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According to Freud this is why the "talking cure“ - he got his patients to
manifest content of dreams can be in the form of relax in a position in which they were
Dream Analysis deprived of strong sensory stimulation,
believable events
Freud considered dreams to be the royal and even keen awareness of the
However, Freud was cautious about symbols and presence of the analyst
road to the unconscious
stated that general symbols are personal rather
Dreams are distinguished into two: than universal. A person cannot interpret what - hence the famous use of the
the manifest content of a dream symbolized couch, with the analyst virtually silent
1. manifest content of a dream (what the without knowing about the person’s and out of sight
dreamer remembers) circumstances.
- and then encouraged them to
2. latent content, the symbolic meaning of Psychoanalysis as a Therapy speak freely and uninhibitedly,
the dream (i.e. the underlying wish) Sigmund Freud emphasized the preferably without forethought, in the
importance of the unconscious mind belief that he could thereby discern the
unconscious forces lying behind what
was said (free-association)
Free-association and Dream Analysis The Coherence of the Theory intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far
too limited.
similar to that involved in the analysis of The difficulty with Freud’s theory is that
dreams—in both cases the super-ego is it offers us entities which are said to be • The theory may help us figure out how
to some degree disarmed, its efficiency the unobservable causes of certain to succeed in learning and life. All people
as a screening mechanism is moderated, forms of behavior But there have varying levels of aptitude in each of
and material is allowed to filter through are no correspondence rules for these the multiple intelligences. Which is your
to the conscious ego which would alleged causes–they cannot be
dominating intelligence?
otherwise be completely repressed identified except by reference to the
behavior which they are said to cause • The theory of multiple intelligences,
the process is necessarily a difficult and
protracted one, and it is therefore one of the analyst does not demonstratively developed by Dr. Howard Gardner
the primary tasks of the analyst to help assert: "This is the unconscious cause, suggests that the traditional idea of
the patient recognize, and overcome, his and that is its behavioral effect;" rather intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far
own natural resistances he asserts: "This is the behavior, too limited.
therefore its unconscious
Freud always took the occurrence of • The theory may help us figure out how
cause must exist"
resistance as a sign that he was on the to succeed in learning and life. All people
right track in his assessment of the Intelligence have varying levels of aptitude in each of
underlying unconscious causes of the the multiple intelligences. Which is your
patient’s condition • A general capacity of an individual
consciously to adjust his thinking to new dominating intelligence?
Psychoanalytic Treatment requirements; it is a general mental
adaptability to new problems
the object of psychoanalytic treatment
may be said to be a form of self- • Intelligence has been defined in many
understanding different ways such as in terms of one's
capacity for logic, abstract thought,
once this is acquired it is largely up to understanding, self-awareness,
the patient, in consultation with the communication, learning and emotional
analyst, to determine how he shall knowledge, memory, planning,
handle this newly-acquired creativity and problem solving
understanding of the unconscious forces
which motivate him • It can also be more generally described
as the ability to perceive
One possibility, mentioned above, is the information and retain it as knowledge
channeling of sexual energy into the for applying to itself or other instances
achievement of social, artistic or of knowledge or information
scientific goals–this is sublimation,
which Freud saw as the motivating force • The theory of multiple intelligences,
behind most great cultural developed by Dr. Howard Gardner
achievements suggests that the traditional idea of
The Nine Intelligences – identified by use rhythms and patterns to understand daily journal, read self-help books, imagine
Howard Gardner things. You can probably remember and yourself in other people's shoes
even replicate a sound or listening
1. Linguistic intelligence : You learn best passage you've only heard once. 6. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (Body
through reading, writing, listening, and Smart) : You learn best through touch
speaking. You probably enjoy writing Auditory-Musical careers: Composer, DJ, and movement. You process information
poetry and stories. You're good at Band Director, Singer through the body and may have fine-
identifying grammar errors and you may tuned motor skills. People probably say
have a talent for learning foreign To cultivate Auditory-Musical that you're "well-coordinated" and
languages. This is traditionally one of the intelligence: Listen to music while "athletic". You usually need to do
most highly-prized intelligences in studying, connect music to a lesson, something to remember it and you may
education systems worldwide, meaning write a short song have a hard time working at a desk all
it's likely that you've been successful in day.
