CONSTRAINTS OF POWER AND BANDWIDTH IN SPAN’S
Lakshmi Manasa Pokuri Adbhuta Teja Varikunta
Ramyaka Inamadugu
II B. Tech Students, Department of ECE, Geethanjali Institute of Science &Technology,
Nellore, A. P. India.
Abstract:
The recent versatile technological advancements in
the development of robust systems of wireless ad
hoc networks have expanded the domain to several
other applications also. Smart Phones Ad Hoc
Networks (SPAN) is a trending technology
enveloping all the available network protocols and
algorithms for providing improved quality of
services. Accessing a wide range of applications via
smart phones is causing several constraints to surface
such as power consumption and bandwidth. This
presentation attempts a cursory survey of these
aspects in smart phones. Bandwidth constraints are
present in any network transmitting vast multimedia
data. This adversely affects the performance of the
system. These limitations of bandwidth result in
enhanced delays in transmission. Some of the aspects
to optimize the utilization of the available bandwidth,
the strength of the signal during transmission and the
speed of accession are considered here. In Addition,
attempts are made to focus on the power management
issues in ad hoc networks and smart phones including
identifying the reasons for power drain and possible
measures to be adopted to avert that. Aspects such as
devices and applications consuming excessive
energy, workload and traffic on the network, optimal
utilization of energy to enhance the computational
and communication capacity of the devices are also
considered. Power management in the system,
optimization during the transmission and the methods
of averting power drain in battery are also studied
during the course of this presentation.
1. Introduction:
Research on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks has been
ongoing for decades. The history of wireless ad hoc
networks can be traced back to the Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency (DARPA) packet radio
networks (PRNet), which evolved into the survivable
adaptive radio networks (SURAD) program [11]. Ad
hoc networks have play an important role in military
applications and related research efforts, for example,
the global mobile information systems (GloMo)
program [12] and the near-term digital radio (NTDR)
program [13]. Recent years have seen a new spate of
industrial and commercial applications for wireless ad
hoc networks, as viable communication equipment
and portable computers become more compact and
available. Since their emergence in 1970’s, wireless
networks have become increasingly popular in the
communication industry. These networks provide
mobile users with ubiquitous computing capability
and information access regardless of the users’
location. There are currently two variations of mobile
wireless networks: infrastructured and infrastructure
less networks. The infrastructured networks have
fixed and wired gateways or the fixed Base-Stations
which are connected to other Base-Stations through
wires. Each node is within the range of a Base-
Station. A “Hand-off” occurs as mobile host travels
out of range of one Base-Station and into the range of
another and thus, mobile host is able to continue
communication seamlessly throughout the network.
Example applications of this type include wireless
local area networks and Mobile Phone. The other type
of wireless network, infrastructure less networks, is
knows as Smart phone Ad-hoc Networks (SPAN’S).
These networks have no fixed routers, every node
could be router. All nodes are capable of movement
and can be connected dynamically in arbitrary
manner. The responsibilities for organizing and
controlling the network are distributed among the
