Intro to inviscid flow

• Inviscid flow is where viscosity does not

control the behavior
– We will consider low viscosity fluid like water
that are not controlled by turbulence, and no
vorticity

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 How does this affect the equations?
• Momentum equation:
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑥
𝜌 + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 =− + 𝜇 + + + 𝑔𝑥 𝜌
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

• What happens when viscosity is 0

𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 + 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 =− + 𝑔𝑥 𝜌
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑝 1

+ 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 =− + 𝐹𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝐷 𝑣റ 1
= − 𝛻𝑝 + 𝐹റ
𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑝 1 𝐷𝑡 𝜌
+ 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 =− + 𝐹𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜌

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1

+ 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧 =− + 𝐹𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜌

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 Momentum balance for inviscid flow
𝐷 𝑣റ 1
= − 𝛻𝑝 + 𝐹റ
𝐷𝑡 𝜌

Let’s set 𝐹റ = −𝛻Φ = −𝛻𝑔𝑧

where Φ is the body force potential
𝐷 𝑣റ 1 𝑝
= − 𝛻𝑝 − 𝛻𝑔𝑧 = −𝛻 + 𝑔𝑧
𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝜌

Vector Identity: Vorticity!

𝐷𝑣റ 𝜕𝑣റ 1
= + 𝛻 𝑣റ 2 − 𝑣റ × 𝜁 𝜁 = 𝛻 × 𝑣Ԧ = 2𝜔
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 2

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 Momentum balance for inviscid flow
𝜕𝑣റ 𝑝 1 2
− 𝑣റ × 𝜁 = −𝛻 + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑣റ
𝜕𝑡 𝜌 2

In steady flow:

𝑝 1 2
𝑣റ Stream
𝑣റ × 𝜁 = 𝛻 + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑣റ lines
𝜌 2
𝜁 Vortex lines

Vector normal to the

surface of the flow
If there is no rotation, 𝜁 = 0
𝑝 1
𝑐= + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑣റ 2 Bernoulli’s! again
𝜌 2

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 Stream lines and rotation

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Stream lines and rotation

Rotational (forced vortex) Irrotational (free vortex)

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 Flow and rotation
Rotational (forced vortex) Irrotational (free vortex)

𝑣𝜃 = 𝑟𝜔 𝑣𝜃 = 𝑐/𝑟
𝜁≠0 𝜁=0

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 What are we going to do:
• Use a modified version of the N.S. equation to model inviscid flow

• We are going to do this by adding different “potentials” and flow

fields, but we need develop how do add flows and potentials

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 Comparison of viscous/potential flow
problems
Viscous flow Potential flow

Problems we can solve: Problems we can solve:

1D flow 2D flow
Changes in 1 direction Changes in 2 directions
Use integral calc to find flow Use addition to find potential
Use differential calc to find flow

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 Steady 2D irrotational flow
• We can build the potentials but we still have to satisfy mass
balances, and add in an irrotationality constraint
• Mass balance
𝑑𝜌 𝜕(𝜌𝑣𝑥 ) 𝜕(𝜌𝑣𝑦 ) 𝜕(𝜌𝑣𝑧 )
+ + + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
• Irrotationality
1 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑥
𝜔=0= − =
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

• Any function that satisfies these conditions is a valid

flow/potential function

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 A function to model potential
Lets wrap all potentials (gravity, high pressure,
etc) all into one descriptor: Φ
𝜕Φ
Velocity depends on the change in potential: 𝑣𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥
Φ
𝜕Φ 𝜕Φ
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥
𝛻Φ = 𝑣Ԧ
𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑥
=
Do we satisfy irrotationality? 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕Φ 𝜕 𝜕Φ
= 𝜕2Φ 𝜕2Φ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

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 A function to model potential

Lets wrap all potentials (gravity, high pressure, etc) all into
one descriptor: Φ
Velocity depends on the change in potential:
𝜕Φ 𝜕Φ
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 𝛻Φ = 𝑣Ԧ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦
What about the mass balance? 𝜕𝑥
+
𝜕𝑦
=0

𝜕 𝜕Φ 𝜕 𝜕Φ 𝜕2Φ 𝜕2Φ
+ = 0 = 2 + 2 = 𝛻2Φ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦

As long as the Laplacian of Φ = 0 , we satisfy mass and

vorticity requirement and the flow can be described by Φ
𝛻 2Φ = 0

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 Stream Functions
Lets have a function, which automatically satisfy
the mass balance: 𝜓
Velocity depends on the change in potential:
𝜕𝜓 −𝜕𝜓
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦
Does this satisfy continuity ? 𝜕𝑥
+
𝜕𝑦
=0

𝜕 𝜕𝜓 𝜕 −𝜕𝜓 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓

+ =0= −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

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 Stream Functions
Lets have a function, which automatically satisfy the mass
balance:𝜓
Velocity depends on the change in potential:
𝜕𝜓 −𝜕𝜓
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑥
How to we ensure irrotationality? − =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 −𝜕𝜓 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓

− = 0 = 2 + 2 = 𝛻2𝜓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦

As long as the Laplacian of 𝜓 = 0 , we satisfy mass and

vorticity requirement and the flow can be described by 𝜓.
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 Comments on 𝜓 and Φ
• 𝜓 and Φ are orthogonal
• What is the functional form of 𝜓 :
𝜕𝜓 −𝜕𝜓
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = Ψ1 𝜙1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Tangents! Ψ2 𝜙2

Ψ3
Therefore: 𝜓’s are streamlines!
𝜙3
The flow rate between two streamlines
is
Q= 𝜓2 −𝜓1

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 Cylindrical coordinates
• In terms of r and θ:
𝜕Φ 1 𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕Φ 𝜕𝜓
𝑣𝑟 = = 𝑣𝜃 = = −
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟

1 𝜕 𝜕Φ 1 𝜕2 Φ 1 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕2 𝜓
𝑟 + =0 𝑟 + =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2

• In terms of r and z
𝜕Φ 1 𝜕𝜓 𝜕Φ 1 𝜕𝜓
𝑣𝑟 = = 𝑣𝑧 = = −
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝜕2 Φ 1 𝜕Φ 𝜕2 Φ 𝜕2 𝜓 1 𝜕𝜓 𝜕2 𝜓
+ + =0 − + =0
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 2
NOT Laplace’s equation!
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 Planar Irrotational flow
Potential having uniform flow
Determination of a potential:
𝜕Φ
𝑦 vx = U, vy = 0 𝑣𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥

𝜕Φ
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑈 =
𝜕𝑥

න 𝑈𝜕𝑥 = න 𝜕Φ

Φ = 𝑈𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)

𝜕Φ
𝑣𝑦 = =0
𝜕𝑦
𝑥

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 Planar Irrotational flow
Potential having uniform flow
Determination of a potential:
𝑦 vx = U, vy = 0 Φ = 𝑈𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦)

𝜕Φ
𝑣𝑦 = =0
𝜕𝑦

𝑓 𝑦 =𝑐

Φ = 𝑈𝑥 + 𝑐

𝜕Φ
𝑣𝑦 = =0
𝜕𝑦
𝑥 𝜕Φ
𝑣𝑥 = =𝑈
𝜕𝑥

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 Planar Irrotational flow
Potential having uniform flow
Determination of stream lines:
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝑦 vx = U, vy = 0 𝑣𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥
𝑣𝑦 = −
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝜓
𝑣𝑥 = =𝑈
𝜕𝑦

𝜓 = 𝑈𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥)

𝜕𝜓
𝑣𝑦 = − =0
𝜕𝑥

𝜓 = 𝑔(𝑦)

𝑥 𝜓 = 𝑈𝑦 + 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦

𝜓 = 𝑈𝑦 + 𝑐

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 Flow Past a cylinder
• A potential is suggested for uniform flow past a cylinder:
𝑎2
Φ=𝑈 𝑟+ cos 𝜃 𝑟=𝑎
𝑟
𝑎2 𝜃
𝜓=𝑈 𝑟− sin 𝜃
𝑟

1) Determine if this is a valid potential ( i.e. does it satisfy mass balance, and
irrotationality)?
2) What is the flow for the r and theta directions at the surface of the
cylinder?
3) Draw streamlines for this flow ?

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 Example 7.2
• Map out the velocity profile of a inviscid
fluid with: 𝜓 = 𝑐𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝜓 𝜕Φ −𝜕𝜓 𝜕Φ
𝑣𝑥 = = 𝑣𝑦 = =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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