your scholarly pursuits. 4. Interpersonal intelligence (People
Smart) : You enjoy socializing, sharing, Bodily-Kinesthetic careers: Dancer,
To cultivate Verbal-Linguistic conducting interviews and cooperating. actor, construction worker, sculptor
intelligence: Write in a journal, play word People may considered you extroverted
games (like Scrabble and crossword and/or empathetic to others. You're an To cultivate Bodily-Kinesthetic
puzzles), read more books, and debate excellent group leader and team player. intelligence: Physical activities,
issues more often
manipulate objects, using fine and gross
Verbal-Linguistic careers: Writers, Interpersonal careers: Politician, motor skills, build things
public speakers, lawyers teacher, social worker, counselor
7. Visual-spatial intelligence (Picture
2. Logical – mathematical intelligence : To cultivate Interpersonal intelligence: Smart) : You have an excellent ability to
Calculating, classifying, and finding Engage in group activities, volunteer for draw, visualize, and design. You benefit
patterns are all your strong suits. You community service, teach a class or a greatly from having access to pictures,
like to experiment, solve puzzles, and friend something diagrams, and other visual aids. You
identify relationships. enjoy puzzles and mazes and you can
5. Intrapersonal intelligence (Self Smart): visualize and manipulate objects with
To cultivate Logical-Reasoning Intrapersonal-intelligent people are highly skilled your mind's eye.
intelligence: Play logic and pattern games at understanding themselves. You are
like Sudoku, organize a collection, Visual-Spatial careers: Architect,
introspective, independent, and self-motivated.
develop and prove a hypothesis, find the computer scientist,designer
You learn best by working alone and setting
pattern in a poem
individual goals.
Logical-Reasoning careers: Scientists, To cultivate Visual-Spatial intelligence:
computer programmers, inventors Interpersonal careers: Psychologist, poet, Take a photography or drawing class,
draw mind maps of your plans or ideas,
3. Musical intelligence (Music Smart) : You therapist
do puzzles and mazes for fun
understand and appreciate the art of
music. You do well at listening, To cultivate Intrapersonal intelligence: Keep a
composing and performing music. You
8. Naturalistic (Nature Smart): Naturalistic • A process that helps identifies not just Normal distribution of intelligence levels
learners feel a connection to the earth. weaknesses of a person, but also their
You learn by working with nature. strengths IQ Descripti % of
9. People may say you have a green thumb on Population
• Psychological testing is not a single test
or that you're an animal whisperer. In or even a single type of test; 0-19 Idiot 1
school, you always loved having class
outside and you may have engaged in • Some tests are used to determine IQ, 20-49 Imbecile 1
hobbies such as bird watching or rock others are used for personality, and still
others for something else 50-69 Moron 2
collecting.