terminals themselves. The entire network is smart
phone, and the individual terminals are allowed to
move freely. The nodes of these networks function as
routers, which discover and maintain routes to other
nodes in the networks. The nodes may be located in
or on airplanes, ships, trucks, cars, perhaps even on
people or very small devices. Smart phone Ad-hoc
Networks are supposed to be used for disaster
recovery, battlefield communications, and rescue
operations when the wired network is not available. It
can provide a feasible means for ground
communications and information access.
1.1 Network: A group or system
interconnected people or things. It is of two
types:
(i)Wired networks: Any network corresponding to
the wired linkage comes under wired networks.
EXAMPLES: Telephone networks, Television
networks, Internet access etc;
(ii)Wireless networks: Wireless network is related
to Hub switch, for that we need technology to
broadcast which transfer the information from source
to destination in the form of signals by using
electromagnetic waves over a long distance in short
span without using any electrical conductors.
EXAMPLES: Cod less phones, communication
satellites, AD HOC networks etc..
1.2. Ad Hoc Network:
AD HOC network is a WLAN that is constructed
spontaneously .Instead of relying on a base station to
coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the
network .The individual network nodes which acts a
router, forward packets to and from each other. In
Latin, ad hoc literally means that: “for this special
purpose”.
EXAMPLES: In windows OS, Hotspot, Sensor
network, industry sector
AD HOC is a communication mode that allows
computers to directly communicate with each other
without router.
2. Characteristics of Ad Hoc Network:
1. No Fixed Infrastructure: Since the networks
are centralized temporarily for a specific task
according to the requirements without
predetermination, changes time to time. So no proper
drafting can be evolved.
of
2. Dynamic Topology: is a new sculpting mode
that subdivides the mesh as needed, whereas regular
sculpting only affects the shape of a mesh. This
makes it possible to sculpt complex shapes out of a
simple mesh, rather than just adding details onto a
modeled base mesh.
3. Multi Hopping: We can access and send the
information in many modes to many devices from
many devices so spectrum reuse prevail i.e. many
same frequencies arises .So, which message.
4. Self Organization: As it is a dynamic network
with multi hopping features and no base station it
addresses itself, route itself even it has cluster of data A mobile AD HOC network is a continuously
and reaches the exact location. self-configuring, infrastructure less network of
mobile devices connected without wires.
5. Scalability: Although thousands of nodes arise
AHN’s increase its scale and work according to the (ii) Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
conditions. (VANETS):-
VANETS are used for communication between
6. Security: Ad hoc transmits the signals without vehicles and equipment .Intelligent vehicular ad hoc
towers. So data can be hacked easily when data is not networks (in VANETS) are a kind of artificial
secured. intelligence that helps vehicles o behave in intelligent
manners during vehicle-to-vehicle collision,
7. Energy Conservation (Power): We use accidents.
energy for the transfer of information but sometimes (iii) Smart Phone Ad Hoc Networks
we send massive data, at that time we need to use (SPAN’S) :-
more amount of energy. So Energy conservation is
SPANS leverage the existing hardware
needed. As all the ad hoc networks work on batteries
(primarily Bluetooth and WI-FI) is commercially
we have to conserve the energy.
available smart phones to create peer-to-peer

