*

HARDYANSAH SATRIA PUTRA,ST.MT

 *

*Perpindahan Panas Konduksi Satu bidang datar

*Perpindahan Panas Konduksi dua bidang datar
*Perpindahan Panas Konveksi Satu bidang datar
*Perpindahan Panas Konveksi dua bidang datar
 Perpindahan kalor yang tanpa disertai
perpindahan zat perantara
K
d
O T2 T1
A
N
D q  kA
dT
U dx
d = ketebalan benda (m)
K T1 = suhu pada salah satu ujung benda (K)
S T2 = suhu pada ujung lain benda (K)
I A = ΔT
luas=permukaan
perbedaan (m
suhu
2) (K)

ΔT = T1 – T2
 Tabel konduktivitas termal
zat (W/mK)

Bahan k Bahan k
Emas 300 Beton 0.9
Besi 80 Air 0.6
Kaca 0.9 Udara 0.024
Kayu 0.1 – 0.2 Alumunium 240
 *
Consider one-dimensional, steady-state conduction in a plane wall of
constant k, with uniform generation, and asymmetric surface conditions:
• Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.3) :

d 2T q
2
 0
dx k
• General Solution:

q 2
T  x  C1 x  C2
2k
• Boundary Conditions:
T (  L)  Ts,1, T ( L)  Ts,2

Chee 318 Chapter 3

 *
qL2  x 2  (Ts,2  Ts,1 ) x Ts,1  Ts,2
T ( x)  1     (3.3)
2k  L2  2 L 2
 

 Profile is parabolic.
 Heat flux not independent of x

 What happens when:

q  0, q increases, q  0 ?

Chee 318 Chapter 3

26
 *
* When both surfaces are maintained at
a common temperature, Ts,1= Ts,2 = Ts

qL2  x2 
T ( x)  1    Ts (3.4a)
2k  L2 
 

? What is the location of the maximum

temperature?

2
T ( x )  Tmax  x 
   (3.4b)
Ts  Tmax L

Chee 318 Chapter 3

27
 *

 Note that at the plane of symmetry:

 dT 
   0  q" x 0  0
 dx  x 0
 Equivalent to adiabatic surface

Chee 318 Chapter 3

28
*
In equations (3.4a) and (3.4b) the surface temperature, Ts is needed.
Boundary condition at the wall:

dT
k  h(Ts  T )
dx xL

Substituting (dT/dx)x=L from equation

(3.4a):

qL (3.5)
Ts  T 
h

Chee 318 Chapter 3

29
*
The steady-state temperature distribution in a composite plane wall
of three different materials, each of constant thermal conductivity, is
shown in the schematic below.
a) Does heat generation occur in any of sections A,B, or C?
b) Based on the schematic, what is the boundary condition at location
(4)?
c) Comment on the relative magnitudes of q2” and q3”.
d) Comment on the relative magnitudes of kA and kB.

Chee 318 Chapter 3

30
*
A plane wall of thickness 0.1 m and thermal conductivity 25 W/m.K
having uniform volumetric heat generation of 0.3 MW/m3 is insulated
on one side, while the other side is exposed to a fluid at 92°C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient between the wall and the fluid is
500 W/m2.K. Determine the maximum temperature in the wall.

Chee 318 Chapter 3

31
 *
The temperature drop
across the interface
between materials may be
appreciable, due to surface
roughness effects, leading
to air pockets. We can
define thermal contact
resistance:
TA  TB
Rt",c 
q"x

See tables 3.1, 3.2 for

typical values of Rt,c
Chee 318 12 Chapter 3
 *
When area varies in the x direction and k is a function of temperature,
Fourier’s law can be written in its most general form:

dT
qx  k (T ) A( x)
dx
* For steady-state conditions, no heat generation, one-
dimensional heat transfer, qx is constant.
x dx T
 qx  xo A( x )
 
