increases, there are more solute particles that
come into contact with the adsorbent bed and are able to adsorb onto the bed. Although
the efficiency of column loading decreases with increasing flow rate due to decreased contact
time, the column saturates faster, increasing the total amount of solute that is adsorbed
increases[11]. This is why the adsorbate load for the higher flow rates should increase.
The qtotal represents the total amount of solute adsorbed onto the bed after the adsorption
trial was completed. The qtotal should be the lowest at the lower flow rates and highest
at the higher flow rates at constant concentration. We see that the qtotal is lowest for
both concentrations at 120 mL/min which is consistent with theory. The qtotal is higher at
the 160 mL/min for each concentration; however, this could be due to errors during the
experiment. As the concentration of the solute increases in the feed stream, more solute
should be adsorbed onto the bed due to higher rates of diffusion from the concentration
gradient. This was consistent with our trials at 160 mL/min and 200 mL/min; however,
at 120 mL/min, the qtotal was higher at the 0.3 wt% than it was at the 0.5 wt%. The total
time of adsorption was much lower for the trial at the 0.5 wt%, which could explain why
the 0.3 wt% trial had a higher total amount of solute adsorbed.
20
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600 y = 3E-05x3 - 0.0031x2 + 0.097x - 0.3158

R² = 0.999
0.500
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-0.100
-0.200
Time (min)
Figure 7: Breakthrough Curve for 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid Solution at 120 mL/min
0.700
0.600
0.500
y = 5E-05x3 - 0.0034x2 + 0.0842x - 0.1521
R² = 0.9931
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-0.100
Time (min)
21
0.800
0.700
0.600
y = 0.0001x3 - 0.0059x2 + 0.1144x - 0.1065
R² = 0.9952
0.500
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.100
Time (min)
1.200
1.000
0.800
y = -0.0025x2 + 0.1105x - 0.2242
R² = 0.9948
C/C0
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)
22
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
y = 0.0001x3 - 0.006x2 + 0.1152x - 0.2106
R² = 0.9883
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.100
Time (min)
0.700
0.600
y = -0.0043x2 + 0.1092x - 0.0717

0.500 R² = 0.9895
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-0.100
Time (min)
23
The breakthrough curves shown in Figures 7-12 do not account for the differences
in flow rates and concentrations that may affect the total time for each of the trials.
The breakthrough curves were created by plotting the concentration ratio versus the total
volume processed for each trial. The overall shapes of the breakthrough curves did not
change drastically, which means the total volume processed curves are comparable to the
breakthrough curves versus time. Most of the curves had a total processed volume of 4500-
5000 mL, however, curves 14 and 18 had lower total processed volumes of around 3000
mL. These differences could be because these trials were not fully completed because of
limited lab times. The total volume processed breakthrough curves are more representative
because they account for differences in the flow rate, which was not accounted for in the
time breakthrough curves.
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
y = 2E-11x3 - 2E-07x2 + 0.0008x - 0.3158
0.500 R² = 0.999
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
-0.100
-0.200
Total volume (mL)
Figure 13: C/C0 vs Total Volume for 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid Solution at 120 mL/min
24
1.200
1.000
0.800
y = -2E-07x2 + 0.0009x - 0.2242

R² = 0.9948
C/C0
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Total volume (mL)
0.700
0.600
0.500
y = 1E-11x3 - 1E-07x2 + 0.0005x - 0.1521

0.400 R² = 0.9931
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.100
Total volume (mL)
25
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
y = 3E-11x3 - 2E-07x2 + 0.0007x - 0.2106
R² = 0.9883
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
-0.100
Total volume (mL)
0.800
0.700
0.600
y = 1E-11x3 - 1E-07x2 + 0.0006x - 0.1065

0.500
R² = 0.9952
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-0.100
Total volume (mL)
26
0.700
0.600
0.500
y = -1E-07x2 + 0.0005x - 0.0717
R² = 0.9895
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
-0.100
Total volume (mL)
27
4.4 Isotherm Data
In order to determine which isotherm model matched our data, we first calculated the
adsorbate load q in g AcOH/ g bed at each time. We calculated it using Equation 20,
where ti is calculated using Equation 21.
ρsolution QCo ti
q(t) = (20)
Vbed ρbed
Z t
c
ti = (1 − )dt (21)
0 c0
Then we graphed various transformations of q(t) and ti against each other depending
on the isotherm model we were testing. If the transformations created a linear relationship
between the two parameters, we concluded that particular isotherm applied to our system.
To help determine linearity, we compared R2 values from linear regression. Figures 19-
21 show the isotherm graphs for the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Linear Isotherm models,
respectively. These figures use data from Trial 1, 0.3 wt% and 120 mL/min. Figures from
the other trials can be found in Appendix E.
Figure 19 shows Trial 1 q(t) values plotted against C. According to the relationship for
the linear isotherms in Equation 22, if the system adheres to a Linear Isotherm model, this
plot should be linear.
q = Kc (22)
The Linear Isotherm model works best for dilute solutions [1]. Our data matched the
Linear Isotherm model the best as evidenced by the high R2 values shown on Figure 19.
Initially, we did not expect our system to match the Linear Isotherm model; however, our
system used dilute 0.3 and 0.5 wt% acetic acid solutions [12]. All of the trials matched the
results seen from Trial 1 except for Trial 3. Trial 3 showed that a Langmuir model had
28
a higher R2 value than the Linear model; however, we believe this is due to errors in our
experiment.
8.000
7.000
6.000
R² = 0.874
5.000
4.000
q
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
-1.000
C
Figure 19: q (g acetic acid/ g bed) vs C (wt% acetic acid): Linear Isotherm Model for Trial
1
The Langmuir Isotherm is based on the assumption that there are only a fixed number
of active sites available for adsorption, only a monolayer is formed, and the adsorption is
reversible and reaches an equilibrium condition [1]. This isotherm is typically representative
of chemisorption, and therefore, it is not predicted to match our data because the activated
carbon we utilized in our experiment uses physisorption.
1 1
Figure 20 shows the isotherm plots for the Langmuir model. We plotted q
versus C
. If
our system follows the Langmuir Isotherm model, Equation 23, this plot should be linear.
q0 c
q= (23)
K +c
It was not as linear as the Linear Isotherm model in Figure 19 and had a lower R2 value
as a result. In fact,all trials, except for Trial 3, had a higher R2 value for the Linear model
29
than the Langmuir model. Therefore, we concluded the Langmuir model does not describe
our system.
1.8
1.6
1.4
R² = 0.6442
1.2
1
1/q
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
1/C
Figure 20: 1/q (g bed/ g acetic acid) vs 1/C (wt% acetic acid)−1 : Langmuir Isotherm
Model for Trial 1
The Freundlich Isotherm model is good at approximating data for many solid adsorption
systems and is especially useful for approximating liquids [1]. A a result, we initially
believed our data would match this type of isotherm. However, the data does not support
this hypothesis. This conclusion does make sense though because we are working with
dilute solutions which tend to follow the Linear model. In Figure 21, we plotted the log(q)
versus the log(C). If our system follows the Freundlich Model, Equation 24, this plot should
be linear.
q = Kcn (24)
Ultimately, we concluded the Freundlich Isotherm model did not explain our system
because its R2 values were lower than those of the Linear model, as seen in Figure 21.
30
2.5
1.5
R² = 0.8389
1
Log(q)
0.5
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Log(C)
Figure 21: log(q) versus log(C): Freundlich Isotherm Model for Trial 1
4.5 Optimal Conditions
From general trends in our data, we can determine that the optimal condition would be
the solution at 0.5 wt% flowing at 120 mL/min.
In order to have the most optimal column, we want the mass transfer zone – which
is also the height of the unused bed – to be as small as possible. A larger mass transfer
zone means that less bed is effective and more acetic acid molecules are capable of leaving
the column in the effluent, which is undesirable. From our data, graphed in Figure 22
and Figure 23, we can see the trend that increasing the concentration of the feed solution
decreases the height of unused bed while decreasing the flow rate decreases the height of
unused bed. This follows theory, which suggests that increasing the concentration should
increase the diffusion into the activated carbon, which then allows more sites of adsorbent
to be used and therefore decreases the mass transfer zone. Decreasing the flow rate would
also decrease the height of unused bed since the acetic acid molecules would have more
time to adsorb to the activated carbon, which would use up more of the column.
31
0.4
0.35
0.3
Height of Unused Bed (m)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Initial Concentration (wt%)
Figure 22: Height of Unused Bed versus Initial Concentration

0.4
0.35
0.3
Height of Unused Bed (m)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Flow Rate (mL/min)
Figure 23: Height of Unused Bed versus Flow Rate
For the column to be optimal, we would also want it to have a larger q value, since
this means that more acetic acid molecules are adsorbing onto the activated carbon. From
32
our data, graphed in Figure 24 and Figure 25, we can see the trend that increasing the
concentration and flow rate of the feed solution increases the total q. This agrees with
theory since increasing the concentration of adsorbate means that there are more acetic
acid molecules available to be adsorbed and therefore increases the load of acetic acid that
the activated carbon would be carrying. Increasing the flow rate would also increase the
value of q since a higher flow rate means more molecules of acetic acid are entering the
column within a given time and would increase the amount of acetic acid on the activated
carbon.
0.250
0.200
q total (gAcOH/gBed)
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
C0 (Wt%)
Figure 24: qtotal versus Initial Concentration
From these trends, it agrees between both the height of the unused bed and the ad-
sorption capacity that increasing the concentration of the feed solution has an optimal
impact. For the flow rate, it can be argued that having a smaller mass transfer zone is
more important than a higher loading, since having a smaller mass transfer zone indicates
that the column is close to fully saturated throughout the column and therefore a more
efficient value of q would result from this. Therefore, we can conclude that the most op-
33
0.250
.3 Wt%
.5 Wt%
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Q (mL/min)
Figure 25: qtotal versus Flow Rate
timal conditions from this experiment is the trial which has the highest concentration at
the lowest flow rate: 0.5 wt% at 120 mL/min.
34
5 Error Analysis
5.1 Qualitative Error Analysis
Over the course of the experiment, we noted a number of issues that may have contributed
to systematic and random error in our calculations.
First, we created the calibration solutions once and measured the conductivity of each
three times. While this technique captures the random error associated with the conduc-
tivity probe, it does not capture the variability and random error associated with solution
preparation. If, for example, we prepared the solutions with a high acetic acid concentra-
tion, we would over calibrate the probes, and our C0 and qtotal would be too low. Fur-
thermore, we assumed that all the probes were identical and gave the same readings for
the same solutions. This assumption could lead to systematic errors if one probe is consis-
tently higher or lower than the others. For example, if the probe we used to measure the
conductivity for C0 read consistently lower than the probes used to measure conductivity
for C, C(t)/C0 would be too larger and C0 and q would be too smaller.
Additionally, bubbles trapped themselves in the feed conductivity probe causing more
random error. If these bubbles caused over calibration, we would have similar issues as
those described above.
We also noted that there was error from skipping readings due to miscommunication in
lab. Losing measurements would shorten the time used for tt and lower it.
During the regeneration phase, we noticed pumping cold water into the top of the bed
disturbed the activated carbon. This random error could alter the bed height and bulk
density in between trials. If the particle rode up the side of the column, the true bed height
would increase leading to a higher true unused bed height. True bulk density would also
decrease.
When we regenerated bed 2 on the second day, we accidentally left V12 open which
caused column 2 to overflow. We could have lost some activated carbon particles out the
35
top which would have lead to another systematic error. Less packed carbon would have led
us to underestimate the adsorbate load.
On the second trial, we adjusted V10 too extremely mid-trial, which caused the reading
to drop about 30 µS. The readings eventually stabilized, however, the readings that were
extremely reduced were excluded from trendline calculations. Along with this, V11 was
not an effective valve for changing the outflow for column 2, and thus V10 had to be used
to change the outflow. If V10 was adjusted to drastically, the reading on the probe could
jump in either direction and affect the breakthrough curve.
During the final day of experiments, we noted that there were bubbles in the top inch of
bed 1. This systematic error would reduce the amount of useful activated carbon available
and again would have led us to underestimate adsorbate load for trials run on that bed.
Finally, we assumed both beds were identical; however, due to warping, bed two is
curved. This curvature introduces systematic error while measuring bed height. Measure-
ments that are too low would lead to lower bed volumes and unused bed heights and higher
adsorbate loads for trials performed on that bed.
36
5.2 Quantitative Error Analysis
5.2.1 Error Propagation
Each piece of equipment we used to take measurements during this experiment has an
associated uncertainty which also contributed to error in this experiment. We quantified
these uncertainties in Table 3. The conductivity and 600 mL beaker uncertainties came
from literature, and we determined that others by rule of thumb: uncertainty is one half
the smallest increment of measurement. With these values, we can determine the error
propagated in our calculations.
Table 3: Equipment Uncertainties

