CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Nature of the Project

As part of every culture in the world, libraries are springing up in city centers, in
residential estates, and in universities. Library has evolved from these past
centuries as a legacy to be part of the rising communication and information
technology in the 21st century. A library is used by the community it serves. It is
managed by librarians who serve the public for book borrowing and lending,
research assistance, and sorting collections

Libraries are considered to be an essential part of educating the community that

serve the general public‘s information needs which differ from research libraries,
university libraries, and other special libraries have to offer for their certain target
population. It encourage students and professionals to read and study through book
clubs, to help adults in appreciating literature, and to promote free services for
everyone in improving their literate knowledge. Typical libraries allow users to
borrow books and other materials off the premises for a designated amount of time.
They also provide non-circulating reference collections and computer stations for
patrons to access the internet. Due to growing demand, the role of the library has
been complemented by the growth of branch libraries that have distinct features of
offering fewer facilities and different scope of services. This shows that a library
will improve the social and intellectual skills of the community in adapting the
changing goals and ideals of the 21st century.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

According to 2010 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey (APIS) of the National

Statistics Office (NSO), 1 out of 8 Filipinos, between ages 6 to 24, is an out-of-
school youth, which is equivalent to 16% of the estimated 39 million Filipinos in
that age range, which is around 6.24 million Filipinos. (Philippine Daily Inquirer
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2011) With that said, our country regrettably lacks in providing its people their
right to proper education and right to knowledge. Some of the major factors
responsible for this issue is our country’s growing population and increasing
poverty, but another factor that is commonly seen in surveys is the youth’s lack of
interest to study. Given that fact, it is only to be expected that we do something to
finally cease this growing problem.

That is why we should welcome the idea of having a Library, offering world-class
standards, while at the same time catering to the needs of not only the selected
minority, but to the greater majority of Filipinos. Given that the Libraries that we
have now has become obsolete with its information and hasn’t been updated and
inadequate to aid a great number of people that wants to research various topics
and information, the New BGC Library would cater to various users, adapting to
the new age technologies available in our time now, and will give a fresh take as to
how people see libraries, piquing their interests and encouraging to explore their
curiosities. To be located in the developing city of Bonifacio Global City in Taguig,
this project will make people realize that knowledge and education isn’t so much
as a privilege as it is a right.

1.3 Project Goal and Objectives

It is the goal of the BGC Library to serve as the medium by which the Filipinos
will exercise its right to knowledge and education.

1. To address the need for our society to have unrestricted access to general
knowledge and information while also being a safe and secured location for
storage and preservation of printed media;

2. To adapt with the present digital age and provide alternatives for digital
curation and preservation of printed media with the latest technological
developments available; and

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 3. To provide a physical repository to house the various collections of the
library in a conducive learning environment that can help in exposing the
community to aspire for the development and improvement of public libraries
in the Philippines.

1.4 Significance of the Project

With the proposed transfer and design of a new public library in Bonifacio Global
City, this will encourage Filipinos to give importance for the country‘s rich
literature and to show pride for the country‘s thriving erudite generation. The
flourishing legacy also means the modernization of educational facilities in the
Philippines in providing services to the community by having a new library facility
that befits the 21st century global trends that adopts international design standards
and planning. This project aims to set as an example for public libraries by
providing identity and inspiration as a response for the present need of a facility
which will address the problems that plagued Philippine libraries.

1.5 Project Scope and Limitation

1.5.1 Scope

a. Building Design

 Transfer and designing of a new public library in Bonifacio Global City.

 The public library will be a place to gain knowledge by featuring energy
efficient design as it will apply innovative technologies and architectural
solution for the proposed facility.
 The project will be multifunctioning as a learning hub and a community
space that will provide all necessary facilities within the boundary of its
architectural building type to meet the 21st century design trends.

b. Space Planning

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  The project will take into account of proper planning and implementation
of spaces. The following general cluster or zoning groups of spaces are the
ones that will be included in the design, namely the public and commercial
spaces, exhibition and training facilities, administrative division, technical
department, reading areas, services and utilities, and vehicular access and
parking.

1.5.2 Limitation

a. The project only focused on architectural planning, designing, and

programming of a new Public Library in Bonifacio Global City.
b. The project is limited to the building‘s structural conceptual framework.
c. The project is mainly focused on design concepts, building technology, and
innovations regarding sustainable architecture that are appropriate for a 21st
century public library.

1.6 Definition of Terms

 Acoustics – shall refer to the reflected sound and hearing of direct from the
space physical characteristics
 Archives – shall refer to the organized collection of documents and records
preserved in a repository for their historical value
 Acquisitions – shall refer to the purchased library materials
 Cataloging – shall refer to the collection‘s complete enumeration of items
arranged systematically with descriptive details
 Circulating – shall refer to the library materials that can be borrowed and
checked out
 Digital Library – shall refer to collection of digital objects such as visual
material, audio material, and video material stored as electronic media formats.
 Innovation – shall refer to new design solutions
 Library – shall refer to an institution where collections of books, manuscripts,
and electronic medias are kept and preserved for the public to use and borrow
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 Library Classification Schemes – shall refer to numbers and/or letters used to
represent the subject content of materials
 Librarian – shall refer to a professional that maintains the catalog of library
collections
 Literacy – shall refer to the ability to read and write
 Non-Circulating – shall refer to the items for library use only
 OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) – shall refer to computerized book
catalog and other items
 Passive Design – shall refer to design that takes advantage of the climate to
maintain a comfortable temperature in a building
 Publication – shall refer to a book, periodical, musical store, etc. that has been
printed and distributed
 Public Library – shall refer to a library that is accessible by the general public
within a certain radius
 Public Space – shall refer to spaces used by the community for social and public
activities
 Rare Books – shall refer to valuable book collections
 Repository – shall refer to a place where something is deposited
 Sustainable Architecture – shall refer to building design that seeks to minimize
its environmental impact by efficiently and moderately use of materials, energy,
and development space

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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Overview

This chapter focuses on important topics that are gathered and compiled materials
from books, journals, news articles, and from internet sources which are all related
to development of the proposed project.

2.2 Developments in the Digital Age for Printed Media

In the past decade, the digital age have developed at a remarkably fast pace. In light
of this event, it’s been said that digitalization is now considered as an established
and often preferred system for safekeeping and preservation of information, and is
not anymore just an emerging tool. (Croft et al., 2012) The same could also be said
in the field of printed media. Libraries today face various challenges in changing
their roles in this present digital age, some of which are new collection
development strategies offered by the present technology, questions of copyright,
licensing and digital rights management, and the availability of hardware and
software on which to read electronic printed media. (Kahn et al., 2013) Also, recent
studies show that digital natives, a term coined for people who have been
interacting with digital technologies from a very early age, have had a harder time
to understand and comprehend the need for printed media due to the idea of how
technology codes and programs our minds. (Constanza et al., 2013) Similarly,
students have slowly adapted and accepted the changes happening for printed
media, specifically with having the options to have more e-books and e-textbooks
in their libraries due to its convenient and more accessible characteristic. (Wiese et
al., 2014) Although, for libraries to just have the option of having an electronic
version of a printed media does not equate to it being the only way to adapting to
the technological developments of the world; rather, it still needs to constantly
upgrade and develop its collection in regards to it being relevant and current. (Van
Zijil et al., 2012)

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With that being said, it is inevitable that changes to the system of libraries will be
done in order to accommodate these new technological developments available in
our time. It’s been discussed how our generation now is highly influenced by the
advancements made in technology and how it greatly affects their manner by which
they absorb and comprehend information. The fact that some people, usually the
ones who used printed media and books before the introduction of electronic boobs,
still prefer to have hardcopies of information and text can’t be ignored so the only
way to go about it is to be able to cater to both of the said users, the ones who
preferred printed media over e-books, and vice versa. The features that a library
can have are to have areas for the storage and preservation of printed media, but to
also allocate areas for electronic devices where in users could also access an
electronic copy of a certain printed media (i.e. computer rooms, digital archive
navigator, etc.), and to provide more spaces, which are both functional yet dynamic,
wherein users of both printed and electronic media can access information, such as
providing steps which has bookshelves underneath that can also function as a
seating space for library users.

2.3 Behavioral Study of People’s Reading Habits

Nowadays, it seems as if people are only interested in reading stuff from their
gadgets, even though the quality of their reading material isn’t as intellectually
engaging as compared to printed media. It’s as if they didn’t have time anymore to
spare to read a book so their choices for reading materials slowly deteriorated, only
having enough time to read those articles or posts that are either short or filled with
lots of visuals and imagery. The activity of reading of an individual, from the time
they begin basic education extending throughout their whole lifetime, is a basic
tool of learning. That said, an individual’s habit of reading is considered as one of
the most important foundations of a robust and developed personality. (Erdem,
2015) Studies have shown that there are various factors that highly influence an
individual’s reading habit. Among university students, it is said that there is relation
to their reading habits and their media literacy, grade point averages, and social
media using habits. (Can et al., 2015) The material they read has a positive
correlation to the grade point averages they get, as well as the things they look up
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on the web. The only negative correlation found is how social media greatly
lessened the time they read. Another study done with regards to an individual’s
reading habit is finding that there is a positive relationship between the reading
environment and the average number of hours a person spends on reading. (Morni
et al., 2013) Even as simple as the way a person would read based on his/her culture
(i.e., from left-to-right and right-to-left), affects one’s reading habit. (Di Luca et al.,
2014)

With that said, The spaces within the proposed library must consider the design for
its users to be able to read in a comfortable yet still engaging environment, as well
as limit the distractions such as unnecessary external elements (i.e. noise, heat, etc.)
through proper use of materials that would lessen if not eliminate the said problems.

2.4 Awareness Programs for Literacy

Here in the Philippines, very few children are given the opportunity to study during
their early years of childhood, due to either their parents thinking that it was
unnecessary for them to take nursery or kindergarten classes when they could learn
those skills when they enter pre-school or that there are few or no nursery or
kindergarten schools available nearby their homes. Another prominent reason is
that most of the population in our country comprises of low-income families, thus
meaning that those families can’t afford to send their children to nursery or
kindergarten schools, spending most of their income for the whole family’s basic
needs such as food, clothing, shelter, etc. Even though this might seem practical, it
still hinders a child’s ability to prepare and develop their literacy stage, which
would help them greatly by improving their comprehensive, critical, and analytical
thinking as they enter higher forms of education.

A lot of factors affect a child’s early literacy capacity, but socioeconomic status and
gender play one of the biggest roles in a child’s academic achievement. According
to a study, it was shown that both boys and girls from high-poverty households
performed significantly lower than those of the girls from low-poverty households
in alphabet knowledge, phonological awareness, and spelling. Gender gaps, with a

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female advantage, were also shown in the given tests, which they concluded that
methodologically sound techniques should be practiced during a child’s early
literacy stage. (Al Otaiba et al., 2015) Effects of such early development in a child’s
literacy promoted a child’s school readiness skills and improve their oral language
skills, phonological awareness, print awareness, and alphabet knowledge when
they enter preschool. (Hutchinson et al., 2014) It was also shown that community-
based educational programs garnered more participants and had a better result in
promoting awareness of literacy in young children since the community was
willing to share the same goal. (Ollerenshaw, 2012; Camahalan, 2015)

With that said, it is to be expected that programs in the proposed BGC library are
to be given proper spaces to enhance the circulation of traffic and activities within
the said establishment. Design should also have the objective of giving its users a
unique and interesting experience to engage more with its users and to promote
literacy at the same time. Community or family-oriented spaces should be allocated
to foster a sense of community with its programs.

2.5 Natural Lighting Design for Libraries

Natural light has long been used to enhance the design and appeal of libraries.
Daylight "creates an ambiance of quiet contemplation and visual comfort, and"
provides people with a "connection to the natural environment". (Dean, 2014)More
than ever, utilizing daylight in libraries is becoming a priority not only for aesthetic
reasons, but also with the intent to save energy and costs. "Daylight, which is free,
provides the opportunity to reduce these negative impacts created by the over-
dependence on electric lighting sources. With good design, the daylight is not only
a good source of light but the most efficient. The number of lumens per watt
(efficacy) of daylight is twice that of a fluorescent lamp and ten times that of an
incandescent lamp. Properly designed daylighting strategies can both reduce
electric energy demand for lighting and minimize loads on the cooling equipment".
(Dean, 2014)

Lighting in libraries is important for several reasons. Library users obviously need

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sufficient lighting for reading books or text on a computer screen. Design
considerations must include avoidance of excessive contrasts with may cause
visual fatigue. The amount of light as it changes over the course of a day and
through the year must also be considered in an attempt to keep the levels of light
as consistent as possible. As sunlight is a concentrated source of light and contains
a lot of heat, natural lighting design must be considered as a part of the larger
lighting design of a library. "Sunlight must be controlled to be desirable".
(American Libraries, 2010) Some of the challenges of natural lighting design
include glare on computer screens and preservation of old, valuable materials.
(Kalwall, 2010) Some design features used to improve the quality of natural
lighting in libraries include roof monitors, skylights, and wall apertures.

2.6 Library Acoustic Design

Public libraries face a number of issues regarding acoustics that should be

addressed during the initial design and construction process for a new library
building or a building renovation project when it is less expensive and easier to
accomplish. As public libraries move toward more open-concept and flexible floor
plans it becomes increasingly difficult to manage noise within the library
environment. The major acoustical problems encountered mainly by public
libraries relate to one of the following - intrusive noise, overly reverberant spaces
and lack of speech privacy. (Wrightson, 2009) A balanced acoustic design absorbs,
blocks, and covers sound (the ABCs of acoustics). (Albanese, 2011) The most
direct method for controlling intrusive noise is to utilize products and systems with
sound-absorbing features. Ceilings and floor coverings are some examples of
materials that can be used to absorb sound. Ceiling systems can improve the
acoustics of a space due to the fact that they can both absorb and control sound.
Carpeting is another material that can be used to absorb sound in open spaces.
Wrapping fiberglass panels with fabric and strategically placing them on walls that
have been constructed of “hard” building materials such as tile or stone will also
help to absorb reflective, intrusive noise within an area. These panels are a
relatively easy-fix for existing buildings with noise issues. (Madsen, 2012)
Blocking sound from spreading throughout a room/area is another step to achieving

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a balanced acoustic design. Sound can be effectively blocked through the use of
walls and partitions. Librarians involved in the construction of a new library
building or addition should ask for the STC rating of walls/partitions that will be
surrounding noisy or sensitive spaces within the library. (Markham, 2012) The final
step to achieving a balanced acoustic design would be to cover sound with masking
technology. It has been proven that having a mix of noise is better than complete
silence. If there were complete silence even the slightest noises would be easily
heard. “By slightly raising the overall building’s background sound level, the
masking system will cover or dampen the level of typical speech conversation.”
(Wrobslaski, 2011)

There are many considerations that go into planning for the construction of a library
building which must go beyond the simple aesthetics of the building. The acoustics
of the proposed BGC will play an important role in determining the overall
satisfaction level of both patrons and staff with the day-to-day operation of the new
space. Noise is not necessarily a bad thing in public libraries but it needs to be the
“right” type of noise in the “right” space to meet everyone’s individual
requirements.