To
k (T )dT

Chee 318 13 Chapter 3

 *
Consider a conical section fabricated from pyroceram. It is of
circular cross section, with the diameter D=ax, where a=0.25.
The small end is at x1=50 mm and the large end at x2=250 mm.
The end temperatures are T1=400 K and T2=600 K, while the
lateral surface is well insulated.
1. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution T(x) in
symbolic form, assuming one-dimensional conditions. Sketch
the temperature distribution
2. Calculate the heat rate, qx, through the cone.
T2
T1

x1
x2
Chee 318 14
x Chapter 3
 *
Consider a hollow cylinder, whose inner and outer surfaces are
exposed to fluids at different temperatures

Temperature distribution

Chee 318 15 Chapter 3

 *
* Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.5) in the r-direction for steady-
state conditions, with no energy generation:
1 d  dT 
 kr 0
r dr  dr 
dT dT
• Fourier’s law: qr  kA  k (2rL)  const
dr dr

• Boundary Conditions: T ( r1 )  Ts,1 , T ( r2 )  Ts,2

• Temperature profile, assuming constant k:

(Ts,1  Ts,2 )  r 
T (r)  ln    Ts,2  Logarithmic temperature distribution
ln( r1 / r2 )  r 2  (see previous slide)
Chee 318 16 Chapter 3
 *
Based on the previous solution, the conduction hear transfer rate can
be calculated:

• Fourier’s law: dT dT
qr  kA  k (2rL)  const
dr dr
2Lk Ts,1  Ts,2  Ts,1  Ts,2  Ts,1  Ts,2 
qx   
ln( r2 / r1 ) ln( r2 / r1 ) /( 2Lk ) Rt ,cond
In terms of equivalent thermal circuit:
T,1  T,2
qx 
Rtot
1 ln( r2 / r1 ) 1
Rtot   
h1 ( 2r1L) 2kL h2 ( 2r2 L)
Chee 318 17 Chapter 3
 *
 Express the following
geometry in terms of
a an equivalent
thermal circuit.

Chee 318 18 Chapter 3

 *
 What is the heat transfer rate?
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient. If A=A1=2r1L:

1
U
1 r1 r r r r r r 1
 ln 2  1 ln 3  1 ln 4  1
h1 k A r1 k B r2 kC r3 r4 h4

alternatively we can use A2=2r2L, A3=2r3L etc. In all cases:

1
U1 A1  U 2 A2  U 3 A3  U 4 A4 
R t

Chee 318 19 Chapter 3

 A thin electrical heater is wrapped around the outer surface of a long
cylindrical tube whose inner surface is maintained at a temperature
of 5°C. The tube wall has inner and outer radii of 25 and 75 mm
respectively, and a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m.K. The thermal
contact resistance between the heater and the outer surface of the
tube (per unit length of the tube) is R’t,c=0.01 m.K/W. The outer
surface of the heater is exposed to a fluid of temperature –10°C and a
convection coefficient of h=100 W/m2 .K.
Determine the heater power per unit length of tube required to
maintain the heater at To=25°C.

*
Chee 318 20 Chapter 3
 *
• Fourier’s law:

dT
qr  kA
dr
2 dT
 k (4r )
dr
* Starting from Fourier’s law, acknowledging that qr is constant,
independent of r, and assuming that k is constant, derive the
equation describing the conduction heat transfer rate. What is
the thermal resistance?

Chee 318 21 Chapter 3

 *
One modality for destroying malignant tissue involves imbedding a
small spherical heat source of radius ro within the tissue and
maintaining local temperatures above a critical value Tc for an
extended period. Tissue that is well removed from the source may be
assumed to remain at normal body temperature (Tb=37°C).
Obtain a general expression for the radial temperature distribution in
the tissue under steady-state conditions as a function of the heat rate
q.
If ro=0.5 mm, what heat rate must be supplied to maintain a tissue
temperature of T>Tc=42°C in the domain 0.5<r<5 mm? The tissue
thermal conductivity is approximately 0.5 W/m.K.