• Psychological assessment is something 70-79 Inferior 6
Naturalistic careers: Zookeeper, that’s typically done in a formal manner 80-89 Dull 15
veterinarian, conservationist
Psychological testing is divided into four 90-109 Average 46
primary types:
To cultivate Naturalistic intelligence: 110-119 Bright 18
Keep a nature journal, start a small 1. Clinical Interview - an information-
garden, go outside for everyday gathering session for the professional’s 120-129 Superior 8
activities, take care of a pet benefit
130-139 Very 3
10. Existential (Spirit smart) : It is the ability 2. Assessment of Intellectual Functioning superior
to deal with the big questions of human (IQ) - Raven's Progressive
existence and metaphysics. People may Matrices (Raven's matrices); Are non- 140-179 Gifted 1
say you have a "sixth sense", a "strong verbal multiple choice measures of the 180- and up Genius 1
aura," or an "old soul". No matter your general intelligence, in each test item,
age, you give off a feeling of inner peace the subject is asked to identify the Mental Retardation
and wisdom. missing element that completes a
Spirit smart careers: Shaman, yogi, • a condition diagnosed before age 18,
pattern The best and most popular
clergyman, psychic, philosopher usually in infancy or prior to birth, that
intelligence test of all time according to
includes below-average general
Wikipedia, The gold standard in
To cultivate existential intelligence: intellectual function and,
intelligence tests according to CNN
practice meditation, write down some • a lack of the skills necessary for daily
"big" questions and write down the 3. Personality Assessment - designed to
living
answers that come to you help a professional better understand an
individual’s personality; Thematic • or the ability to adapt to the demands of
Psychological testing Apperception Test (TAT) normal life is impaired
• The foundation of how psychologists 4. Behavioral Assessment – methods used • Education, job training, support from
better understand a person and their in psychology family, and individual characteristics
behavior such as motivation and personality can
all contribute to the ability of individuals
with MR to adapt
Symptoms • the prodigy phenomenon is the result of not previously explored—thus giving the
a lucky “coincidence” of factors; healthy world something of value that would not
• Failure to meet intellectual social/emotional development, family otherwise exist
developmental markers aspects, education and preparation,
access to training resources, material Emotion
• Persistence of infantile behavior
support from family members • Love and sympathy are pleasant
• Lack of curiosity emotions, thus should be cultivated
Example:
• Decreased learning ability • Some emotions make us suffer; we
Think of the kid who is immediately
• Inability to meet educational demands attracted to structure of classical music should avoid them
of school and spends hours and hours practicing • Some are childish and simple; we should
Mild retardation may be associated with the violin without anyone telling him to adjust them
a lack of curiosity and quiet behavior. Severe do so
The component of emotions
mental retardation is associated with the young girl who finds numbers
infantile behavior throughout life. beautiful and spends many hours playing 1. Subjective (personal) feelings
Idiots savants with numbers in her head, discovering 2. Physiological (body) responses, and
new patterns and the structure of
• Mentally defective individuals, usually mathematics 3. Expressive behavior
moderately retarded, who have special
talents in one or more fields such as These children find these activities and rule Subjective (personal) feelings - refers to the way
structures inherently rewarding each individual person experiences feelings
mathematics, memory, literature,
music. Idiots-savants are rare Genius • this component is the most difficult to
• They are imbeciles who for unknown describe or measure
The word genius is used in two closely • the person experiencing the emotion must
reasons have normal development of a related but somewhat different senses:
certain trait or talent (Rain Man, film) describe it to others, and each person's
1. In the first sense, it refers to great description and interpretation of a feeling
Child prodigies intellectual ability as measured by may be slightly different
performance on a standardized o Physiological (body) responses - the
• a person under the age of ten who easiest part of emotion to measure
produces meaningful output in some intelligence test.
o People have very similar internal
domain to the level of an adult expert 2. In the second and more popular sense, it responses to the same emotion - a
performer designates creative ability of an pounding heart, sweating, blood
• excel in mathematics, music and arts exceptionally high order as rushing to the face in response to a
demonstrated by actual achievement situation that creates intense emotion
• Their working memory involves the o "fight or flight" reaction – pertains to
ability to hold information in memory • Genius is distinguished from talent, both
quantitatively and qualitatively how we react to stressors, we either
while being able to manipulate and stay and deal with a threat or to run
process other incoming information • Genius involves originality, creativity, away to safety
and the ability to think and work in areas
o Expressive behavior - is the outward 1. Happiness down and to the side, exposing their neck.
sign that an emotion is being And the embarrassed smile is different from
experienced, or other body language 2. Sadness other smiles: The lips press together tightly,
o Emotions reinforce or inhibit 3. Surprise reflecting feelings of restraint or inhibition.