2.7 Interior Design for Libraries

The designing of the interior of the library may fall on the architect, the library
director, library board, the interior design firm, consultants, or the renovation
committee. Regardless of the responsible party, the interior design of a library
generally requires planning to create a successful space. The interior design affects
the mood and personality of the space, as well as its usability. (Brown, 2012)
Furthermore, interior design often overlaps architecture and its important to
consider this integration—in other words, one should not be designed without
considering the other. (Draper, 2009) It is also vital to consider the principles of
design in form, line, scale, balance, harmony, rhythm, emphasis, size, variation,
pattern, and repetition when assessing the aesthetic qualities of the space and the
materials. Interior design also affects the movement of people and materials
through the building therefore, work flow, the library's mission, space relationships,

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security, noise, and flexibility must be considered when planning the space. (Brown,
2012) Ideally, the goal is to create a variety of spaces suitable for reading, group
work, and computer use. It is also important to determine the location of areas such
as entrances, exits, study areas, reading areas, open areas, quiet areas, and high
activity areas and their spatial relationships to one another. Furthermore, in large
libraries it is especially important to create intimate spaces and grand spaces.
(Mattern, 2010) The practicalities related to the maintenance and durability of
furnishings, flooring, walls, art, windows treatments, must also be considered when
planning the interior. Setting the budget and creating priorities should also be done
early in the process (Brooks, 2009) Finally, planning can be as simple as drawing
out the floor plan yourself, but it is essential for larger projects to include the
interior design plan in a building program (Van Slyck, 2011).

In conclusion, designing a library interior is more than picking out some desks and
chairs, it is creating a space that honors knowledge and invites users to learn and
interact. The interior design of the proposed BGC library is fundamental to the
unique personality it should embody and should reflect the library's mission and
the community's values, giving it the lasting quality that great civic buildings
deserve.

2.8 Color Psychology in Reading

There have already been numerous studies done to show how color is used to
influence us through our behavior and mood, increasing our productivity, making
us feel more calm and relaxed, and even increasing our appetites. When you think
about it, color is all around us. Unconsciously, we use them to either aid in our
daily life or sometimes just to please our aesthetic environment. Architects are one
of the people who appreciated minimalism and therefore uses a lot of muted or
toned down color palettes. White, being the most prominent, conveys clarity, purity,
simplicity and is seen as a perfect blank canvas for them since it provides them
with less color distractions. While the color is shown to affect us positively, the
long term psychological effect of it on an individual’s well-being and behavior may
create for them an environment that gives off a feeling of coldness, sterility,

12
isolation and mental strain. This is one of the reasons why we must understand the
power of color and its long term effects for its users. Color tone, combination,
proportion and placement is key in any project both from a visual perspective and
the overall behavioral effects. Even using the right color but in the wrong tone and
you could end up with adverse effects. (Elliot et al., 2014) Studies have also been
conducted to show how color influences our oculomotor activity, the way our eyes
would focus more and fixate on some words in a paragraph, making it easier for us
to recognize and integrate the words with their meanings. (Inhoff, 2012) Also color
has been used to help people with reading difficulties, such as dyslexia, using
altered visual sensory, making it easier for them to recognize the word and its
meaning due to the stimuli that color gives to their minds. (Gonzalez-Castro, 2014)

The proposed BGC library could also utilize the studies conducted on color
psychology with its spaces and furniture, from the shelves to its flooring, it should
entice its users to engage on the materials found on the shelves and to actively use
color to enhance their reading experience to its maximum level. Since people from
all age groups are expected to go and use the said facility, considerations for the
color treatment on certain spaces dedicated to different age and social groups
should be done, reflecting seamless transition of spaces for kids, students, adults,
and for professionals.

2.9 Green Initiatives in Library Design

Because sustainability is becoming more popular, recent articles discussed the topic
and addressed smaller actions that can be taken to make a library greener. These
actions include both those that require larger renovations and changes and those
that require very little renovation or changes. Some smaller renovations and
changes that can be made to library buildings include replacing regular lighting
with Compact Florescent lighting which lasts longer and uses less energy. Adding
more windows and allowing students to work in natural sunlight can also decrease
the energy needs for lighting. Water sustainability can also be improved, with the
addition of water efficient faucets and toilets, and water-less urinals. Evaluating the
entire library for possibilities to improve sustainability can identify even smaller

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projects that can be taken up by almost any library. (Crumpton, 2010) Library
buildings can also have somewhat larger features and additions that can make them
more green and sustainable. The architecture of the buildings can make the most
of natural ventilation, reducing the need for artificial and reducing energy needs.
The architecture of the building can also make the most of natural lighting and
windows, reducing the need for artificial lighting. (Dike, 2014) Green roofs can
add interest, increase biodiversity, decrease runoff and help insulate the building.
Rainwater collection systems can also decrease runoff, and the rainwater can be
used to water plants in and around the building. (Tseng, 2011) The building itself
can be constructed from recycled materials and materials should come from local
and surrounding areas which decreases transportation costs of the materials.
Carpets can be made of low emitting, recycled fibers. (Helmer, 2010) Landscaping
around the building can be of local plant life that is drought resistant, reducing the
need for watering and/or fertilization. Finally, wood products within the building
and used within the building can come from sustainably grown forests. (Trotter.
2010)

Green and sustainable building design and policies are becoming more common
within libraries. There are many initiatives that can be taken, from the very simple
ones (like recycling) to the completely involved building projects including
environmentally friendly building projects and wind/solar energy. The proposed
BGC library should also consider including some of these green initiatives to
increase sustainability and many times, decrease long term costs

2.10 Library Building Technologies

Technologies provide information for buildings that will be relevant by providing

the occupants and building management with their particular needs. ―Architecture
is becoming more essential as technology integrates with the city. Functioning
cities needs growing technologies that will result of having central importance, in
terms of design, for the urban environment. As people might think, this shift won‘t
occur but introducing technology in architecture will be kept developing as it is
bound to happen. Cities, with government agencies and companies involving with

14
projects, will have potential benefits for the built environment that incorporates
technologies‖ (Bratton, 2012).

Technologies help cities to operate more efficiently by better managing resources.

Having sensors in cities will help them in capturing data that municipalities and
companies can collect, analyzes, and model to improve infrastructure energy
consumption, public safety, and transportation operations. (Pollalis, 2012) At a
similar but smaller-scale of application, smart ‘building systems help to oversee
the use of resources at an architectural level. The theoretical savings from these
performance-based applications have been compelling enough that this approach
is likely to become a viable model from a financing perspective. All of which is a
good thing.

New architecture, through contemporary and modern, has retained many of its
historical antecedents that also acquired some exciting new components. ―One of
these is the impact of modern technology. (Roth, 2011) This, itself, has a dual
character: the changing technologies in the sectors that are clients and users of
buildings and the changing technology of the construction process, including
changes of design and execution. The first of these two changes resulted in new
requirements for and in buildings. The second altered the technology of design and
architecture. The function and relations of participants in the construction process
changed. The new pattern of the client supported by an expert staff for the buildings
that client requires and operates, and general and specialized designers and
contractors exerted strong pressure for the emergence of new procurement methods.
All this is intimately interwoven with the new technologies in information,
telecommunication, and management. (Sebestyen, 2013).

2.11 Library Way-finding

Libraries are known for housing over more than a thousand of collections, both
printed and digital, which aid its users in finding the information that they are
seeking, giving them the material they need and being an over-all source of
knowledge for all kinds of its users. That being said, the convenience and efficiency

15
of the way the users use and experience the library would be a great factor in
determining how the said facility is functioning to serve its purpose. One way to
achieve this is for the library to have a proper way-finding system.

Wayfinding is the method by which humans orient and navigate in space, and
particularly in built environments such as cities and complex buildings, including
public libraries. In order to wayfind successfully in the built environment, humans
need information provided by wayfinding systems and tools, for instance
architectural cues, signs, and maps. (Mandel, 2012) To successfully navigate space
in seeking information, users need to develop their spatial thinking, or the ability
to visualize and interpret location, distance, direction, relationships, movement,
and change through space. Learning to think spatially has been defined as a vital
skill for people, especially the younger generation, to be equipped properly for their
future. (Johnston, 2014) Surveys found that requests for directions are among the
most frequently posed questions at help desks in libraries. Given this fact, a study
on spatial science perspective was done where they combined spatial and
behavioral approaches to reveal objectively areas in the library where wayfinding
problems occur. Results show that a building's layout complexity and visual access
potentially predicts how well patrons find their goals (books and other materials).
(Klippel et al., 2012) This proves how important understanding user wayfinding
behavior and then designing around it contributes to user’s convenience and
efficiency in using the facilities in the library.

Since it’s been known that behavior contributes to the way users would circulate
around the library, certain technological advancements such as the use of a
geographic information system to map the most popular routes the users take and
use that information to increase the level of wayfinding ease through strategically
marketing library materials and services along highly-trafficked entry routes.
(Mandel, 2010)

Way finding should be one of the major factors to be considered when designing
the library in an architectural scope. Harmony between the built space and the
spatial way finding cues is a must in the proposed project.

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2.12 Library Safety and Security Issues

In light of the changing times, issues regarding one’s safety and security are one of
the factors people give utmost importance to. Libraries are no different; housing
over a thousand of printed material and references, it is already a given that libraries
should appropriate considerations for the safety and security of not only their users,
but most importantly, to the collection it holds.

Studies have shown that most libraries, due to the developing technology that we
have today, have ineffective, if not outdated and obsolete, safety and security
measures for both their users and their collection. Most libraries review safety and
security only as an aspect of management in general, occupational health and safety,
and disaster preparedness. Considering security matters alongside other topics can
blur the focus and lead to confusion. (Robertson, 2015) With that said, safety and
security should be viewed as an independent aspect in facilitating a library. Another
way to ensure the libraries security and still maintain their best traditions of
openness and public access is through creating an unobtrusive yet effective security
plan. (Graham, 2012) This could be done during the development of programs for
the library. To incorporate security features during the development of a distributed
system requires a sound analysis of potential attacks or threats in various contexts,
a process that is often termed 'threat modeling'. (Fernandez et al., 2014) In other
words, predicting any possible future problems or threats that the facility may
encounter is vital in creating a safety and security plan for the library. Other
methods that could be done may be to show how to easily set clear expectations for
users' behavior; present guidelines for when and how to intervene when someone
violates the code of conduct, including tips for approaching an unruly patron; offer
instruction on keeping persistent troublemakers under control or permanently
barred from the library; and give library staff tools for communicating effectively
with its security professionals, including examples of basic documentation.
(Lamptey et al., 2011)

Since our generation now is constantly developing our presently advance

17
technologies, measures for digital safety and security of the library’s collection
should also be considered. The safety of a library digital information resources is
the key to the normal operation and development of a library, which is also the
guarantee for library to service its users effectively. (Liu, 2014) Having the library’s
own OPAC is one of the ways to safe keep and monitor the existing collection, at
the same time helps its users efficiently use the facility for their own convenience.

2.13 Disaster Preparedness in Libraries

While proper planning and design aesthetics are important factors in designing any
type of structure, it is also important to consider disaster preparedness as one of the
major aspects in any project. In our time now, we’ve experienced a great
development in the area of technology, making our lives easier and our work more
efficient. But with that development came also a great consequence for we’ve also
almost depleted our present resources to the point that it has become a serious issue
that our future generation will have none of the things that we have now.

In preparing for a disaster, there are a lot of factors that needs to be considered but
it is our best bet to design structures that are resilient and can withstand natural
calamities, such as floods, earthquakes, typhoons and fires. Unfortunately, there
are only a few studies being done now to answer this pressing issue and therefore
results to the lack of the public’s awareness of such concern. A survey on disaster
awareness and preparedness of libraries was done and results showed that only a
few libraries have a disaster control and recovery plan and that the staff aren’t
familiar with protocols on what to do if ever a disaster will strike their facility. The
only common disaster preventive equipment available in most of the libraries were
fire extinguishers. As for the building design, only fire exits were considered as a
preventive measure disaster resiliency. Lack of fund and disaster control plans were
the major constraints facing the staff in creating awareness and preparing for
disasters. (Lawal et al., 2014)

Because of the given facts, it is only to be expected that disaster resiliency be

considered in the planning process of the proposed library in BGC. Since BGC is

18
near a fault line, earthquake resilient designs should be further looked up on.
Studies on Earthquake risk assessments at an urban scale should be done to
determine how human behaviors influence inhabitants‫ ׳‬safety levels, defining
combined “risk maps” and evaluating community resilience features. (Bernardini,
2014) Other thatn making the structural component of the building earthquake
resilient, the city could also devise resiliency plans that could be put in place as
early as when the need for it arise while at the same time exploring creative ways
as to how BGC could respond to natural disasters. (Hoshaw, 2013) Similarly,
raising the public awareness on related issues of such disaster would also help in
educating the whole community on what to do when a natural calamity would strike.

2.14 PWD Considerations for Libraries

Considerations for people with disabilities are a mandatory factor to consider in

designing any type of structure. But these consideration doesn’t end with just
provisions for the usual PWD architectural standard. The need for PWD provision
vary per use of the structure, which means that there are more aspects to consider
for PWDs in libraries other than providing ramps and rails.