Smallest
Variable Instrument Uncertainty Source
Increment
50 mL
Volume Graduated 1 mL ±.5mL Rule of Thumb
Cylinder
10 mL
Volume Graduated .1 mL ±.05mL Rule of Thumb
Cylinder
600 mL
Volume N/A ±5% [13]
Beaker
Flow Rate flowmeter 20 mL/min ±10mL/min Rule of Thumb
Scout Pro
Mass .1 g ±.05g Rule of Thumb
2000G
Conductivity
Conductivity 1 µs .5 µs [14]
Meter
Distance Ruler .01 m ±.005m Rule of Thumb
37
s
∂ρb ∂ρb
δρb = ( )2 dh2weight + ( )2 dh2volume (25)
∂weight ∂volume
Using Equation 25 and the uncertainties in Table 3, we calculated the propagated error
associated with the bulk density of adsorption bed 1. The bulk density of this bed has
an uncertainty of ±30 kg/m3 and a percent error of ±5%. Sample calculations are in
Appendix C.
5.2.2 Statistical Analysis
In Figure 26, the total adsorbate load was plotted against the initial feed concentration
and in Figure 27 total adsorbate load was plotted versus the feed flow rates. Figure 26 does
not show any major trends, however the variability of the adsorbate load seems to increase
with increasing concentration. In Figure 27, we noticed that at both varying levels of initial
concentrations, we got a max adsorbate loading value at a flow rate of 160 mL/min. Both
the values at 120 and 200 mL/min were lower than that of 160. There was more variability
between the data points at 160 mL/min than there was with the data points at 120 and
200 mL/min. The q values at the flow rate of 200 mL/min were greater than those of 120
mL/min.
38
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
C0 (Wt%)
Figure 26: qtotal vs Initial Concentration
0.250
.3 Wt%
.5 Wt%
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Q (mL/min)
Figure 27: qtotal vs Flow Rate
39
We used a single-factor analysis of variance model in JMP to determine if there is a
statistically significant relationship between qtotal and the independent variables C0 and Q.
For this analysis, we used six trials varying the flow rates from 120, 160, and 200 mL/min
and C0 from 0.3 to 0.5 wt % acetic acid.
Figure 28 shows our regression model for qtotal and C0 . The data suggest that the
trend is statistically insignificant. Meaning there is no relationship between q and C0. As
C0 increases, the adsorbate loading should also increase because the adsorbate is more
concentrated, thus leading to more being adsorbed [1].
Figure 28: Regression Plot for qtotal (g acetic acid/g bed) and C0 (wt % acetic acid) using
the JMP Fit Y by X Platform
Table 4 displays the analysis of variance and parameter estimates for our model with
C0 . Since the ANOVA p-value of 0.3134 in this table is less than α = 0.05, we can not
conclude that C0 has a statistically significant effect on the adsorbate load.
Figure 29 shows our regression model for qtotal and Q. The data suggest that the trend
is statistically insignificant. Meaning there is no relationship between q and Q. As Q in-
creases, the adsorbate loading should decrease because the higher flow rate means less time
to be adsrobed [1].
40
Table 4: Analysis of Variance and Parameter Estimates for the C0 model
Figure 29: Regression Plot for qtotal (g acetic acid/g bed) and Q (mL/min) using the JMP
Fit Y by X Platform
Table 5 shows the analysis of variance and parameter estimates for our model with Q.
Since the ANOVA p-value of 0.4504 in this table is less than α = 0.05, we can not conclude
that C0 has a statistically significant effect on the adsorbate load. Therefore, we cannot
move forward with more statistical analysis on this model either.
41
Table 5: Analysis of Variance and Parameter Estimates for the qtotal model
The outcome of these ANOVA reports is surprising. According to theory, higher feed
concentration leads to greater concentration gradients and faster diffusion, and higher flow
rates leads to faster column saturation [11]. Both of these trends should increase the
total adsorbate load, but we did not find a statistically significant result. There are a
number of error that may have contributed to this result. One explanation may come from
our assumption that all conductivity curves were identical. Since we only calibrated one
conductivity probe, and applied its calibration curve to the other two probes, we introduced
more sources of error. Not every probe will perform exactly alike, and combining the
results from three probes could produce a large amount of error and make comparisons
difficult. Lower quality results have more random error which makes the data more noisy.
Furthermore, with a sample size of only 6, there will be a lot more variation in the data.
The noise from the conductivity probe assumption, coupled with the low sample size, makes
it very difficult to detect statistically significant results.
42
6 Conclusions
Overall, our experiment reached its goals defined in the purpose. We determined important
bed characteristics and performed 6 trials varying flow rates and feed concentrations in
lab. We used this data to create breakthrough curves plotting the concentration measured
at the outlet divided by the initial feed concentration versus both time and total volume
processed. We determined that although the shapes were similar between each version of the
breakthrough curve, the breakthrough curves using the total volume processed were better
because they showed the impacts of the flow rate differences. Using these breakthrough
curves, we calculated breakthrough time, symmetric time, height of the unused bed, and
adsorbate load. These values were all important parameters to determine the efficiency of
the column.
Our results showed that the breakthrough time generally decreased as the flow rate and
the feed concentration increased. This trend matches theory because increasing both of
these parameters should saturate the bed faster and lead to lower breakthrough times. The
results also showed that increasing the flow rate increased the height of the unused bed and
increasing the feed concentration decreased the height of the unused bed. This also aligns
with theory. Increasing the flow rate decreases the contact time between the acetic acid and
the activated carbon, therefore increasing the mass transfer zone and unused bed. Since
the driving force behind diffusion is a concentration gradient, increasing the concentration
gradient between the feed stream and the bed would increase the rate of mass transfer and
lower the height of the unused bed.
We expected the adsorbate load increase with increasing flow rate and feed concen-
tration, and our results generally showed this trend, but the effects were not statistically
significant. Using an ANOVA test, we analyzed the impact of flow rate and feed concentra-
tion on the adsorbate load. While there was positive correlation, the p-value for the flow
rate and feed concentration single factor model was 0.4504 and 0.3134, respectively. Since
43
both of these values are greater than the α value of 0.05, we cannot conclude that either
of these parameters have a statistically significant effect on adsorbate load. Many of our
results followed the general trends suggested by theory but were not statistically significant
because of qualitative and quantitative errors discussed in the error analysis section.
Finally, we determined that the best isotherm fit for our data was the linear isotherm.
We plotted the data according to the equations for the linear, Freundlich, and Langmuir
isotherms, and the linear data followed the trendline most closely and had the highest
R2 values. This result was somewhat surprising because Freundlich isotherms typically
represent liquid systems; however, linear isotherms can represent dilute liquids fairly well.
Since we used dilute acetic acid solutions of 0.3 wt% and 0.5 wt%, the result of a linear
isotherm is consistent with theory.
44
7 Recommendations
One recommendation we have for the adsorption experiment is to calibrate all of the con-
ductivity probes. We just calibrated one probe and assumed the other two probes were
identical. This could have led to inaccurate readings in the other two probes because they
were not also calibrated. This would affect conductivity readings which would overall affect
our concentration readings.
Another recommendation is to have taller adsorption columns or a lower bed height
in the column. When regenerating the columns, a couple times the water got lower than
it should moving activated carbon particles in the water, one time even going into the
bed kicking up a bunch of activated carbon. These loose particles could affect the bed
calculations. We also had the reverse problem as well of flooding the column and potentially
loosing some of the activated carbon altogether. This would most likely affect our bed
calculations and characteristics as the mass of the bed has decreased. For how much the
Operating Procedure stressed keeping the water level at least one inch above the activated
carbon, it should be an easier process. Therefore, increasing the height of the column or
decreasing the height of the bed would make it easier to control the relative height of the
water.
We additionally recommend a better outlet valve 11. This valve did not adjust very
well; as a result we had to control the outlet with valve 10 that was close to the conductivity
meter. With this flow valve being so close to the conductivity meter this additionally may
have introduced some error or flux to our readings. In our 0.5 wt% 160 mL/min trial there
was significant error introduced when the valve 10 was adjusted too aggressively and this
significantly impacted our readings.
We recommend that for the Operating Procedure on pages 21-22, for q to be defined as
the adsorbate loading and not the adsorbent loading. This really confused our group and
caused unnecessary questions and time trying to figure out what q actually represents. We
45
recommend this change for the Operating Procedure so future groups do not get confused
and waste time over a technical error.
46
8 Design Extension
8.1 Background and Theory
We have decided to open our own microbrewery in the Short North. We have decided to
brew 40 barrels a day, which is 14,600 barrels a year. To make one gallon of beer, seven to
ten gallons of water are required. Since we are a smaller and likely less-efficient brewery,
we can assume it would take ten gallons of water for us to produce one gallon of beer [15].
One barrel of beer contains 31 gallons of beer. Therefore, it would take 310 gallons of
water to make one barrel of beer and 12,400 gallons for 40 barrels of beer. This is equal to
46,939,106.12 mL of water. We plan on brewing our beer for approximately 8 hours a day,
which is 480 minutes. Therefore our water flowrate into the adsoprtion column would be
97,800 mL/min.
The water that we would be using would be water that comes from the city. While this
water has been treated at a wastewater plant to remove most of the contaminants in it,
there are levels that EPA defines as allowable for different contaminants. One such type
of contaminant is one that remains after the water has been disinfected: trihalomethanes
– otherwise known as THMs. THMs are carcinogens and therefore cannot be present in
water in large amounts [16]. THMs also can affect the taste of beer and other carbonated
beverages, and would therefore ruin the flavor of the beer and we would assume negatively
impact the sales of our beer [5].
The EPA has an allowable of 80 parts per billion (ppb) of these THMs in the water
[16]. THMs can be adsorbed by activated carbon to remove them from water. Since 80
ppb is much smaller than the 0.5 wt% seen in lab – 0.5 wt% is equal to 5,000,000 ppb –
we can assume other particulates are in the water that can adversely affect the purity and
taste of the beer but can be effectively adsorbed by activated carbon.
Since we want to effectively use as much of the activated carbon as possible and thus
minimize the mass transfer zone, we will be scale up the size of our adsorption column
47
from the values measured during Trial 5, which ran at 0.5 wt% at 120 mL/min and had
the smallest unused bed height, which will remain constant in the scale-up.
Since the density of the adsorbate solution was assumed to be constant at 1 g/mL, the
concentration of the adsorbate in solution can be easily converted from 0.5 wt% to 0.5
g/mL.
To determine the mass flux, we need to know the adsorbate solvent flow rate, the
concentration of the adsorbate in solution, and the radius of the column. This can then be
calculated by using Equation 26.
QCo
jm = (26)
πr2
With the values of Q = 120 mL/min, Co = 0.500 g/mL, and d = 0.0241 m taken from
Trial 5, the mass flux was determined to be 132,000 g/m2 -min.
As stated, the value of Q for our microbrewery would be 97,789.80442 mL/min and
Co would remain as 0.500 g/mL. By keeping the mass flux constant and using Equation
26 to solve for the radius of the new column, we can determine that the radius of the
column would be approximately 0.344 m or 34.4 cm. When scaling up, another constant
value is the ratio between the usable bed height and the usable time, which can be seen in
Equation 27. The usable bed height can be calculated as the difference between the total
bed height and the unused bed height, which is seen in Equation 28. For this column, it
can be estimated that the usable time and the breakthrough time are approximately equal.
For the column in Trial 5, HT = 0.485 m, HU N B = 0.216 m, so HB = 0.269 m; tb = 2.53
min, thus δ = 9.41 min/m, though the units on δ do not matter.
tu tb
δ= ≈ (27)
HB HB
HB = HT − HU N B (28)
48
For our microbrewery, we will not be able to have a very large column, since we have
limited space. Setting the total column height at 5.00 m would be large enough to handle
our capacity of water while not taking up a lot of space in the back-of-house. The height
of unused bed remains the same, so it would be 0.216 m. Therefore the height of the
usable bed is 4.78 m. Using the value of δ and Equation 27, tb is determined to be 45.0
min. To determine the tt , the total time, we used Equation 29. From our other values, we
determined the total time to be 47.0 min.
tb
tt = · HT = δ · HT (29)
HB
We will also need to have activated carbon to pack the column with in order to run the
adsorption of the particulates from the water. The mass of carbon necessary for packing
the column once can be calculated by multiplying the bulk density of carbon by the volume
of the bed. Using the values of ρb = 566 kg/m3 , r = 0.344 m, and HT = 5 in Equation 30,
the mass of carbon needed for the bed, m, is 1110 kg.
m = ρb · Vbed = ρb · πr2 HT (30)
If we are to replace the carbon in the column once a week, that means we will need
at least fifty-two times the amount needed for one packing, as well as surplus in case the
column needs to be repacked more frequently e.g. becomes too inefficient, increase in
bubbles in column, etc. To lean on the side of caution, 100 packings-worth of activated
carbon will be needed for our brewery for the year, which would be 105,000 kg of activated
carbon, which is approximately 105 metric tons.
All of the important variables are summarized in Table 6.
49
Table 6: Scale-Up Variables
Variable Value
mass flux (jm ) 132,000 g/m2 -min
water flow rate (Q) 97,800 mL/min
initial concentration (Co ) 0.500 g/mL
radius (r) 0.344 m
delta (δ) 9.41 min/m
total bed height (HT ) 5.00 m
unused bed height (HU N B ) 0.216 m
usable bed height (HB ) 4.78 m
breakthrough time (tb ) 45.0 min
total time (tt ) 47.0 min
bulk density (ρb ) 566 kg/m3
8.2 Cost Analysis
The cost of an adsorption column of approximately this size is $9823, while the cost of
a pump would be $8716 [17]. The cost of a volumetric flowmeter is $835 [18], 60 feet of
stainless steel piping is $1680 [19], 7 ball valves are $2121 [20], a globe valve is $1369 [21],
and two conductivity probes would be $523 [22]. A storage tank for the carbon would be
$28,200 and the cost of installing the column and and its system would be $510,000 [23].
All of these costs are fixed, one-time costs. These costs are summarized in Table 7. We
estimate the cost of electricity to be about $8000/year [24] and the cost of water to be
$6000/year [25].
The cost of water would include the water used to regenerate the column at every
instance it becomes ineffective, which would be completed just after the total effective time
of the column. Using the idea of thermal regeneration (temperature swing), this water
50
meant for regeneration would come from a hot water line and the cooling water would
come from the other water line.
The cost of labor is estimated to be $208,000/year. The yearly cost of the activated
carbon would be approximately $80,000 when buying in bulk [26]. These costs can be
found in Table 8.
Table 7: Fixed/Start-Up Costs for Adsorption Column

Unit Quantity Total Price
Column 1 $9823 [17]
Pump 1 $8716 [17]
Flowmeter 1 $835 [18]
Piping 60 feet $1680 [19]
Ball Valve 7 $2121 [20]
Globe Valve 1 $1369 [21]
Conductivity Probe 2 $523 [22]
Storage Tank 1 $28,200 [23]
Installation 1 $510,000 [23]
Total Cost - $563,267
We assume we will be selling about 14,600 barrels – which is 3,620,800 pints – a year.
We plan to sell each barrel for $1488, or $6 for each pint of our brew. This would result
in a gross revenue of $21,420,800/year. Subtracting yearly expenses, a net profit would
be $$19,854,080 . Further subtracting the start-up costs yields a profit of $19,290,813.
This number would clearly be smaller after including costs of the brewing process i.e.
fermentation, carbonation, distillation, etc.; food production; and other capital costs such
as the other devices used in the brewing process and their associated energy needs.
51
Table 8: Yearly Expenses and Revenues
Unit Cost
Beer Sales +$21,724,800
Electricity -$10,000 [24]
Water -$6,000 [25]
Labor -$208,000
Activated Carbon -$80,000 [26]
Hops -$328,320 [27]
Barley -$1,238,400 [28]
Net Profit +$19,854,080
8.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
From our analysis, adding an adsorption column to our microbrewery would be a positive
investment for us. While the initial start-up costs are rather high for a small business
at about $600,000, we would be able to have a net profit optimally within the first year.
Most importantly, the adsorption column would be able to remove particulates and other
impurities – like carcinogenic THMs – from the water we use to brew our beer and as a
result, increase the purity of the water and improve the taste of our beer in the end.
52
9 Notation
9.1 Nomenclature
C effluent concentration ( ggEffluent

AcOH
)
Co feed effluent concentration ( ggEffluent
AcOH
)
HB height of used bed (cm)
HT total column height (cm)
HU N B height of unused bed (cm)
g
jm mass flux ( m2 ·min )
m mass (kg)
q adsorbate loading ( ggCarbon
AcOH
)
Q volumetric flow rate ( mL
s
)
r radius of the column (cm)
t time (s)
tb breakthrough time (s)
td saturation time (s)
ts symmetrical time (s)
tt total time (s)
tu usable time (s)
vi volume of component i (m3 )
δ ratio of usable time to used bed height
void fraction
g
ρb bulk density ( mL )
g
ρp particle density ( mL )
g
ρbed bed density ( mL )
53
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Li2mvcF-iBl4jvljSpWmUabAuxoCGl4QAvD_BwE\&cm_mmc=PPC:+Google+
PLA\&ef_id=CjwKCAjwhbHlBRAMEiwAoDA340PsdnI5cZbemdoxQpEMp2EbtGi_
Li2mvcF-iBl4jvljSpWmUabAuxoCGl4QAvD_BwE:G:s\&s_kwcid=AL!2966!3!
50916761037!!!g!82128379077!?cm_mmc=PPC:+Google+PLA?campaignid=
175663197, .
[21] Ferguson. Nibco f-718-b cast iron flanged globe valve. https://www.ferguson.
com/product/nibco-f-718-b-cast-iron-flanged-globe-valve-nf718b/_/
A-ProdFamily-94586.
[22] Cole-Parmer. Oakton ecconctp0500 cond 500 con-

ductivity transmitter. https://www.coleparmer.com/i/
oakton-ecconctp0500-cond-500-conductivity-transmitter/1950520?PubID=
UX\&persist=true\&ip=no\&gclid=CjwKCAjwhbHlBRAMEiwAoDA343n6jUBeU9EvVVzKM4On7pAghfBze
BwE.
[23] Nathaniel Brown et al. Design of pollution control devices for removal of vocs from
ground water. http://share.iit.edu/bitstream/handle/10560/2083/Devices_
For_Removal_of_VOCs_From_Ground\%20Water.pdf?sequence=1, 2002.
56
[24] Columbus, oh electricity statistics. https://www.electricitylocal.com/states/
ohio/columbus/.
[25] City of Columbus. 2019 utility rates. https://www.columbus.gov/Templates/

Detail.aspx?id=2147507746.
[26] AffordableWater.us. Granular activated carbon, coconut shell based

12x40 mesh 1 cu ft free shipping. https://www.affordablewater.us/
Granular-Activated-Carbon-Coconut-Shell-Based-12x40-Mesh-1-Cu-Ft-Free-Shipping-P243
aspx?gclid=CjwKCAjwhbHlBRAMEiwAoDA3475MNknJIEP4Y59GR_
WKgcjKfxcgxvPnAc0ebDEivP4rqdnJ3UtwmhoC1dIQAvD_BwE.
[27] Amarillo vgxp01 c.v.- 2017 pellets. https://hopsdirect.com/collections/

pellet-hops/products/amarillo-vgxp01-c-v-pellets?variant=36751448833.
Accessed: 2019-2-18.
[28] Gw full pint. https://www.williamsbrewing.com/

50-Lbs-GW-Full-Pint-Actual-Cost-Shipping-Item-P3980.aspx. Accessed:
2019-2-18.
[29] Engineering ToolBox. Density of aqueous solu-

tions of organic acids. www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
density-aqueous-solution-formic-lactic-oxalic-acetic-citric-acid-concentration-d_
1953.html. Accessed: 2019-3-23.
57
11 Appendix A: Preliminary Assignment
11.1 Safety Hazards and Precautions
Throughout the whole lab we will be wearing nitrile gloves. We are working with acetic
acid solutions and dry carbon; nitrile gloves will prevent any damage/burns that may
occur during the experiment. The personal protection equipment (PPE) of long sleeves
and pants, also help prevent any chemical spill damage. We are working with acetic acid
solutions, as an extra safety concern we will wear chemical splash goggles to prevent any
chemicals from entering the eyes. Any incidents involving skin contact with solutions will
be reported to the TA immediately. We will wear hard hats at all times to protect our heads
from anything inside or outside the experiment. Another safety concern is any acetic acid
solution exceeding 4 wt percent must be made in the fume hood [3], to prevent inhaling the
strong acid fumes. When working with the dry activated carbon, we will wear dust masks,
as it has an inhalation hazard and can cause lung damage if inhaled. During regeneration,
if we have to work with/near the instant hot water tank, we will wear thermal gloves to
prevent any burns to our hands; long sleeve shirts and pants help prevent these thermal
burns as well.
Throughout the experiment we are going to continually make sure the water is AT
LEAST 1 inch above the activated carbon [3]. In the case of an emergency, and we will
first first off and disconnect any electrical equipment, pump and CDM.We then close the
top THEN the bottom valves of each column. With boiling water used in our experiment,
we will terminate its heat and secure the boiling water in a safe place. Acetic Acid solutions
will also be secured as well. After these measures are taken, we will follow any other proper
procedures for the emergency [3].
11.2 MSDS Safety Sheets
58
Acetic Acid MSDS
Effective Date: November 27, 2012
24 Hour Emergency Contact:
ChemTel: (800)255-3924
www.pioneerforensics.com
1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
Product: Acetic Acid, Glacial

Product Number(s): PF001, PF002
CAS#: 64-19-7
Synonyms: Ethanoic Acid; Methanecarboxylic Acid; Acetic Acid
Manufacturer: Pioneer Forensics, LLC
804 E. Eisenhauer Blvd.
Loveland, CO 80537
Ph: (970) 292-8487
Emergency Number: (800) 255-3924 (CHEM-TEL)
Customer Service: (970) 292-8487
2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
Emergency Overview: DANGER! Flammable liquid and vapor. Easily ignited by heat, spark or flames. Corrosive.
Causes severe burns to skin, eyes, and digestive tract. Mist or vapor extremely irritating to
eyes and respiratory tract.
Safety Ratings: Health: 3, Severe Reactivity: 1, Slight

Flammability: 2, Moderate Contact: 4, Extreme
OSHA Regulatory Status: This product is considered a "Hazardous Chemical" as defined by the OSHA Hazard
Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200.
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, eye contact
Inhalation: Corrosive. May cause damage to mucous membranes in nose, throat, lungs and bronchial
system.
Ingestion: Corrosive. May produce burns to the lips, oral cavity, upper airway, esophagus and
digestive tract.
Skin Contact: Corrosive. Causes severe burns.
Eye Contact: Corrosive. Causes severe burns. May cause eye damage, impaired sight or blindness.
Target Organs: Skin, lungs, respiratory system, eyes
Chronic Health Effects: Corrosive. Prolonged contact causes serious tissue damage.

Revision Date: 11/27/2012 1/7
Aggravation of: Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage.
Medical Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems may be more susceptible to the
effects of the substance.
Potential Environmental Harmful to aquatic organisms. May affect the acidity (pH) of water leading to harmful effects
Effects: on aquatic organisms.
3. COMPOSITION AND INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Chemical Formula % by
Components CAS# Formula Weight Hazardous Weight
Acetic Acid 64-19-7 C2H4O2 60.05 Yes >99.7
4. FIRST AID MEASURES
First Aid Procedures:
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not
breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, keep head low so that vomit does not enter
lungs. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. GET MEDICAL
ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY.
Skin Contact: Flush affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Eye Contact: Check for and remove contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with gentle but large stream
of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical
attention immediately.
General Advice: In the case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the
label where possible). Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved
and take precautions to protect themselves. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in
attendance.
Notes to Physician: Treat symptomatically. Keep victim under observation.
5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
NFPA Ratings: Health: 3 Flammability: 2 Reactivity: 0
Flammable Properties: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE! Vapors may cause a flash fire or ignite explosively. Vapors may
travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Heat may cause sealed
containers to explode.
Flash Point: 39° C (103° F) Closed Cup
Auto-ignition Temp: 426° C (799° F)
Flammable Limits in Lower Explosion Limit: 4%

Air (% by volume): Upper Explosion Limit: 19.9%
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Water, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media: Do not use a solid (straight) water stream as it may scatter and spread fire.

