2013 Eighth International Conference and Exhibition on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
New Method of Data Treatment Related to Induction
Machine Bearing Fault Using Axial Vibration
Analytic Signal
Abla Bouguerne
Laboratory LGEC Constantine,
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Constantine
Alegria
e-mail:bouguerneabla@yahoo.fr
Abstract— This paper deals with a new method called Axial
Vibration Analytic Signal applied to Treatment of data for
diagnosis the bearing faults of induction motor. This method
consists a extracting vibration vectors forms by time-frequency
representation. The calculation method based on the cloud points
dispersion parameter has two main parts; the first part is the
Hilbert transform of axial vibration signals. The second part is
the normalization compared to module of AVAS. This method
has been applied on the vibration data of a 5.5-kW induction
motor test bench.
Keywords—time-frequency representation; axial vibration
analytic signal; dispersion parameter ; hilbert transform.
I. INTRODUCTION
Fault diagnosis is often confronted with the problem of
extracting feature vectors that are relevant per vector size
reduced and the best possible representation of the fault state.
Several approaches have been discussed in the literature is the
most a view pattern recognition [1], principal component
analysis (PCA) and time-frequency representation [2].
In diagnosis of rotating machinery, vibration analysis is widely
known to be one of the most effective techniques. This stems
from the fact that oscillation is an inherent characteristic of
rotating machines and different components of these types of
machinery such as shafts, bearings and gears produce vibration
energy with different characteristics. Any deterioration in the
condition of such components can affect their vibratory
attributes and manifest itself in the vibration signature. This
allows diagnosis of machine faults by analyzing the vibration
signature of the system.
For improved and authentic fault diagnosis using vibration
analysis techniques it is necessary that the acquired vibration
signals be ‘clean’ enough that small changes in signal attributes
due to an impending fault in any component can be detected.
To tackle this problem, we have developed a method based on
the cloud points dispersion parameter .
978-1-4673-5271-0/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE
Abdesselam Lebaroud, Aziz Boukadoum
Laboratory LGEC Constantine,
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Skikda
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Tebessa
e-mail:lebaroud@yahoo.fr,azizboukadoum@yahoo.fr
Ball bearings is the part most sensitive to mechanical defects
due to aging and wear, for example, cracks or spalling appear
on different parts of the bearing. That is why we are interested
in the detection and classification of such defects.
The calculation method has two main parts; the first part is the
Hilbert transform of axial vibration signals. The second part is
the normalization compared to module of AVAS. This method
has been applied on the vibration data of a 5.5-kW induction
motor test bench.
II. THE BEARING FAULTS.
at the interface between the rotor and the stator, the ball
bearing is also have a relatively rapid aging. Typically this
type of fault is diagnosed by the spectrum of measurement
acoustic or vibration.
Assuming that the gap is not constant during of the bearing
faults. this information was also present in the current
spectrum, since any eccentricity produces anomalies in the
distribution of the field in the gap [9]. the analytical expression
of frequencies related to the bearing faults according to its
mechanical parameters (number of ball bearings, mechanical
speed of the rotor, the contact angle of the balls with the
rings...), and gives the following relationship:
f bng = f s ± m f v (1)
Where
m = 1, 2 ,3 .......
f v is a characteristic frequency of vibration.
The expressions for the three types of bearing faults suggests as
follows [10]:
external ring fault : f bng = f s ± m f 0 (2)
interior ring fault : f bng = f s ± f r ± m f i (3)
ball fault: f bng = f s ± f frame ± m f b (4)
 III. VIBRATION DATA TREATMENT BY HILBERT
The vibration characteristic frequencies will be calculated TRANSFORM
based on the dimensions of a ball bearing, , shown as Fig. 1. Axial Vibration Analytic Signal (AVAS) method uses the
principle of the analytical signal obtained by Hilbert
transform. The Hilbert transform in the time domain
corresponds to a phase shift of the Fourier transform terms.
Hilbert transform finds a companion function y(t) for a real
function x(t) so that [3] :
The Hilbert transform of a signal y t can be written as: ()
y (t ) ⎯⎯→ ~ TH
y (t ) = ~
y Re (t ) + j~
y Im (t ) (9)
~
where yIm (t ) represents the Hilbert transform of the signal
~
yRe (t ) . The signal , meanwhile, is commonly called analytic
signal.
The amplitude A(t ) of the time signal y (t ) is calculated
using the following relation:
A(t ) = ~
y Re (t ) 2 + ~
y Im (t ) 2 (10)
Applying this to our case for the axial vibration signal Va (t ) ,
we get :
~ ~ ~
Va (t ) ⎯TH
⎯→Va(t ) = Va Re (t ) + jVa Im (t ) (11)
Where
Fig. 1. Dimensions of a ball bearing ~
VaIm (t ) represents The Hilbert transform of the axial
The frequencies of bearing faults include rolling the external ~
vibration signal V a Re (t ) .
ring frequency f 0 , the interior ring frequency f i , the balls ~
V a (t ) is usually called the Axial Vibration Analytic Signal
frequency f b and the frame frequency [11-13]. (AVAS).
N b ⎛ Bd ⎞ The amplitude A(t ) is:
fi = f r ⎜1 + cos β ⎟ (5) ~ ~
2 ⎝ Pd ⎠ Va(t ) = Va Re (t ) 2 + V a Im (t ) 2
(12)
N ⎛ Bd ⎞ The real and imaginary axial vibrations are normalized to the
f O = b f r ⎜1 − cos β ⎟ (6)
module of the AVAS :
2 ⎝ Pd ⎠ ~
~ VaRe (t )
Pd ⎡ ⎛ Bd ⎞ ⎤
2
V ′aRe (t ) = (13)
fb = f r ⎢1 − ⎜ cos β ⎟ ⎥ (7) Va(t )
Bd ⎣⎢ ⎝ Pd ⎠ ⎦⎥ ~
~ Va (t )
fr ⎛ Bd ⎞ V ′aIm (t ) = Im (14)
f frame = ⎜1 − cos β ⎟ (8) Va(t )
2 ⎝ Pd ⎠ The average vibrations is given by:
The five parameters that must be known to calculate the
N ~'
bearing faults frequencies are , the ball diameter Bd , the 1 ~
V a