First of all, components in a built space, which may not be much of a hindrance for
another person, may be considered as a physical barrier that restricts PWDs
movements in a building. A study was done on the effectiveness of accessibility for
PWDs as compared to people with no disabilities in certain spaces. The finding
reveals it is a mandatory requirement to provide user friendly accessibility within
and outside buildings as there are weaknesses found such as poor thought out
solution, poor quality materials, limited guidelines and weak enforcement by the
relevant authorities. (Arrif et al., 2012) Another study done on the subject of people
with disabilities in libraries found out that 1 out of every 5 people that has visited
the facility have some form of disability and accessibility guidelines and standards
that apply to libraries are complicated, unclear, and difficult to achieve. Other than
recommendations to proactively update and adapt services as assistive technologies
improve, suggestions for existing technologies that offer a variety of tools to meet
disabled patrons' needs, and resources that exist to assist library professionals in

19
obtaining and evaluating product accessibility information from vendors were also
proposed. (Vandenbark, 2010) Raising the awareness for the legal responsibilities
that local governments have toward marginalized communities in a time of crisis
argues that people with disabilities (PWDs) have a "right to be rescued" - a legal
right to have their unique needs accounted for and addressed in emergency
planning. (Wei Bgen, 2015)

In doing so, this mandatory consideration for PWDs also serve as a call to action
for other urban areas that have yet to adequately plan for the needs of PWDs in
emergencies. Such planning is not merely morally correct; it is legally required,
and it is critical that local governments get their plans in order before the next
calamity strike.

2.15 Kid-friendly Environment and Architecture

Across the world, an emphasis on lifelong learning has focused attention on early
childhood and integrated approaches to learning and care, as well as how to best
meet the needs of young people. They now spend more time than ever before in
school and other learning environments, and if they are to engage with lifelong
learning, this must be fostered at an early age. How best do we encourage children
and young people to become the protagonists of their own learning throughout their
lives and what role can spaces and places play in this? How do we design space
which supports inclusive approaches to education enabling all children to learn
together? How do we reflect the importance now given to families and
communities as key partners in the learning process? How do we increase the
contribution that buildings can make to the environment – and children’s
understanding of the impact of their activities on the environment? And, above all,
how can we offer buildings and design which inspire us all?

In designing a new public library, it is important to consider all the types of users
which would benefit from the said facilities, which means that considerations for
children architecture and the “play culture” must be furthered studied and looked
upon to be able to create an environment which would cater to the needs of children,

20
teens, adults and professionals. Children’s architecture’s importance is to base it
upon a perception of that of a child and not on the presumption of an adult by
integrating the knowledge of early childhood development are affected by
architecture. (Amirkhani et al., 2011) Studies have found that it is necessary to
apply concepts that does not insulate children and adults into isolated environments.
(Liisa et al., 2014) Rather, the creation of a child-friendly environment with young
people require a shift towards a more ecological and socially supportive settings
with opportunities for involvement of different groups. (Horelli, 2012) It is true
that intertwining traditional library services with new media forms and engaging
play is the core challenge for future design in physical public libraries, but also that
it is through new media and technology that new perspectives for the future of
libraries become visible. (Eriksson et al., 2013) There is still an element of
play within all of us. It is imagination and interaction that makes us human. In this
digital age, it is evident that we are losing touch with our own ability to remain
imaginative and explore new and different ways to physically interact with our
environment. In this proposed project, the goal is not only to design a facility that
would cater to a younger age group and be able to pique their interest but also as a
way to promote a design that does not limit human abilities, but instead promotes
the idea of play between our wants and needs as well as re-sparking our imagination.

2.16 Library Facility Branding

In our generation today, there are over a thousand of products and services that are
being offered by big multi-million companies and institutions to the market of
consumers. If a certain product or service would be more recognized in comparison
to another product or service, the demand for that product or service would increase
indefinitely, and therefore would also have a bigger market to accommodate and
would generate a more considerable amount of profit. But what exactly set a
product or service apart from the rest? It’s the branding that the product or service
has.

Branding is more than just a slogan; it’s a feeling that consumers and users tie to a
company or institution and its product or service. It is an umbrella term that

21
describes a collection of business basics, knowing what your business is about and
making your business consistently known for what it’s about. It should represent
more than a product or service; it is informational, promotional, and sets the tone
of the environment. To be effective, branding must be consistent, concise, and free
of jargon and punitive language. (Polger et al., 2013) But branding is not just a
tangible word or image that can be trademarked, it’s considered as a totality of
perceptions – everything you see, hear, read, know, feel, think, etc. – about a
product, service, or business, maintaining that brands hold a distinctive position in
customer’s minds based on past experiences, associations and future expectations.
(Druxman, 2014)

Similarly, a structure can do a lot more than deliver space. They can inform
prospective users about your brand. It’s not simply arranging the required functions
in an efficient and effective manner, but it also considers what the proposed
building says about your organization or institution. Nowadays, libraries are under
increasing pressure to demonstrate their value to their communities ever since the
public transitioned their view of it from a collection-based institution to a service-
based organization, which means that users not only go to libraries for their
collections, but also mostly for the services and spaces it offers. (Frumkin et al.,
2011) Now, provision for an outstanding facility that’s as aesthetically attractive as
they are supportive and empowering is becoming the new foundation of a solid and
sound library institution that values excellence, is open and connected, and that
places its users at its heart. (Solk, 2014) A survey showed that while library users
were able to identify with the libraries’ current brand, further cultivation was
crucial. The library needs to develop strategic partnerships across its community to
enhance users’ brand experience going forward. (Messersmith, 2015)

The proposed project should be dedicated in providing a range of learning

environments to suit its user’s needs. In developing a design for this facility, the
idea is to embody the brand of its community, Bonifacio Global City, in the design,
to create a unique environment that couldn't just be 'another' library institution. It
should display a modern, flexible, technology-enhanced learning environment
meeting the needs of all its users.

22
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Overview
With various procedure in studying the feasibility of the project, different
approaches of research strategies for the thesis proposal are greatly considered. In
order to be successful and effective, one has to study the subject with full
understanding and comprehension. Research results are then studied and
formulated, in relation to this, the following methods and procedures are engaged:

3.2 Research Design

3.2.1 Historical
Historical research method will be used in order to collect data and
information about the topic as well as the site of the project. Techniques such
as observation and recording of facts, codes and other data will be the
instrument of this methodology. Thus the data about the society, site and city,
in which both macro and micro scale are conducted, will be of help in attaining
the best solution to the problem.

3.2.2 Descriptive
Descriptive research method will be used to accumulate data about the
conditions of the international standard of library architecture and design. Case
studies of various successful libraries will be analyzed deeply. Different
technological trends and innovations in library design will also be considered.
Other publications such as books, magazines and journals will also be a factor
in overall data collection. To further justify the proposal, the researcher will
study public libraries by means of traveling and providing photos and video
documentations in order to assess the modern contemporary library design.

3.2.3 Data Collection

Data collection is the process of accumulating, gathering and analyzing
the information relevant to the architectural project of interest. In an orderly

23
and organized systematic way, it makes the researcher knowledgeable about
the topic he is dealing with. In relation to the thesis, it gives the researcher
answers stated research questions and other informational queries. The goal of
data collection is to obtain quality evidence that contributes to formulating
critical data analysis that then answers to his design problem. Main
information will mainly revolve around interviews as well as case studies of
magnificent airports that has been operational to date. Sub information will be
secured through internets, journals, magazines, and other media that will
contribute to the success of data collection.

3.2.4 Library
Accessing information from books in various libraries will justify the data
gathered in other methods. Related information regarding design can be found
not only in architectural books but also in other related professions. Data
gathered from books in the library will then be critically contrasted and
evaluated for deeper understanding. It will be solidified and be an answer to
the design problem.

3.2.5 Internet
The internet is the most accessible information database. This would be
the least resort in finding answers and evidences regarding the problem. Any
information garnered from the internet will then be further studied and verified
by various professionals that are credible in the field of library design and
relevant expertise.

3.2.6 Site visit and investigation

Analyzing the site will have a major factor in design. Contours, soil
conditions, macro and micro scale of activities and the like, will be considered
in the data analysis. Furthermore, technical data is also an important factor in
design. Investigation will be documented by means of writing down notes and
taking photos of the actual site.

24
3.3 Research Instruments

3.3.1 Interview Questions

Interview with credible personas with knowledge, experience and
expertise in the field and architectural experts that specialize in library design
or any related specialty that is close to library architecture are to be conducted.

3.3.2 Observation Form

Observing successful public libraries will be conducted and recorded by
means of using cameras and other technological paraphernalia

3.3.3 Survey Form

Conducting survey is one way to know the users’ behavior, feel, and
perspective regarding the architectural project. Surveys take a broad and
systematic view of a topic at a particular moment or timeframe and it then
collects an empirical data. Through this, most information gathered will
answer the questions that are relevant in present time.

3.3.4 Case Study

Case studies of various superb libraries are to be considered and studied
deeply. Information and data gathered on architectural design will be then
considered in the proposal.

3.3.5 Documentation
Important documents from government and private sectors or agencies
written by authorities which are not limited to: facts, records, data, graphs,
historical records, cases and technical data will be gathered if granted by these
significant persona. The gathered information will then be translated by the
researcher as answers to support his architectural project proposal. Examples
of these information are the Land Use Plan, Master Plan, City Profile,
Demographic studies of Taguig City Hall and the like, will help in determining
the overall soundness of the project.
25
CHAPTER IV: SITE PROFILE AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Overview

It is critical to approach the site selection process for the BGC Library with care.
The ultimate success of any new library facility, if success is measured in terms of
usage of library services, will be determined to a large degree by where it is located.
A library is similar to other institutions that need to be used to be effective and give
a sense of identity to a place, where they are located is of prime importance.
Acquiring anything less than a good site will prove a false economy in terms of the
life-cycle costs of the library. Anything less than a good site will also hinder public
use of this important community resource.

4.2 Criteria for Site Selection

4.2.1 General Criteria

The general criteria are set of requirements that are important and applicable
for any project. The following requirements shall be under the general criteria
with indicated descriptions:

4.2.1.1 Proper Land-use and zoning

The proposed site must adhere to the standards and requirements set by
the City government in their CLUP and zoning ordinances that the project
is appropriate for the nature and character of its intended environment.

4.2.1.2 Accessibility
Accessibility to the site is a must for people to visit the said project. It
must be located near major thoroughfare roads, and public transportation
modes like LRT, MRT, or terminals.

4.2.1.3 Access to Utilities

The site should be located in an area with established utilities for

26
 electricity, water, and communications. This also minimizes the
expenditure to bring in the utility lines that also helps to facilitate the
efficiency of the building.

4.2.1.4 Good microclimate and existing site conditions

The site should have a good environment condition like being in a flood
prone free area; having limited noise from surrounding streets; and the
area is complementing the proposed project and its activities.

4.2.1.5 Good Orientation

The site orientation shall be based on the sun and wind analysis as part of
its architectural planning. It should be considered to maximize the natural
lighting and cross ventilation for the building to reduce the use of
mechanical means of ventilation and artificial lighting.

4.2.1.6 Vista
The proposed site should be near to parks and open spaces because it is
known as a crowd drawer that could benefit the library. This will also let
the structure to integrate its surrounding environment as a scenic view for
the building design and planning.

4.2.2 Specific Criteria

The following requirements are appropriate and applicable for the public
library shall fall under the Specific Criteria. These criteria determine the
feasibility study of a particular site with regards to the project.

4.2.2.1 Must be near to residential properties

The site should be located near to residential properties and developments
such as condominiums and subdivisions. It is to ensure that locals could
easily access the proposed library.

4.2.2.2 Must be near to educational and government institutions

The targeted population of the project are students, researchers, and

27
professionals coming from nearby government institutions, and
universities and colleges within Bonifacio Global City.

4.2.2.3 Must be near to a consistent crowd or population

Since the proposed project is a public library, generally the users that will
sustain the venue shall be the local community of BGC. It is important that
the area should have consistent number of crowds to ensure the
effectiveness of the structure to its surrounding community.

4.2.2.4 Visible to the public

The site must be easily identifiable and opens directly to the general public.
It will ensure that the place is approachable and could attract good number
of visitors every day that will benefit the propose library and its activities.

4.2.2.5 Must be within an urban or metropolitan area

The site must be located within the heart of the city for the purpose of
making the project available to as many people as possible. The library
may host events and workshops for community development that can be
access by everyone coming from BGC and from nearby cities as well.

4.2.2.6 Size of lot must be adequate for future developments

The site should have ample space allocated for future expansion of the
proposed project. A library constantly grows its facilities and services as
long as it will be able to cope with the changing trends and the shifting
user expectation in the Philippines.

4.2.2.7 Developments in the surrounding area

Being in an area where future growth and development, this ensures the
proposed project to have various benefits like modes of transportation,
high population, as well as complementing the surrounding community.

28
4.3 Site Description and Justification

4.3.1 Site Description

Bonifacio Global City (also known as BGC, Global City, or The Fort) is a
financial district in Metro Manila, Philippines. It is located 11 km (6.8 mi)
south-east of the center of Manila in an area disputed between the cities of
Makati and Taguig as well as the municipality of Pateros. In recent years, the
district has experienced robust commercial growth through the sale of military
land by the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA). The entire
district used to be the part of the main Philippine Army camp.

The proposed site is located on block 15 along 5th Avenue and 26th Street of
Bonifacio Global City, Taguig. According to the Bonifacio City Development
Map and the Fort Bonifacio Land Use Plan, the lot is part of the Bonifacio
Center district and is zoned as a mixed-used area. At present the site has a
temporary establishment for dining and recreation (The Fort Strip). The site’s
surrounding on-going development include projects such as the Maybank
Performing Arts Center and a number of residential developments such as
Verve Residences One ans Two and One and Two Maridien,. It is also beside
a park, Terra 28th Park, on its southeast side. The lot is located near the
Bonifacio High Street and the offices along Crescent Park West where most of
the corporate offices in BGC is found. It is also of near distance to the
University Park which has institutional facilities such as The Department of
Energy, Manila Water Company, International School Manila, The British
School Manila, Manila Japanese School, Everest Academy, STI College, and
Treston International College. The lot is bounded by access roads on all sides;
7th avenue on the southeast side, 28th Street on the northeast side, 5th Avenue
on the northwest side, and 26th Street on the southwest side. It can be accessed
by vehicular transportation like the BGC shuttle bus, taxi, and private cars and
vehicles.

29
4.3.2 Site Justification

Presently, our country is adapting to digital generation that our world is

experiencing right now, which means that most of the information that we get
comes from either the internet or other online platforms available to anyone
that has the proper electronic gadget to access it. Libraries, which used to be
the place where people would do their research, read for leisure or basically to
socialize and share their opinions and thoughts, have now become obsolete and
forgotten, due to the improper maintenance and inadequacy of its collections.
BGC, a developing city, offers a lot of opportunities to enhancing the people’s
awareness to importance of having a library. Similarly, this could be the iconic
structure which symbolizes the Filipinos thirst for knowledge and information.
Not only would this facility be a functional institution, it would also deliver in
terms of architectural design, keeping par with the existing architectural
character of BGC. Also, the site is near the vicinity of existing transportation
terminals which is a vital part for the future to be interconnected into a greater
hub.