8. Bandwidth: The bandwidth is used to denote the networks without relying on cellular carrier network,

data rate carried in the network. wireless access points.

3. Types of Ad Hoc Networks: (iv)Internet Based Ad Hoc Network

(IMANET’S) :-
1. Mobile ad hoc network (MANETS)
IMANETS are ad hoc networks that link mobile
2. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANETS)
nodes and fixed internet gate way nodes.
3. Smartphone ad hoc networks (SPANS)
4. Internet based mobile ad hoc (IMANETS) (v) Military/Tactical MANET :-
5. Military/ Tactical MANET.
These are used by military units with emphasis on
security, range and integration with existing systems .

4. Applications of Ad Hoc Networks:

1. Sensor Networks: WSN is a combination of

nodes and each node is made up of sensor
which can sense air, temperature, heart beat
and pass the information to the destination.
WSN consume less energy, and are
economical, multifunctional.
2. Hotspot: Hotspot is an ad hoc network is an
(i) Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS):- interface created at the spot in order to
dispense the internet from one to one or
many accusers.
3. Military Arena: It maintains the
information network among the soldiers,
vehicles and head quarters in the military
battleground. And also used in ground, air
bone, submarines to protect India.
4. Industry Sector: It is used in emergency
situations such as any disaster relief .In
emergency situation ad hoc network is easily
used due to its rapid development of non
existing infrastructure.
5. SPAN’S: SPANS leverage the existing 6.1 Battery Losses:
hardware (primarily Bluetooth and WI-FI) is (i)Flow of data: if data list grows long in our
commercially available smart phones to
mobile due to this battery life may affect and
create peer-to-peer networks without relying
on cellular carrier network, wireless access battery suddenly seems to die or drain faster
points. than it should.
5.1 Uses Of SPAN’s : (ii)False design of batteries: Only a few
1. Developing network connections.
chemical combinations support the battery
2. Disable network infrastructure.
3. Natural disasters- network infrastructure production and its stability .But in turn result in
is over loaded. battery losses in smart phones.
4. Short time construction. (iii)Multi-functioning: Transferring of different
types through one node.
Every technology may have many great features,
Example: Talking on phone, using messenger
including weaknesses. We all know the issues
and ear phones usage all at a time results in
caused by the ad hoc networks let we have a
battery losses.
brief discussion on the issues of smart phone ad
(iv)Complex and fair networks: During
hoc networks which points two aspects .i.e.
roaming your phone searches for network which
Power Control and Bandwidth issues.
means more power is consumed than usual. Not
only in roaming but whenever your phone
6. Power Control Issue: In AD HOC
searches for auto connection, Bluetooth more
Network nodes are non-homogeneously
battery is drained in such activities.
dispersed in space which in turns develops
(v) Long time usage: Due to high usage of our
power losses.
mobiles the battery struggles to survive and may
even pop up.
(vi) Old batteries: Using batteries for longer
times drains all the materials present in the
batteries and results in loss of efficiency
6.1.1. Optimization of battery losses:
(i) Placing multiple paths for data transfer.
(ii) Using well designed batteries.
 (iii) Transferring data as per hope wireless networks. It’s because of rapid
requirement. change in network topology and with
(iv)Switch off unnecessary networks. different mobility speeds.
(v) Replacing old battery with new (ii)Over load: if data list grows long in our
ones. mobile due to this battery life may affect and
(vi) Using new battery technology. battery suddenly seems to die or drain faster
(vii) Efficient charging. than it should.
6.2 Heat losses: (iii)Edifice: If the Edifice is thick then the

(i)Due to environment: If temperature rate of data transfer decreases.

increases data transfer through network (iv)Underground: As the depth increases

gets slowed down and results in reach of network decreases.

increase of radiations. (v)Sufficient Bandwidth: Range of

(ii)High and Holding: As of high using frequencies within a given band.

our mobile for a longer time and not

checking the temperature conditions 7. Bandwidth: The rate of data flows is
causes batter losses and heat losses handled depends upon the band width of an
(iii)Radiations: All cell phones and ad hoc device. So illustrates that if we have
smart phones give off forms of small amount of data we can send it easily
electromagnetic radiations which heats but if we have more data but the same
the phones. bandwidth then the information transfer time
(iv)False design of network: The increases so, to overcome this issue we have
converter i.e.; adaptor should be to increase the bandwidth so data can be
designed, manufactured properly so that transferred with ease.
he power can properly imported as of  Band width is measured in
heat should be optimized. hertz(Hz).
(v)Heat sinks: Every gadget releases
heat in any form .So, Heat sinks which
play a cooling role are manufactured
properly since much heat isn’t released
and cause harmful effects.
6.2.1. Optimization of Heat losses:
1. Star code battery check.
2. Use cooler master.
3. Use ‘OTG’ fans.
4. Physically inspecting your battery.
5. Give your phone a break.
6.3. Network losses:
(i)Routing: routing is an important
7.1.Increasing Bandwidth:
challenge for the performance degradation
• Keep the adds at bay.
by the network nodes in contrast to single
• Use data management apps.
• Close back ground apps.
• Delete unwanted apps.
• Use Wi-Fi over mobile data.
• Use best featured phones.

References:

(i)Wikipedia
(ii)http://file.scirp.org/Html/36101587_687)
(iii)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDT
FCPjMek
(iv)
https://hubtechinsider.wordpress.com/2010/
02/07/how-much-bandwidth-does-a-
smartphone-use-how-much-bandwidth-does-
an-apple-ipad-use-how-much-bandwidth-
does-an-apple-iphone-use/
(v)http://www.ebay.com/gds/5-Different-
Types-of-Phone-Battery-Technologies-
Explained-and-How-to-Buy-Them-
/10000000177989705/g.html
(vi)https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cbd2/99
38dd4cbeb8aec3c21ddb60f0f20a4356cb.pdf