Chee 318 22 Chapter 3

 *
Cylindrical (Tube) Wall Spherical Wall (Shell)

Solid Cylinder (Circular Rod) Solid Sphere

Chee 318 Chapter 3

32
 *
* Heat diffusion equation 1 d  dT  q
in the r-direction for  kr  0
steady-state conditions: r dr  dr  k
q 2
• General Solution: T   r  C1 ln r  C2
2k
dT
• Boundary Conditions:  0, T ( ro )  Ts
dr r 0 T , h
• Temperature profile:

qro2  r2 
T (r)  1    Ts (3.6)
4k  r2 
 o 
L
• Calculation of surface temperature:
qro
q(ro2 L)  h(2ro L)(Ts  T ) and Ts  T  (3.7)
Chee 318
2h Chapter 3
33
 *
A cylindrical shell of inner and outer radii ri and ro, respectively, is
filled with a heat-generating material that provides a uniform
volumetric generation rate. The inner surface is insulated, while the
outer surface of the shell is exposed to a fluid with a convection
coefficient h.
a) Obtain an expression for the steady-state temperature distribution
T(r) in the shell.
b) Determine an expression for the heat rate q’(ro) at the outer radius
of the shell in terms of the heat generation rate and the shell
dimensions

Chee 318 Chapter 3

34
*
An extended surface (also know as a combined conduction-
convection system or a fin) is a solid within which heat transfer
by conduction is assumed to be one dimensional, while heat is
also transferred by convection (and/or radiation) from the
surface in a direction transverse to that of conduction

Chee 318 Chapter 3

35
 *
Extended surfaces may exist in many situations but are commonly
used as fins to enhance heat transfer by increasing the surface area
available for convection (and/or radiation). They are particularly
beneficial when h is small, as for a gas and natural convection.

 Solutions for various fin geometries can be found in the literature (see for
example

Chee 318 Chapter 3

36
*

Chee 318 Chapter 3

*

Konstanta Integrasi C1 dan C2 tergantung syarat

batas
Syarat batas pertama pada x = 0 
Chee 318 Chapter 3
 *

Chee 318 Chapter 3

*

* Karena perpan di ujung sirip diabaikan 

C.Suhu di Ujung Sirip Tertentu (TL)

D. Sirip Panjang  TL ≈ T∞

Chee 318 Chapter 3

Chee 318 Chapter 3
Chee 318 Chapter 3
 *
*Efektivitas sirip (εf) :Nisbah antara Laju perpan melalui sirip
dgn laju perpan dipangkal sirip bila tanpa sirip.

Harus diusahakan sebesar mungkin

Untuk kasus D  εf = M/(h Ac,b θb)

Implikasinya : bahan sirip k besar, koefisien konveksi kecil  natural, gas
sirip tipis melebar, memanjang.
Untuk kasus B  εf = M tanh mL/(h Ac,b θb)≥ 2
Harga tanh mL maksimum ≈ 1, untuk tanh mL= 0.99  mL ≈ 2.50
Dengan demikian kasus B dapat didekati manakala L ≈ 2.50/m

Chee 318 Chapter 3

*Tahanan sirip (Rt,f) didefinisikan sebagai
Bila tahanan termal di pangkal sirip

Maka efektivitas sirip dinyatakan sebagai

Efisiensi sirip
“Nisbah antara laju perpan sirip dengan
(ηf) laju perpan maksimum/ideal (seluruh sirip
* pada Tb)”

Untuk kasus B 

Chee 318 Chapter 3

 * Panjang sirip dikoreksi  Lc = L + t/2 ; Lc = L + D/4

Kesalahan karena pendekatan dapat diabaikan bila (ht/k) atau (hD/2k) ≤

0.0625
Bila w >> t  P ≈ 2w dan

Luas fin terkoreksi Ap = Lc x t  mLc = (2h/kAp)0.5 Lc1.5

*
Dengan demikian η = C.η [(h/k.Ap )0.5 Lc1.5]

qf = ηf qmax = ηf h Af θb

Perhatikan baik-baik harga Af

Chee 318 Chapter 3
 *

Chee 318 Chapter 3

 *

Chee 318 Chapter 3

* Efisiensi Permukaan Menyeluruh (ηo) menggambarkan keadaan
permukaan yang dilekati sejumlah sirip dan permukaan yang
tidak dilekati sirip.

Dengan qt = laju perpan total = qf + qb

Chee 318 Chapter 3

 *

Chee 318 Chapter 3