The site was able to comply with the given general and specific site
requirements in the listed site criteria above. The proposed site adheres to the
standards and requirements set by the Fort Bonifacio Land Use Plan to fall
under a mixed-used zoning; it is not only accessible to walking pedestrians but
is also located near major thoroughfare roads such as the 5th Avenue and the
26th Street. Bonifacio Global City is an area located near established utilities
and facilities for electricity, water, and communications; Other than being
flood prone free and having limited noise from surrounding streets. It has good
environment conditions which complements the proposed project and its
activities and has a good site orientation and vistas which maximizes natural
lighting and cross ventilation for the proposed facility while at the same time
being a good crowd drawer by having parks and open spaces around it such as
Terra 28th Park, T-Park at Block 18 and Bonifacio High Street. The proposed
site is also near residential developments such as Verve Residence One and
Two, One Maridien and Two Maridien, and West and East Gallery Place. Also,

30
 the location of the proposed site is near educational and government
institutions, such as The Department of Energy, Manila Water Company,
International School Manila, The British School Manila, Manila Japanese
School, Everest Academy, STI College, and Treston International College, is
near consistent crowds which ensures the effectiveness of the proposed project
to its surrounding community, is visible to the public and is easily identifiable,
having access on all sides of the proposed site, is within an urban or
metropolitan area, being located in Bonifacio Global City and is near other
urban areas such as Taguig and Makati, and the lot having a size of 3.44
hectares, has ample space allocated for future expansion of the proposed
project.

4.4 Macro Site Profile

Macro site profile shall discuss the history and socio-economic profile of Taguig
City and few parts of its development plans as it deals with the profile of the
selected site in a larger scale. For more detailed information, the researcher
suggests to read the 2011 Socio-economic Profile of the Taguig City, available at
the Taguig City hall.

4.4.1 Taguig City

4.4.1.1 Historical

A Brief Histoy
TAGUIG, a municipality of Metropolitan Manila, is situated at the
northwestern shore of the picturesque Laguna de Bay, at the upper mouth
of the legendary Pasig River also known as the Napindan Channel through
which Laguna drains its floodwaters. It is bounded on the North by the
town of Pateros and City of Pasig of Metropolitan Manila; on the East by
the town of Taytay of the province of Rizal and the Laguna Lake, on the
South by the Laguna Lake and the City of Muntilnlupa of Metropolitan
Manila; and on the West by the cities of Parañaque, Makati, Pasay City
and all of Metropolitan Manila. It consists of 44,538.20 hectares (45.38

31
square kilometers) as shown by the recent cadastral survey Mcdam 594 D
by the Bureau of Lands National capital Region. Except for the hilly
portion on the western and southern ends, Taguig is a vast agricultural
plain with about seven and a half (71/2) kilometer shoreline along the
Laguna Lake. In the 2000 Census of Population conducted, Taguig was
shown to have a total population of 467,375 and with 102,723 households,
distributed in the eighteen Barangays that comprise the municipality. It
has fast become urbanized from the original rural set-up. The increase in
industries, development and socio-economic growth during the last two
decades has raised Taguig to the level of a FIRST CLASS-A CITY.

32
Taguig City Location Map

PROPOSED SITE

33
Taguig City Boundary Map

PROPOSED SITE

34
4.4.1.2 Land Use and Zoning
The municipality of taguig is divided into eleven basic zones and the
zoning of the proposed site is classified under the Urban Core Zone as
approved by the Taguig Comprehensive Land Use Plan as per Resolution
# 129 dated 19th of May ,2003 of the Taguig Sangguniang Bayan
Ordinance # 15 series of 2003.

LAND USE PLAN

Area Allocation
Area Area (Ha.) Share (%)

Urban Core Zone 344 7.58

General Residential Development Zone 1 1,835.32 40.44

General Residential Development Zone 2 151 3.33

Light Industrial Zone 280 6.17

Socialized Housing Zone 253 5.58

Low Density Residential Development Zone 172 3.79

Institutional Zone 436 9.61

Tourism Development Zone 1 0.02

Entertainment Zone 301 6.63

Military Zone 100 2.20

Open Space Zone 243 5.35

R.O.W. / Creel / Easement 421.88 9.30

Total 4,538.20 100

35
URBAN CORE ZONE

Location

These include the Global City in Fort Bonifacio, BHIT Park area (net of
the socialized housing area per EO 70), the 25 – hectare municipal –
owned property beside the BHIT, properties east of the Main Spine Road
and Commando Link Road including the DMCI Mixed – Used Project in
Bambang – Hagonoy, and the FTI Complex in Western Bicutan – Signal
Village.

Intent

The UCZ is intended for compact and planned unit developments that
provide for the convenient proximity between workplace, home and
amenities. Publicly accessible and functional open spaces are required for
all developments.

Allowed Uses

General Residential Uses

1. Detached family dwelling

2. Multi-family dwelling e.g. row houses, apartments, townhouses
3. Residential Condominiums
4. Customary accessory use like:
a. Servant’s quarter
b. Private quarter
c. Guard house
5. Home occupation for the practice of one’s profession provided that:
a. The number of persons engaged in such business/industry shall
not exceed five, inclusive of owner;
b. There shall be no change in the outside appearance of the
building premises;
c. No home occupation shall be conducted in any customary
accessory uses cited above;
d. No traffic shall be generated by such home occupation in
greater volume than would normally be expected in a
36
 residential neighborhood and any need for parking generated
by the conduct of such home occupation shall be met off the
street and in a place other than the required front yard; and
e. No equipment or process shall be used in such home
occupation which creates noise, vibration, glare, fumes, odors,
and electrical interference detectable to the normal senses and
visual or audible interference in any radio or television receiver
or causes fluctuations in line voltage off the premises.
6. Recreational facilities for the exclusive use of the members of the
family residing within the premises, such as:
a. Swimming Pool
b. Pelota Court/Tennis Court

General Commercial Uses

1. Office like:
a. Office building
b. Office condominium
2. Shopping Mall to include:
a. Department store
b. Bookstore and office supply shop
c. Home appliance store
d. Car dealership shop
e. Photo shop
f. Flower shop
g. Bakery and bakeshop
h. Wine store
i. Grocery
j. Supermarket
k. Beauty parlor
l. Barber shop
m. Clinic
n. Bakery and baking of bread, cake, pastries, pies and other
similar perishable products.
o. Dressmaking shop
37
 p. Tailoring shop
q. Commercial job printing
r. Typing and photo engraving services
3. Spa
4. Recreational center/establishment like:
a. Movie house/theater
b. Play court e.g. tennis court, bowling lane, billiard hall
c. Swimming pool
d. Stadium, coliseum, gymnasium
5. Restaurant and other eateries
6. Commercial condominium (with residential units in upper floors)
7. Commercial housing like:
a. Hotel
b. Apartel
c. Pension house
d. Dormitory or boarding house
8. Bank and financial institution
9. Radio and television station
10. Car park building and parking lot/space

General Institutional Uses

1. Government center to house national, regional or local officers in

the area
2. Colleges, universities, professional business schools, vocational
and trade schools, technical schools and other institutions of higher
learning
3. Nursery/Elementary School
4. High School
5. General hospitals, medical centers, multi-purposes clinics
6. Scientific, cultural and academic centers and research facilities
expect nuclear, radioactive, chemical and biological warfare
facilities
7. Convention center and related facilities
8. Churches
38
 9. Libraries and museums
10. Embassies/consulate
11. Special schools such as performing arts school, speech clinics,
schools for the handicapped and schools for self-defense

Parks and Recreation Uses

1. Parks and gardens

2. Indoor or outdoor sports activities and support facilities, including
low rise stadia, gyms, amphitheater and swimming pools
3. Coliseums
4. Memorial/Shrine monuments, kiosk and other park structures
5. Sports Club

Land Use Intensity Control Ratings

The LUIC in the UCZ shall be per the pertinent provisions of the National
Building Code and other related regulations and/or approved IDCs.

Land Management Matrix

Area Policy Direction Allowed Uses Land Use Intensity Control

Max Max BHL AISA MAPS
PLO FAR R A
Compact and a. General Per the requirements of the NBC and
Urban planned unit Residential related laws and/or duly approved IDCs
Core developments b. General
Zone Commercial
c. General
Institutional
d. Parks and
Recreation

Notes:

1. The above provisions of the LUGS are intended to enhance Section

2 off Rule XVI of the NBC’s (PD 1096) IRR. In case discrepancy
39
 between the PLO and the NBC’s Percentage of the Site
Occupancy, the lesser requirement on building footprint shall
prevail. The LUGS, however, provides that the resultant percentage
of the footprint shall be applied at all levels of the structure/s.
2. For residential buildings, the yard requirements shall be construed
as equivalent to those in R-2 and R-3 zones, as provided by PD
1096, unless specified in the deeds of restriction and/or Internal
Development Controls of established and proposed subdivisions.
3. For commercial, industrial, institutional and recreational buildings,
the yard requirements specified in PD 1096 shall be observed.
4. The height regulations of the Air Transport Office shall always be
observed by all building construction.

Legend:
PLO Percentage of Land Occupancy
FAR Floor Area Ratio
BHL Building Height Limit
BP 220 Batas Pambansa Blg. 220
AISAR Allowable Impervious Surface Area Ratio
CMP Community Mortgage Program
MAPSA Minimum Allowable Pervious Surface Area
AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines
NBC National Building Code
IDC Internal Development Controls

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Official Taguuig City Zoning Map

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 4.4.1.3 Physical

Geo-Physical Environment

a. Geographical Location
The city of Taguig is positioned at approximately 14 latitude and 120
longitude on the southern part of Metro Manila along the north-eastern coast
of Laguna de Bay. It is bounded by Laguna de Bay in the East; Pateros,
Pasig and Taytay in the north; Makati and Pasay in the west; Parañaque in
the southwest; and Muntinlupa in the south. The city belongs to the Laguna
de Bay watershed region otherwise known as the Laguna de Bay Basin as
defined by Section 2, E. O. 927 (1983) along with 108 municipalities and
cities of Metro Manila and the provinces of Rizal, Batangas, Cavite and
Quezon. It has a total area of 4,538.3 hectares (45.382 sq. km.) as per
approved Cadastral Survey Mcdam 500 D by the NCR Land Management
Bureau. Except for the hilly portion on the western and southern ends,
Taguig is a vast plain once devoted to agriculture.

b. Land Area
The total land area of Taguig is approximately 4,538.2 hectares. This
represents about 7.62% of the total land area of Metro Manila. At present
the city is composed of 28 barangays.

c. Topography
Elevation

The topography of the land is about 65% levels, the rest rolling or hilly.
Being an inland town, it is accessible by land transportation from the other
towns bordering the Laguna Lake. It is fifteen (15) kilometers east of the
City of Manila. It is characterized by coastal plains and hilly areas extending
in the north-south direction along the Manila Bay

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 Slope

Surface elevation ranges from 0-10 meters above the mean sea level on the
coastal plains and 20-70 meters on the hills.

As per the Slope Map of Taguig, the following is the indicated slope
distribution.

Slope Distribution
Category Slope
A 0-2%
B 2-5%
C 5-8%
D 8-15%
SOURCE of raw data: BSWM
Description
Level to nearly level
Gently sloping to gently undulating
Undulating to gently rolling
Gently rolling to rolling

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Taguig City Slope Map

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d. Geology
Rock Formation

Taguig consists of 2 terrain units; a western undulating section and an

eastern alluvial portion, which extends into the Laguna de Bay. The
undulating to gently sloping terrain is underlain by a gently dipping
sequence of pyroclastic rocks essentially made up of tuffs, tuffaceous
sandstones and conglomerates belonging to the Guadalupe formation. This
formation is represented by massive to thickly bedded lithic tuff and
tuffaceous sandstone as revealed by grading operations along the Fort
Bonifacio area.

Based on the Geologic Map of Taguig, it has two major geologic formations
namely:

 Quaternary Alluvial (QA1) which is comprised of detrital deposits

mostly silt, sand and gravel; and
 Guadalupe formation (GF) of which the upper member (Diliman
Tuff) is thin to medium bedded, fine-grained, vitric tuffs and welded
volcanic breccias with subordinate amounts of tuffaceous, fine to
medium grained sandstone.

Members of the Pleistocene Guadalupe Formation predominantly underlie

the terrain where Taguig lies. These are mainly Alat Conglomerate and
Diliman Tuff. Early Pleistocene to late Pleistocene conglomerate, silty
mudstone and tuffaceous sandstone comprise the lower member while late
pleistocene well-bedded tuff units make up the upper member. The
constituents of the Diliman Tuff were most likely derived from a volcano
on the central lobe of Laguna de Bay to the south based on its aerial
distribution pattern and lithological similarity with those in the northern
vicinity of the central lobe of Laguna de Bay. On the other hand, Quaternary
alluvial deposits of the Marikina Alluvial plain and Pasig River Delta plain
cover western areas of the municipality. The presence of the marine
sediments suggest that the quaternary alluvium was probably deposited after
uplift of the Guadalupe formation, possibly as a result of movements along
the Marikina Valley Fault System (MVFS) (Punongbayan,1996)
45
Geomorphology

There are five main types of soils found in Taguig. These are Bay Clay
Loam, Guadalupe Clay, Marikina Clay Loam, Quinqua Fine Sandy Loam
and the Unmodified Soil found in Fort Bonifacio and barangays
Western Bicutan, Maharlika and Ligid Tipas. Bay Clay Loam is dark
brown in color and has fine granules which is friable when dry, but very
sticky when wet. This particular soil type is found in barangays Ibayo-Tipas
and Napindan. The Guadalupe clay, on the other hand, is nearly black in
color and coarse in texture. It is granular to coddy when dry, and very fine
sticky when wet and found in the barangays of Bambang, Upper and Lower
Bicutan, Hagonoy, Ususan and Wawa. The Marikina Clay Loam, also
brown and friable, is found in Barangays Calzada, Sta. Ana and Tuktukan.
Moreover, Quinqua fine sandy loam underlies barangays Bagumbayn and
Bagong Tanyag.

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Taguig City Geomorphology Map

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Physiography

Based on the Physiography Map of Taguig, extensive portion of Taguig

covering the former Military Camp of Fort Bonifacio is composed of
undulating low graded tuff. On the other hand, an area bordered by
Pateros, Pasig and Laguna de Bay is made of broad alluvial deposits, while
the smallest southwestern portion towards Muntinlupa is mainly composed
of minor alluvial deposits.