diameter or average diameter of the frame Pd , the number of mV~ 'a

Re
=
NV~ 'a
∑ V a (k )
k =1
'
Re (15)
balls Nb , the contact angle in radians β , and the rotational
N ~'
frequency f r . 1 ~
V a

Ball bearings is the part most sensitive to mechanical defects

mV~ 'a =
Im
N V~ 'a
∑ V a (k )
k =1
'
Im (16)
due to aging and wear, for example, cracks or spalling appear
on different parts of the bearing. That is why we are interested
in the detection and classification of such defects. The normalized characteristic V ′a Im
~
(V~' a ) , consists of a
Re

cloud of points N V~ 'a . These points represent in a normalized

way the instantaneous evolution of the axial vibrations. The
parameter ξ , that represents the cloud dispersion of these
points is defined as :
Nva
( ~
)( ~
ξ = ∑k =1 Ak − V ' aRe,Im Ak − V ' aRe,Im )T
(17)
~
Where Ak is a point with coordinates V ' a Re (k ) ,
~
V ' a Im (k ) .
The parameter ξ is relatively sensitive to different states of
the machine such as defected bearings, broken bars or
unbalanced feed [4].
IV. EXPERIMENT RESULTS Fig. 3. Acquisition system of signal

An acquisition of current signals was carried out on a test
bench that was made of a 5.5kWinduction motor, Fig. 2.
Figures 4, 5,6,7 and 8 represent examples of axial vibration
signals for healthy and faulted bearing. It is clear that these
figures do not exhibit any interesting feature. From these
representations, we cannot extract any relevant information.
For this reason, we proceed to the processing of data and use of
additional calculation methods mentioned below.

Fig. 2. Test bench (Motor 5.5 kW connected to the load )

a. healthy machine

The data acquisition set consists of vibration signal recording at a. healthy machine
different levels of load (0%,25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Two
operating conditions for the machine were considered, namely:
healthy bearing and faulty bearing. The fig. 3. represented the
acquisition system of signals.

All acquisitions are carried out in continuous over a period of

five seconds, with a sampling frequency of 20 kHz. Is 100,000
points for each of the measured signals.

b. bearing fault machine

Fig. 4 . Axial vibration signal for load level 0 %

 a. healthy machine a. healthy machine

b. bearing fault machine b. bearing fault machine

Fig. 5. Axial vibration signal for load level 25 % Fig. 7. Axial vibration signal for load level 75 %

a. healthy machine a. healthy machine

b. bearing fault machine b. bearing fault machine

Fig. 6. Axial vibration signal for load level 50 % Fig. 8. Axial vibration signal for load level 100 %
we cannot use the vibration signals directly due to their very
low values. We have proposed a method for calculating a
parameter very interesting, the dispersion parameter of the
cloud of points ξ. This parameter is used to calculate the TFR
and extraction feature vectors.
Figure 9 shows a representation of the dispersion of cloud
points of Axial Vibration Analytics Signal (AVAS) for a
healthy machine and bearing faults with different charge level
(0%.25%%, 50%, 75%,100%). We note in the figure 9 that
the parameter ξ confirms the separability of classes (healthy
bearing class and faulty bearing class). It is also reported that
the parameter ξ is not very sensitive to changes in the level of
charge.
Fig. 9. Representation of dispersion of the cloud points of
axial vibration analytical signals (AVAS).
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper We have proposed a method for calculating a
parameter very interesting, the dispersion parameter of the
cloud of points. Since we cannot use the vibration signals
directly due to their very low values.. This parameter is used
to calculate the TFR and extraction feature vectors. the
simulation results shown a representation of the dispersion of
cloud points of Axial Vibration Analytics Signal (AVAS) for a
healthy machine and bearing faults with different charge level
that the dispersion parameter confirms the separability of
classes (healthy bearing class and faulty bearing class). It is
also reported that the dispersion parameter is not very
sensitive to changes in the level of charge.
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