responses, for example, when one is
scared, he can run faster 4. Fear Embarrassment can look like shame, but
o When one is gloomy, he moves very 5. Disgust when we're ashamed, our head moves
slowly straight down, not to the side, and we don't
6. Anger smile.
Emotional States
Which among these universal emotions you Answer: Surprise
1. Mild states – pleasantness and feel most often?
unpleasantness that accompany the Surprise is often confused with fear. But
preference for one object to another FACIAL EXPRESSION & EMOTION
when we’re afraid, our lower eyelids tighten
2. Example we may find it pleasant to touch Facial expressions are a universal language of and our eyebrows look flat and tense; with
silk and unpleasant to touch a piece of emotion, instantly conveying happiness, surprise, our upper eyelids rise up and our
sand paper sadness, anger, fear, and much more. eyebrows arch. Also, our jaws drop when
Reading these expressions is essential to we’re surprised, but our lip corners go
3. Overpowering states – violent, intense compassion and empathy. sideways when we’re afraid, making the
experiences, grief, rage mouth look tighter.
Facial Expression and Emotion
Answer: Anger Some experts believe our eyes open wide like
this because when we’re confronted with
You see these muscle movements—in the something surprising—a long-lost friend, an
lips, around the eyes, and in the brow—when unexpected award—we try to absorb as
people are feeling aggressive, threatened, or much of this new information as possible.
frustrated. Researchers think we make this Answer: Disgust
expression when we're angry because it could
protect the face in a physical conflict—for When we feel disgust, the muscles above the
example, the furrowed eyebrows could upper lip pull up, raising the upper lip,
protect the eyes. wrinkling the nose, and narrowing the eyes.
People often confuse anger and disgust, but People often confuse disgust and anger. But
disgust involves a raised upper lip and a anger tightens the mouth and lowers the
wrinkle in the nose that you don’t see here. eyebrows more significantly, and raises the
Answer: Embarrassment upper eyelid. With disgust, the mouth opens
Psychological research has classified six facial and the tongue comes out, just in case you
expressions which correspond to distinct When people are embarrassed, they avert need to throw up.
universal emotions their gaze, which means they move their head
Answer: Shame Emotion and Health 5. Do not let the lecture finish without any
understanding on the subject matter
Shame is a very simple display but a powerful • Psychosomatic medicine – branch of and,
one. It simply involves gaze aversion, with the medical science and applied psychology;
head moving down so that the chin tucks into emotional conflict is a factor in many 6. Relax.
the neck. It's the opposite of pride: Whereas functional disorders
Learning
with pride our head tilts back and our chin Influence of Emotion
goes up, shame often constricts our posture • It is common to think of learning as
as a sign of submissiveness. • Emotions make life colorful something that takes place in school, but
• Every noble deed that has brought relief • Much of human learning occurs outside
This expression is frequently confused with the classroom, and
and promoted human welfare, and
sadness. But shame doesn't involve the
muscle movements of the sad face—the • Every masterpiece of art or literature • People continue to learn throughout
eyebrows pulled in and partly up, with the lip was influenced by emotion their lives
corners moving down.
• It is a reinforcing agent which motivates Nature of Learning
Like facial expressions, behavioral responses do man to action during emergency
• Learning is an intelligent adaptation to
not accurately reveal a person’s emotions, it is
often difficult to recognize an individual's • But good as it is, emotion should be our changing conditions
emotion through his external expressions of slave, never our master
• Learning is an on-going process
behavior because such acts are learned • Excessive emotion affects perception, occurring within the individual
Control of Emotion reasoning, and judgement
• Learning has a change in an individual
Related Learning Experience: caused by experience
• Emotions should not be suppressed, but
should be controlled Every masterpiece of art and literature was • Most psychologists and educators tend
influenced by emotion. Present an original piece to agree that learning is a process by
Example :
that is reinforced by your emotion. which behavior is either modified or
• A man who gets angry with another may changed through experience or training.
get a feeling of relief by hurting the Learning, acquisition of Knowledge and
Thinking • In this sense, learning refers not only to
offending person so that the dynamic
an outcome that is manifestly
force within him can have an outlet. Phases of Learning and acquiring Knowledge observable, but also to attitudes,
(fight response)
1. Observe proper behavior feelings, and intellectual processes that
• If he suppresses his anger, it would may not be so obvious.
harmfully affect him. (freeze response) 2. Sit properly yet comfortably