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Taguig City Physiography Map

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e. Land Resources
Land Classification

As per Metro Manila Land Resource Evaluation Project by BSWM, the

proposed site has the said land and soil characteristics:

Undulating Low Degraded Tuffaceous Plateau (Foothill Landscape)

It is composed of slightly elevated tuffaceous plateau with very shallow

soils. It extends from Muntinlupa in the south, towards Quezon City in the
north and Valenzuela in the northwest. It covers the eastern part of the city
including the Fort Bonifacio Military Reservation Area. Soil is about 10 to
15 cm. deep; very dark grayish brown, silty clay with pale brown partially
weathered volcanic tuff usually encountered below 10-20% rolling
sideslopes and isolated low hills.

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Taguig City Land Classification Map

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f. Hydrology and Hydrogeology

Surface Waters

Taguig has two major rivers that feed Laguna de Bay, namely, the Taguig
River and the Napindan Channel which is linked to the eastern portion of
the Pasig River itself. The Napindan River normally flows from Laguna de
Bay to the Pasig River, but can also flow in the opposite direction,
depending on the river itself, the water table in the lake, the tidal stage in
Manila Bay, and the annual evaporatin from the lake. Minor rivers include:
Bagumbayan River, Mauling Creek/Tabacuhan Creek, Hagonoy River,
Tipas River/Labasan River and Santa Ana River. These rivers are fed by 23
other tributaries namely: Daang Paa Creek, Bambang na Malaki, Sukol
Creek/Daang Manunuso, Mabato Creek, Katwiran Creek, Daang Kalabaw
Creek, Labasan Creek, Panday Creek, Sapa ni Beho, Palingon Creek,
Bambang na Putol, Tipas River, Pagadling Creek, Napindan River, Lumang
Ilog Creek, Ilog Clemencia, Daang Banca Creek, Sapang Ususan, Sapang
Malaki, Hagonoy Creek, Maricaban Creek, Bambang ni Peles, and Daang
Kalabaw Creek.

One of the main principal rivers in the study area is Taguig river, which for
most As per data from Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), the
lake has a total area of 90,000 hectares with an average depth of 2.8 m.
Aquaculture covers around 15,000 hectares, 10,000 for fish pens and 5,000
for fish cages.

Groundwater

Taguig is situated within a groundwater basin containing several connected

and interrelated aquifers, composed of tuffaceous sandstone and
conglomerates belonging to the Guadalupe Formation. The rocks as
observed from Fort Bonifacio Global City conform from sedimentary facets
of the Guadalupe formation and generally dip gently to its western portion.
Its thickness is approximately 1,300 to 1,200 meters.
52
 Almost 2000 wells have been drilled in the aquifers of the Guadalupe
Formation for the commercial and residential users some of which go as
deep as 300 meters. In 1990, total pumpage reached 339.6 million cubic
meters. There are already 124 wells that have been drilled south of Fort
Bonifacio yielding 24.25 million cubic meters of water that supply 7%
of the total population of Metro Manila.

B. Climate
a. Climate
Taguig is within the Metropolitan Manila, and so Manila and Taguig City
has the same temperature and rainfall weather condition.

Manila has hot, humid weather all year round, although it is a little cooler
between November and February. The hottest month is May, when the
temperature averages 83ºF (28ºC). The rainy season is between June
and October, although some precipitation is possible all through the year.

 Manila, Luzon Climate Guide to the Average Weather and

Temperatures with Graphs Elucidating Sunshine and Rainfall Data
and Information about Wind Speeds and Humidity:
 Manila, Luzon Philippines latitude AND longitude; 140 35’N
1200’E.
 Altitude; 18 m (59 ft.).
 The average temperature in Manila, Luzon, Philippines is 27.7 0C
(82 0F).
 The range of average monthly temperatures is 4 0C.
 The warmest average max / high temperature is 34 0C (93 0F) in
May.
 The coolest average min/ low temperature is 22 0C (72 0F) in
January and February.
 Manila, Luzon receives on average 2061 mm (81.1 in) of
precipitation annually or 172 mm (6.8 in) each month.

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  On balance there are 144 days annually on which greater than 0.1
mm (0.004 in) of precipitation (rain, sleet, snow or hail) occurs or
12 days on an average month.
 The month with the driest weather is February when on balance 7
mm (0.3 in) of rain, sleet, hail or snow falls across 3 days.
 The month with the wettest weather is August when on balance 7
mm (0.3) of rain, sleet, hail or snow falls across 3 days.
 The month with the wettest weather is August when on balance
474 mm (18.7 in) of rain, sleet, hail or snow falls across 22 days.
 Mean relative humidity for an average year is recorded as 73.8% and
on a monthly basis it ranges from 64% in April to 82% in August
and September.
 There is an average range of hours of sunshine in Manila, Luzon of
between 4.3 hours per day in July & August and 8.6 hours per day
in April.
 On balance there are 2105 sunshine hours annually and
approximately 5.8 sunlight hours for each day.
 On balance there are 0 days annually registering frost in Manila,
Luzon and in January there are on average 0 days with frost.

b. Natural Hazards
Flooding is the major obstacle to development in Taguig, with over half of
the city within the flood zone. Site the “hinge” between Laguna de Bay and
the Pasig River, Taguig suffers the consequences of a low elevation, poor
soil permeability, altered natural drainage (via the Napindan hydraulic
control gate), and water runoff from a large geographical area, which has
been further aggravated by recent developments. Taguig has a water
elevation of 10.00m. Laguna Lake’s only outlet is the Pasig River and its
overflow water inundates 66% of the city area from Ibayo, Napindan,
Palingon, Ususan, Tuktukan, Calzada, Sta. Ana, Bambang, Wawa,
Hagonoy, San Miguel, down to Lower Bicutan and Bagumbayan

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Taguig City Flood Hazard Maps

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Taguig City Earthquake Faultline Map

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Taguig City Liquefaction Hazard Map

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4.4.2 Bonifacio Global City

4.4.1.1 Historical

Fort Bonifacio is 440 contiguous hectares of land located in Metro

Manila’s most strategic location. It is bordered by the country’s three (3)
largest road arteries: the South Luzon Expressway, EDSA and C-5. It is
destined to become the country’s primary business gateway, being just
minutes away from the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. It is likewise
less than 2 kilometers from Metro Manila’s other business centers, where
the highest priced properties are located, as well as being adjacent to
Forbes Park and Dasmariñas Village, the city’s most expensive residential
districts. Fort Bonifacio can also lay claim to having the best views in
Metropolitan Manila. At surface, Fort Bonifacio is cradled by Manila Golf
and the American Battle Memorial. At elevation, the city gives superb
views of Laguna Lake, Manila Bay and its sunset, as well as the
surrounding mountain ranges.

4.4.1.2 Land Use and Zoning

To create the underlying theme for the masterplan of Fort Bonifacio, the
shareholders searched the world for exemplary cities and urban planning
models that created them. The shareholders were presented with four (4) -
development contexts from which to base the masterplan.

The first alternative would be to create a functional city. Seoul has often
been cited for its functionality, a market-driven “City Practical.”
Singapore exemplifies the next option. Singapore illustrates a
systematic city, a “City that Works.” The next choice would be an
innovative city, like Portland, Oregon or Vancouver, Canada. “National
Cities” which employ sophisticated programs and solutions and concern
themselves with the interplay of the city’s various elements. The last
category is that of a visionary city. For this the shareholders looked at

58
Paris at the turn of the century. Paris has always been viewed as a “Global
City” with a visionary urban environment.

After much thought and analysis, it was decide that the Fort Bonifacio
masterplan would employ an innovative development approach, but
would utilize visionary elements in the land scaping and environmental
design of the city. The resulting city would eventually become the
country’s business nucleus as well as gaining the reputation of being the
region’s best city.

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Fort Bonifacio Land Use Plan

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DESIGN STANDARDS & GUIDELINES: BIG DELTA, EXPANDED
BIG DELTA AND PORTION OF NORTH BONIFACIO

SECTION 1.5 FORT BONIFACIO – THE AREA

1.5.1 Fort Bonifacio Global Cty is 440 hectares of land located in one of
Metro Manila’s most strategic locations. It is bordered by four of the country’s
largest road arteries- the South Luzon Expressway (R2); Kalayaan Avenue
(R4); EDSA (c4) and Circumferential Road (C5).

1.5.2 It is planned to become the country’s primary business gateway,

located as it is in close proximity to Ninoy Aquino International Airport and
some 2 kilometers from Makati City.

1.5.3 To the North of the Global City lies Kalayaan Avenue (R4) and the
Pasig River, to the west of the Manila Gold and Country Club and Manila Polo
Club located within Forbes Park and Dasmarinas Village, to the southwest the
Ninoy Aquino International Airport, to the south the American Battle
Memorial, the libingan ng mga Bayai and Heritage Parl. The eastern
perimeter of the Global City is bounded by C5.

1.5.4 The northern segment of the Global City can be divided into six fairly
distinct planning districts as illustrated in Figures 1.2 and 1.3:
• North Bonifacio
• University Park
• Bonifacio Center
• Station Square East
• Bonifacio South
• Crescent Park West

a. North Bonifacio
North Bonifacio is located directly to the northwest of the Bonifacio Center
area. It is currently proposed that financial and business uses will front

61
Bonifacio Avenue. Which leads directly into the central core of the Global City,
and residential areas will be constructed adjacent to the mixed use
development.

b. University Park
An insititutional area is planned in the University Park located at the northeast
portion of the Global City, directly abutting the eastern edge of North
Bonifacio. It is currently planned that the area will accommodate institutions
such as schools, and university (ies), ancillary educational facilities, places of
worship, health care facilities, civic and research institutions, as well as
recreational venues.

c. Bonifacio Center
Located right in the heart of the Global City is Bonifacio Center, planned as an
exciting, convenient 24-hour urban core accommodating financial
headquarters, hotels, retail, entertainment and other mixed uses.

d. Station Square East

Station Square East is located directly to the east of the Bonifacio Center and
to the south of University Park. The area is dominated by the multi-modal
station which will accommodate an integrated station for local and regional
transit lines. Other uses planned for he district include an international trade
and convention/exhibition centers, as well as supporting hotel, office and
residential facilities.

e. Bonifacio South
Directly to the south of the Bonifacio Center and abutting the Manila American
Cemetery and Memorial, is Bonifacio South. This is planned as a model
district located at the southern entrance of the Global City from Makati and the
south. It will act as a transition zone from the low to higher density urban areas
and will provide views to off site and on site spaces. The Bonifacio South
district will accommodate two land use zones, a Residential Zone and a Mixed
Use Zone. In the former, multi-storey structures intended primarily for

62
residential purposes, and in some locations retail to serve community
requirements will be permitted. In the case of the former, retail uses are only
permitted up to 12 meters above ground floor level including basements. In
Mixed Use Zones, certain uses similar to those in the corresponding zone in
the Bonifacio Center will be permitted.

f. Crescent Park West

Crescent Park West is bounded by Manila Golf and Country Club at the west,
Bonifacio South at the south and Bonifacio Center at the east. This area is
planned as a quiet, predominantly residential district. The district is zoned for
residential and mixed used zones. Residential uses, with retail, permitted at
ground floor level, have been zoned for some portions of lots fronting Crescent
West (Park) and Bonifacio South.

1.5.5 The Big Delta, Expanded Big Delta and Portion of North Bonifacio
Design Standards and Guidelines (DSG) is applicable in the following districts
of the Global City:
• Bonifacio Center
• Bonifacio South
• Crescent Park West
• Portion of North Bonifacio

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Bonifacio Global City Development Map

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SECTION 1.6 LAND-USE ZONING (BIG DELTA, EXPANDED BIG
DELTA AND PORTION OF NORTH BONIFACIO ONLY)

1.6.1 Mixed Use (M1, M2)

a. Mixed Use Is the dominant land use currently planned in Big
Delta, Expanded Big Delta and Portion of North Bonifacio of the
Global City.

b. The zone allows for both commercial and residential uses to

provide accommodation for the business and financial sectors as
well as a supporting residential community.

c. Some distinction is drawn between Mixed Use Zones where

residential and commercial uses are always permitted and those
areas located in Bonifacio center, where entertainment and other
supporting services are always permitted but residential uses
require permission from the Declarant. The reason for this
distinction is to encourage entertainment and related commercial
functions within the heart of the Global City.

d. All buildings in the Mixed Use Zone should provide separate

and exclusive entrance for the residential portion of the
development to ensure its privacy and security.

1.6.3 Public Open Space and Reserved Lots

a. These zonings are intended to provide land for both active and
passive recreational activities.

b. Plazas or open spaces such as pocket parks are encouraged

wherever appropriate.

c. Reserved lots indicated are available lots for restricted and

controlled common use which include landscaped areas, public

65
 transit areas, concourse, plaza, car parking, etc.

1.6.4 Reserved Access Lots

a. Reserved access lots are lots available for restricted and
controlled common use to include pedestrian and vehicular
access, plazas, landscaped areas, etc.

BIG DELTA EXPANDED, BIG DELTA AND PORTION OF NORTH

BONIFACIO OUTLINE ZONING PLAN
M1- MIXED USE - GENERAL
COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2

Uses always permitted with or Uses that maybe permitted

without conditions on application with or without conditions on
to the Declarant application to the Declarant

Ancillary Car Park Exhibition or Convention Hall

Art Gallery Hospital

Bakery, Pastry Shop, Bake Shop Massage Establishment

Bank, Financial Institution Motor-vehicle showroom

Barber Shop Night Club

Beauty Parlor Petrol Filling Station

Canteen Place of Public Entertainment

Clinic/Polyclinic Place of Recreation. Sports or

Culture
Exhibit Hall
Public Transport Terminal or
Fast Food Shop
Station
Flat
Public Utility Installation

66
Hotel Telephone & Telegraph
Exchange
Money Exchange

Museum

Office

Pawn Shop

Photographic Studio & Shop

Place of Worship

Post Office

Private Club

Private Swimming Pool including

shower and locker rooms

Public Library

Restaurant

Retail Shop

School

Service Apartment

Service Trade

Showroom excluding motor-

vehicle

Supermarket/Grocery Store

Utility Installation for Private Use

of Lot Occupants

67
M2 – MIXED USE – BONIFACIO CENTER
COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2

Uses always permitted with or Uses that maybe permitted with

without conditions on application or without conditions on
to the Declarant application to the Declarant

Amusement Hall and Parlor Flat

Ancillary Car Park Motor-vehicle showroom

Art Gallery Petrol Filling Station

Bakery, Pastry Shop, Bake Shop Public Transport Terminal or

Station
Bank

Barber Shop

Beauty Parlor

Canteen

Commercial Bathhouse

Concert Hall & Opera House

Clinic/Polyclinic

Exhibition or Convention Hall

Fast Food Shop

Hotel

Massage Establishment

Money Exchange

Museum

Night Club, Disco House & Dance

68
Hall

Office

Pawn Shop

Photographic Studio & Shop

Place of Worship

Place of Recreation, Sports or

Culture

Post Office

Private Club

Private Swimming Pool including

shower and locker rooms

Public Library

Restaurant

Retail Shop

Service Apartment

Service Trade

Showroom excluding motor-

vehicle

Utility Installation for Private Use

of Lot Occupants

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FBDC Outlining Zoning Map

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SECTION 1.7 TRANSPORTATION
1.7.1 Road
a. Multiple connections will be created between the site and the
surrounding highways and roadways. Greater road capacity and
more convenient access will be created without encouraging
vehicles to use the Global City as a through road.