Hazardous Combustion Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
Products:
Specific Hazards: Can be ignited easily by heat, sparks, or flame and burns vigorously. Above flash point,
vapor-air mixtures are explosive within flammable limits noted above. Sealed containers
may explode when heated or involved in fire. Vapor may accumulate in container
headspace resulting in flammability hazard. Material is sensitive to static discharge.
Special Protective Equipment As in any fire, wear MSHA/NIOSH approved (or equivalent) self-contained positive pressure
For Firefighters: or pressure-demand breathing apparatus and full protective gear.
Specific Methods: Use water spray to cool unopened containers. Cool containers exposed to flames with
flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of
rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tanks due to fire. Move
containers from fire area if you can do so without risk. Some of these materials, if spilled,
may evaporate leaving a flammable residue. In the event of fire and/or explosion do not
breathe fumes.
6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Personal Precautions: Ventilate area of leak or spill. Isolate hazard area and keep unnecessary and unprotected
personnel away from the area of the leak or spill. Keep upwind. Keep out of low areas.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment as specified in the Exposure Control and
Personal Protection Section 8. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Pay attention to
flashback. Take precautionary measures against static discharges.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not contaminate water. Avoid
discharge into drains, water courses or onto the ground. In case of large spill, dike if
needed.
Methods for Containment: Remove all sources of ignition. Stop the flow of material, if this is without risk. Prevent
entry into waterways, sewer, basements or confined areas. Dike the spilled material, where
this is possible.
Methods for Cleaning Up: Use spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment. All equipment used when handling
the product must be grounded. Absorb spill with an inert material (e.g. vermiculite, dry
sand, earth, cloth, fleece), and place in a suitable non-combustible container for reclamation
or disposal. Do not use combustible materials, such as sawdust. Clean contaminated
surface thoroughly. Neutralize spill area and washings with soda ash or lime. Never return
spills in original containers for re-use. Clean up in accordance with all applicable
regulations.
7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling: Do not handle or open near flame, sources of heat, or sources of ignition. Protect material
from direct sunlight. Wear personal protective equipment (see section 8). Use only in well-
ventilated areas. Provide sufficient air exchange and/or exhaust in work rooms. Avoid
contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Do not breathe vapors or spray mist. Do not ingest.
When using, do not eat, smoke, or drink. Take precautionary measures against static
discharge. Keep away from incompatible materials. Handle in accordance with good
industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash thoroughly after handling. Containers of this
material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product residues (vapors, liquids).
Observe all warnings and precautions listed for the product Use caution when combining
with water. DO NOT add water to acid. ALWAYS add acid to water while stirring to prevent
release of heat, steam, and fumes.

Storage: Store in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Store away from flame, sources of ignition, heat, and
incompatible materials. Store in original container. Keep containers tightly closed and
upright. Keep away from food, drink and animal feedingstuffs. Keep out of the reach of
children. Ground container and transfer equipment to eliminate static electric sparks.
Comply with all national, state, and local codes pertaining to the storage, handling,
dispensing, and disposal of flammable liquids.
8. EXPOSURE CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION
Exposure Limits: ACGIH: TWA: 10 ppm

STEL: 15 ppm
OSHA: PEL: 10 ppm
3
25 mg/m
Engineering Controls: Ensure adequate ventilation. Ventilation rates should be matched to conditions. If
applicable, use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls
to maintain airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. If exposure limits have not
been established, maintain airborne levels to an acceptable level. Explosion proof exhaust
ventilation should be used.
Personal Protective Equipment:
Eye/Face Protection: Wear safety glasses with side shields or goggles and a face shield.
Skin Protection: Wear appropriate chemical resistant clothing (with long sleeves) and appropriate chemical
resistant gloves.
Respiratory Protection: If engineering controls do not maintain airborne concentrations below recommended
exposure limits (where applicable) or to an acceptable level (in countries where exposure
limits have not been established), an approved respirator must be worn. Respirator type:
Chemical respirator with acid gas cartridge. Use a positive-pressure air-supplied respirator
if there is any potential for an uncontrolled release, exposure levels are not known, or any
other circumstances where air-purifying respirators may not provide adequate protection.
General Hygiene Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. When using, do not eat, drink or smoke. Always
Considerations: observe good personal hygiene measures, such as washing after handling the material and
before eating, drinking, and/or smoking. Routinely wash work clothing and protective
equipment to remove contaminants. Provide eyewash station and safety shower.
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Physical State: Liquid

Appearance: Transparent
Color: Colorless
Odor: Strong, vinegar-like
Molecular Formula: C2H4O2
Molecular Weight: 60.05
pH: 2.4 (1.0 M solution)
Specific Gravity: 1.05
Freezing/Melting Point: 16.6 °C (61.9 °F)
Boiling Point: 118.1 °C (244.6 °F)
Flash Point: 39 °C (103° F) Closed Cup
Auto Ignition Temperature: 426 °C (799° F)
Flammable Limits in Air
(% by Volume):

Upper: 19.9%
Lower: 4%
Solubility: Miscible with water
Vapor Pressure: 2.09 kPa at 25°C
Vapor Density: 2.1
Percent Volatile: 100 %
Odor threshold (ppm): 0.48 ppm
Evaporation Rate: 0.97 BuAc
Partition Coefficient
(n-octanol/water): -0.17
10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Stability: Stable under normal conditions. This substance is hygroscopic and will absorb water by
contact with the moisture in the air.
Conditions to Avoid: Heat, flames, sparks, ignition sources, incompatibles, moisture
Incompatible Materials: Oxidizing agents, peroxides, caustics, glycol, metals
Hazardous Decomposition Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may form when heated to decomposition.
Products:
Possibility of Hazardous Can react vigorously, violently or explosively with incompatible materials listed above.
Reactions:
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Toxicological Data: Oral Rat LD50: 3.31 g/kg

Skin Rabbit LD50: 1060 mg/kg
Inhalation Rat LC50: 11.4 mg/L 4H
Acute Effects: Strongly corrosive. May cause deep tissue damage.
Local Effects: Causes severe burns.
Sensitization: Not a skin sensitizer.
Chronic Effects: Corrosive. Prolonged or repeated skin contact causes serious tissue damage.
Carcinogenic Effects: This product is not considered to be a carcinogen by IARC, ACGIH, NTP, or OSHA.
Skin Corrosion/Irritation: Corrosive to skin and eyes.
Epidemiology: No epidemiological data is available for this product.
Mutagenicity: No data available to indicate product or any components present at greater than 0.1% are
mutagenic or genotoxic.
Neurological Effects: No information found.
Reproductive Effects: Contains no ingredient listed as toxic to reproduction.

Teratogenic Effects: No data available to indicate product or any components present at greater than 0.1% may
cause birth defects.
Target Organs and Symptoms: Corrosive effects.
12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Ecotoxicological Data: EC50 Water flea (Daphnia magna): 65 mg/L 48 H

LC50 Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): 75 mg/L 96 H
Ecotoxicity: Harmful to aquatic life. May affect the acidity (pH) of water leading to harmful effects on
aquatic organisms.
Environmental Effects: An environmental hazard cannot be excluded in the event of unprofessional handling or
disposal.
Persistence and Degradability: Expected to be readily biodegradable.
Partition Coefficient -0.17

(n-octanol/water):
13. DISPOSAL INFORMATION
Disposal Instructions: Dispose of this material and its container to hazardous or special waste collection point.
Incinerate the material under controlled conditions in an approved incinerator. All wastes
must be handled in accordance with local, state and federal regulations.
Contaminated Packaging: Since emptied containers retain product residue, follow label warnings even after container
is emptied. Offer rinsed packaging material to local recycling facilities.
Waste Codes: D001: Waste Flammable material with a flash point < 140 °F
14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
DOT:
UN Number: UN2789
Proper Shipping Name: Acetic Acid, Glacial
Hazard Class: 8, (3)
Packaging Group: II
ERG Number: 132
15. REGULATORY INFORMATION
U.S. Federal Regulations:
OSHA: This product is considered a "Hazardous Chemical" as defined by the OSHA Hazard
Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200.
TSCA Inventory: Acetic Acid, Glacial

U.S. EPCRA (SARA Title III):
Sections 311/312: Hazard Categories List (Yes/No)____

Section 311 – Hazardous Chemical Yes
Immediate Hazard Yes
Delayed Hazard No
Fire Hazard Yes
Pressure Hazard No
Reactivity Hazard No
CERCLA: Acetic Acid, Glacial: 5000 lbs
International Inventories: Country(s) or Region Inventory Name On Inventory (Yes/No)*

Australia Australian Inventory of Chemical Yes
Substances (AICS)
Canada Domestic Substances List (DSL) Yes
Canada Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL) No
China Inventory of Existing Chemical Yes
Substances in China (IECSC)
Europe European Inventory of Existing Commercial Yes
Chemical Substances (EINECS)
Europe European List of Notified Chemical No
Substances (ELINCS)
Japan Inventory of Existing and New Chemical Yes
Substances (ENCS)
Korea Existing Chemicals List (ECL) Yes
New Zealand New Zealand Inventory Yes
Philippines Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Yes
Chemical Substances (PICCS)
*A "Yes" indicates that the listed component(s) of this product comply with the inventory requirements administered by the
governing country(s)
16. OTHER INFORMATION
Product Use: Laboratory and/or field reagent
Disclaimer: Pioneer Forensics LLC provides the information in this Material Safety Data Sheet in the
belief that it is reliable but assumes no responsibility for its completeness or accuracy. The
physical properties reported in this MSDS are obtained from the literature and do not
constitute product specifications. Pioneer Forensics LLC makes and gives no
representations or warranties with respect to the information contained herein or the product
to which it refers, whether express, implied, or statutory, including without limitation,
warranties of accuracy, completeness, merchantability, non-infringement, performance,
safety, suitability, stability, and fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty against
infringement of any patent, copyright or trademark is made or implied. This MSDS is
intended only as a guide to the appropriate handling of the material by a properly trained
person. It shall be the user's responsibility to develop proper methods of handling and
personal protection based on the actual conditions of use. Accordingly, Pioneer Forensics
LLC assumes no liability whatsoever for the use of or reliance upon this information
including results obtained, incidental or consequential damages, or lost profits.
Issue Date: 11/27/2012
Reason for Revision: Not applicable

3/25/2019 https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/04250.htm
Material Safety Data Sheet

Carbon, Activated
ACC# 04250
Section 1 - Chemical Product and Company Identification
MSDS Name: Carbon, Activated

Catalog Numbers: S79959, S80029, C270C, C272-212, C272-500, D127-500
Synonyms: Black Pearls; Charcoal Black; Graphite Nautural; Purified Charcoal; Activated Carbon.
Company Identification:
Fisher Scientific
1 Reagent Lane
Fair Lawn, NJ 07410
For information, call: 201-796-7100
Emergency Number: 201-796-7100
For CHEMTREC assistance, call: 800-424-9300
For International CHEMTREC assistance, call: 703-527-3887
Section 2 - Composition, Information on Ingredients
CAS# Chemical Name Percent EINECS/ELINCS

7440-44-0 Charcoal, activated 100 231-153-3
Section 3 - Hazards Identification
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
Appearance: black solid.

Caution! May cause mechanical eye and skin irritation. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May cause
lung damage. May cause central nervous system effects.
Target Organs: Lungs.
Potential Health Effects

Eye: Dust may cause mechanical irritation. May cause lacrimation (tearing), blurred vision, and photophobia.
May cause chemical conjunctivitis and corneal damage.
Skin: Dust causes mechanical irritation.
Ingestion: May cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and increased salivation.
Inhalation: May cause lung damage. Olfactory fatigue may occur. Can produce delayed pulmonary edema.
Inhalation of dusts cause severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal disturbances,
albuminuria, gradual loss of weight, and increasing weakness.
Chronic: Chronic inhalation may lead to decreased pulmonary function.
Section 4 - First Aid Measures
Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
Get medical aid.
Skin: Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and
shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists. Wash clothing before reuse.
https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/04250.htm 1/5
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid.
Inhalation: Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial
respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid.
Notes to Physician: Treat symptomatically and supportively.
Section 5 - Fire Fighting Measures
General Information: As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand,

MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases
may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion. Will burn if involved in a fire.
Extinguishing Media: For large fires, use water spray, fog or regular foam. For small fires, use dry chemical,
carbon dioxide, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water
until well after fire is out.
Flash Point: Not applicable.
Autoignition Temperature: 452 deg C ( 845.60 deg F)
Explosion Limits, Lower:Not available.
Upper: Not available.
NFPA Rating: (estimated) Health: 1; Flammability: 1; Instability: 0
Section 6 - Accidental Release Measures
General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.

Spills/Leaks: Vacuum or sweep up material and place into a suitable disposal container. Scoop up with a
nonsparking tool, then place into a suitable container for disposal. Avoid generating dusty conditions. Remove
all sources of ignition.
Section 7 - Handling and Storage
Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Use with adequate ventilation. Minimize dust generation and
accumulation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid ingestion and inhalation. Activated Carbon,
especially when wet, can deplete oxygen from air in enclosed spaces, and dangerously low levels of oxygen
may result.
Storage: Store in a tightly closed container. Keep from contact with oxidizing materials. Store in a cool, dry,
well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.
Section 8 - Exposure Controls, Personal Protection
Engineering Controls: Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility
and a safety shower. Use adequate general or local explosion-proof ventilation to keep airborne levels to
acceptable levels.
Exposure Limits
Chemical Name ACGIH NIOSH OSHA - Final PELs
Charcoal, activated none listed none listed none listed
OSHA Vacated PELs: Charcoal, activated: No OSHA Vacated PELs are listed for this chemical.
Personal Protective Equipment
Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and
face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166.
Skin: Wear appropriate gloves to prevent skin exposure.

Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to minimize contact with skin.
Respirators: Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN
149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or
if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.
Section 9 - Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical State: Solid

Appearance: black
Odor: odorless
pH: Not available.
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 3586C
Vapor Density: Not available.
Evaporation Rate:Negligible.
Viscosity: Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Freezing/Melting Point:3652 deg C
Decomposition Temperature:Not available.
Solubility: insoluble in water.
Specific Gravity/Density:1.8-2.1
Molecular Formula:C
Molecular Weight:12
Section 10 - Stability and Reactivity
Chemical Stability: Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

Conditions to Avoid: Dust generation, moisture, excess heat.
Incompatibilities with Other Materials: Oxidizing agents, alkali metals, iron oxide, lead oxide, liquid
oxygen, manganese oxide, metallic salts, chlorinated paraffins, dibenzoyl peroxide, 1,4-
diazabicyclo{2.2.2}octane, molybdenum(IV) oxide, nitrobenzaldehyde, potassium hydroxide, sodium
hydrogen carbonate.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported.
Section 11 - Toxicological Information
RTECS#:
CAS# 7440-44-0: FF5250100
LD50/LC50:
Not available.
Carcinogenicity:
CAS# 7440-44-0: Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65.
Epidemiology: No information found

Teratogenicity: No information found
Reproductive Effects: No information found
Mutagenicity: No information found
Neurotoxicity: No information found
Other Studies:
Section 12 - Ecological Information
No information available.
Section 13 - Disposal Considerations
Chemical waste generators must determine whether a discarded chemical is classified as a hazardous waste.
US EPA guidelines for the classification determination are listed in 40 CFR Parts 261.3. Additionally, waste
generators must consult state and local hazardous waste regulations to ensure complete and accurate
classification.
RCRA P-Series: None listed.
RCRA U-Series: None listed.
Section 14 - Transport Information
US DOT Canada TDG

Shipping Name: Not Regulated Not Regulated
Hazard Class:
UN Number:
Packing Group:
Section 15 - Regulatory Information
US FEDERAL
TSCA
CAS# 7440-44-0 is listed on the TSCA inventory.
Health & Safety Reporting List
None of the chemicals are on the Health & Safety Reporting List.
Chemical Test Rules
None of the chemicals in this product are under a Chemical Test Rule.
Section 12b
None of the chemicals are listed under TSCA Section 12b.
TSCA Significant New Use Rule
None of the chemicals in this material have a SNUR under TSCA.
CERCLA Hazardous Substances and corresponding RQs
None of the chemicals in this material have an RQ.
SARA Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances
None of the chemicals in this product have a TPQ.
SARA Codes
CAS # 7440-44-0: immediate.
Section 313 No chemicals are reportable under Section 313.
Clean Air Act:
This material does not contain any hazardous air pollutants.
This material does not contain any Class 1 Ozone depletors.
This material does not contain any Class 2 Ozone depletors.
Clean Water Act:
None of the chemicals in this product are listed as Hazardous Substances under the CWA.
None of the chemicals in this product are listed as Priority Pollutants under the CWA.
None of the chemicals in this product are listed as Toxic Pollutants under the CWA.
OSHA:
None of the chemicals in this product are considered highly hazardous by OSHA.
STATE
CAS# 7440-44-0 is not present on state lists from CA, PA, MN, MA, FL, or NJ.
California Prop 65
California No Significant Risk Level: None of the chemicals in this product are listed.
European/International Regulations
European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives
Hazard Symbols:
Not available.
Risk Phrases:
Safety Phrases:
S 24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
WGK (Water Danger/Protection)

CAS# 7440-44-0: 0
Canada - DSL/NDSL
CAS# 7440-44-0 is listed on Canada's DSL List.
Canada - WHMIS
This product has a WHMIS classification of B6, D2B.
This product has been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations
and the MSDS contains all of the information required by those regulations.
Canadian Ingredient Disclosure List
Section 16 - Additional Information
MSDS Creation Date: 9/28/1998

Revision #5 Date: 3/16/2007
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we make no warranty
of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume no liability resulting from its
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11.3 Flowsheet
Figure 30: Flowsheet of Adsoprtion Column System [3]
71
11.4 Experimental Procedure
11.4.1 Determination of Bed Characteristics
Bulk Density
Weigh a 500-mL beaker then measure approximately 200 mL of dry activated carbon with
a graduated cylinder and do not tap the cylinder to pack the particles. Pour the carbon
into the beaker, weigh the beaker filled with activated carbon, and determine the mass of
carbon by the difference in weights. Divide the mass of the carbon by the volume of carbon
measured to get the bulk density.
Particle Density
Weigh a 500-mL beaker and tare the scale then measure approximately 200 mL of dry
activated carbon in a graduated cylinder and transfer to the beaker. Determine the mass
of the carbon by weight difference. Add distilled water to the beaker to a volume of ap-
proximately 300 mL, making sure that the carbon is completely submerged in the water.
Boil and continually stir the mixture for about 10 minutes and then let cool to room tem-
perature. Add more distilled water to the beaker to bring the volume back to 300 mL.
Weigh the beaker and its contents and determine the mass of the water and carbon.
Bed Dimensions
Using a tape measure or ruler, measure the height of both activated carbon beds, the inner
diameter of each bed, and the inner diameter of one of the columns, since we can assume
that both columns are identical.
11.4.2 Adsorbent Pre-Treatment and Column Packing
Note: this is to be done by the TA before the lab period

