COAL

Coal is a fossil fuel created from the remains of plants that lived and died about 100 to 400 million
years ago when parts of the earth were covered with huge forests. Coal is classified as a
nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to form.
TYPES OF COAL
Anthracite:
or “hard coal,” contains the highest amount of carbon out of all coal ranks . It has
a brittle texture and lustrous sheen. It is used mostly in industrial settings and the metals industry due
to its high heat value.
Bituminous:
Coal, often called “soft coal,” has slightly lower carbon content than
anthracite..The wide range of carbon content in bituminous coal warrants use for both electricity and
steel production. It can be identified through its shiny luster and layered texture.
Subbituminous
Coal does not have the same shiny luster as higher ranked coals. As
the name suggests, it has lower carbon content than bituminous coal (35%-45%) and
is primarily used for electricity generation

Lignite :

is often called “brown coal” because it is lighter in color than the higher ranks of
coal. It has the lowest carbon content out of all the coal ranks and it has a high
moisture content and crumbly texture. It is mainly used in electricity generation.

COAL IN PAKISTAN:

Coal outside Duki:

Duki the tehsil of district loralai in province Balochistan,is rich with high quality Coal
with highest rate of extraction throughout Pakistan. Coal is the main business of the
area. More than 80% of local population is directly related to the coal business. 100%
conduction of the coal business is in private hands

Musakhael Coal:
Kingri sub-Tehsil of Musakhel District is located on borders of Punjab Province. Kingri area is well
known for its natural proven coal reserves.
THAR COAL:
Pakistan's largest coal reserves are found in Sindh with approximately 175 billion
tonnes. Tharparkar division of Sindh is said to be huge deposits of coal.
Underground Coal Gasification
Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a gasification process applied to non-
mined coal seams, using injection and production wells drilled from the surface,
which enables the coal to be converted into product gas. The process has produced
commercial quantities of gas for both chemical processes and power generation.

COAL POWER PLANT

The conversion from coal to electricity takes place in three stages.

STAGE 1:

The first conversion of energy takes place in the boiler. Coal is burnt in the boiler
furnace to produce heat. Carbon in the coal and Oxygen in the air combine to produce
Carbon Dioxide and heat.

Stage 2

The second stage is the thermodynamic process.

1. The heat from combustion of the coal boils water in the boiler to produce steam. In modern
power plant, boilers produce steam at a high pressure and temperature.
2. The steam is then piped to a turbine.
3. The high pressure steam impinges and expands across a number of sets of blades in the
turbine.
4. The impulse and the thrust created rotates the turbine.
5. The steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler to repeat the cycle.
Stage 3

In the third stage, rotation of the turbine rotates the generator rotor to produce
electricity based of Faraday’s Principle of electromagnetic induction

POLLUTION BY COAL:
 Coal combustion:

 emits large quantities of carbon dioxide. It is one of the most important drivers of global climate
change. Relative to other energy sources, coal is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide.

 Coal combustion emits pollutants that contribute to ground level ozone, which

 The mercury that contaminates our fresh- and

saltwater fish populations comes largely from coal-
fired power plants. Mercury can harm brain
development and is particularly risky for pregnant
women and children.
 Burning coal for energy emits fine particle pollution,
or soot, which has been linked to heart attacks,
 strokes, and increases in death rates, hospital
admissions, and infant mortality.

METHODS TO REDUCE POLLUTION

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): is a technology that can capture up to 90% of the carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions produced from the use of fossil fuels in electricity generation and industrial
processes, preventing the carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere.

First, allow the separation of carbon dioxide from gases

produced in electricity generation and industrial processes

Carbon dioxide is then transported by pipeline or by ship

for safe storage. Millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide are
already transported annually for commercial purposes by
roads and pipelines.
The carbon dioxide is then stored in carefully selected
geological rock formation that are typically located
several kilometres below the earth's surface.
SUBMITTED BY :
NOOR UL AIN AHMED
BSP01153029
CLASS
TH
BS (PHY) 8 SEM
SUBJECT :
PHYSICS EDUCATION
SUBMITTED TO :
SIR UMER