1.7.2 Public Transit System

a. An integrated mix of local and regional transit systems are
envisaged to form the backbone of the Global City’s transportation
network

1.7.3 Pedestrian Circulation

a. A special feature of the Global City is the comprehensively
designed pedestrian system which will be provided through a
mixture of elevated skywalks, arcades, ground level passageways
and at underground level along the transit system. The intention is
to create a convenient, functional and interesting pedestrian
circulation system that cohesively links the main areas of the Global
City.

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FBDC Pedestrian System Plan

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SECTION 2: ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN

SECTION 2.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES

2.1.1 The design of buildings within Bonifacio Global City must
conform to the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions,
to the Design Standards and Guidelines detailed below, as well as all
laws, ordinances, design standards and codes, rules and regulations
related to land development, and building construction including the
National Building Code, the various planning and safety codes of the
Philippines and any amending or new legislation.

2.1.2 The objective in drawing up the Design Standards and Guidelines

is to encourage the creation of a visually interesting and simulating
Bonifacio Global City, with varied architectural forms and a level of
detailing that constantly delights residents and visitors alike. Vernacular
architecture is strongly encouraged to reflect the culture of the
Philippines.

2.1 The building massing of the Bonifacio Global City is governed

by several design standards and guidelines including Floor Area Ratio
(FAR) or development density, building coverage, building setback,
easement and building height.

SECTION 2.2 DEVELOPMENT DENSITY

2.2.1 The permitted development density for individual lots within
Big Delta, Expanded Big Delta and Portion of North Bonifacio is
indicated below. The calculation of the FAR has been developed in
accordance with the development guidelines established by the
Declarant and must be based upon the definition of gross floor area as
detailed in Section 2.3.

2.2.2 Where retail and entertainment components are allowed, there

shall not exceed a FAR of 3. This FAR is a component of the total

73
permissible FAR of the lot.

2.2.3 The total permissible GFA of any building or buildings

constructed or to be constructed on any lot shall not be more than the
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) multiplied by the land area of the lots, as defined
in the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions (CCR) an
this Design Standards and Guidelines (DSR). In case of discrepancies,
e.g. rounding off of FAR, the GFA indicated in the Lot Information Plan
shall govern.

In addition, the minimum GFA to be built in any lot developed or to be

developed for residential use (as per the Design Standards and
Guidelines in accordance with the Master Plan) shall not be less than an
amount that will result in the FAR 4.

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FBDC Development Density Plan

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 SECTION 2.3 GROSS FLOOR AREA
2.3.1 Gross floor area (GFA) is defined in the Declaration of
Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions as the area contained within the
external faces of the external walls (or in the absence of such walls, the
external parameters) of any building(s), to be erected on a lot measured
at each floor or level (including any floor below the level of the ground)
together with the area of each balcony in such building(s) which shall
be calculated from the overall dimensions of the balcony (including the
thickness of the sides).

2.3.2 When calculating he permitted GFA of a building(s), there are

building areas that the Declarant has, at his sole discretion, determined
that are:
 always included;
 always excluded;
 in specific/special circumstances excluded;
 in specific/special circumstances eligible for bonus floor area ratio

2.3.3 The following building areas are always included in the calculation
of GFA:
a. administrative offices in hotels, malls
b. air handling unit rooms
c. all indoor sports facility
d. balcony at building interior counter at 100%
e. bay window where the base of the bay is less than 1 meter from
the floor line
f. changing room and locker room
g. escalator space at each floor
h. floor area measured to the exterior of perimeter walls and
shadows
i. floor space in accessory building
j. floor space in penthouse
k. lobby/foyer

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 l. mezzanine
m. balcony of residential building at exterior counted at 50%
n. balcony at all other buildings counted at 100%
o. toilet and bathroom
p. any other floor space not specifically included in this definition

2.3.4 Building areas that are always excluded in the calculation of GFA
provided the Declarant is satisfied that they are constructed for this sole
purpose, are:
a. parking area
b. loading or unloading area for motor vehicles
c. areas to be occupied solely by machinery or equipment for any
elevator, air-conditioning or heating system, mechanical or
electrical risers, refuse collection area exclusively serving the
entire building
d. elevator shaft and fire stairs at each floor
e. enclosed fire exit and exit enclosure
f. uncovered gardens / landscaped areas, children’s play area,
uncovered and unenclosed recreational and sports facilities
g. areas occupied by mandatory skywalk system and vertical
interchanges that are open 24 hours a day
h. areas for police and fire stations
i. areas for museums, convention facilities and public libraries,
subject to appropriate guidelines and approval of the Planning
Review Board

The Declarant may permit any floor space to be excluded from the
definition of GFA through modifications of the provisions of the Design
Standards & Guidelines.

2.3.5 In order to facilitate implementation of the Master Plan,

particularly the comprehensive pedestrian network which is to serve the
whole Global City, some floor areas may, at the sole discretion of the

77
 Declarant, be excluded from the calculation of GFA.

2.3.4 There are some areas in the building that may be eligible for bonus
FAR. The building areas that may be eligible for bonus FAR ratio must
be critical to the day to day functioning of the Global City and well-being
of the community which both work and live within it. These areas should
either facilitate public pedestrian movement or other public activities.
The Declarant, at his sole discretion, will determine where such bonuses
will be given.

SECTION 2.4 BUILDING COVERAGE

2.4.1 Every building to be constructed within the Global City is subject
to the following controls:

a. podium coverage controls

b. tower coverage controls

‘Podium’ coverage controls apply to that portion of the building 25 meters

and below while the ‘tower coverage’ control apply to that portion of the
building above 25 meters. These controls apply to all buildings whether
they are in effect towers (i.e. a single structure with no podium either up to
25 meters, or 25 meters and above) or buildings containing a podium with
a tower above. The objective of introducing the controls is to encourage a
range of building form.

2.4.2 The coverage controls with respect to the above are as detailed
below

78
 Maximum Maximum Remarks
Podium Tower
Coverage Coverage

Mixed Use Zone When used as

residential, the
- Corner/Through Lot 95% 80%
residential zone
- Inside Lot 85% 80% coverage will apply.

The coverage control is further subject to governing setback and

easement. In case of discrepancy between coverage control and
setback/easement, the more stringent coverage shall apply.

SECTION 2.5 BUILDING LINE

2.5.1 The building line of any structure must comply with the podium
and tower setback and easement requirement of the Setback Plan as
indicated in Figures 2.2, 7.1, 7.2 and the Individual Lot Information Plan.

2.5.2 Podium façade, above arcade if any, shall be built at the property
line or the inner edge of easement where a build-to-line is a requirement.
In such a case, 20 meters minimum, high “building-frontage” up to the
cornice is required for mixed use development while for residential
development, the minimum shall be 12 meters.

2.5.3 Where no setback or easement is indicated in Figures 2.2, 7.1, 7.2,

and the Individual Lot Information Plan, the developer has the option to
design their setback for that area including but not limited to build-to-
line.

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FBDC Setback Plan

PROPOSED SITE

80
SECTION 2.6 TOWER SETBACK
2.6.1 Any structure over 25 meter is subject to lower coverage controls
and setbacks as indicated in the Setback Plan. These are in addition to
any podium setbacks.

2.6.2 A minimum 4.0 meters tower setback is also required at all parcel
lines common to adjacent properties. Tower setbacks must also conform
to the National Building Code.

SECTION 2.7 PLAZA SETBACK

2.7.1 A setback of the building line is required around the landmark
towers on Bonifacio Avenue as well as in other lots per Setback Plan
and Open Space, Landscape and Easement Plan so as to enhance the
dramatic, special experience of the lots in the Global City.

SECTION 2.8 BASEMENT

2.8.1 Basements are permitted up to the property line, subject to public
and roadway easements. Grade areas above basements must be designed
and landscaped so as to integrate with their immediate surroundings.

SECTION 2.9 BUIDING HEIGHT

2.9.1 The building height of all buildings must conform to the
requirements of the Air Transport Office.

2.9.2 There must be continuous and unhampered access (with no abrupt

grade changes) between buildings and required skywalks. The
recommended ground level to second level floor-to-floor height is 6
meters for buildings with required skywalks and 5 meters for buildings
without required skywalks.

SECTION 2.10 BUILDING CHARACTER

2.10.1 Building character relates to the range of exterior visual
patterns expressed through cornices, columns, glazing and variations in

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 massing, colors, texture, and materials, etc. In identifying the particular
character for a building, it is important that:
a. it respects the character of buildings in the same block/district
b facades should employ different but related architectural elements
so as to avoid repetition and monotony

2.10.2 The expression of building character should include

horizontal and vertical banding and rhythm, storefront cadence and lintel,
cornice and molding, tower to podium proportion and the organization
of glazing, etc. Comparable and compatible design details should be
employed at all sides of the building. Vernacular architecture is strongly
encouraged to reflect the culture of the Philippines. In addition, the
design of the building should respond to the local climate in both the
overall form and materials used.

SECTION 2.11 BUILDING MATERIALS

2.11.1 Buildings and other improvements, including landscaping,
lighting and signage must be consistent with and blend with the
character of the environment in which they are located as well as the
requirements of the Design Standards and Guidelines.

2.11.2 The use of environmental-friendly materials is encouraged.

External reflective glass should be clear with an outdoor reflectance of
20% and the shading co-efficient of 0.3 or anything with an equivalent
performance in terms of reflectivity and energy efficiency.

2.11.3 The actual specific minimum construction(s) cost of

buildings may be determined by the Declarant in supplemental
declarations to these Design Standards and Guidelines that it may issue
from time to time.

SECTION 2.12 FAÇADE

2.12.1 All building walls, including parking structures, should be

82
designed with sufficient architectural details to create identity and still
be in harmony with the context.

2.12.2 Buildings should provide for a hierarchy of horizontal and

vertical expression and patterns that should related to the particular form
and proportion of a building. The purpose of detailing is to create
consistency among the building frontage (tower) and other architectural
features, such as the building entrance, corner, and variation in setback,
etc.

2.12.3 Relentless grids and “egg crate” fenestration should be

avoided.

2.12.4 All parking above ground shall be confined in parking

structures and be visually screened with approved architectural
treatment. Parking structure side openings shall be covered with grills
or similar treatment of no more than 50% open and/or transparent in area.

2.12.5 Balconies are allowed and encouraged.

2.12.6 The following guidelines apply with respect to residential

buildings:
a. Any external laundry spaces to be provided for any
residential units of the building constructed or to be
constructed on the lot shall be recessed into such building or
buildings and no drying facilities shall be permitted to
protrude beyond the outer face thereof, except with the prior
written permission of the Declarant.

b. All plumbing and other pipe works of any building or

buildings constructed or to be constructed on the lot shall be
concealed accordingly.

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 c. The external finish materials of any building or buildings
constructed or to be constructed on the lot shall be capable
of easy maintenance and shall be of such color, type and
materials shall be permitted in writing by the Declarant.

SECTION 2.13 BUILDING ENTRANCE AND STOREFRONT

2.13.1 The main entrance to a building should be clearly defined by
its size and form as well as in the use of colors, textures, materials and
lighting. Its size however, should related in scale to the overall
configuration of the building base.

2.13.2 The main entrance doorway should be recessed into the

façade and/or located under an arcade or canopy. Also, entry doors must
not project beyond the property line when open and must comply with
all access requirements as required by the Law to Enhance Mobility of
Disabled Persons.

2.13.3 The design of the storefront should reflect the activity which
is accommodated behind it as well as the urban setting in which it is
located. Unifying elements with respect to signage, graphics, awning
and lighting should be adopted.
2.13.4 Storefront along pedestrian routes should at least be 75%
transparent. Glass block, etched, sand blasted, mirrored, or stained glass
are allowed but are counted as opaque material.

2.13.5 The design of and use of materials in both main entrance and
storefront most comply with the requirements outlined in the local
building, fire and other relevant codes. The materials used should be
durable and weather resistant.

2.13.6 Storefronts must also take into account the requirements

contained in Section 2.12 and Section 4 regarding Facades and the
Pedestrian System, respectively.

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SECTION 2.14 ROOF
2.14.1 General
a. Roofs should be designed in accordance with the architectural
treatment of the tower and podium below.

2.14.2 Podium Roof

a. Utilities and equipment on podium roofs must be screened from top
and sides with appropriate structures that are visually in conformity with
the building design.

b. In mixed use developments, podium roofs should be designed with

access and amenities for tenants and residents

c. In residential developments, podium roofs should be designed for use

by the residents and should, therefor, include gardens, pools, play areas,
etc.

SECTION 2.15 FENCES, WALLS AND GATES

2.15.1 Gates in exclusive residential areas should be recessed to a
minimum of 5 meters, towards the interior property, providing free and
unimpeded movements along sidewalks and roads.

2.15.2 Fences should act as visual screens as well as physical

screens. They are to be developed according to these Design Standards
and Guidelines.

2.15.3 Fence and wall designs and materials are subject to design
approval by the Declarant.

2.15.4 Fences are to be maintained by the lot buyer/owner.

2.15.5 Recommended fence and fence wall designs are indicated in

Figures 2.3.

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 SECTION 2.16 PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT BLOCKS
a. As used in the Design Standards and Guidelines, selected blocks
shown in Figure 2.1 are classified as Planned Unit Development
(PUD) Blocks.

b. While an indicative lot subdivision of PUD blocks are shown, final

lot subdivision/configuration for each block shall be prepared by
Declarant.

c. The Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and Gross Floor Area (GFA) indicated
in the block’s indicative lot subdivision may be re-allocated/re-
assigned within the same block during the development of the final
block – lot subdivision configuration.