Add 200 mL of dry activated carbon to a flask, cover it with distilled water, and boil for 15
72
minutes. Then rinse each column before packing it with the carbon. Remove the column
cap and add pre-boiled carbon to act as a slurry, making sure that there is at least one
inch of water above the packed carbon bed at all times.
11.4.3 Initiating Flow through the System
Check that all valves are closed except for V8 or V12, of which one needs to be open (V8
for Column 1 or V12 for Column 2) and that the rotameter is set to 0 mL/min. Open V1
completely and leave it open at all times. Making sure that the recycle tube is in 0.3wt%
solution, open V2. If using 0.5wt% acetic acid, make sure the recycle tube is in this solution,
and open V3 instead. Plug in the pump connected to the recycle tube and turn the pump
on. Place the conductivity probe into the conductivity bridge with the arrow aligned with
the tube orientation. Then open V4. Turn the rotameter dial counter-clockwise to the
current trial: 120 mL/min, 160 mL/min, or 200 mL/min. Check to see that solution is
flowing into the drain and then set the flow back to 120 mL/min.
11.4.4 Probe Calibration
Prepare six, 50-mL test solutions of acetic acid at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6wt%, as
well as a solution of pure distilled water. Making sure there are no bubbles trapped in the
opening, take one probe from the conductivity bridge and stir it in one of the solutions and
repeat this at least two more times for that solution. Rinse the probe and conductivity
bridge into a waste beaker. Repeat these measurements for the five other test solutions
and the distilled water.
11.4.5 Running a Breakthrough Curve
For Column 1, open V4 and record the inlet concentration from the probe reading. Open
V5 and immediately close V4. Immediately open V6 and adjust V7 so that the liquid
level remains relatively constant - and at least 1 inch above the carbon bed - and the
73
desired flowrate is maintained. Once drops start to enter the column, measure the ambient
temperature and record the conductivity meter reading every 15 seconds. Continue this
until the meter is reading a consistent outlet concentration and then record the ambient
temperature again. Close V5 and V6 and immediately open V4. Repeat this for each set
of flowrates at each concentration. For Column 2, substitute valve V5 with V9, V6 with
V10, and V7 with V11.
11.4.6 Regeneration
Note: it is assumed that while one column is being regenerated, another trial is running
on the second column
Put on thermal gloves and plug in the hot water tank. Open V13 to let cold water come
in. Switch V14 to the hot water side, open V8 (for Column 1), and then press the black
button. Open V6, making sure that the water level is at least 1 inch above the activated
carbon bed. Use V7 to adjust the water level in the column. Once complete i.e. the whole
column is hot, switch V14 to the cold water side and press the black button. Open V6,
making sure that the water level is at least 1 inch above the activated carbon bed. Use V7
to adjust the water level in the column. Close V8 and V6 once Column 1 has cooled down.
For Column 2, substitute valve V6 with V10, V7 with V11, and V8 with V12.
11.4.7 Emergency Shutdown
Shut off and disconnect all electrical equipment then close the top and then the bottom
valves of each column. Shut off and secure any boiling water into a safe place and then
secure any acetic acid solutions. Finally, evacuate or shelter in place if told to do so.
74
11.5 Pre-Experiment Error Evaluation
Table 9: Equipment Uncertainties

Smallest
Variable Instrument Uncertainty Source
Increment
Alpha COND 500
Determine Determine
Conductivity 2-Wire Conductivity Manual [14]
in lab in lab
Transmitter
Direct Read Determine Determine Determine
Flow Rate
Rotameter in lab in lab in lab
Bed Measurements & Ruler 0.01 m ±0.005m Rule of Thumb
Determine Determine Determine
Mass Measurements Rule of Thumb
in lab in lab in lab
Determine Determine Determine
Volume Measurements Rule of Thumb
in lab in lab in lab
All equipment we used in the experiment to take measurements have uncertainty. We

quantified these uncertainties in Table 9. Potential sources of error come from uncertain-
ties in the concentration of the acetic acid measured by the conductivity probe, the flow
rate, bed height measurements, mass measurements, and volume measurements [3]. We
measured the concentration of acetic acid using the Alpha COND 500 2-Wire Conductivity
Transmitter. This transmitter gives an output in mS which is a measurement of electri-
cal conductance. To convert the conductance to concentration values, we calibrate the
conductivity probe by taking three conductivity measurements at 6 known acetic acid con-
centrations and distilled water. Then, we plot the conductivity versus concentration and
find the associated error in the concentration measurements. We measured the flow rates
using a direct read rotameter. The bed heights and the inner diameters were measured
75
using a ruler. We determined the ruler uncertainty by rule of thumb: uncertainty is one
half the smallest increment of measurement. The bed measurements are used to calculate
the bed volume and the bed density. The mass of carbon is measured on *this type of scale*
and these measurements are used to calculate the bulk density, particle density, and void
fraction. The volumes were measured using graduated cylinders which had *this degree
of accuracy*. Using these values, we will determine the error propagated throughout our
calculations.
76
11.6 Introduction Outline
11.6.1 Background
Adsorption is the process by which a solute or solutes of interest are separated from a liquid
or gas stream and are transferred to the surface of a solid. In most commercial processes,
adsorption involves passing the liquid or gas stream over a fixed bed of packed solid particles
[1]. Adsorption has many applications in industry and research, including using activated
charcoal in gas masks to remove poisonous gases from the air, decolorizing sugar solutions,
and many others [4]. In adsorption, the solute or solutes which are separated from the
liquid or gas phase are referred to as the adsorbates, and the solid that the adsorbates
bind to is referred to as the adsorbent. Adsorption takes place as a series of steps: the
adsorbate first diffuses from the fluid to the exterior surface of the particle, then it diffuses
inside to the surface of the pore, and finally, the adsorbate is adsorbed on the surface [1].
The adsorbate and adsorbent can interact via intermolecular forces which is physisorption,
covalent bonds which is chemisorption, or electrostatic interactions which is ion exchange
[3].
The adsorbates can bind to the adsorbent until the adsorbent bed is saturated. At
that point, the bed needs to be regenerated via one of the following methods: temperature
swing, pressure swing, or concentration swing. In this experiment, there were two columns
of packed activated carbon, and while one was being used for adsorption, the other was
regenerated using the temperature swing method. In the temperature swing method, the
temperature of one of the columns is raised which allows for desorption because the inter-
molecular forces binding the adsorbate to the adsorbent are lowered at higher temperatures
[1]. The temperature is then brought back down, and the column is ready again for ad-
sorption. The temperatures can be cycled, alternating between the two columns so that
one column is always being used for adsorption while the other is regenerating.
77
11.6.2 Scientific Theory
In this experiment various concentrations of dilute acetic acid solution are fed through fixed
beds of activated carbon. The acetic acid will be separated from the liquid phase and will
be transferred to the surface of the activated carbon via physisorption which involves Van
der Waals interactions. We are evaluating how flow rate and initial feed concentration affect
adsorption, and what conditions are necessary to achieve optimal adsorption. Although
we are only manipulating the flow rate and feed concentration, the overall efficiency of the
adsorption column can also be affected by the specific surface area, column diameter, and
break-through characteristics of the adsorbent [3]. The column efficiency is typically limited
by diffusion [1]. The driving force behind diffusion is the concentration gradient between
the fluid stream and the adsorbent. Therefore, increasing the flow rate of the feed solution
should decrease the overall efficiency. This is because as the flow rate increases, the rate of
diffusion remains the same while the residence time decreases, which decreases the column
performance. Increasing the feed concentration of the acetic acid should increase the overall
efficiency. This is because as the feed concentration increases, the residence time remains
the same but the rate of diffusion increases, therefore the column performance increases.
The adsorption column is made up of a packed bed of activated carbon particles. The
bulk density (ρb ) is found by taking the ratio of the mass of the particles of the substance
divided by the volume they occupy. This is the density of dry, unpacked particles. The
particle density (ρp ) is found by taking the ratio of the mass of the particles divided by their
occupied volume excluding void spaces. This density is not affected by the compaction of
the particles. The void fraction is the fraction of the bed that is void space and is defined
ρb
as = 1 − ρp
. The higher the void fraction, the more porous the material, and thus the
more places for the adsorbate to adsorb. The bed density is neither the bulk or particle
densities and is instead calculated by taking the carbon mass divided by the calculated
column volume.
78
Figure 31: (a) Concentration profiles at various times along the height of the adsorption
bed (b) Breakthrough concentration curve at the outlet of the fixed bed [1]
An important concept in adsorption is the mass transfer zone. This mass transfer zone
is the fixed distance along the bed which solute is being adsorbed at any time. As the fluid
stream first contacts the fixed bed, the solute begins adsorbing and mass transfer begins
at the inlet of the bed. As the fluid flows through the bed, the concentration of the solute
drops along the length of the bed and reaches zero before the end of the bed. As time
progresses, the inlet of the bed becomes saturated and the mass transfer and adsorption
take place at a point farther along the bed. This distance along the bed where the mass
transfer takes place is referred to as the mass transfer zone. Figure 31a shows the mass
transfer zone is a narrow S-shaped curve. The mass transfer zone shifts along the bed from
t1 to t2, and so on along the total height of the bed.
Figure 31b shows a breakthrough concentration curve at the outlet of the fixed bed. The
79
breakthrough curve shows the time it takes for the mass-transfer zone to reach to outlet of
the fixed bed. The breakthrough time (tb ), or the time at the break point shown in Figure
31b, is the time it takes for the outlet concentration to reach a value typically between
0.01-0.05 percent of the feed concentration [1]. The symmetric time (ts ) is the time when
the outlet concentration is half of the feed concentration. In this experiment, breakthrough
concentration curves are created for each of the 6 trials which will allow for the calculation
of tb , ts , and corresponding parameters. The break point for our experiment is found when
the outlet concentration of acetic acid equals 0.04 percent of the feed concentration [3]. We
use a conductivity probe to measure the concentration of acetic acid in this experiment. To
determine concentration from conductivity readings, we make a calibration curve relating
known concentration values with the corresponding conductivity values.
Using the generated breakthrough curves, calculated breakthrough times, and bed char-
acteristics, we are able to calculate the total time (tt ), usable time (tu ), height of unused
bed (HU N B ), and adsorbate load (q). The total time is equivalent to the total bed capacity
and can be calculated using Equation 31.
Z ∞
c
tt = (1 − )dt (31)
0 c0
The usable time is equivalent to the usable capacity of the bed up until the breakthrough
time and can be calculated using Equation 32.
Z tb
c
tu = (1 − )dt (32)
0 c0
The height of the unused bed represents the mass transfer zone. This value is indepen-
dent of the total length of the column and instead depends on fluid velocity, or flow rate
[1]. The smaller the height of unused bed, the narrower the mass transfer zone, and the
more efficient the adsorption process at using the activated carbon to remove the acetic
acid [3]. The height of the unused bed can be calculated using Equation 33, where HT is
80
the total bed length.
tt − tu
HU N B = HT · ( ) (33)
tt
In Figure 32, the total shaded area represented the total bed capacity. The crosshatched
area in the figure is the usable portion of the bed. In order to scale up designs, first calculate
the required length of bed needed to achieve usable capacity (HB ) at the break point. This
is directly proportional to the breakthrough time. Then the total length of the bed is found
by summing up HB and HU N B , as shown in Equation 34.
HT = HB + HU N B (34)
Figure 32: Bed capacity from Breakthrough Curve [1]
The equilibrium between the solute in the fluid phase and the solute on the solid can be
plotted on a curve called an adsorption isotherm. Figure ref shows the solid concentration q
which is the kg adsorbate/kg adsorbent plotted versus the fluid concentration c which is the
kg adsorbate/m3 fluid. The linear isotherm follows Equation 7 where K is an experimentally
determined constant with units m3 /kg adsorbent. This isotherm is not very common but
can be used to approximate data in dilute regions [1].
81
Figure 33: Adsorption Isotherms [1]
q = Kc (35)
The Freundlich isotherm is good at approximating data for many solid adsorption sys-
tems and is especially good at approximating liquids. This isotherm follows Equation 36
where K and n are experimentally determined constants and n is dimensionless and K’s
units depend on n. Plotting this isotherm on a log-log scale shows a line with the slope of
n.
q = Kcn (36)
The Langmuir isotherm is based on the assumption that there are only a fixed number
of active sites available for adsorption, only a monolayer is formed, and the adsorption
is reversible and reaches an equilibrium condition [1]. The isotherm follows Equation 37
where q0 and K are constants and q0 has units of kg adsorbate/kg solid and K has units of
82
kg/m3 . Plotting 1/q versus 1/c gives a straight line with the slope K/q0 and the intercept
1/q0 .
q0 c
q= (37)
K +c
Using the data gathered from the 6 trials, the type of isotherm that matches our data
will be determined by analyzing the plots of q versus c.
Finally, we will scale up the adsorption process tested in the lab by ... Add design
extension here
83
11.7 Concentration Calculations
Using the density of water and aqueous acetic acid solutions [29], we calculated the volume
of distilled water and stock solutions required to prepare the feed and probe calibration
solutions. These values are on the the following page.
84
0.3 wt % Feed Solution
Distilled Water 25 wt % Stock Solution 0.3 wt % Feed Solution
ρwater (g/cm3) 1.00 ρstock (g/cm3) 1.03 ρ0.3feed (g/cm3) 1.00
wt % acetic acid 0% wt % acetic acid 25% wt % acetic acid 0.3%
Vwater (L) 21.74 Vstock (L) 0.26 V0.3feed (L) 22
mwater (g) 21736 mstock (g) 264 m0.3feed (g) 22000
0.5 wt % Feed Solution

Distilled Water 25 wt % Stock Solution 0.3 wt % Feed Solution
ρwater (g/cm3) 1.00 ρstock (g/cm3) 1.03 ρ0.3feed (g/cm3) 1.00
Vwater (L) 15.68 Vstock (L) 0.31 V0.3feed (L) 16
mwater (g) 15680 mstock (g) 320 m0.3feed (g) 16000
0.1 wt % Test Solution

Distilled Water 1 wt % Stock Solution 0.1 wt % Test Solution
ρwater (g/cm3) 1.00 ρstock (g/cm3) 1.00 ρ0.1test (g/cm3) 1.00
Vwater (mL) 45.00 Vstock (mL) 5.00 V0.1test (mL) 50
mwater (g) 45 mstock (g) 5 m0.1test (g) 50





11.8 Data Sheets
The data gathered during lab will be entered into Excel data tables completed before lab.
86
11.9 Sample Calculations
11.9.1 Solution Calculations
The following sample calculation uses values for the 0.3 wt % feed solution.
m0.3f eed = V0.3f eed ∗ ρ0.3f eed (38)
1m3 1.00g
m0.3f eed = 22L ∗ 1000L
∗ ( 100cm
1m
)3 ∗ 1mL
1cm3
∗ 1mL
m0.3f eed = 22000g
m0.3f eed ∗ wt% f eed

mstock = (39)
wt% stock
22000g∗0.003
mstock = 0.25
mstock = 300g
mwater = m0.3f eed ∗ (1 − wt% f eed) − mstock ∗ (1 − wt% stock) (40)
mwater = 22000g ∗ (1 − 0.003) − 300g ∗ (1 − 0.25)

mwater ≈ 22000g
m
V = (41)
ρ
300g cm3 1m 3 1000L
Vstock = 1.03g/mL
∗ mL
∗ ( 100cm ) ∗ 1m3
Vstock = 0.3L
22000g cm3 1m 3 1000L
Vwater = 1.00g/mL
∗ mL
∗ ( 100cm ) ∗ 1m3
Vwater ≈ 22L
87
12 Literature Cited
References





88
1–13, 2017.
TRANSACTIONS, 57:158–194, 2017.


mar 2016.


89

175663197, .
A-ProdFamily-94586.

BwE.
90
ohio/columbus/.




2019-2-18.

1953.html. Accessed: 2019-3-23.
91
13 Appendix B: Experimental Summary Report
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
CBE 3631 Unit Operations
Teaching Assistant: Fengli Zhang
Instructor: Dr. Andy Maxson
Adsorption Executive Summary
Group 12
Caitlyn Harrington, Leader