SECTION 3: PARKING AND VEHICULAR ACCESS

SECTION 3.1 PARKING
3.1.1 The parking strategy that has been devised for Bonifacio
Global City is the result of an in-depth study to examine travel demand
patterns within the Global City. The study looked at the trips that would
be generated by the residents and the workforce living, or working
within the Global City as well as those trips that would be attracted to
the Global City for reasons of work, entertainment, visiting friends, etc.

3.1.2 The strategy took account of the fact that the Global City is
to be serviced by both a public transportation system as well as private
vehicles.

3.1.3 As part of the overall public and private transportation

strategy for the Global City, there is a need to constrain vehicular
movement and consider a car parking strategy. This strategy looks to
provide the Global City with both private and public car parks.

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3.1.4 Private car parking spaces as well as provision for
loading/unloading bays will only service residents or those working in
or utilizing the particular development or building in which they are
located.

3.1.5 All residential developments, whether in R1, R2, R3 or in

mixed use (M1, M2) zones shall accommodate 100 percent of the
required car parking provision on-site. This standard reflects both
market and end-user demand as well as the fact that residential users
general less vehicular trips than commercial do. No surface car parking
is permitted within residential areas.

3.1.6 For commercial uses (office, retail, entertainment, etc.)

including hotels, the Lot Buyer/Owner shall provide 100 percent of the
required car parking provisions on-site.

3.1.7 Where different types of development (e.g. residential

development, hotel, office, retail, community facility) are included on
the same site, some reduction in car parking standard may be considered
by the Declarant if it can be clearly demonstrated through detailed traffic
impact and car parking study, that a relaxation in the standards of
provision is beneficial.

3.1.8 The dimensions for standard parking space,

loading/unloading bays and lay-bys are as follows:
Length Width Minimum
(meters) (meters) Headroom

Private cars, taxis 5 2.5 2.4

Coaches, buses 12 3.6 3.8

Lorries, container 12 3.6 4.5

vehicles

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 Lay bys are drop off points for private vehicles and taxis.

The minimum headroom relates to the clearance between the floor and
the lower most projection from the ceiling including any lighting units,
ventilation duct, conduits, or similar.

3.1.9 The first 5 meters of entrance and exit ramps to car parks
abutting sidewalks shall have a slope of not greater than one percent
(1%). No portion of either the entrance of exit ramp shall intrude into
the sidewalk pavement.

3.1.9 The standards of car parking provisions are detailed below:

LAND USE PARKING REQUIREMENT LOADING/UNLOADING
REQUIREMENT

RESIDENTIAL

 M1, M2 zones  Minimum of 1 slot per unit size  As per provision for
of 100 m2 and above residential zones R1, R2,
 Minimum 1 slot per aggregate R3
floor area of 100sqm GFA or
fraction thereof, for units
below 100sqm.

MIXED USE

 Office  1 car parking slot for every 70 A minimum of 1

m2 GFA or fraction thereof loading/unloading bay for
lorries for every 5000m2,
or part thereof, of GFA.
 For sites of at least 5000
m2 net site area, 1 picking
up/setting down lay by for
taxis and private cars for

88
 every 20,000 m2 of GFA or
part thereof, or as
determined by the
Declarant

 As per provision for office

 Retail  1 car parking slots for every

(includes 70 m2 GFA or fraction thereof
retail outlets,
cinemas,
restaurants,
bars, etc.)
 As per provision for office

 Museums,
convention
facilities and  Minimum of 1 car slot and 1
public jeepney/shuttle slot for every

libraries 50 m2 of spectator area

 Minimum of 1 bus parking
slot for every 200 spectators
VISITORS  All developments, other than
PARKING for office use, are encouraged
to provide an additional 0.15
slot per required car park slot
to ensure ample visitors
parking
 All office developments are
required to allocate 15% of

89
 required parking slots as
exclusive visitors parking, i.e.
not appurtenant to units
therein

Note: For land/specific uses not indicated above, the Lot Buyer/ Owner
shall be required to comply with other relevant legislations and
applications, including but not limited to any amending or new
legislations, rules and regulations, ordinances, etc, whichever is more
stringent.

3.1.11 The Lot Buyer/Owner shall contribute a reasonable amount

to the development and maintenance of off-site car parks in proportion
to the number of parking rights owned by the Lot Buyer/Owner.

3.1.12 Every development application to the Declarant must contain

a Car Parking Plan as detailed in Section 1.3 of these Design Standards
and Guidelines and the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and
Restrictions.

3.1.13 In case of redevelopment, the Lot Buyer/Owner will be

required to comply with the parking requirements as a result of the
redevelopment.

SECTION 3.2 VEHICULAR ACCESS

3.2.1 Vehicular curb-cuts are to be located on streets and/or
reserved access lots and are not permitted on boulevards and parkways
as indicated in Figure 3.1 – Vehicular Access Plan. Exceptions to this
will be made in cases of hotels and lots which do not have any direct
access except through boulevards and parkways, in which case one
vehicular curb-cut is allowed per block or every 100 meters of block
frontage. Such exceptions will require the approval of the Declarant.

90
 3.2.2 Vehicular curb-cuts shall at least be 12-meters away from
property liner corner (some exceptions apply) as indicated in the Lot
Information Plan. Wherever possible, curb-cuts for adjacent parcels
should be combined. Curb-cuts for mixed-use developments must be no
greater than 9 meters wide, while for residential developments, the
maximum curb0cut must be 7 meters wide. No more than two (2) curb
cuts may be combined.

3.2.3 The Declarant shall assess requests for additional curb cuts
by Developers based on the following criteria:

a. GFA of the lot – Only lots with GFA above 50,000 sqms. And a
minimum size of 3,200 sqms. and a minimum frontage of 80
meters shall be considered for additional curb cuts.

b. Lot consolidation/subdivision history

c. Land use of the lot and the proposed projects thereon

d. Traffic Impact of additional curb cuts – lot owner/developer to

submit a detailed traffic impact study to justify the need for
additional curb cut.

3.2.4 All other safety requirements related to vehicular access shall be

provided in accordance with the National Building Code.

91
FBDC Vehicular System Plan

PROPOSED SITE

92
SECTION 3.3 VEHICULAR SERVICE LANE
3.3.1 Vehicular service lanes for individual blocks must be
provided as indicated in the Vehicular Access Plan shown in Figure 3.1.
A vehicular service lance is required for parcels containing commercial
uses so as to remove the need for any on-street servicing. The width of
ta vehicular service lane must be 3.5 meters on each side of two adjacent
parcels, for those lots identified in the Vehicular Access Plan. The lane
can be covered on top, subject to agreement being reached between the
owners of the two parcels and the Declarant. Should cover be provided,
a 5 meter minimum interior height clearance is required. If it is
impossible to provide a service lane in blocks surrounded by major
boulevards and parkways, an underground loading and unloading dock
is required.

3.3.2 Where adjacent lots have been consolidated, the

vehicular service lane can, upon approval by the Declarant, be re-aligned
or replaced with other means of vehicular services access. Should
consolidated parcels be re-sold and sub-divided again, the original
requirements with respect to vehicular service lanes, as indicated in the
Vehicular Access Plan, must be reinstated.

3.3.3 The lot shall enjoy a right of way for vehicular service
lanes over adjacent lots as shown in the Lot Information Plan and
Vehicular Access Plan. The right of way shall permit free and
unrestricted access 24 hours a day and shall be exclusively for private
and service vehicles servicing and accessing the subject lots.

3.3.4 The vehicular service lane in each particular lot will be

constructed at the cost of the individual lot owner. The repair and
maintenance of vehicular service lanes will be shared pro rata by the Lot
Buyer/Owner and the adjacent Lot Buys/ Owners enjoying the right of
way over the vehicular service lanes mentioned. In case of failure of the
Lot Buyer/Owner to contribute to the maintenance of the vehicular

93
 service lane, the other Lot Buyers/Owners may advance the share of the
defaulting Lot Buyer/Owner subject to the right of reimbursement
and/or damages for any and all amounts advanced.

SECTION 3.4 LOADING AND UNLOADING REQUIREMENTS

3.4.1 Loading and unloading requirements are detailed in 3.1.10
and must be provided within the lot boundary. The following design
guidelines should be adhered to:

a. Residential Developments
The design and layout should be such that there is no backing
onto any public road from loading/unloading activities.

b. Office/Retail Developments
The point of access for loading/unloading activities should not
interrupt any main shopping frontage.

The maneuvering of lorries should be within the lot except

where access is onto a vehicular service lane.
c. Hotels/Others
Loading/unloading bays should be located close to the service
entrance

3.4.2 Wherever possible, loading/unloading activities should be

accommodated underground.

SECTION 3.5 SPACE FOR PARKING SERVICE VEHICLES

3.5.1 Space for the maneuvering, parking, loading of refuse
collection vehicle or any other service vehicles shall be provided on the
ground floor, basement or vehicular service lane, as appropriate.

3.5.2 The space so provided shall be designed to allow vehicles to

enter and leave the lot without reverse movement. Exceptions to this

94
 provision must be with the prior written approval of the Declarant.

SECTION 4 PEDESTRIAN SYSTEM

SECTION 4.3 AT GRADE LINKAGE
4.3.1 Galleria – Planning Guidelines and Design Criteria

a. A galleria combines skywalk and arcade circulation around an open

space running through a book so as to create a pedestrian mall
atmosphere. Gallerias may be open to the sky or covered.

b. A skywalk shall be provided on the second floor level on top of an

arcade as indicated in the Plan. A second floor level pedestrian way is
also encouraged on the other side parallel to the skywalk with bridge
connection so as to create a shopping mall experience. Such area may
be excluded from GFA computation upon approval of the Declarant.
Area requirements and recommended design treatment must comply
with the guidelines.

c. If enclosed, the galleria is required to have a skylight cover at least

50% of its length. The ceiling must be at least 10 meters high from
ground level.

d. Indicative diagrams are shown in Figure 4.5.

4.3.2 Arcade – Planning Guidelines

a. Ground-level covered pedestrian way running parallel to and in

between buildings/storefronts and the property lines is classified as an
arcade.

b. Development locations that are required to provide for and link into
an arcade system indicated in the Pedestrian System Plan.

95
c. Arcades must be provided at street/sidewalk level, linking
continuously into the arcade of an adjacent development as they are also
intended to serve as pedestrian refuge from sun and rain.

d. The design of the arcade must be compatible with the character of the
building of which it forms part and of the neighborhood in which it is
located.

e. When a building is required to build to the property line but will not
be able to comply due to its small building footprint relative to the
overall size of the lot/block, the lot buyer/owner/occupant shall submit
a request for such deviation and seek the approval of the Declarant. The
request may be favorably considered by the Declarant, subject to the
conditions that it may impose on the lot buyer/owner/occupant such as
requiring the requesting party to build-to-line at one side of the required
locations and to connect the proposed building development into the
remaining arcade networks as shown in the “build-to-line” locations of
the Setback Plan and Pedestrian System Plan.

f. An Arcade shall be funded, constructed and maintained by the lot

buyer/owner of the site.

g. No retail nor other soliciting activity is allowed within the arcade zone
unless approved by the Declarant. Retail activity and display windows
are encouraged at areas adjacent to arcade zones.

h. An arcade shall not be used for any purposes other than for pedestrian
movement except as provided for in section 4.3.2g.

4.3.3 Arcade – Design Criteria

a. The building area dedicated for an arcade that is mandatory under

Article 5 of the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions

96
may, at the sole discretion of the Declarant, be excluded from the
calculation of the GFA.

 Width
3.5 meters minimum continuous zone, free of columns and other
obstruction. Should it be unavoidable that a column or other
obstruction is located within an arcade zone the resulting aggregate
width of the remaining clear zones shall now total at least 3.8 meters.
The criteria for this is as follows:
 Columns and other obstructions may only divide the arcade
cross section into no more than 2 clear zones where “X” is the
clear zone on the building side and “Y” is the clear zone on the
sidewalk side.
 The sum of the width of clear zones “X” and “Y” must be at
least 3.8 meters.
 Clear zone “Y” shall have a minimum width of 0.6 meters.
 Clear zone “X” shall have a minimum width of 2.4 meters.
 The above is more clearly shown on Fig. 4.6.

 Height
Interior height of the arcade must match with at least that of the
ground floor of the building into which it links. The minimum
internal height to the base of the ceiling is 4 meters for single height
arcade. Developments opting to have double height arcades should
have a minimum internal height of the base of ceiling 7 meters.

 Enclosure/Cover
Arcades must be continuously covered overhead; minimum distance
between any columns on the street side shall be 4 meters clear with
75% of the linear frontage being open and clear. Vertical clearance
for such opening shall be 3.5 meters. At least 7.5% of the linear
frontage along the inside wall of an arcade must be transparent or
activated with displays.
97
  Accessories
Lighting must be provided throughout the entire arcade in
conformity with Section 5.2.2 hereof and trash cans should be
provided at appropriate locations

 Access for Disabled

Arcade must be accessible to the disable, the entire slope of an
arcade floor shall not exceed 2%. Arcade floors must be graded so
that they are level with adjacent sidewalks.

b. Arcade critical dimensions are shown in Figure 4.6.

4.3.4 Passageway – Planning Guidelines

a. Certain developments are required to accommodate passageways at

ground level which may include a meandering pedestrian walkway, a
jogging trail, biking path and open passageways. These are indicated in the
Pedestrian System Plan.

b. The passageway can be constructed as an outdoor or enclosed linkage as

indicated in the Pedestrian System Plan. Servicing and storage are not
permitted along the passageway.

c. Passageways required under the Pedestrian System Plan are not included
in the overall calculation of GFA unless otherwise calculation of GFA
unless otherwise stated by the Declarant.

d. Easement that serve as passageway are provided within the City Center
as shown in the Pedestrian System Plan.

i. These easements are intended to provide a pleasant pedestrian link

between the northern and southern development areas, landscaped areas

98
 and or parks;

ii. Given the nature of these passageways, the façade of lots abutting
these easements is required to incorporate design treatment that is
aesthetically pleasing and will discourage vandalism or give rise to
safety concerns.

iii. No mechanical equipment/rooms or waste-storage facilities shall be

allowed to be located on the side abutting the easements which will
exhaust onto said easements.

iv. Developments on both sides of the easements are strongly encouraged

to incorporate both retail and commercial spaces to create a memorable
pedestrian experience

v. Pedestrian entrances or accesses to the abutting lots from the

easements are permitted
4.3.5 Passageway – Design Criteria
 Width 3.5 meters minimum interior clearance
 Height 2.5 minimum height of a covered passageway
 Lighting Lighting should be provided along the passageway to
illuminate the area and shall conform with Section 5.2.1 hereof.

4.3.6 Pedestrian Plaza Easements

a. Pedestrian Plaza Easements are lots set aside by the Declarant that shall
serve as at grade level pathways for pedestrians traveling in the Global City.
These pedestrian plaza easements shall form part of the Global City’s
pedestrian system. Pedestrian Plaza Easements are shown in Figure 7.1.

b. In order to provide a degree of protection to the pedestrian from the

elements, certain lot adjacent to pedestrian plaza easements shall be required
to provide canopies for pedestrian use.

99
 c. Canopies shall conform with Section 4.3.7 or the design criteria for
canopies. Developers shall be required to build-to-line in areas where canopies
are required.

d. Canopies shall be funded and constructed by the building owner to which

it is attached. Maintenance, repair and cleaning of the canopy shall be done by
the lot owner at his own expense and shall be to the reasonably satisfaction of
the Declarant.

e. No retail or soliciting activity is allowed within the canopy zone or the

pedestrian plaza easements unless approved by the Declarant

f. Arcades, although encouraged, shall only be considered optional adjacent

to the pedestrian plaza easement. Arcades placed on properties along
pedestrian plaza easements shall be located within the saleable lots and shall
comply with Section 4.3.3 or the design criteria for arcades.

g. Pedestrian Plaza Easements shall also be considered part of the Global

City Open Space, Landscape and Easement System.

4.3.7 Canopy – Design Criteria

a. Required or mandatory canopies shall be cantilevered and anchored to the
main structure or development project on the saleable lot.

b. Canopies shall be fixed and not retractable, they cannot be enclosed and
must be accessible by the general public.

c. Canopies shall extend over the pedestrian plaza easement and have an over-
hang of 2.0m measured from the property line. The minimum continuous
horizontal clear zone, free of columns and other obstructions underneath
canopies shall likewise be 2.0 meters.

d. Canopies shall have a fixed vertical clearance of 3.5 meters from the

100
 finished floor line to the lowest portion of the fascia.

e. The over-hang fascia shall have a maximum height of 1.20 meters. The
name of the appropriate retail locator may be placed on the canopy fascia
subject to the approval of the Declarant.

f. Canopies must be made of a light material subject to the approval of the

Declarant.

g. Arcades are encouraged but not required on the side of the lots where
canopies are required. Arcades placed in these locations on the side of the lots
where canopies are required. Arcades placed in these locations must also be
compliant with Section 4.3.3 – Arcade Design Criteria. Should lot owners opt
not to place arcades in these locations, at least 75% of the linear frontage along
the inside wall where the canopy is located must be transparent or activated
with displays.

4.5 Micro Site Profile

The following data presented are results of the research data gathering of the
selected site, and serves to aid the researcher in the design process.

4.5.1 Site Analysis

This section discusses the studies made for the selected site and the
observations and analysis conducted by the researcher.

4.5.1.1 Brief Site Description of the Site

The proposed site is located on block 15 along 5th Avenue and 26th
Street of Bonifacio Global City, Taguig. According to the Bonifacio City
Development Map and the Fort Bonifacio Land Use Plan, the lot is part
of the Bonifacio Center district and is zoned as a mixed-used area. At
present the site has a temporary establishment for dining and recreation
(The Fort Strip). The site’s surrounding on-going development include
projects such as the Maybank Performing Arts Center and a number of

101
 residential developments such as Verve Residences One ans Two and
One and Two Maridien,. It is also beside a park, Terra 28th Park, on its
southeast side. The lot is located near the Bonifacio High Street and the
offices along Crescent Park West where most of the corporate offices in
BGC is found. It is also of near distance to the University Park which
has institutional facilities such as The Department of Energy, Manila
Water Company, International School Manila, The British School
Manila, Manila Japanese School, Everest Academy, STI College, and
Treston International College. The lot is bounded by access roads on all
sides; 7th avenue on the southeast side, 28th Street on the northeast side,
5th Avenue on the northwest side, and 26th Street on the southwest side.
It can be accessed by vehicular transportation like the BGC shuttle bus,
taxi, and private cars and vehicles.

4.5.1.2 Proposed Site

102
4.5.1.3 Site Photos

103
4.5.1.4 Existing Micro Site Conditions
A. Climate
According to the climate and rainfall record of Taguig City,
Taguig has a hot, humid weather all year round with average
relative humidity of 81% although it is a generally cooler
between the months of November-February. The hottest month
is May, when the temperature averages 28°C. The rainy season
is between June and October, although some precipitation is
possible all throughout the year. The average annual rainfall is
approximately 2,000 mm. with a peak of at least 400mm. in
August and a low of 4mm in March. This implies that the site is
affected by the Taguig’s microclimate and will experience high
temperatures and sun during the summer months, and lots of
rainfall during the monsoon season.

B. Zoning
Analyzing the context of the surrounding area of the site is
important in order to consider its effect to the proposed building.
According to the Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation, the
site is situated in a Mixed-Use General Zoning with 5th avenue
and 26th street as its adjacent major roads. Traffic, noise, heat,
and other adjacent buildings shall be one of the major
considerations. The adjacent block north-east from the site is
Bonifacio High Street Central and on its south-west side is Terra
28th Park. The aforementioned areas can be used as a focal point
when designing the building by incorporating a scenic view to
its facilities. It is also important that these areas are considered
in terms of site planning in order to have a harmonize
environment among each other.

C. Site Wind Path

The microclimate of the chosen site has no available wind data
from PAGASA, therefore the prevailing winds of the Philippine

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shall be the basis for determining the existing wind directions in
the surrounding area. These winds are known as; the Northeast
winds or “hanging amihan" which refers to the flow of cold to
dry wind or winter from northern area that creates dry air streams
that produces clear skies. This phenomenon occurs in the months
of December to early March when the high pressure system is the
strongest; and the Southwest Winds or “hanging habagat” is the
flow of very humid wind, which ranges from a perceptible amount
of moisture to the point of being intolerable. The phenomenon
occurs from June to September.

D. Site Solar Path and Elevation

The site is located in the following coordinates: 14.5495°
Latitude and 121.048° Longitude. When oriented true North, the
site faces 5th Avenue on the Northwest side and 26th Street on the
Southwest side. Given the coordinates of the site, the sun path
diagram was generated from University of Oregon Sun Path
Chart Program that shows the location of the sun, its solar
azimuth, and elevation at different times of the day on different
months of the year. A detailed interpretation of the solar diagram
is shown in a graph and from there the designer derives the
highest and lowest angles of the sun for consideration in the
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design and is set on the simplified table below.

DECEMBER Solar Elevation Solar Azimuth

9 am 32° 130°

12 nn 52° 180°

3 pm 32° 230°

APRIL Solar Elevation Solar Azimuth

9 am 46° 84°

12 nn 86° 180°

3 pm 46° 271°

Based on the solar chart, the researcher obtained the following

solar elevation angles on strategic days of the year. During
December 21, 9 am, the solar elevation is at its lowest for the

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 entire year which is 32°. The day and time with the highest sun
elevation is at noon of April 20 or August 22, which the sun rises
up to 86°. These two angles are important for the researcher to
determine the proper shading devices and to maximize the use of
natural light to the building design. This aids the researcher to
design the building with proper orientation, façade treatments,
and other necessary strategies that harness natural light, control
daylight, and reduce solar heat gains in the site.

4.5.1.5 Site Utilities and Services

The existing locations of utilities such as electric and water line are all
properly located underground and are accessible via manholes. It is
essential to point out this location that aids the designer in placing the
service areas of the building project at a minimum distance to the source.
Waste collection of buildings registered with the Philippine Economic
Zone Authority (PEZA) are being managed by a department of the city
government under a memorandum of agreement.

4.5.1.6 Traffic and Noise Analysis

The site can be access through all sides of the site, (5th Avenue, 26th
Street, 7th Avenue, and 28th Street) its main roads along 5th Avenue and
26th Street. Traffic conditions in the area range from very light to
moderate depending on the time and weather conditions of the day.
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Noise levels range appropriately to the location and traffic conditions of
the road and existing establishments. Consideration for noise reduction
solutions such as application of landscape buffers, acoustic treatments,
and proper zoning should be allocated properly.

4.5.1.7 Site impact and Analysis (Developments)

The researcher applies the proper principles in planning of not treating
the site and the building of the project as an isolated or separate entity
from its surrounding community. The project should benefit from its
immediate area and designed to a broader context of its environment and
people. The following analysis provided the researcher an idea on what
specific existing developments may affect the project. This includes the
existing parks and open spaces, colleges and universities, transportation
routes, residential properties and developments, government and health
institutions, and others, all within the 1 km radius of the site that will
impact its development.

 Parks and Open Spaces

Presence of these parks and open spaces ensures that there are
consistent crowds visiting the immediate surroundings of the site.
This is an advantage for both community and the project as it can
benefit each other by attracting more visitors in using their facilities
and services.

 Colleges and Universities

It assures that there are continuing number and presence of the youth
population. It would be the public library‘s advantage if the area has
tertiary schools within its proximity as it also targets the young and
adult crowd living in the community.

 New Residential and Commercial Developments

It means more people are moving in the area which means more
possible users. And the presence of a new public library may add to

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 the economic value and benefits to its surrounding properties.

 Government Institutions
It provides the library with volunteers for its facilities and services
for the community. This also proves that the area receives a good
number of visitors.

 Health Institutions
This helps the library to be secure regarding the health of its user and
provides them with easier access to healthcare or hospitals if any
accidents or injuries shall occur.

 Road Networks
This gives the users a good sense of place and direction in order for
them to grasp the picture of the surrounding area. This also
determines how legible the site for access through existing road
adjacent such as major roads and minor streets.

 Transportation
The route and types of public transportation is important to
determine and how it would affect the accessibility of the users
coming from different parts of Metro Manila to the site.

4.5.1.8 Facilities, Institutions, and Developments within a 1 km

radius of the site

Colleges, Universities, and other learning institutions:

 British School Manila  Makati Gospel School
 Everest Academy Inc. Christian Academy
 Every Nation  Manila Japanese School
Leadership Institute  STI College Academy
 International School  Summit School, Inc.
Manila  The Mind Museum
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  Treston International
College

Government Institutions:
 Department of Energy  Global City Police
 Manila Water Company Department
 Bonifacio City Global  BCDA Corporate Office
Office  Taguig Post Office
 Senegal Consulate  Social Security System
 Embassy of the Taguig
Republic of Singapore  Bureau of Internal
 Royal Norwegian Revenue – Taguig
Embassy  Health Institutions:
 Royal Danish Embassy  St. Luke’s Medical
 Embassy of the Center
Republic of Kazakhstan  Fort Bonifacio General
Hospital

Commercial Developments:
 Market! Market!  Venice Piazza
 Serendra  Uptown Mall
 Bonifacio High Street  Burgos Circle
 HighStreet South Block  The Big Apple
 Forbeswood Heights  Ayala Malls Park
 The Fort Strip Triangle
 The Forum

Religious Institutions:
 Saint Michael's Church (formerly known as St. Michael Chaplaincy)
 Every Nation Ministries or the Victory Christian Fellowship

Hotels:
 F1 Hotel  Seda Hotel
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  Global City Hotel  The Fort Prime Living

Residential Developments:
 Avant @ The Fort  One Serendra (Phase
 Beaufort 2A) Bamboo and
 Bellagio 1 Mahogany Building
 Bellagio 2  One Serendra (Phase
 Bellagio 3 2B) Narra & Jasmine

 Bonifacio Ridge Building

Condominuim  Pacific Plaza Towers,

 Cresent Park Condo Corp.

Residences  Penhurst Parkplace

 Essensa East Forbes Condo Corp.

 Fairways Tower  Regent Parkway

 Fifth Avenue Place  Seibu Tower

 Forbeswood Heights  South of Market

 Forbeswood Parklane  The Blue Sapphire

 Fort Legend Towers Residences Condo

Condo Corp.

 Fort One (F1) City  The Fort Residences

Center  The Icon Residences

 Fort Palm Spring  The Infinity Tower

 Grand Hamptons Place  The Luxe Residences

 Hampton’s Place  The Sapphire

 Kensington Place Residences

 Mckinley Park  Two Serendra (Sec. A)

Residences  Two Serendra (Sec.

 One Mckinley Place B&C)

 One Serendra (Phase 1)  Two Serendra (Sec.

Palm Building D&E)

 Two Serendra-The
Aston
Parks and Open Spaces
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  Track 30th  Burgos Circle Park
 Terra 28th  De Jesus Oval Park
 Turf BGC

Transportation
 BGC Bus
 Private Vehicle
 Taxi cabs

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4.5.1.9 Permeability Study
This section briefly analyzes the permeability of the site from various
locations around Metro Manila and the major thoroughfares that exist to
access the site. All roads must lead to Mckinley Road, Kalayaan Flyover,
and C.P. Garcia Avenue to access the site. The access map is shown
below.

4.5.2 SWOT Analysis

4.5.2.1 Strengths
The site has a good vantage point for pedestrians which means that it is
easily visible and accessible. Location is also near open spaces so there
won’t be any obstructions blocking the site. The site is also near
institutions of educational facilities. Pedestrian traffic is fairly moderate
and vehicular traffic is also in a moderate flow.

4.5.2.2 Weaknesses
The site is fairly far from the heart of the metro, inclining more to the
southern region of the metro, meaning that it could mostly only cater to
the people residing near the said location.

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 4.5.2.3 Opportunities
With proper planning and site consideration, the library may serve to
become more than just a repository of information but also as a prestigious
icon for Filipino’s thirst for knowledge as it will enhance the people’s
awareness on the importance of libraries. Several future establishments
and institutions are also already underway, making it an up-and-coming
social district.

4.5.2.4 Threats
Possible threats that the site could encounter would be the increase in
vehicular traffic due to the increase of the people coming to the site due to
the new establishments being built, which would also create problems in
managing the security of the area. Thus, considerations and provisions
must be followed to avoid such circumstances.

4.6 Conclusion
With the given data and information, the site is truly fit for a new public library.
Collected data from research and deeper analysis in site conditions will help in the
feasibility of the project. Various provisions will be incorporated to render the
project successful.

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