Paul Williger
Peter Eichhorn
Jon Meyers
Due Date: April 4, 2019

Submitted: April 4, 2019
92
14 Executive Summary
14.1 Experimental Summary
Day 1 (3/27/19): After setting up the computer files we would be using, Caitlyn and Jon
determined bed characteristics. The height and inner diameter of the beds were measured
to determine the bed density. 200 mL of unpacked dry carbon were weighed to determine
bulk density. 200 mL of carbon were weighed and boiled in 350 mL of water and reweighed
to determine particle density. Peter and Paul made 6 solutions of acetic acid from 0.1-
0.6 wt% by mixing 1% wt acetic acid solution with pre-calculated amounts of distilled
water. After the 6 solutions were made, Peter and Paul took them to the probes to start
calibration. To calibrate, Paul read off which solution to use, Peter then uncapped the
probe and put it in the solution, gently stirring, without touching the probe to the glass.
When a constant reading was reached, the probe was removed, washed off, dryed, and
prepared for the next solution. This calibration was done on column 1.
From here we were able to start our first trial, using a 0.3 wt% acetic acid at a flow rate
of 200 mL/min. The conductivity of the 0.3 wt% solution was determined by opening valve
4 and reading off the first conductivity meter’s measurements and the initial temperature.
To start the trial, we opened valve 5 of the first adsorption column, measurements started
and the conductivity was recorded every 15 seconds. When the conductivity readings
reach steady state for a couple of minutes or the conductivity readings reach the initial
conductivity of the feed solution, the trial was over. For our first trial we were time
restricted and were unable to observe complete adsorption. After our trial we unplugged
the 0.3 wt% acetic acid pump, closed flow valves, and cleaned up the adsorption area.
Day 2 (3/29/19): We regenerated adsorption column 1 which had been used for the
trial on the first day. We did this by opening the white valve attached to the water input
cord 3b [3], closing valve V12, and opening valve V8 then V6. During the regeneration,
water left the adsorption chamber when V7 was opened, water was added, and kept at least
93
1 inch above the activated carbon, through valve 12 and a push valve that controlled the
water stream entering the column. Hot water was used until the conductivity was below
60 µS. At this point, cold water is used until the conductivity and the temperature (◦ C)
reading are both below 30. From here, the water valve and valves V6, V7, and V8 were
closed. While still making sure the water level was at least 1 inch above the activated
carbon.
We started our second trial with Acetic Acid at 0.5 wt% and a flow rate of 160 mL/min.
When we opened valve 9 of the second adsorption column, measurements started and the
conductivity was recorded every 15 seconds. When the conductivity readings reached
steady state for a few minutes we knew the trial was complete and we prepared column 2
for regeneration. For column 2 regeneration, we made sure valve V8 was closed, and V10,
V11, and V12 were open.
We then ran our third trial of 0.5 wt% acetic acid at 200 mL/min on column 1 until
regenerated.
Our fourth trial of 0.3 wt% acetic acid at 160 mL/min on the column 2 until conductivity
readings were constant for a few minutes. During this trial column 1 was regenerated.
After our fourth trial we followed the shut down Procedure.
Day 3 (4/3/19): We ran our fifth trial of 0.5 wt% acetic acid at 120 mL/min on the
column 1 until conductivity readings were constant for a few minutes. During this trial
column 2 was regenerated.
We then ran our sixth trial of 0.3 wt% acetic acid at 120 mL/min on the column 2
until conductivity readings were constant for a few minutes. During this trial column 1
was regenerated.
94
14.2 Experimental Observations and Difficulties
The calibration was done by measuring each solution three times but did not indicate what
the actual concentration of the solutions were. Therefore, the variability in the accuracy
of the test solutions could not be accounted for with the probe. We also assumed that all
calibration probes were identical and were calibrated and performed identically, which is
most likely not true.
We timed the first trial differently than others since the first measurement was not
observed (since the team was not fully prepared for how to collect the data in an efficient
manner).
Since the adsorbent could move (particles would move up into the solution above the
surface) this affected the height of the adsorbent layer and thus could have affected subse-
quent trials with this variability.
On the second trial, we adjusted V10 too extremely mid-trial, which caused the reading
to drop about 30 µS. Along with this, V11 was not an effective valve for changing the
outflow for column 2, and thus V10 had to be used to change the outflow. If V10 was
adjusted to drastically, the reading on the probe could jump in either direction and affect
the breakthrough curve.
On the third trial, the level of the water dropped too low and the surface of the adsorbent
(about 1 inch) was exposed to the air, which caused bubbles to form (and remain) at the
top of the adsorbent layer in column 1 for the remainder of the experiment.
There were bubbles in the feed conductivity probe. While it was generally assumed
that this would not have an effect on the results, it could have led to some variability.
When column 1 was being regenerated on the second day, V12 was accidentally left
open, which caused column 2 to overflow. When we regenerated any column, the stream
entering the column would cause many particles of carbon to jump up, especially when the
cold water entered the column.
95
On the final day, there appeared to be a significant number of bubbles in the adsorbent
layer of column 2, though we did not do anything to the column (e.g. having the water
layer drop too low) that would cause this to occur.
96
14.3 Time Sequenced Activity Log
Day 1 (3/27/19):
10:30 AM: Start of lab
10:35 AM: Caitlyn measured the height and inner diameter of each column used for deter-
mining bed density
10:40-10:50 AM: Jon and Caitlyn weighed dry activated carbon to determine bulk density
10:55-11:20 AM: Peter and Paul prepared the calibration solutions (0.1-0.6 wt% acetic acid)
11:05-11:30 AM: Weighed a beaker and added carbon and reweighed to determine mass of
carbon; added distilled water to fill volume to 350 mL; boiled carbon for about 15 minutes;
refilled beaker to 350 mL; weighed beaker. All of this was done to determine particle den-
sity
11:35-11:50 AM: Calibration of the probe in column 1 (the left column) with Peter injecting
the six different solutions (injection order was random)
11:55 AM-12:25 PM: First trial with 0.3 wt% acetic acid at 200 mL/min on column 1
12:25-12:30 PM: Shutdown
12:30 PM: End of lab
Day 2 (3/29/19):
10:35-11:00 AM: Regeneration of column 1
10:35-11:05 AM: Second trial with 0.5 wt% at 160 mL/min on column 2
11:10-11:30 AM: Third trial with 0.5 wt% at 200 mL/min on column 1
11:45 AM-12:20 PM: Fourth trial with 0.3 wt% at 160 mL/min on column 2
11:45 AM-12:25 PM: Regeneration of column 1
97
Day 3 (4/3/19):
10:35-10:50 AM: Fifth trial with 0.5 wt% at 120 mL/min on column 1
11:00-11:40 AM: Sixth trial with 0.3 wt% at 120 mL/min on column 2
11:45 AM-12:05 PM: Regeneration of column 2
98
14.4 Data
14.4.1 Conductivity Calibration Curve and Data
600
y = -1207.5x2 + 1465.4x + 31.04

500
R² = 0.9813
400
Conductivity (µS)
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Concentration (wt % acetic acid)
Figure 34: Conductivity Calibration Curve
99
Table 10: Concentration Calibration Data
Conductivity
Concentration
Reading 1 (µS) Reading 2 (µS) Reading 1 (µS) Average Reading (µS)
(wt % acetic acid)
0 4 8 4 5
0.1 185 206 197 196
0.2 295 295 301 297
0.3 344 359 361 355
0.4 400 397 401 399
0.5 445 461 444 450
0.6 492 496 492 493
Table 11: Calibration Coefficients

Calibration Coefficient -1207.5
Calibration C Coefficient 1465.4
Calibration Intercept 31.04
100
14.4.2 Concentration vs. Time Tables
Table 12: Concentration Data from 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid

Solution at 120 mL/min
Initial Ambient Temperature (◦ C) 21.8

Final Ambient Temperature (◦ C) 28.9
Initial Conductivity (µS) 334 C0 (wt % acetic acid) 0.264
Time (s) Time (min) Conductivity (µS) C (wt % acetic acid) C/C0
0 0 0 -0.021 -0.079
15 0.25 32 0.001 0.002
30 0.5 29 -0.001 -0.005
45 0.75 28 -0.002 -0.008
60 1 28 -0.002 -0.008
75 1.25 28 -0.002 -0.008
90 1.5 28 -0.002 -0.008
105 1.75 28 -0.002 -0.008
120 2 28 -0.002 -0.008
135 2.25 27 -0.003 -0.010
150 2.5 26 -0.003 -0.013
165 2.75 27 -0.003 -0.010
180 3 27 -0.003 -0.010
195 3.25 28 -0.002 -0.008
210 3.5 32 0.001 0.002
225 3.75 39 0.005 0.021
240 4 41 0.007 0.026
255 4.25 43 0.008 0.031
101
270 4.5 50 0.013 0.049
285 4.75 55 0.017 0.063
300 5 63 0.022 0.084
315 5.25 69 0.026 0.100
330 5.5 76 0.031 0.119
345 5.75 83 0.037 0.138
360 6 90 0.042 0.158
375 6.25 96 0.046 0.174
390 6.5 101 0.050 0.188
405 6.75 108 0.055 0.208
420 7 114 0.060 0.225
435 7.25 119 0.063 0.240
450 7.5 124 0.067 0.254
465 7.75 129 0.071 0.269
480 8 134 0.075 0.283
495 8.25 139 0.079 0.298
510 8.5 145 0.084 0.316
525 8.75 147 0.085 0.322
540 9 152 0.089 0.337
555 9.25 156 0.092 0.349
570 9.5 160 0.096 0.361
585 9.75 163 0.098 0.371
600 10 167 0.101 0.383
615 10.25 171 0.105 0.395
630 10.5 175 0.108 0.408
102
645 10.75 177 0.109 0.414
660 11 181 0.113 0.427
675 11.25 184 0.115 0.436
690 11.5 186 0.117 0.443
705 11.75 189 0.120 0.452
720 12 192 0.122 0.462
735 12.25 193 0.123 0.465
750 12.5 196 0.126 0.475
765 12.75 198 0.127 0.482
780 13 207 0.135 0.511
795 13.25 210 0.138 0.521
810 13.5 212 0.140 0.528
825 13.75 214 0.141 0.535
840 14 216 0.143 0.541
855 14.25 218 0.145 0.548
870 14.5 219 0.146 0.552
885 14.75 221 0.148 0.558
900 15 222 0.148 0.562
915 15.25 224 0.150 0.569
930 15.5 226 0.152 0.575
945 15.75 227 0.153 0.579
960 16 229 0.155 0.586
975 16.25 230 0.156 0.589
990 16.5 232 0.158 0.596
1005 16.75 233 0.159 0.600
103
1020 17 234 0.159 0.603
1035 17.25 236 0.161 0.610
1050 17.5 237 0.162 0.614
1065 17.75 239 0.164 0.621
1080 18 240 0.165 0.624
1095 18.25 241 0.166 0.628
1110 18.5 243 0.168 0.635
1125 18.75 243 0.168 0.635
1140 19 244 0.169 0.639
1155 19.25 245 0.170 0.642
1170 19.5 246 0.171 0.646
1185 19.75 247 0.172 0.649
1200 20 248 0.173 0.653
1215 20.25 249 0.174 0.657
1230 20.5 250 0.175 0.660
1245 20.75 251 0.175 0.664
1260 21 252 0.176 0.668
1275 21.25 252 0.176 0.668
1290 21.5 253 0.177 0.671
1305 21.75 254 0.178 0.675
1320 22 255 0.179 0.679
1335 22.25 256 0.180 0.682
1350 22.5 256 0.180 0.682
1365 22.75 257 0.181 0.686
1380 23 258 0.182 0.690
104
1395 23.25 259 0.183 0.693
1410 23.5 259 0.183 0.693
1425 23.75 260 0.184 0.697
1440 24 260 0.184 0.697
1455 24.25 260 0.184 0.697
1470 24.5 261 0.185 0.701
1485 24.75 262 0.186 0.704
1500 25 262 0.186 0.704
1515 25.25 263 0.187 0.708
1530 25.5 263 0.187 0.708
1545 25.75 264 0.188 0.712
1560 26 265 0.189 0.716
1575 26.25 265 0.189 0.716
1590 26.5 265 0.189 0.716
1605 26.75 266 0.190 0.719
1620 27 266 0.190 0.719
1635 27.25 267 0.191 0.723
1650 27.5 267 0.191 0.723
1665 27.75 268 0.192 0.727
1680 28 268 0.192 0.727
1695 28.25 268 0.192 0.727
1710 28.5 269 0.193 0.731
1725 28.75 270 0.194 0.734
1740 29 269 0.193 0.731
1755 29.25 269 0.193 0.731
105
1770 29.5 270 0.194 0.734
1785 29.75 271 0.195 0.738
1800 30 271 0.195 0.738
1815 30.25 272 0.196 0.742
1830 30.5 272 0.196 0.742
1845 30.75 272 0.196 0.742
1860 31 273 0.197 0.746
1875 31.25 273 0.197 0.746
1890 31.5 274 0.198 0.750
1905 31.75 274 0.198 0.750
1920 32 274 0.198 0.750
1935 32.25 274 0.198 0.750
1950 32.5 274 0.198 0.750
1965 32.75 274 0.198 0.750
1980 33 275 0.199 0.754
1995 33.25 275 0.199 0.754
2010 33.5 275 0.199 0.754
2025 33.75 274 0.198 0.750
2040 34 275 0.199 0.754
2055 34.25 275 0.199 0.754
2070 34.5 276 0.200 0.757
2085 34.75 276 0.200 0.757
2100 35 276 0.200 0.757
2115 35.25 276 0.200 0.757
2130 35.5 277 0.201 0.761
106
2145 35.75 277 0.201 0.761
2160 36 277 0.201 0.761
2175 36.25 278 0.202 0.765
2190 36.5 278 0.202 0.765
2205 36.75 278 0.202 0.765
2220 37 278 0.202 0.765
2235 37.25 278 0.202 0.765
2250 37.5 278 0.202 0.765
2265 37.75 278 0.202 0.765
2280 38 278 0.202 0.765
107

0 0 21 -0.007 -0.026
15 0.25 25 -0.004 -0.016
30 0.5 18 -0.009 -0.034
45 0.75 19 -0.008 -0.031
60 1 17 -0.010 -0.036
75 1.25 17 -0.010 -0.036
90 1.5 18 -0.009 -0.034
105 1.75 19 -0.008 -0.031
120 2 21 -0.007 -0.026
135 2.25 25 -0.004 -0.016
150 2.5 30 -0.001 -0.003
165 2.75 36 0.003 0.013
180 3 44 0.009 0.034
195 3.25 54 0.016 0.061
210 3.5 63 0.022 0.085
225 3.75 72 0.029 0.109
240 4 82 0.036 0.137
255 4.25 88 0.040 0.154
270 4.5 91 0.042 0.162
108
285 4.75 93 0.044 0.168
300 5 100 0.049 0.187
315 5.25 105 0.053 0.201
330 5.5 113 0.059 0.224
345 5.75 119 0.063 0.242
360 6 124 0.067 0.256
375 6.25 129 0.071 0.271
390 6.5 133 0.074 0.283
405 6.75 137 0.077 0.295
420 7 143 0.082 0.313
435 7.25 145 0.084 0.319
450 7.5 147 0.085 0.325
465 7.75 150 0.087 0.334
480 8 154 0.091 0.346
495 8.25 156 0.092 0.352
510 8.5 159 0.095 0.362
525 8.75 161 0.096 0.368
540 9 164 0.099 0.377
555 9.25 166 0.100 0.383
570 9.5 168 0.102 0.390
585 9.75 169 0.103 0.393
600 10 172 0.105 0.402
615 10.25 173 0.106 0.405
630 10.5 174 0.107 0.409
645 10.75 176 0.109 0.415
109
660 11 178 0.110 0.421
675 11.25 179 0.111 0.424
690 11.5 181 0.113 0.431
705 11.75 182 0.114 0.434
720 12 183 0.115 0.437
735 12.25 185 0.116 0.444
750 12.5 186 0.117 0.447
765 12.75 187 0.118 0.450
780 13 188 0.119 0.453
795 13.25 189 0.120 0.457
810 13.5 190 0.120 0.460
825 13.75 191 0.121 0.463
840 14 192 0.122 0.466
855 14.25 192 0.122 0.466
870 14.5 193 0.123 0.470
885 14.75 194 0.124 0.473
900 15 201 0.130 0.496
915 15.25 201 0.130 0.496
930 15.5 202 0.131 0.499
945 15.75 203 0.132 0.503
960 16 204 0.132 0.506
975 16.25 205 0.133 0.509
990 16.5 205 0.133 0.509
1005 16.75 206 0.134 0.513
1020 17 207 0.135 0.516
110
1035 17.25 208 0.136 0.519
1050 17.5 208 0.136 0.519
1065 17.75 209 0.137 0.523
1080 18 208 0.136 0.519
1095 18.25 209 0.137 0.523
1110 18.5 209 0.137 0.523
1125 18.75 210 0.138 0.526
1140 19 210 0.138 0.526
1155 19.25 210 0.138 0.526
1170 19.5 211 0.139 0.529
1185 19.75 212 0.140 0.533
1200 20 212 0.140 0.533
1215 20.25 213 0.140 0.536
1230 20.5 213 0.140 0.536
1245 20.75 212 0.140 0.533
1260 21 213 0.140 0.536
1275 21.25 213 0.140 0.536
1290 21.5 214 0.141 0.540
1305 21.75 214 0.141 0.540
1320 22 214 0.141 0.540
1335 22.25 214 0.141 0.540
1350 22.5 215 0.142 0.543
1365 22.75 215 0.142 0.543
1380 23 216 0.143 0.546
1395 23.25 215 0.142 0.543
111
1410 23.5 215 0.142 0.543
1425 23.75 216 0.143 0.546
1440 24 216 0.143 0.546
1455 24.25 216 0.143 0.546
1470 24.5 217 0.144 0.550
1485 24.75 217 0.144 0.550
1500 25 217 0.144 0.550
1515 25.25 217 0.144 0.550
1530 25.5 218 0.145 0.553
1545 25.75 218 0.145 0.553
1560 26 218 0.145 0.553
1575 26.25 218 0.145 0.553
1590 26.5 217 0.144 0.550
1605 26.75 218 0.145 0.553
1620 27 218 0.145 0.553
1635 27.25 218 0.145 0.553
1650 27.5 218 0.145 0.553
1665 27.75 219 0.146 0.557
1680 28 219 0.146 0.557
1695 28.25 219 0.146 0.557
1710 28.5 219 0.146 0.557
1725 28.75 219 0.146 0.557
1740 29 218 0.145 0.553
1755 29.25 219 0.146 0.557
1770 29.5 219 0.146 0.557
112
1785 29.75 219 0.146 0.557
1800 30 219 0.146 0.557
1815 30.25 219 0.146 0.557
1830 30.5 220 0.147 0.560
1845 30.75 220 0.147 0.560
1860 31 220 0.147 0.560
1875 31.25 220 0.147 0.560
1890 31.5 220 0.147 0.560
1905 31.75 219 0.146 0.557
1920 32 220 0.147 0.560
1935 32.25 220 0.147 0.560
1950 32.5 220 0.147 0.560
1965 32.75 220 0.147 0.560
113

0 0 34 0.002 0.007
15 0.25 33 0.001 0.004
30 0.5 33 0.001 0.004
45 0.75 27 -0.003 -0.009
60 1 27 -0.003 -0.009
75 1.25 30 -0.001 -0.002
90 1.5 41 0.007 0.022
105 1.75 52 0.014 0.047
120 2 65 0.024 0.077
135 2.25 77 0.032 0.105
150 2.5 89 0.041 0.133
165 2.75 102 0.051 0.164
180 3 113 0.059 0.191
195 3.25 124 0.067 0.218
210 3.5 132 0.073 0.238
225 3.75 140 0.080 0.258
240 4 148 0.086 0.279
255 4.25 155 0.091 0.297
270 4.5 161 0.096 0.313
114
285 4.75 168 0.102 0.331
300 5 173 0.106 0.344
315 5.25 177 0.109 0.355
330 5.5 182 0.114 0.369
345 5.75 186 0.117 0.380
360 6 189 0.120 0.388
375 6.25 194 0.124 0.402
390 6.5 197 0.126 0.410
405 6.75 213 0.140 0.456
420 7 217 0.144 0.467
435 7.25 221 0.148 0.479
450 7.5 223 0.149 0.485
465 7.75 226 0.152 0.493
480 8 228 0.154 0.499
495 8.25 230 0.156 0.505
510 8.5 232 0.158 0.511
525 8.75 235 0.160 0.520
540 9 237 0.162 0.526
555 9.25 240 0.165 0.535
570 9.5 242 0.167 0.542
585 9.75 244 0.169 0.548
600 10 246 0.171 0.554
615 10.25 248 0.173 0.560
630 10.5 249 0.174 0.563
645 10.75 250 0.175 0.566
115
660 11 251 0.175 0.569
675 11.25 253 0.177 0.576
690 11.5 254 0.178 0.579
705 11.75 255 0.179 0.582
720 12 257 0.181 0.588
735 12.25 257 0.181 0.588
750 12.5 259 0.183 0.594
765 12.75 260 0.184 0.598
780 13 261 0.185 0.601
795 13.25 262 0.186 0.604
810 13.5 264 0.188 0.610
825 13.75 265 0.189 0.614
840 14 264 0.188 0.610
855 14.25 266 0.190 0.617
870 14.5 267 0.191 0.620
885 14.75 268 0.192 0.623
900 15 269 0.193 0.627
915 15.25 269 0.193 0.627
930 15.5 270 0.194 0.630
945 15.75 271 0.195 0.633
960 16 272 0.196 0.636
975 16.25 273 0.197 0.640
990 16.5 274 0.198 0.643
1005 16.75 274 0.198 0.643
1020 17 275 0.199 0.646
116
1035 17.25 275 0.199 0.646
1050 17.5 275 0.199 0.646
1065 17.75 276 0.200 0.649
1080 18 276 0.200 0.649
1095 18.25 277 0.201 0.653
1110 18.5 277 0.201 0.653
1125 18.75 278 0.202 0.656
1140 19 279 0.203 0.659
1155 19.25 279 0.203 0.659
1170 19.5 280 0.204 0.663
1185 19.75 279 0.203 0.659
1200 20 280 0.204 0.663
1215 20.25 280 0.204 0.663
1230 20.5 281 0.205 0.666
1245 20.75 281 0.205 0.666
1260 21 282 0.206 0.669
1275 21.25 282 0.206 0.669
1290 21.5 283 0.207 0.673
1305 21.75 283 0.207 0.673
1320 22 284 0.208 0.676
1335 22.25 284 0.208 0.676
1350 22.5 285 0.209 0.680
1365 22.75 284 0.208 0.676
1380 23 285 0.209 0.680
1395 23.25 286 0.210 0.683
117
1410 23.5 286 0.210 0.683
1425 23.75 286 0.210 0.683
1440 24 286 0.210 0.683
1455 24.25 286 0.210 0.683
1470 24.5 287 0.212 0.686
1485 24.75 287 0.212 0.686
1500 25 288 0.213 0.690
1515 25.25 287 0.212 0.686
1530 25.5 288 0.213 0.690
1545 25.75 288 0.213 0.690
1560 26 289 0.214 0.693
1575 26.25 289 0.214 0.693
1590 26.5 289 0.214 0.693
1605 26.75 289 0.214 0.693
118

0 0 57 0.018 0.044
15 0.25 57 0.018 0.044
30 0.5 59 0.019 0.047
45 0.75 56 0.017 0.042
60 1 56 0.017 0.042
75 1.25 54 0.016 0.038
90 1.5 53 0.015 0.037
105 1.75 54 0.016 0.038
120 2 55 0.017 0.040
135 2.25 57 0.018 0.044
150 2.5 59 0.019 0.047
165 2.75 63 0.022 0.054
180 3 70 0.027 0.066
195 3.25 78 0.033 0.080
210 3.5 86 0.039 0.094
225 3.75 98 0.048 0.115
240 4 111 0.057 0.139
255 4.25 128 0.070 0.170
270 4.5 145 0.084 0.203
119
285 4.75 161 0.096 0.234
300 5 172 0.105 0.255
315 5.25 183 0.115 0.278
330 5.5 193 0.123 0.298
345 5.75 203 0.132 0.319
360 6 224 0.150 0.364
375 6.25 235 0.160 0.389
390 6.5 245 0.170 0.412
405 6.75 255 0.179 0.435
420 7 264 0.188 0.456
435 7.25 273 0.197 0.478
450 7.5 281 0.205 0.498
465 7.75 288 0.213 0.516
480 8 298 0.223 0.541
495 8.25 304 0.230 0.557
510 8.5 307 0.233 0.565
525 8.75 311 0.238 0.576
540 9 315 0.242 0.587
555 9.25 320 0.248 0.601
570 9.5 325 0.254 0.615
585 9.75 330 0.260 0.629
600 10 334 0.264 0.641
615 10.25 337 0.268 0.650
630 10.5 342 0.274 0.665
645 10.75 346 0.279 0.677
120
660 11 349 0.283 0.686
675 11.25 353 0.288 0.699
690 11.5 357 0.293 0.711
705 11.75 361 0.299 0.724
720 12 366 0.305 0.741
735 12.25 369 0.310 0.751
750 12.5 372 0.314 0.761
765 12.75 375 0.318 0.771
780 13 378 0.322 0.782
795 13.25 380 0.325 0.789
810 13.5 383 0.330 0.800
825 13.75 385 0.333 0.807
840 14 387 0.336 0.814
855 14.25 389 0.339 0.822
870 14.5 391 0.342 0.829
885 14.75 393 0.345 0.837
900 15 395 0.348 0.845
915 15.25 398 0.353 0.857
930 15.5 399 0.355 0.861
945 15.75 401 0.358 0.869
960 16 402 0.360 0.873
975 16.25 404 0.363 0.881
990 16.5 405 0.365 0.885
1005 16.75 407 0.368 0.893
1020 17 408 0.370 0.898
121
1035 17.25 410 0.374 0.906
1050 17.5 411 0.375 0.910
1065 17.75 413 0.379 0.919
1080 18 415 0.383 0.928
1095 18.25 416 0.385 0.933
1110 18.5 416 0.385 0.933
1125 18.75 417 0.386 0.937
1140 19 419 0.390 0.946
1155 19.25 420 0.392 0.951
1170 19.5 421 0.394 0.956
1185 19.75 421 0.394 0.956
1200 20 422 0.396 0.960
1215 20.25 424 0.400 0.970
1230 20.5 425 0.402 0.975
1245 20.75 426 0.404 0.980
1260 21 426 0.404 0.980
1275 21.25 426 0.404 0.980
1290 21.5 428 0.408 0.990
1305 21.75 429 0.410 0.995
1320 22 429 0.410 0.995
1335 22.25 430 0.412 1.000
1350 22.5 431 0.415 1.005
1365 22.75 431 0.415 1.005
1380 23 432 0.417 1.010
122

0 0 21 -0.007 -0.013
15 0.25 105 0.053 0.102
30 0.5 84 0.037 0.072
45 0.75 84 0.037 0.072
60 1 28 -0.002 -0.004
75 1.25 31 0.000 0.000
90 1.5 31 0.000 0.000
105 1.75 29 -0.001 -0.003
120 2 32 0.001 0.001
135 2.25 39 0.005 0.011
150 2.5 50 0.013 0.025
165 2.75 61 0.021 0.040
180 3 74 0.030 0.058
195 3.25 89 0.041 0.079
210 3.5 103 0.051 0.099
225 3.75 121 0.065 0.125
240 4 141 0.080 0.155
255 4.25 155 0.091 0.177
270 4.5 169 0.103 0.199
123
285 4.75 181 0.113 0.218
300 5 190 0.120 0.233
315 5.25 205 0.133 0.258
330 5.5 216 0.143 0.277
345 5.75 225 0.151 0.292
360 6 234 0.159 0.308
375 6.25 244 0.169 0.326
390 6.5 253 0.177 0.343
405 6.75 257 0.181 0.350
420 7 265 0.189 0.365
435 7.25 271 0.195 0.377
450 7.5 275 0.199 0.385
465 7.75 278 0.202 0.391
480 8 283 0.207 0.401
495 8.25 287 0.212 0.409
510 8.5 281 0.205 0.397
525 8.75 295 0.220 0.425
540 9 299 0.224 0.434
555 9.25 302 0.228 0.440
570 9.5 304 0.230 0.444
585 9.75 305 0.231 0.446
600 10 307 0.233 0.450
615 10.25 308 0.234 0.453
630 10.5 310 0.236 0.457
645 10.75 311 0.238 0.459
124
660 11 313 0.240 0.463
675 11.25 314 0.241 0.466
690 11.5 316 0.243 0.470
705 11.75 317 0.244 0.472
720 12 318 0.245 0.474
735 12.25 319 0.247 0.477
750 12.5 321 0.249 0.481
765 12.75 322 0.250 0.483
780 13 323 0.251 0.486
795 13.25 325 0.254 0.490
810 13.5 326 0.255 0.492
825 13.75 327 0.256 0.495
840 14 328 0.257 0.497
855 14.25 329 0.258 0.499
870 14.5 330 0.260 0.501
885 14.75 331 0.261 0.504
900 15 332 0.262 0.506
915 15.25 332 0.262 0.506
930 15.5 333 0.263 0.508
945 15.75 334 0.264 0.511
960 16 335 0.266 0.513
975 16.25 336 0.267 0.515
990 16.5 337 0.268 0.518
1005 16.75 333 0.263 0.508
1020 17 304 0.230 0.444
125
1035 17.25 304 0.230 0.444
1050 17.5 305 0.231 0.446
1065 17.75 305 0.231 0.446
1080 18 306 0.232 0.448
1095 18.25 306 0.232 0.448
1110 18.5 306 0.232 0.448
1125 18.75 308 0.234 0.453
1140 19 307 0.233 0.450
1155 19.25 308 0.234 0.453
1170 19.5 335 0.266 0.513
1185 19.75 333 0.263 0.508
1200 20 336 0.267 0.515
1215 20.25 333 0.263 0.508
1230 20.5 340 0.272 0.525
1245 20.75 340 0.272 0.525
1260 21 347 0.280 0.542
1275 21.25 347 0.280 0.542
1290 21.5 347 0.280 0.542
1305 21.75 347 0.280 0.542
1320 22 348 0.282 0.544
1335 22.25 349 0.283 0.547
1350 22.5 349 0.283 0.547
1365 22.75 348 0.282 0.544
1380 23 349 0.283 0.547
1395 23.25 350 0.284 0.549
126
1410 23.5 350 0.284 0.549
1425 23.75 350 0.284 0.549
1440 24 351 0.286 0.552
1455 24.25 351 0.286 0.552
1470 24.5 352 0.287 0.554
1485 24.75 352 0.287 0.554
1500 25 352 0.287 0.554
1515 25.25 352 0.287 0.554
1530 25.5 352 0.287 0.554
1545 25.75 352 0.287 0.554
1560 26 353 0.288 0.557
1575 26.25 352 0.287 0.554
1590 26.5 352 0.287 0.554
1605 26.75 352 0.287 0.554
1620 27 353 0.288 0.557
1635 27.25 352 0.287 0.554
1650 27.5 353 0.288 0.557
1665 27.75 353 0.288 0.557
Note: Red colored cells were excluded from trendline equation calculations
127

0 0 0 -0.021 -0.042
15 0.25 52 0.014 0.029
30 0.5 52 0.014 0.029
45 0.75 54 0.016 0.032
60 1 56 0.017 0.035
75 1.25 63 0.022 0.045
90 1.5 75 0.031 0.062
105 1.75 91 0.042 0.086
120 2 111 0.057 0.116
135 2.25 129 0.071 0.144
150 2.5 151 0.088 0.179
165 2.75 168 0.102 0.207
180 3 180 0.112 0.227
195 3.25 197 0.126 0.256
210 3.5 214 0.141 0.287
225 3.75 221 0.148 0.299
240 4 229 0.155 0.314
255 4.25 235 0.160 0.325
270 4.5 240 0.165 0.335
128
285 4.75 244 0.169 0.342
300 5 248 0.173 0.350
315 5.25 250 0.175 0.354
330 5.5 284 0.208 0.423
345 5.75 286 0.210 0.427
360 6 288 0.213 0.431
375 6.25 289 0.214 0.433
390 6.5 290 0.215 0.435
405 6.75 291 0.216 0.438
420 7 298 0.223 0.453
435 7.25 299 0.224 0.455
450 7.5 310 0.236 0.480
465 7.75 317 0.244 0.496
480 8 317 0.244 0.496
495 8.25 339 0.270 0.548
510 8.5 358 0.295 0.598
525 8.75 361 0.299 0.606
540 9 361 0.299 0.606
555 9.25 360 0.297 0.603
570 9.5 359 0.296 0.600
585 9.75 362 0.300 0.609
600 10 361 0.299 0.606
615 10.25 361 0.299 0.606
630 10.5 361 0.299 0.606
645 10.75 361 0.299 0.606
129
660 11 361 0.299 0.606
675 11.25 366 0.305 0.620
690 11.5 366 0.305 0.620
705 11.75 366 0.305 0.620
720 12 366 0.305 0.620
735 12.25 365 0.304 0.617
750 12.5 365 0.304 0.617
765 12.75 365 0.304 0.617
780 13 363 0.301 0.611
795 13.25 365 0.304 0.617
810 13.5 364 0.303 0.614
825 13.75 366 0.305 0.620
840 14 366 0.305 0.620
855 14.25 364 0.303 0.614
870 14.5 364 0.303 0.614
885 14.75 364 0.303 0.614
900 15 363 0.301 0.611
915 15.25 363 0.301 0.611
930 15.5 362 0.300 0.609
130
14.4.3 Conductivity vs. Time Plots
300
250
y = 0.0058x3 - 0.6468x2 + 23.958x - 18.925

200
Conductivity (𝜇 S)
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (min)
Figure 35: Conductivity versus Time for 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid Solution at 120 mL/min
131
250
200
y = 0.0149x3 - 1.1011x2 + 27.218x - 9.6149

150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (min)
132
350
300
250
y = 0.0394x3 - 2.2361x2 + 42.646x + 3.7853
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)
133
500
450
400
350 y = -1.0972x2 + 43.61x - 6.0482

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)
134
400
350
300
y = 0.0545x3 - 3.2081x2 + 62.063x - 51.498
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)
135
400
350
y = -2.4236x2 + 58.968x + 14.801

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (min)
136
14.4.4 C/C0 vs. Time Plots
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600 y = 3E-05x3 - 0.0031x2 + 0.097x - 0.3158

R² = 0.999
0.500
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-0.100
-0.200
Time (min)
137
0.700
0.600
0.500
y = 5E-05x3 - 0.0034x2 + 0.0842x - 0.1521
R² = 0.9931
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-0.100
Time (min)
138
0.800
0.700
0.600
y = 0.0001x3 - 0.0059x2 + 0.1144x - 0.1065
R² = 0.9952
0.500
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.100
Time (min)
139
1.200
1.000
0.800
y = -0.0025x2 + 0.1105x - 0.2242
R² = 0.9948
C/C0
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)
140
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
y = 0.0001x3 - 0.006x2 + 0.1152x - 0.2106
R² = 0.9883
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.100
Time (min)
141
0.700
0.600
y = -0.0043x2 + 0.1092x - 0.0717

0.500 R² = 0.9895
0.400
C/C0
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
-0.100
Time (min)
142
14.5 Calculations
14.5.1 Bulk Density
The Bulk Density when referring to an adsorbent, is the ratio of the mass of the particles
divided by the total volume they occupy. The bulk density is calculated using the following
formula.
ρb = (42)
The activated carbon measurements are 113.2 grams and 200 mL, therefore, the bulk
g kg
density equals 0.566 mL
or 566 m3
.
113.2g g
ρb = 200mL
= 0.566 mL
14.5.2 Particle Density
The particle density of the adsorbent is found by removing all air pockets, pore space, from
the absorbent. The particle density is calculated using the following formula.

ρp = . (43)
The mass of the carbon was 0.1191 kg. The volume of carbon particles is calculated by
subtracting the water volume from the water and carbon volume. We measured a water
volume of 0.2503 m3 and a combined volume of 0.3500 L, meaning a carbon volume of
kg
0.0997 m3 . From 43, we calculate a particle density of 1195 m3
.
0.1191kg kg
ρp = 0.0997m3
= 1195 m3
14.5.3 Bed Density
The bed density refers to the the mass of the packed bed of the column divided by the
volume of the packed bed. The bed density is calculated using the following formula.
Vcarbon ∗ ρb
ρbed = (44)
Vbed
143
The mass of the packed beds was given to us by the TA and was 0.114 kg. The volume
of the bed we determined by measuring the inner diameter (ID) of each bed, along with
its height (h). We determined the volume of the bed in meters cubed using the following
formula for the volume of a cylinder.
ID 2
Vbed = π ∗ ( ) ∗h (45)
2
For column 1 and 2 we had heights of 0.485 and 0.510 meters respectively. Each had the
same inner diameter of 0.0241 meters, resulting in a column 1 volume of 0.000220m3 and
a column 2 volume of 0.000232m3 . For columns 1 and 2, from the above equation 44, we
kg kg
calculated bed densities of 517 m3
and 492 m3
respectively.
14.5.4 Void Fraction
The void fraction is the measure of void space of a porous material, the activated carbon.
to calculate this we need only the bulk and particle density. We calculated the void fraction
using the following equation.
ρb
=1−( ) (46)
ρp
kg kg
From our data ρb = 566 m3
and ρp = 1195 m3
, resulting in a void fraction of 0.5262.
Figure 47: Lab Recorded data
144
14.6 Notation
14.6.1 Nomenclature
gAcOH
C effluent concentration ( gEf f luent
)
gAcOH
Co feed effluent concentration ( gEf f luent
)
vi volume of component i (m3 )
g
ρb bulk density ( mL )
g
ρp particle density ( mL )
g
ρbed bed density ( mL )
HT total column height (cm)
r radius of the column (cm)
HB height of used bed (cm)
HU N B height of unused bed (cm)
gAcOH
q adsorbate loading ( gCarbon )
Q volumetric flow rate ( mL
s
)
t time (s)
tb breakthrough time (s)
tu usable time (s)
ts symmetrical time (s)
td saturation time (s)
tt total time (s)
void fraction (−)
145
15 Literature Cited
References





146
1–13, 2017.
TRANSACTIONS, 57:158–194, 2017.


mar 2016.


147

175663197, .
A-ProdFamily-94586.

BwE.
148
ohio/columbus/.




2019-2-18.

1953.html. Accessed: 2019-3-23.
149
16 Appendix C: Sample Calculations
16.1 Initial Concentration Calculations
The following sample calculation uses values for the 0.3 wt % feed solution.
m0.3f eed = V0.3f eed ∗ ρ0.3f eed (47)
1m3 1.00g
m0.3f eed = 22L ∗ 1000L
∗ ( 100cm
1m
)3 ∗ 1mL
1cm3
∗ 1mL
m0.3f eed = 22000g
m0.3f eed ∗ wt% f eed

mstock = (48)
wt% stock
22000g∗0.003
mstock = 0.25
mstock = 300g
mwater = m0.3f eed ∗ (1 − wt% f eed) − mstock ∗ (1 − wt% stock) (49)
mwater = 22000g ∗ (1 − 0.003) − 300g ∗ (1 − 0.25)

mwater ≈ 22000g
m
V = (50)
ρ
300g cm3 1m 3 1000L
Vstock = 1.03g/mL
∗ mL
∗ ( 100cm ) ∗ 1m3
Vstock = 0.3L
22000g cm3 1m 3 1000L
Vwater = 1.00g/mL
∗ mL
∗ ( 100cm ) ∗ 1m3
Vwater ≈ 22L
150
16.2 Bed Characterization calculations
16.2.1 Bulk Density

ρb = (51)
113.2g g
ρb = 200mL
= 0.566 mL
16.2.2 Particle Density

ρp = . (52)
0.1191kg kg
ρp = 0.0997m3
= 1195 m3
16.2.3 Bed Volume
Using bed 2:
ID 2
Vbed = π ∗ ( ) ∗h (53)
2
Vbed = π ∗ ( .0241
2
)2 m2 ∗ .510m = 0.000232m3
16.2.4 Bed Density
Using bed 2:
Vcarbon ∗ ρb
ρbed = (54)
Vbed
kg 566 kg3 ∗0.0002m3 kg
ρbed m3 =
m
0.000232m3
= 488 m3
16.2.5 Void Fraction

ρb
=1−( ) (55)
ρp
566
= 1 − ( 1195 ) = .526
151
16.3 Breakthrough Curve Calculations
16.3.1 Total Time
For the 0.3 wt% 120 mL/min trial

Z ∞
c
tt = (1 − )dt (56)
0 c0
R 26.75
tt = 1.5
(1 − (0.0000343t3 − 0.0031t2 + 0.097t − 0.3158))dt = 12.9min
16.3.2 Usable Time

Z tb
c
tu = (1 − )dt (57)
0 c0
R 1.37
tu = 1.5
(1 − (0.0000343t3 − 0.0031t2 + 0.097t − 0.3158))dt = 1.37min
16.3.3 Breakthrough Time
This equation is the equation of the trendline from the 0.3 wt% 120 mL/min breakthrough
curve. Breakthrough time occurs when C/C0=.04, solving for tb .
C
= 0.00003t3b − 0.0031t2b + 0.097tb − 0.3158 (58)
C0
.04 = 0.0000343t3b − 0.0031t2b + 0.097tb − 0.3158

tb = 1.373min.
16.3.4 Symmetrical Time
This equation is the equation of the trendline from the 0.3 wt%, 120 mL/min breakthrough
curve. Symmetrical time occurs when C/C0=0.5, solving for ts .
C
= 0.0000343t3s − 0.0031t2s + 0.097ts − 0.3158 (59)
C0
152
0.5 = 0.0000343t3s − 0.0031t2s + 0.097ts − 0.3158
ts = 13.1min
16.3.5 ti
For the 0.3 wt% 120 mL/min trial at t=3 minutes.

Z t
c
ti = (1 − )dt (60)
0 c0
R 1.25
ti = 3
(1 − (0.0000343t3 − 0.0031t2 + 0.097t − 0.3158))dt = 2.808min
16.3.6 Adsorbate Load
For the 0.3 wt% 120 mL/min trial, at t = 3min, ti = 2.808min.
ρsolution ∗ Q ∗ C0 ∗ ti
q(t) = (61)
Vbed ∗ ρbed
q(t) = (1*200*0.3*2.808)/(220*0.517)
q(t) = 1.48 (gAceticAcid/gActivatedCarbon)
16.3.7 Adsorbate Load at Break Point
For the 0.3 wt% 120 mL/min trial, at the breakthrough time so ti = tb .
ρsolution ∗ Q ∗ C0 ∗ tb
qbreak = (62)
Vbed ∗ ρbed
qbreak = (1 ∗ 200 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 1.373)/(220 ∗ 0.517)

qbreak = 0.724(gAceticAcid/gActivatedCarbon)
153
16.3.8 Total Adsorbate Load
For the 0.3 wt% 120 mL/min trial, at the total time so ti = tt .
ρsolution ∗ Q ∗ C0 ∗ tt
qtotal = (63)
Vbed ∗ ρbed
qtotal = (1 ∗ 200 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 12.9)/(220 ∗ 0.517)

qtotal = 6.80(gAceticAcid/gActivatedCarbon)
16.3.9 Height of Unused Bed
tt − tu
HU N B = HT · ( ) (64)
tt
HU N B = 0.485m · ( 12.9−1.37
12.9
) = 0.433m
16.4 Error Propagation
16.4.1 Bulk Density Bed 1
δweight = 0.00005 kg
δvolume = 200 ∗ 0.05 mL
weight = 0.1132 kg
volume = 200 mL
s
∂ρb ∂ρb
δρb = ( )2 dh2weight + ( )2 dh2volume (65)
∂weight ∂volume
q
weight δweight 2 δvolume 2
δρb = volume
· ( weight ) + volume
)
154
q
0.1132kg (100cm)3
δρb = 200mL
· ( 0.00005kg
0.1132kg
)2 + 200∗0.05mL 2
200mL
) · 1m3
kg
δρb = 30 m3
δρb
% Error = · 100 (66)
ρb
30kg
% Error = 566kg/m3
· 100
% Error = ±5%
16.5 Design Extension
16.5.1 Mass Flux

QCo
jm = (67)
πr2
mL g
Trial 5: Q = 120 min , Co = 0.500 mL , d = 0.0241m
mL g
120 min ·0.500 mL
jm = π·( 0.0241m 2
)
2
g
jm = 132, 000 m2 ·min
16.5.2 Radius of Column

s
QCo
r= (68)
πjm
mL g g
Q = 97, 789.8 min , Co = 0.500 mL , jm = 132, 000 m2 ·min
r
mL g
·0.500 mL
r= min
π·( 132,000g
m2 ·min
r = 0.344m
16.5.3 Height of Used Bed
HB = HT − HU N B (69)
Trial 5: HT = 0.485m, HU N B = 0.216m

HB = 0.485m − 0.216m
HB = 0.269m
155
16.5.4 Delta
tu tb
δ= ≈ (70)
HB HB
Trial 5: tb = 2.53min, HB = 2.53min
2.53min
δ= 2.53min
δ = 9.41 min
m
16.5.5 Breakthrough Time
tb = δ · HB (71)
δ = 9.41 min
m
, HB = 4.78m
tb = 9.41 min
m
· 4.78m
tb = 45.0min
16.5.6 Total Time

tb
tt = · HT = δ · HT (72)
HB
δ = 9.41 min
m
, HT = 5.00m
tt = 9.41 min
m
· 5.00m
tt = 47.0 min
16.5.7 Mass of Activated Carbon
m = ρb · Vbed = ρb · πr2 HT (73)
kg
ρ = 566 m3 , r = 0.344m, HT = 5.00m
kg 2
m = 566 m3 · π · (0.344m) · 5.00m
m = 105, 000kg
156
17 Appendix D: Raw Data
157
Table 18: Concentration Calibration Data
Conductivity
Concentration
Reading 1 (µS) Reading 2 (µS) Reading 1 (µS) Average Reading (µS)
(wt % acetic acid)
0 4 8 4 5
0.1 185 206 197 196
0.2 295 295 301 297
0.3 344 359 361 355
0.4 400 397 401 399
0.5 445 461 444 450
0.6 492 496 492 493
Table 19: Calibration Coefficients

Calibration Coefficient -1207.5
Calibration C Coefficient 1465.4
Calibration Intercept 31.04
158
Table 20: Raw Data from 0.3 wt% Acetic Acid Solution
at 120 mL/min Trial

0 0 0 -0.021 -0.079
15 0.25 32 0.001 0.002
30 0.5 29 -0.001 -0.005
45 0.75 28 -0.002 -0.008
60 1 28 -0.002 -0.008
75 1.25 28 -0.002 -0.008
90 1.5 28 -0.002 -0.008
105 1.75 28 -0.002 -0.008
120 2 28 -0.002 -0.008
135 2.25 27 -0.003 -0.010
150 2.5 26 -0.003 -0.013
165 2.75 27 -0.003 -0.010
180 3 27 -0.003 -0.010
195 3.25 28 -0.002 -0.008
210 3.5 32 0.001 0.002
225 3.75 39 0.005 0.021
240 4 41 0.007 0.026
255 4.25 43 0.008 0.031
270 4.5 50 0.013 0.049
159
285 4.75 55 0.017 0.063
300 5 63 0.022 0.084
315 5.25 69 0.026 0.100
330 5.5 76 0.031 0.119
345 5.75 83 0.037 0.138
360 6 90 0.042 0.158
375 6.25 96 0.046 0.174
390 6.5 101 0.050 0.188
405 6.75 108 0.055 0.208
420 7 114 0.060 0.225
435 7.25 119 0.063 0.240
450 7.5 124 0.067 0.254
465 7.75 129 0.071 0.269
480 8 134 0.075 0.283
495 8.25 139 0.079 0.298
510 8.5 145 0.084 0.316
525 8.75 147 0.085 0.322
540 9 152 0.089 0.337
555 9.25 156 0.092 0.349
570 9.5 160 0.096 0.361
585 9.75 163 0.098 0.371
600 10 167 0.101 0.383
615 10.25 171 0.105 0.395
630 10.5 175 0.108 0.408
645 10.75 177 0.109 0.414
160
660 11 181 0.113 0.427
675 11.25 184 0.115 0.436
690 11.5 186 0.117 0.443
705 11.75 189 0.120 0.452
720 12 192 0.122 0.462
735 12.25 193 0.123 0.465
750 12.5 196 0.126 0.475
765 12.75 198 0.127 0.482
780 13 207 0.135 0.511
795 13.25 210 0.138 0.521
810 13.5 212 0.140 0.528
825 13.75 214 0.141 0.535
840 14 216 0.143 0.541
855 14.25 218 0.145 0.548
870 14.5 219 0.146 0.552
885 14.75 221 0.148 0.558
900 15 222 0.148 0.562
915 15.25 224 0.150 0.569
930 15.5 226 0.152 0.575
945 15.75 227 0.153 0.579
960 16 229 0.155 0.586
975 16.25 230 0.156 0.589
990 16.5 232 0.158 0.596
1005 16.75 233 0.159 0.600
1020 17 234 0.159 0.603
161
1035 17.25 236 0.161 0.610
1050 17.5 237 0.162 0.614
1065 17.75 239 0.164 0.621
1080 18 240 0.165 0.624
1095 18.25 241 0.166 0.628
1110 18.5 243 0.168 0.635
1125 18.75 243 0.168 0.635
1140 19 244 0.169 0.639
1155 19.25 245 0.170 0.642
1170 19.5 246 0.171 0.646
1185 19.75 247 0.172 0.649
1200 20 248 0.173 0.653
1215 20.25 249 0.174 0.657
1230 20.5 250 0.175 0.660
1245 20.75 251 0.175 0.664
1260 21 252 0.176 0.668
1275 21.25 252 0.176 0.668
1290 21.5 253 0.177 0.671
1305 21.75 254 0.178 0.675
1320 22 255 0.179 0.679
1335 22.25 256 0.180 0.682
1350 22.5 256 0.180 0.682
1365 22.75 257 0.181 0.686
1380 23 258 0.182 0.690
1395 23.25 259 0.183 0.693
162
1410 23.5 259 0.183 0.693
1425 23.75 260 0.184 0.697
1440 24 260 0.184 0.697
1455 24.25 260 0.184 0.697
1470 24.5 261 0.185 0.701
1485 24.75 262 0.186 0.704
1500 25 262 0.186 0.704
1515 25.25 263 0.187 0.708
1530 25.5 263 0.187 0.708
1545 25.75 264 0.188 0.712
1560 26 265 0.189 0.716
1575 26.25 265 0.189 0.716
1590 26.5 265 0.189 0.716
1605 26.75 266 0.190 0.719
1620 27 266 0.190 0.719
1635 27.25 267 0.191 0.723
1650 27.5 267 0.191 0.723
1665 27.75 268 0.192 0.727
1680 28 268 0.192 0.727
1695 28.25 268 0.192 0.727
1710 28.5 269 0.193 0.731
1725 28.75 270 0.194 0.734
1740 29 269 0.193 0.731
1755 29.25 269 0.193 0.731
1770 29.5 270 0.194 0.734
163
1785 29.75 271 0.195 0.738
1800 30 271 0.195 0.738
1815 30.25 272 0.196 0.742
1830 30.5 272 0.196 0.742
1845 30.75 272 0.196 0.742
1860 31 273 0.197 0.746
1875 31.25 273 0.197 0.746
1890 31.5 274 0.198 0.750
1905 31.75 274 0.198 0.750
1920 32 274 0.198 0.750
1935 32.25 274 0.198 0.750
1950 32.5 274 0.198 0.750
1965 32.75 274 0.198 0.750
1980 33 275 0.199 0.754
1995 33.25 275 0.199 0.754
2010 33.5 275 0.199 0.754
2025 33.75 274 0.198 0.750
2040 34 275 0.199 0.754
2055 34.25 275 0.199 0.754
2070 34.5 276 0.200 0.757
2085 34.75 276 0.200 0.757
2100 35 276 0.200 0.757
2115 35.25 276 0.200 0.757
2130 35.5 277 0.201 0.761
2145 35.75 277 0.201 0.761
164
2160 36 277 0.201 0.761
2175 36.25 278 0.202 0.765
2190 36.5 278 0.202 0.765
2205 36.75 278 0.202 0.765
2220 37 278 0.202 0.765
2235 37.25 278 0.202 0.765
2250 37.5 278 0.202 0.765
2265 37.75 278 0.202 0.765
2280 38 278 0.202 0.765
Note: Red colored cells were excluded from trendline calculations
165
at 160 mL/min Trial

0 0 21 -0.007 -0.026
15 0.25 25 -0.004 -0.016
30 0.5 18 -0.009 -0.034
45 0.75 19 -0.008 -0.031
60 1 17 -0.010 -0.036
75 1.25 17 -0.010 -0.036
90 1.5 18 -0.009 -0.034
105 1.75 19 -0.008 -0.031
120 2 21 -0.007 -0.026
135 2.25 25 -0.004 -0.016
150 2.5 30 -0.001 -0.003
165 2.75 36 0.003 0.013
180 3 44 0.009 0.034
195 3.25 54 0.016 0.061
210 3.5 63 0.022 0.085
225 3.75 72 0.029 0.109
240 4 82 0.036 0.137
255 4.25 88 0.040 0.154
270 4.5 91 0.042 0.162
166
285 4.75 93 0.044 0.168
300 5 100 0.049 0.187
315 5.25 105 0.053 0.201
330 5.5 113 0.059 0.224
345 5.75 119 0.063 0.242
360 6 124 0.067 0.256
375 6.25 129 0.071 0.271
390 6.5 133 0.074 0.283
405 6.75 137 0.077 0.295
420 7 143 0.082 0.313
435 7.25 145 0.084 0.319
450 7.5 147 0.085 0.325
465 7.75 150 0.087 0.334
480 8 154 0.091 0.346
495 8.25 156 0.092 0.352
510 8.5 159 0.095 0.362
525 8.75 161 0.096 0.368
540 9 164 0.099 0.377
555 9.25 166 0.100 0.383
570 9.5 168 0.102 0.390
585 9.75 169 0.103 0.393
600 10 172 0.105 0.402
615 10.25 173 0.106 0.405
630 10.5 174 0.107 0.409
645 10.75 176 0.109 0.415
167
660 11 178 0.110 0.421
675 11.25 179 0.111 0.424
690 11.5 181 0.113 0.431
705 11.75 182 0.114 0.434
720 12 183 0.115 0.437
735 12.25 185 0.116 0.444
750 12.5 186 0.117 0.447
765 12.75 187 0.118 0.450
780 13 188 0.119 0.453
795 13.25 189 0.120 0.457
810 13.5 190 0.120 0.460
825 13.75 191 0.121 0.463
840 14 192 0.122 0.466
855 14.25 192 0.122 0.466
870 14.5 193 0.123 0.470
885 14.75 194 0.124 0.473
900 15 201 0.130 0.496
915 15.25 201 0.130 0.496
930 15.5 202 0.131 0.499
945 15.75 203 0.132 0.503
960 16 204 0.132 0.506
975 16.25 205 0.133 0.509
990 16.5 205 0.133 0.509
1005 16.75 206 0.134 0.513
1020 17 207 0.135 0.516
168
1035 17.25 208 0.136 0.519
1050 17.5 208 0.136 0.519
1065 17.75 209 0.137 0.523
1080 18 208 0.136 0.519
1095 18.25 209 0.137 0.523
1110 18.5 209 0.137 0.523
1125 18.75 210 0.138 0.526
1140 19 210 0.138 0.526
1155 19.25 210 0.138 0.526
1170 19.5 211 0.139 0.529
1185 19.75 212 0.140 0.533
1200 20 212 0.140 0.533
1215 20.25 213 0.140 0.536
1230 20.5 213 0.140 0.536
1245 20.75 212 0.140 0.533
1260 21 213 0.140 0.536
1275 21.25 213 0.140 0.536
1290 21.5 214 0.141 0.540
1305 21.75 214 0.141 0.540
1320 22 214 0.141 0.540
1335 22.25 214 0.141 0.540
1350 22.5 215 0.142 0.543
1365 22.75 215 0.142 0.543
1380 23 216 0.143 0.546
1395 23.25 215 0.142 0.543
169
1410 23.5 215 0.142 0.543
1425 23.75 216 0.143 0.546
1440 24 216 0.143 0.546
1455 24.25 216 0.143 0.546
1470 24.5 217 0.144 0.550
1485 24.75 217 0.144 0.550
1500 25 217 0.144 0.550
1515 25.25 217 0.144 0.550
1530 25.5 218 0.145 0.553
1545 25.75 218 0.145 0.553
1560 26 218 0.145 0.553
1575 26.25 218 0.145 0.553
1590 26.5 217 0.144 0.550
1605 26.75 218 0.145 0.553
1620 27 218 0.145 0.553
1635 27.25 218 0.145 0.553
1650 27.5 218 0.145 0.553
1665 27.75 219 0.146 0.557
1680 28 219 0.146 0.557
1695 28.25 219 0.146 0.557
1710 28.5 219 0.146 0.557
1725 28.75 219 0.146 0.557
1740 29 218 0.145 0.553
1755 29.25 219 0.146 0.557
1770 29.5 219 0.146 0.557
170
1785 29.75 219 0.146 0.557
1800 30 219 0.146 0.557
1815 30.25 219 0.146 0.557
1830 30.5 220 0.147 0.560
1845 30.75 220 0.147 0.560
1860 31 220 0.147 0.560
1875 31.25 220 0.147 0.560
1890 31.5 220 0.147 0.560
1905 31.75 219 0.146 0.557
1920 32 220 0.147 0.560
1935 32.25 220 0.147 0.560
1950 32.5 220 0.147 0.560
1965 32.75 220 0.147 0.560
171
at 200 mL/min Trial

0 0 34 0.002 0.007
15 0.25 33 0.001 0.004
30 0.5 33 0.001 0.004
45 0.75 27 -0.003 -0.009
60 1 27 -0.003 -0.009
75 1.25 30 -0.001 -0.002
90 1.5 41 0.007 0.022
105 1.75 52 0.014 0.047
120 2 65 0.024 0.077
135 2.25 77 0.032 0.105
150 2.5 89 0.041 0.133
165 2.75 102 0.051 0.164
180 3 113 0.059 0.191
195 3.25 124 0.067 0.218
210 3.5 132 0.073 0.238
225 3.75 140 0.080 0.258
240 4 148 0.086 0.279
255 4.25 155 0.091 0.297
270 4.5 161 0.096 0.313
172
285 4.75 168 0.102 0.331
300 5 173 0.106 0.344
315 5.25 177 0.109 0.355
330 5.5 182 0.114 0.369
345 5.75 186 0.117 0.380
360 6 189 0.120 0.388
375 6.25 194 0.124 0.402
390 6.5 197 0.126 0.410
405 6.75 213 0.140 0.456
420 7 217 0.144 0.467
435 7.25 221 0.148 0.479
450 7.5 223 0.149 0.485
465 7.75 226 0.152 0.493
480 8 228 0.154 0.499
495 8.25 230 0.156 0.505
510 8.5 232 0.158 0.511
525 8.75 235 0.160 0.520
540 9 237 0.162 0.526
555 9.25 240 0.165 0.535
570 9.5 242 0.167 0.542
585 9.75 244 0.169 0.548
600 10 246 0.171 0.554
615 10.25 248 0.173 0.560
630 10.5 249 0.174 0.563
645 10.75 250 0.175 0.566
173
660 11 251 0.175 0.569
675 11.25 253 0.177 0.576
690 11.5 254 0.178 0.579
705 11.75 255 0.179 0.582
720 12 257 0.181 0.588
735 12.25 257 0.181 0.588
750 12.5 259 0.183 0.594
765 12.75 260 0.184 0.598
780 13 261 0.185 0.601
795 13.25 262 0.186 0.604
810 13.5 264 0.188 0.610
825 13.75 265 0.189 0.614
840 14 264 0.188 0.610
855 14.25 266 0.190 0.617
870 14.5 267 0.191 0.620
885 14.75 268 0.192 0.623
900 15 269 0.193 0.627
915 15.25 269 0.193 0.627
930 15.5 270 0.194 0.630
945 15.75 271 0.195 0.633
960 16 272 0.196 0.636
975 16.25 273 0.197 0.640
990 16.5 274 0.198 0.643
1005 16.75 274 0.198 0.643
1020 17 275 0.199 0.646
174
1035 17.25 275 0.199 0.646
1050 17.5 275 0.199 0.646
1065 17.75 276 0.200 0.649
1080 18 276 0.200 0.649
1095 18.25 277 0.201 0.653
1110 18.5 277 0.201 0.653
1125 18.75 278 0.202 0.656
1140 19 279 0.203 0.659
1155 19.25 279 0.203 0.659
1170 19.5 280 0.204 0.663
1185 19.75 279 0.203 0.659
1200 20 280 0.204 0.663
1215 20.25 280 0.204 0.663
1230 20.5 281 0.205 0.666
1245 20.75 281 0.205 0.666
1260 21 282 0.206 0.669
1275 21.25 282 0.206 0.669
1290 21.5 283 0.207 0.673
1305 21.75 283 0.207 0.673
1320 22 284 0.208 0.676
1335 22.25 284 0.208 0.676
1350 22.5 285 0.209 0.680
1365 22.75 284 0.208 0.676
1380 23 285 0.209 0.680
1395 23.25 286 0.210 0.683
175
1410 23.5 286 0.210 0.683
1425 23.75 286 0.210 0.683
1440 24 286 0.210 0.683
1455 24.25 286 0.210 0.683
1470 24.5 287 0.212 0.686
1485 24.75 287 0.212 0.686
1500 25 288 0.213 0.690
1515 25.25 287 0.212 0.686
1530 25.5 288 0.213 0.690
1545 25.75 288 0.213 0.690
1560 26 289 0.214 0.693
1575 26.25 289 0.214 0.693
1590 26.5 289 0.214 0.693
1605 26.75 289 0.214 0.693
176
at 120 mL/min Trial

0 0 57 0.018 0.044
15 0.25 57 0.018 0.044
30 0.5 59 0.019 0.047
45 0.75 56 0.017 0.042
60 1 56 0.017 0.042
75 1.25 54 0.016 0.038
90 1.5 53 0.015 0.037
105 1.75 54 0.016 0.038
120 2 55 0.017 0.040
135 2.25 57 0.018 0.044
150 2.5 59 0.019 0.047
165 2.75 63 0.022 0.054
180 3 70 0.027 0.066
195 3.25 78 0.033 0.080
210 3.5 86 0.039 0.094
225 3.75 98 0.048 0.115
240 4 111 0.057 0.139
255 4.25 128 0.070 0.170
270 4.5 145 0.084 0.203
177
285 4.75 161 0.096 0.234
300 5 172 0.105 0.255
315 5.25 183 0.115 0.278
330 5.5 193 0.123 0.298
345 5.75 203 0.132 0.319
360 6 224 0.150 0.364
375 6.25 235 0.160 0.389
390 6.5 245 0.170 0.412
405 6.75 255 0.179 0.435
420 7 264 0.188 0.456
435 7.25 273 0.197 0.478
450 7.5 281 0.205 0.498
465 7.75 288 0.213 0.516
480 8 298 0.223 0.541
495 8.25 304 0.230 0.557
510 8.5 307 0.233 0.565
525 8.75 311 0.238 0.576
540 9 315 0.242 0.587
555 9.25 320 0.248 0.601
570 9.5 325 0.254 0.615
585 9.75 330 0.260 0.629
600 10 334 0.264 0.641
615 10.25 337 0.268 0.650
630 10.5 342 0.274 0.665
645 10.75 346 0.279 0.677
178
660 11 349 0.283 0.686
675 11.25 353 0.288 0.699
690 11.5 357 0.293 0.711
705 11.75 361 0.299 0.724
720 12 366 0.305 0.741
735 12.25 369 0.310 0.751
750 12.5 372 0.314 0.761
765 12.75 375 0.318 0.771
780 13 378 0.322 0.782
795 13.25 380 0.325 0.789
810 13.5 383 0.330 0.800
825 13.75 385 0.333 0.807
840 14 387 0.336 0.814
855 14.25 389 0.339 0.822
870 14.5 391 0.342 0.829
885 14.75 393 0.345 0.837
900 15 395 0.348 0.845
915 15.25 398 0.353 0.857
930 15.5 399 0.355 0.861
945 15.75 401 0.358 0.869
960 16 402 0.360 0.873
975 16.25 404 0.363 0.881
990 16.5 405 0.365 0.885
1005 16.75 407 0.368 0.893
1020 17 408 0.370 0.898
179
1035 17.25 410 0.374 0.906
1050 17.5 411 0.375 0.910
1065 17.75 413 0.379 0.919
1080 18 415 0.383 0.928
1095 18.25 416 0.385 0.933
1110 18.5 416 0.385 0.933
1125 18.75 417 0.386 0.937
1140 19 419 0.390 0.946
1155 19.25 420 0.392 0.951
1170 19.5 421 0.394 0.956
1185 19.75 421 0.394 0.956
1200 20 422 0.396 0.960
1215 20.25 424 0.400 0.970
1230 20.5 425 0.402 0.975
1245 20.75 426 0.404 0.980
1260 21 426 0.404 0.980
1275 21.25 426 0.404 0.980
1290 21.5 428 0.408 0.990
1305 21.75 429 0.410 0.995
1320 22 429 0.410 0.995
1335 22.25 430 0.412 1.000
1350 22.5 431 0.415 1.005
1365 22.75 431 0.415 1.005
1380 23 432 0.417 1.010
180
at 160 mL/min Trial

0 0 21 -0.007 -0.013
15 0.25 105 0.053 0.102
30 0.5 84 0.037 0.072
45 0.75 84 0.037 0.072
60 1 28 -0.002 -0.004
75 1.25 31 0.000 0.000
90 1.5 31 0.000 0.000
105 1.75 29 -0.001 -0.003
120 2 32 0.001 0.001
135 2.25 39 0.005 0.011
150 2.5 50 0.013 0.025
165 2.75 61 0.021 0.040
180 3 74 0.030 0.058
195 3.25 89 0.041 0.079
210 3.5 103 0.051 0.099
225 3.75 121 0.065 0.125
240 4 141 0.080 0.155
255 4.25 155 0.091 0.177
270 4.5 169 0.103 0.199
181
285 4.75 181 0.113 0.218
300 5 190 0.120 0.233
315 5.25 205 0.133 0.258
330 5.5 216 0.143 0.277
345 5.75 225 0.151 0.292
360 6 234 0.159 0.308
375 6.25 244 0.169 0.326
390 6.5 253 0.177 0.343
405 6.75 257 0.181 0.350
420 7 265 0.189 0.365
435 7.25 271 0.195 0.377
450 7.5 275 0.199 0.385
465 7.75 278 0.202 0.391
480 8 283 0.207 0.401
495 8.25 287 0.212 0.409
510 8.5 281 0.205 0.397
525 8.75 295 0.220 0.425
540 9 299 0.224 0.434
555 9.25 302 0.228 0.440
570 9.5 304 0.230 0.444
585 9.75 305 0.231 0.446
600 10 307 0.233 0.450
615 10.25 308 0.234 0.453
630 10.5 310 0.236 0.457
645 10.75 311 0.238 0.459
182
660 11 313 0.240 0.463
675 11.25 314 0.241 0.466
690 11.5 316 0.243 0.470
705 11.75 317 0.244 0.472
720 12 318 0.245 0.474
735 12.25 319 0.247 0.477
750 12.5 321 0.249 0.481
765 12.75 322 0.250 0.483
780 13 323 0.251 0.486
795 13.25 325 0.254 0.490
810 13.5 326 0.255 0.492
825 13.75 327 0.256 0.495
840 14 328 0.257 0.497
855 14.25 329 0.258 0.499
870 14.5 330 0.260 0.501
885 14.75 331 0.261 0.504
900 15 332 0.262 0.506
915 15.25 332 0.262 0.506
930 15.5 333 0.263 0.508
945 15.75 334 0.264 0.511
960 16 335 0.266 0.513
975 16.25 336 0.267 0.515
990 16.5 337 0.268 0.518
1005 16.75 333 0.263 0.508
1020 17 304 0.230 0.444
183
1035 17.25 304 0.230 0.444
1050 17.5 305 0.231 0.446
1065 17.75 305 0.231 0.446
1080 18 306 0.232 0.448
1095 18.25 306 0.232 0.448
1110 18.5 306 0.232 0.448
1125 18.75 308 0.234 0.453
1140 19 307 0.233 0.450
1155 19.25 308 0.234 0.453
1170 19.5 335 0.266 0.513
1185 19.75 333 0.263 0.508
1200 20 336 0.267 0.515
1215 20.25 333 0.263 0.508
1230 20.5 340 0.272 0.525
1245 20.75 340 0.272 0.525
1260 21 347 0.280 0.542
1275 21.25 347 0.280 0.542
1290 21.5 347 0.280 0.542
1305 21.75 347 0.280 0.542
1320 22 348 0.282 0.544
1335 22.25 349 0.283 0.547
1350 22.5 349 0.283 0.547
1365 22.75 348 0.282 0.544
1380 23 349 0.283 0.547
1395 23.25 350 0.284 0.549
184
1410 23.5 350 0.284 0.549
1425 23.75 350 0.284 0.549
1440 24 351 0.286 0.552
1455 24.25 351 0.286 0.552
1470 24.5 352 0.287 0.554
1485 24.75 352 0.287 0.554
1500 25 352 0.287 0.554
1515 25.25 352 0.287 0.554
1530 25.5 352 0.287 0.554
1545 25.75 352 0.287 0.554
1560 26 353 0.288 0.557
1575 26.25 352 0.287 0.554
1590 26.5 352 0.287 0.554
1605 26.75 352 0.287 0.554
1620 27 353 0.288 0.557
1635 27.25 352 0.287 0.554
1650 27.5 353 0.288 0.557
1665 27.75 353 0.288 0.557
Note: Red colored cells were excluded from trendline equation calculations
185
at 200 mL/min Trial

0 0 0 -0.021 -0.042
15 0.25 52 0.014 0.029
30 0.5 52 0.014 0.029
45 0.75 54 0.016 0.032
60 1 56 0.017 0.035
75 1.25 63 0.022 0.045
90 1.5 75 0.031 0.062
105 1.75 91 0.042 0.086
120 2 111 0.057 0.116
135 2.25 129 0.071 0.144
150 2.5 151 0.088 0.179
165 2.75 168 0.102 0.207
180 3 180 0.112 0.227
195 3.25 197 0.126 0.256
210 3.5 214 0.141 0.287
225 3.75 221 0.148 0.299
240 4 229 0.155 0.314
255 4.25 235 0.160 0.325
270 4.5 240 0.165 0.335
186
285 4.75 244 0.169 0.342
300 5 248 0.173 0.350
315 5.25 250 0.175 0.354
330 5.5 284 0.208 0.423
345 5.75 286 0.210 0.427
360 6 288 0.213 0.431
375 6.25 289 0.214 0.433
390 6.5 290 0.215 0.435
405 6.75 291 0.216 0.438
420 7 298 0.223 0.453
435 7.25 299 0.224 0.455
450 7.5 310 0.236 0.480
465 7.75 317 0.244 0.496
480 8 317 0.244 0.496
495 8.25 339 0.270 0.548
510 8.5 358 0.295 0.598
525 8.75 361 0.299 0.606
540 9 361 0.299 0.606
555 9.25 360 0.297 0.603
570 9.5 359 0.296 0.600
585 9.75 362 0.300 0.609
600 10 361 0.299 0.606
615 10.25 361 0.299 0.606
630 10.5 361 0.299 0.606
645 10.75 361 0.299 0.606
187
660 11 361 0.299 0.606
675 11.25 366 0.305 0.620
690 11.5 366 0.305 0.620
705 11.75 366 0.305 0.620
720 12 366 0.305 0.620
735 12.25 365 0.304 0.617
750 12.5 365 0.304 0.617
765 12.75 365 0.304 0.617
780 13 363 0.301 0.611
795 13.25 365 0.304 0.617
810 13.5 364 0.303 0.614
825 13.75 366 0.305 0.620
840 14 366 0.305 0.620
855 14.25 364 0.303 0.614
870 14.5 364 0.303 0.614
885 14.75 364 0.303 0.614
900 15 363 0.301 0.611
915 15.25 363 0.301 0.611
930 15.5 362 0.300 0.609
188
18 Appendix E: Additional Figures
14.000
12.000
10.000
R² = 0.7728
8.000
6.000
q
4.000
2.000
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350
-2.000
C
Figure 48: Linear Isotherm for Trial 2
0.9
0.8
0.7
R² = 0.4937
0.6
0.5
1/q
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
1/C
Figure 49: Langmuir Isotherm for Trial 2
189
1.2
0.8
R² = 0.7183
0.6
Log(q)
0.4
0.2
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-0.2
-0.4
Log(C)
Figure 50: Freundlich Isotherm for Trial 2
8.000
7.000
6.000
R² = 0.9306
5.000
4.000
q
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350
C
190
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
R² = 0.9431
1
1/q
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1/C
0.8
R² = 0.9494
0.6
0.4
Log(q)
0.2
0
-2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
-0.2
-0.4
Log(C)
191
8.000
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
R² = 0.8169
q
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
-1.000
C
1.6
1.4
1.2
R² = 0.4211
1
1/q
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
1/C
192
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
R² = 0.7445
0.2
Log(q)
0
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Log(C)
4.50
4.00
3.50
R² = 0.9848
3.00
2.50
q
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450
C
193
1.2
0.8
R² = 0.8839
1/q
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1/C
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Log(q)
R² = 0.9836
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
Log(C)
194
6.00
5.00
4.00
R² = 0.9423
3.00
q
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250
C
1.400
1.200
1.000
R² = 0.6364
0.800
1/q
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
1/C
195
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
R² = 0.8643
0.3
Log(q)
0.2
0.1
0
-2.50 -2.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
Log(C)
196

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THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Due Date: April 13, 2019

4 Results and Discussion 13

11 Appendix A: Preliminary Assignment 58

15 Literature Cited 146

16 Appendix C: Sample Calculations 150

17 Appendix D: Raw Data 157

18 Appendix E: Additional Figures 189

1 Breakthrough Curve Trendline Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 2: Bed capacity from Breakthrough Curve [1]

Figure 3: Adsorption Isotherms [1]

3.1 Safety Considerations

4.1 Bed Characterization Results

W eight of carbon particles (g)

Figure 4: Activated Carbon Bed Characteristics

y = -1207.5x2 + 1465.4x + 31.04

Figure 5: Conductivity Calibration Curve

4.3 Breakthrough Curve Data

Table 1: Breakthrough Curve Trendline Constants

Table 2: Calculated Values from Breakthrough Curves

0.600 y = 3E-05x3 - 0.0031x2 + 0.097x - 0.3158

y = -0.0043x2 + 0.1092x - 0.0717

y = -2E-07x2 + 0.0009x - 0.2242

y = 1E-11x3 - 1E-07x2 + 0.0005x - 0.1521

y = 1E-11x3 - 1E-07x2 + 0.0006x - 0.1065

4.5 Optimal Conditions

Figure 22: Height of Unused Bed versus Initial Concentration

Figure 23: Height of Unused Bed versus Flow Rate

Figure 24: qtotal versus Initial Concentration

Figure 25: qtotal versus Flow Rate

5.1 Qualitative Error Analysis

5.2.1 Error Propagation

Table 3: Equipment Uncertainties

5.2.2 Statistical Analysis

Figure 26: qtotal vs Initial Concentration

Figure 27: qtotal vs Flow Rate

8.1 Background and Theory

m = ρb · Vbed = ρb · πr2 HT (30)

8.2 Cost Analysis

Table 7: Fixed/Start-Up Costs for Adsorption Column

8.3 Conclusions and Recommendations

C effluent concentration ( ggEffluent

[4] The International Adsorption Society. What is adsorption? www.int-ads-soc.org/

[5] Jeroen Callewaert. Dechlorination of water through activated carbon tech-

[6] Calgon-Carbon. Filtrasorb 400. https://www.calgoncarbon.com/app/uploads/

[7] Granular activated carbon (gac) media selection. https:

[9] George M. Lukchis. Part 1: Design by mass-transfer-zone concept. In Adsorption

[12] William-Brown. Acetic acid chemical compound. www.int-ads-soc.org/

[13] The Science Company. Pyrex glass beaker, 600ml. https://www.sciencecompany.

[14] Thermo Scientific. Alpha COND 500 Controller/Transmitter Manual, 2009.

[16] Brian Oram. Disinfection by-products trihalomethanes. https://www.

[18] Barndoor Ag. Banjo 3 manifold flow meter — mfm300.

[20] Grainger. Brass fnpt x fnpt ball valve, lever, 4 pipe

[22] Cole-Parmer. Oakton ecconctp0500 cond 500 con-

[25] City of Columbus. 2019 utility rates. https://www.columbus.gov/Templates/

[26] AffordableWater.us. Granular activated carbon, coconut shell based

[27] Amarillo vgxp01 c.v.- 2017 pellets. https://hopsdirect.com/collections/

[28] Gw full pint. https://www.williamsbrewing.com/

[29] Engineering ToolBox. Density of aqueous solu-

11.1 Safety Hazards and Precautions

11.2 MSDS Safety Sheets

1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION