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International Journal of Operations & Production Management
Agri-fresh produce supply chain management: a state-of-the-art literature review

Manish Shukla, Sanjay Jharkharia,
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IJOPM
33,2 Agri-fresh produce supply chain
management: a state-of-the-art
literature review
114
Manish Shukla and Sanjay Jharkharia
Quantitative Methods & Operations Management Area,
Received 26 May 2010
Revised 12 November 2010 Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India
25 May 2011
30 September 2011 Abstract

18 January 2012
14 March 2012 Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a literature review of the fresh produce supply
Accepted 5 May 2012 chain management (FSCM). FSCM includes the processes from the production to consumption of fresh
produce (fruits, flowers and vegetables).
Design/methodology/approach – Literature review is done by systematically collecting the
existing literature over a period of 20 years (1989-2009) and classifying it on the basis of structural
attributes such as problem context, methodology and the product under consideration. The literature is
also categorized according to the geographic region and year of publication.
Findings – There is an increase in interest towards FSCM still there is an absence of a journal with the
prime attention towards FSCM. The key finding of this review is that the main interest is towards consumer
satisfaction and revenue maximization with post-harvest waste reduction being a secondary objective. It is
revealed from the review that most of the literature is fragmented and is in silos. Lack of demand forecasting,
demand and supply mismatch, lesser integrated approach etc are the major causes of concerns.
Research limitations/implications – The authors have taken only the fresh produce (fruits,
flowers and vegetables), authors may also look at other perishable items such as milk, meat, etc.
Practical implications – Result shows a product-problem-methodology mapping which may serve
as a framework for the managers addressing issues in FSCM.
Originality/value – Most of the prior literature reviews are focused on a specific issue such as
production planning or inventory management and ignore the broader perspective. There exists a need
of having a detailed literature review covering all the operational issues in FSCM. This review fills this
gap in the FSCM literature.
Keywords Supply chain management, Literature review, Agri-fresh produce, Fruits, Vegetables
Paper type Literature review
1. Introduction
Supply chain management (SCM) may be defined as:
[. . .] a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses,
and stores, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the
right locations, and at the right time, in order to minimize system-wide costs while satisfying
service level requirements (Simchi-Levi et al., 2008).
Over the years, the definitions have changed and broadened the scope of SCM, but, these
definitions are still limited to manufactured products and services with little attention
International Journal of Operations & being paid to agriculture. Agricultural produce constitutes a major part of the world
Production Management economy and is the raw material for many industries. Among the agricultural produce,
Vol. 33 No. 2, 2013
pp. 114-158
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0144-3577
The authors would like to place on record their appreciation to three anonymous referees for their
DOI 10.1108/01443571311295608 valuable suggestions, which have enhanced the quality of the paper over its earlier version.
agri-fresh produce have got the least attention. The SCM of agri-fresh produce, herein Agri-fresh
after referred to as agri-fresh supply chain management (FSCM), constitutes the produce SCM
processes from production to delivery of the agri-fresh produce, i.e. from the farmer to
the customer. FSCM is complex as compared to other SCMs due to the perishable nature
of the produce, high fluctuations in demand and prices, increasing consumer concerns
for food safety (Van der Vorst and Beulens, 2002), and dependence on climate conditions
(Salin, 1998). 115
It is found that there is a huge amount of inconsistency and confusion in segmenting
fruits, flowers and vegetables. Some of the authors grouped these within food products
(Salin and Nayga, 2003; Faulin, 2003; Alfaro and Rábade, 2009) without giving specific
attention to the product characteristics, whereas others define these as agri-food
(Aramyan et al., 2007; Ahumada and Villalobos, 2009b), short shelf-life food products
(Doganis et al., 2006), fresh produce (Fearne and Hughes, 1999; Zuurbier, 1999), perishables
(Broekmeulen and Von Donselaar, 2009; Chen et al., 2009), deteriorating products
(Lodree Jr and Uzochukwu, 2008), etc. Moreover, a few authors (Cadilhon et al., 2005;
Bertail and Caillavet, 2008) have preferred to use the commonly accepted names such as
fruits and vegetables. Others being more concentrated on a specific product discussed
products such as oranges (Caixeta-Filho, 2006), grapes (Ferrer et al., 2008), lily-flower
(Caixeta-Filho et al., 2002), etc. The research seems independent and oriented
towards problem solving rather theory developing. There seems a lack of an accepted
nomenclature for defining the produce. This vacuum is mainly due to the inherit
heterogeneity in the produce characteristics. In future, there is an acute need for
categorization of the produce to enhance the scalability of the developed models.
The objective of this paper is to address the major operational issues causing the
post-harvest waste in fruits, flowers and vegetables. Therefore, we define these as
agri-fresh produce to clearly differentiate these from other agri-produce and non-agri
produce. Figure 1 shows a detailed differentiation of various products to enhance the
understanding of agri-fresh produce.
1.1 Factors affecting the agri-fresh produce supply chains

The main factors that have recently attracted the attention of researchers and
practitioners towards the FSCM include:
.
globalization;
.
technological innovations;
.
trade agreements;
.
consumer awareness; and
.
environmental concerns, etc.
Increasing globalization has brought the inflow of capital, technology, and information
to enhance vertical integration in FSCM (Reardon and Barrett, 2000). Globalization
has provided farmers altogether different market channels and facilities. It has helped
the farmers to look beyond the traditional spot market and sell their produce in a
global market at a competitive price. Globalization brought in funds which triggered
the consolidation of the food organization (processers, retailers, etc.) and farms. This
gave rise to funding in research and development, automation and development of
innovative farm and processing practices. This in turn supported globalization and
IJOPM Products
33,2
Durable Perishable
116
Deteriorate/Decay Obsolete/Out dated
Eatables Non-Eatables
Agricultural Produce Feed Animals/ Birds and their produce

(Milk, Eggs etc)
Long shelf life

Figure 1. (Grains, Pulses, Spices etc) Processed Produce Fresh Produce
Product differentiation (Meals, Sauces etc) (Flowers, Fruits and Vegetables)
FSCM by the technological innovations in seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and farm

machinery. These technological innovations have increased the yield and decreased
the dependency on external labor and weather. The trade agreements such as
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), World Trade Organization (WTO),
and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) reduced the trade barriers, and
hence increased the competition and co-operation across borders (Reardon and Barrett,
2000). Consumers demand for healthy, fresh, and cheap produce is another critical
factor. Changing eating habits and increasing awareness towards food safety have
increased the challenges for FSCM (Cook, 1990, 1999; Reardon and Barrett, 2000).
Environmental concerns due to heavy use of fertilizers, pesticides and genetically
modified seeds have also been expressed by several parts of the society (Cook, 1999;
Pinstrup-Andersen, 2002). Recently, there is also an increasing consumer concern
regarding food miles. “Food miles” is a term used to describe the total distance food
travels to reach the consumer (Rajkumar, 2010). It has been found that in the USA,
processed food travels around 1,300 miles and fresh produce travels around 1,500 miles
on an average (Hill, 2008). Food miles are used as an indicator for the financial, social,
and environmental impact of food transportation. Lesser food miles result in lesser fuel
usage, lesser carbon emission, lesser pollution, lesser environmental degradation and
lesser global warming (Rajkumar, 2010).
Another concern arises from the increased fuel price coupled with the purchasing
power of consumers. It is believed that with the increase in purchasing power, consumers
will prefer more animal protein and meat as part of their daily diet (De Boer and Pandey,
1997). This trend in turn will increase the demand for animal feed and thus, will
overburden the already constrained agricultural land and water resources. On the other
hand, increasing fuel prices have a two-fold impact on agriculture. First, increasing
input costs such as transportation and refrigeration leads to higher consumer prices,
and second, the increasing use of agri-produce as fuel is leading to lesser availability of Agri-fresh
food for consumption. It is being reported that around 100 million tons of grains are produce SCM
converted from food to fuel every year (Kim, 2009). Therefore, it is a serious concern for
the consumers and policy makers to decide on the use of available resources. These
factors raise serious economical, environmental, and social concerns that impact on
everyone in the world. Because of these factors, research on FSCM has gained pace in the
recent years and there is a significant amount of ongoing research on various aspects. 117
1.2 Post-harvest waste
The major concern for FSCM is the post-harvest wastage. It has been reported that a
huge amount of agri-fresh produce is wasted in various operational stages of the FSCM
(Murthy et al., 2009). The amount of post-harvest waste ranges from 20 to 60 percent of
the total production across the countries (Widodo et al., 2006). In comparison to increasing
production, waste reduction can be a better way to increase the returns and reduce the
consumer prices (Kader, 2005). Major operational causes of waste are inefficiencies in
storage, handling, and transportation (Murthy et al., 2009). Furthermore, there is a lack of
an efficient universally accepted method to predict and estimate the waste in various
operations. It is also difficult to estimate the exact amount of waste due to the
heterogeneity in crops, countries, climates, etc. (Mazaud, 1997). Another significant reason
for this waste is the lack of adequate infrastructure for processing, cold-storage and
transportation in developing countries such as India (Viswanadham, 2006). A large
number of intermediaries supplement the lack of infrastructure, but add to the waste and
increase the per unit consumption price (De Boer and Pandey, 1997). The other major
operational cause is the lack of proper planning and management practices in the
FSCM. This is because majority of the farmers are small land holders and share croppers
and have little knowledge of technology, market demand, and financial incentives.
The huge quantum of post-harvest waste and lack of an acceptable and reliable
estimate across produce, regions, and climates make the problem quite severe. This
post-harvest waste reduces the farmer’s share in the final price and results in a loss of
revenue. There is low motivation for farmers in agri-fresh produce as it results in
lowering the bargaining power for the farmers. On the consumer side, post-harvest
waste results in lesser availability and thus a higher price. It also severely reduces the
quality of the available produce and the options available for the consumers. Hence, it
becomes necessary to critically analyze the status of FSCM and identify potential areas
of improvements. Thrust should be on reducing the post-harvest wastage by adopting
efficient practices.
To meet this objective, we defined the agri-fresh produce SCM in this section. The
next section portrays the details of the review process. Based on the analysis of the
literature, an overview and segmentation are presented in Section 3. Section 4 presents
the classification of the literature based on the problem context. The classification
based on methodology is presented in Section 5 whereas the classification based on the
products is addressed in Section 6. The paper is concluded in Section 7 with a detailed
description of the scope for future research.
2. Review process
Meredith (1993) defined a literature review as a summary of the existing literature by
finding research focus, trends, and issues. Fink (1998) further modified the definition
IJOPM and defines a literature review as a “systematic, explicit, and reproducible design for
33,2 identifying, evaluating, and interpreting the existing body of recorded documents”. This
definition has given emphasis to the review process as well as the desired results.
Brewerton and Millward (2001) define a literature review as content analysis, where
qualitative and quantitative techniques are used to find the structural and content
criteria. Harland et al. (2006) argued that a literature review identifies the conceptual
118 content of the domain and may even contribute to theory development. The critical
analysis of the research papers reveals several un-noticed trends in the literature. But,
the challenge is in analyzing the whole literature which keeps increasing with the
development of the domain. Therefore, we have to put some delimiting criteria to make
it possible to provide comprehensive reviews within the defined boundary. Mayring
(2003) has proposed a four-step process for performing a literature review. A detailed
description of the process suggested by Mayring (2003) is presented in Section 2.2.
Lately, there is a great emphasis on the structured and systematic review process.
A systematic review process is an evidence-based literature review process, originated
from medical science literature. Over the years, the systematic review has found acceptance
in several other scientific disciplines for reviewing the existing body of literature such as
education (Oakley, 2003), nursing (Evans and Pearson, 2001), housing policy (Davies
and Nutley, 1999), criminal justice (Laycock, 2000), social science (Tranfield et al., 2003), etc.
This trend was mainly motivated due to the structured approach of systematic reviews
and support of government agencies due to the need for evidence-based knowledge for
making public policies. Tranfield et al. (2003) defined a systematic review as a process
of “synthesizing research in a systematic, transparent, and reproducible manner with
the twin aim of enhancing the knowledge base and informing policymaking and practice”.
They defined a three stage approach for systematic review as consisting of:
(1) planning the review;
(2) conducting the review; and
(3) reporting and dissemination.
Oakley (2003) has discussed the status of a systematic review in knowledge

management and education practice. The author has highlighted the challenges faced
by a systematic review, that includes:
. political challenges;
.
technical challenges due to lack of skills and procedures expertise, reliance on
relatively undeveloped electronic databases, relatively low yield of usable
studies, and the time investment in the systematic review; and
.
the conceptual/intellectual challenges due to the difficulty in defining the initial
research question, deciding how to define sound studies, etc.
Rousseau et al. (2008) also advocated the systematic review and proposed a four step
approach. This includes:
(1) question formulation: reflection, debate and reformulation;
(2) comprehensive identification of relevant research;
(3) organizing and interpreting; and
(4) synthesis.
They differentiated synthesis into four categories namely aggregation, integration, Agri-fresh
interpretation, and explanation. produce SCM
On the other hand, there also exists a growing body of literature that puts a question
mark on the credibility of the systematic review process as a scientific approach for a
literature review. This is due to the relative infancy of systematic reviews, confusing
guidelines, significant difference between medical science and other disciplines such as
social science. According to Petticrew (2001), systematic reviews are not even fully 119
accepted in medical research so there cannot be a consensus on their acceptability in
social science. It is also found that a few authors (Evans and Benefield, 2001; MacLure,
2005) have highly criticised the systematic review for being a mechanistic process with
absence of creativity.
The objective of this paper is to present a literature review and not to indulge in the
debate of evaluating the review processes adopted by the researchers. Therefore, we
build this paper on the procedure suggested by Mayring (2003). The approach
proposed by Mayring (2003) though similar to systematic review process may lack a
few characteristics. This can be taken care to make the review process more robust.
Nonetheless, we do not stick to all the nuances expressed by the respective definitions
of review processes. Thus, the approach adopted in this paper can be defined as the
fit-for-the-purpose systematic review process.
In order to enhance the level of understanding, we introduced the explicit research
question to guide this review process. The objective is: “what is the current status of
literature addressing the major operational issues causing post-harvest waste in the
agri-fresh produce supply chains?” Here major operational issues refer to the main
causes of waste at the operational level (from the production to delivery) of the
agri-fresh produce. These operational issues are covered in more detail in Section 4 of
the paper.
Ahumada and Villalobos (2009b) have differentiated the major issues for agri-fresh
produce into strategic, tactical and operational issues. They defined that strategic issues
includes decisions such as financial planning, supply network design, selection of
capacity, and technology, etc. the tactical decisions cover harvest planning, scheduling
of crops, selection of labor, capacity and crops, etc. The operational decisions include
production scheduling activities, harvesting, storage, etc. It is slightly difficult to
differentiate between strategic and tactical issues as well as tactical and operational
issue, thus we made an effort to differentiate the issues into strategic and operational.
Later the research papers segmented into operational issues are analyzed and it was
found that there are few major causes of post-harvest waste. The quantum of the cause
was decided by the inputs from theory as well as practice. In theory there are few papers
such as Murthy et al. (2009) which differentiate the post-harvest waste according to the
operational issues. To get the practitioner’s view, newspapers and magazine articles
were analyzed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with farmers, retailers,
wholesalers, and transporters. From this exercise it was evident that transportation is
the biggest cause of post-harvest waste followed by inventory management. In addition
to that, a major portion of the agri-fresh produce is wasted at the farmer’s end. Thus,
there exists a need for an efficient tool for production planning and harvest scheduling.
One of the major causes of all this waste was the lack of information regarding demand.
Though there is an absence of studies quantifying the effect of the lack of demand on
post-harvest waste, this factor (lack of information regarding demand) was considered
IJOPM as a major reason of waste by the researchers (Viswanadham, 2006) as well as by
33,2 practitioners. Therefore, the target of this paper is to analyze the literature addressing
the major operational issues (demand forecasting, harvest scheduling, inventory
management and transportation) for post-harvest waste reduction in agri-fresh produce
supply chains.
120 2.1 Literature collection and boundary identification

We started with a keyword/phrase search and then delimited the literature thereafter.
Thus, it is a combination of deductive and inductive approaches. Initially, a huge amount
of literature was collected, including research papers from peer-reviewed journals,
conference proceedings, white papers, presentations from the industry, and MS/PhD
theses. Over a period of two years, more than 1,000 such documents were collected from
various sources. Detailed analyzes of this material facilitated the focus on major causes
of post-harvest waste. Simultaneously it was also realized that there is a huge amount of
repetition of the research material itself, such as conference proceedings are later
converted into journal papers and MS/PhD theses led to journal publications. Therefore,
to reduce the repetition and to enhance the reliability, papers published in peer-reviewed
journals only were considered. These published papers have used other papers in the
literature so a cross referencing approach was also adopted to find the other relevant
papers. The fact that a citation analysis (Appendix 1) is also performed ensures that
almost all of the relevant papers are included in this review. Moreover, it also ensures that
the highly cited papers (even from non-peer-reviewed journals) were not omitted, though
it may not be included in the sample considered for a descriptive analysis. The delimiting
boundaries were also developed as we collected more literature. Initially we collected
all kinds of published materials available from various sources and later by means of
cross referencing. We developed some delimiting conditions which are given as:
(1) papers published only in peer-reviewed journals were considered;
(2) papers were collected for a period of 20 years (1991-2011);
(3) papers addressing agri-fresh produce were considered; and
(4) papers addressing the major operational issues were considered.
A paper which satisfies all these four delimiting conditions was included in the study.
For example, a paper “Orange harvesting scheduling management: a case study” is
published in a peer-reviewed journal in year 2006. This paper is addressing an
operational issue (harvest scheduling) for an agri-fresh produce (orange). This paper has
been included in this study. On the other hand “Improved supply chain management
based on hybrid demand forecasts” is not included into the sample because it discusses
a processed product (vegetal oil). Papers were collected applying a structured search,
using phrases such as “fresh produce”, “agriculture supply chain”. Later, vegetable
supply chain, fruit supply chain, fresh supply chain, perishable agriculture products,
food products, potato, tomato, mango, grapes, banana, etc. were also included. Citations
of papers related to agri-fresh produce were referred to find more related papers.
Research databases such as Emerald (www.emeraldinsight.com), Elsevier (www.
sciencedirect.com), Springer (www.springerlink.com), Wiley (www.wiley.com), and
Ebsco (www.ebsco.com) were searched for relevant papers. The papers were either
selected or rejected after performing a content check.
Papers addressing the issues for perishables though not food item were excluded Agri-fresh
from the study as shown in Figure 1. This reduced the number of papers to just a few produce SCM
hundred. After this initial exercise, the papers other than those in peer-reviewed journals
were excluded and this reduced the total number of papers to around 150. After excluding
the papers discussing non-agri-fresh produce the total number of papers in the sample
was 86. The quality of the research papers included for the analysis may be judged by
the citation criteria presented in Appendix 1. Considering the relative infancy of the topic, 121
it is not deemed appropriate to exclude papers with fewer citations. Moreover, there is also
a dilemma regarding the correlation between years elapsed since publication and the
citations as new papers get less opportunities to be cited. Therefore, though the citation
analysis is presented for all the papers, this is not exercised as criteria to exclude papers.
In order to increase the reliability of this process, the same exercise was performed
separately by the authors of this paper.
2.2 Content analysis

This section presents the content analysis of the collected literature. The four-step
process suggested by Mayring (2003) is followed to perform the analysis (Seuring and
Müller, 2008):
.
Step 1. Material collection: the material is collected within the boundary by
defining the unit of analysis (here, a research paper). The papers were collected
from all sources and later subjected to delimiting criteria defined in Section 2.1.
Papers that satisfied all the four delimiting criteria only were selected.
.
Step 2. Descriptive analysis: formal aspects of the collected material are analyzed
to provide the base for theoretical analysis (e.g. the number of publications
per year). Selected papers are sorted according to the year of publication,
publication outlet, etc.
. Step 3. Category selection: structural attributes and corresponding analytic
categories are selected to categorize the collected material. Structural attributes
constitute the analytical categories to form the major topics of analysis. Papers
were classified according to the structural attributes namely geographies,
problem context, methodology, and product. The selection of attribute is mainly
based on the literature and inputs from practitioners.
.
Step 4. Material evaluation: the collected papers are analyzed based on the
structural attributes to find relevant issues and trends in the literature. Detailed
analysis of the papers is performed within the structural attributes.
Figure 2 shows a detailed representation of the analysis process (steps 3 and 4).
A feedback loop is shown for the analysis purpose, but such loops shall also be used
for the overall processes.
One can adopt a deductive or an inductive approach to define structural attributes and
the corresponding analytical categories. In the case of a deductive approach, structural
attributes are defined first and then the material is collected, whereas in an inductive
approach, structural attributes are identified by means of a generalization (Mayring,
2003). But, in a literature review it is better to use both the approaches iteratively. In this
case we have taken inputs from the literature as well as practitioners to form the
structural attributes by adopting a combination of deductive and inductive approach.
IJOPM Theory-driven selection of structural
33,2 dimension and analytic categories
Determining definitions and Revision of structural

coding for each category dimensions and analytic
122 categories
Analyzing the material: Denotation

of relevant place of finding
Analyzing the material: Editing and

extraction of place of finding
Figure 2.
Step wise representation Preparation of results
of a structured content
analysis
Source: Mayring (2003), Seuring and Müller (2008)
There are several generalizations to be made to comprehend all the papers. To avoid
errors, one needs to follow steps 3 and 4 iteratively. This is more so as the attributes and
categories get revised in the processes of analysis (Mayring, 2002).
It was found that in management research very few papers have the same research
question and study the same events. Moreover, it is the fragmented nature of the
management research itself (Whitely, 2000) that makes synthesis a difficult process.
It is also observed that less integration in management literature is due to the low level
of motivation shown by the management journals for replication (Kilduff, 2007).
The discipline itself is more oriented towards novelty (Mone and McKinley, 1993). In case
the field of study comprises of semi-independent fields, then, synthesis becomes even
more complex. In such cases, synthesis is achieved through summarizing the findings
of a group of studies. The heterogeneity in data makes it highly difficult to perform
a meta-analysis and rarely possible in management research (Tranfield et al., 2003).
The advocates of meta-analysis for literature synthesis suggest that some differences can
be accounted for by identifying mediators and moderators. But, the analysis of the
literature clearly reveals that this is also an infeasible option in the current scenario.
Therefore, synthesis can be improved by the categorization of literature in order to have
an enhanced understanding of the literature within the category.
Considering these constraints, the attributes were generalized to form several categories
such as geographies based on the economies that are characterized as developed, and
developing economies. Methodologies are categorized as modeling (linear programming,
goal programming, dynamic programming, and stochastic programming), simulation
(simulation, systems dynamics), case study, and empirical research (field research,
econometric models). Problem contexts are categorized into demand forecasting (demand
forecasting, demand-price elasticity), production planning (production, harvest
scheduling), inventory management, transportation (transportation, vehicle routing,
distribution), and others (introduction, co-ordination, and integration). It is possible that
a research paper may be categorized under two categories of the same attribute, but the Agri-fresh
best suited category is considered to avoid any kind of possible duplication. produce SCM
2.3 Rigor of the research process
All the research processes and corresponding methodologies have some advantages
and disadvantages. Objectivity of the current process is maintained by adopting a
structured and fit-for-purpose systematic process. Guidelines in Kassarjan (1997) were 123
the base for validity of this research. Reviews of other topics were referred to form the
constructs. Reliability was ensured by following the citation analysis and taking
the help of other independent researchers. Hence, the current research meets the
requirement of being a rigorous research process.
3. Research segmentation and overview

The research papers that finally qualified the delimitation criteria were analyzed for the
research outlets. This exercise was performed to evaluate the effort of researchers and
practitioners from various disciplines to shape the current status of agri-fresh produce
supply chain literature. Table I presents the list of the journals that published the
research addressing the operational issues for post-harvest waste in agri-fresh produce
supply chain. From this table, it is evident that most of the journals are either from
operations management (OM) or agriculture, with few from other scientific disciplines
such as information technology and economics.
3.1 OM-journals
These journals specifically address the OM issues, though the problem may be
related to agri-fresh produce. Among the total 86 papers reviewed, 46 papers were
published in these journals addressing the FSCM issues from an operations
perspective. This shows that a large number of researchers have attempted to solve an
OM problem where the concerned product is an agri-fresh produce. Here the produce
characteristics may or may not be of much concern as the main objective is
operational excellence. In such a scenario, the chances of theory development,
specifically for agri-fresh produce are very less. It more likely that already existing
theories may be applied to solve the problems at hand. Thus, the exclusiveness for
agri-fresh produce may not be addressed in most of the papers. The percentage of
papers published in the journal addressing agri-fresh produce as compared to the total
publications in these journals is negligible. In a period of 20 years there are only
46 papers published out of which 20 are published in just two journals. This shows
that, though there is an interest in addressing the agri-fresh produce but the total
research is very less.
3.2 Agricultural journals

These journals specifically address the agri-fresh produce related issues which may
also cover OM issues. It is to be noted that 30 of the 86 papers are published in these
journals addressing the operational issues of FSCM. It indicates that there is very less
interest in addressing the post-harvest waste due to operational issues by the
agricultural researchers. Though there exists a huge need to reduce the waste but the
fact that there are 30 publications in 20 years shows that on an average there are less
than two papers published in a year. Moreover, more than one-third (11 out of 30) papers
IJOPM
Name of journal Number of papers published
33,2
OM-journals
International Journal of Production Economics 11
Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 9
European Journal of Operational Research 5
124 International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 4
Journal of the Operational Research Society 3
Interfaces 2
Production and Operations Management 2
The International Journal of Logistics Management 2
Computers & Operations Research 2
International Transactions in Operational Research 2

Total Quality Management & Business Excellence 1
Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 1
International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications 1
International Journal of Operational Research 1
Agricultural journals
British Food Journal 11
Agricultural Economics 3
American Journal of Agricultural Economics 3
Journal of Food Engineering 2
Agribusiness 2
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2
Food Policy 1
Agricultural Systems 1
Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics 1
Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 1
International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 1
Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 1
Journal of Food Distribution Research 1
Other journals
Journal of Cleaner Production 1
International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 1
Scientific Research and Essays 1
Biosystems Engineering 1
Journal of Business and Public Policy 1
Table I. China Economic Review 1
List of journals reviewed Knowledge and Process Management 1
and papers published by Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 1
journal for the period Applied Economics 1
1991-2011 International Journal of Emerging Markets 1
appeared in a specific journal (British Food Journal (BFJ)) shows that there is an overall
gap in the agricultural journal to address the problem.
3.3 Other journals

These journals though not focused on agri-fresh produce or OM have published papers
addressing the post-harvest waste due to the operational issues. The fact that ten papers
out of 86 are published in these journals shows that there are few papers addressed out of
the OM and agricultural journals. But on the other hand, the fact that none of the journals
have published more than one paper over 20 years shows that the issue of post-harvest
waste due to operational issues is not included in the objective of the these journals. The Agri-fresh
publication of papers in these journals may be attributed to the broad boundaries of some produce SCM
of the journals or to the lack of a dedicated journal for agri-fresh produce.
From the list of journals, it is seen that despite the increasing importance of the topic
no journal deals exclusively with agri-fresh produce supply chain. Though there exist few
journals such as BFJ, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture (CEA), etc. the majority of
the research is published through established OM/SCM journals such as International 125
Journal of Production Economics (IJPE), Supply Chain Management: An International
Journal (SCM:IJ), and European Journal of Operational Research (EJOR), etc. The small
number of publications over a period of 20 years in more than 30 journals shows that
overall research addressing this issue is negligible. Three journals (IJPE, BFJ, and SCM:IJ )
account for more than 30 percent of the total papers. This shows that this issue is promoted
by only few of the journals. Out of the total journals, about 20 have published only one
paper and another eight journals have published only two papers in the last 20 years. This
shows that this issue is not at all in the main agenda of these journals.
Figure 3 shows the trend of FSCM literature across the last 20 years. It presents
the annual publication frequency of the total papers combining all the issues addressed.
It is evident from Figure 3, that lately there is an increasing interest in addressing the
issues in FSCM. As the graph is not linearly increasing over the years so this growth may
not be fully credited to the increase in number of total publications every year. Moreover,
the sudden increase in the number of papers from the year 2006 can be attributed to the
global factors that attracted the attention of researchers and practitioners to this field
which includes the food and fuel crises. Since the year 2006, the world price of various
food items as well as crude oil has shown a drastic increase. This increase was even more
than 200 percent for some items such as rice (Kim, 2009). The increase of fuel price had
a double impact on the agri-fresh produce, first through the increase of cost in
transportation and energy inputs, and second, through use of vegetables oils as biodiesel.
Therefore, the increase in the number of research papers seems to be a reflection
of these critical factors. These factors did not seem significant in the period 1991-2005 as
the maximum number of papers published in any given year is four which is quite less.
It is interesting to note that though post-harvest waste was always a major concern but
only recently gained the attention of researchers. With the increasing population there
is a high possibility that this issue will get more attention in future.
Figure 3.
Trend of FSCM literature
across the years
IJOPM The volume and continuity of research papers as shown in Figure 3 will surely attract the
33,2 attention of publishers and editors towards the lack of a journal addressing the agri-fresh
supply chain issues. The effect of lack of a specific journal shall reflect in future special
issues addressing FSCM. It is also found that a lot of papers have addressed a country
specific issue. In these country-specific publications, the UK, China, The Netherlands, and
the USA gained a majority of the attention, with a limited thrust on Brazil, India, Vietnam,
126 and Spain. One of the reasons for this may be the organized food sector in the developed
countries which can fund the research in FSCM as compared to the fragmented food
sectors in developing countries. In developing countries, the major research concern is for
producing enough food grains to feed the population rather on FSCM. Table II presents the
details of the country-specific studies. The studies which are not very specific to any
particular country or region are categorized as generic. This is not at all surprising as it is
quite similar to the country rating according to SCImago (www.scimagojr.com). The little
deviation is explicit due to the economical orientation of the few countries towards
agriculture. Besides, the global nature of the agri-fresh produce supply chains has resulted
in most of the studies as “generic”, i.e. addressing no specific country.
Based on the level of economic development, countries are classified as developed
and developing. Developed countries include the USA, Western European nations,
Singapore, etc. developing countries include Brazil, Russia, China, India, etc. Figure 4
shows the distribution of the number of published papers by developed and developing
countries. This shows that research during the last two decades focused much of its
attention on developed countries, with limited attention to developing countries. The
existing advanced infrastructure, availability of funds, customer awareness and most
important consolidation of food organization has given the desired research environment
Country Number of studies
USA 9
UK 8
China 5
The Netherlands 5
India 4
Chile 3
Brazil 3
Vietnam 2
Spain 2
Australia 2
Russia 2
Ukraine 1
Turkey 1
Greece 1
Finland 1
Canada 1
France 1
Philippines 1
Sri Lanka 1
Table II. Thailand 1
Number of studies Slovenia 1
across countries Generic 31
Agri-fresh
produce SCM
127
Figure 4.
Research studies on
specific countries by level
of economic development
in developed countries which seriously lacks in the developing countries. There is an

absence of customer oriented research funded by food organizations in developing
countries. Most of the research is state funded with the objective to increase food grain
production to feed the maximum percentage of the population.
4. Classification based on problem context

We now consider the papers addressing the agri-fresh produce to classify and review
the research based on major operational issues causing post-harvest waste. According
to the categorization by the practitioners and academicians, the major issues are
classified into four categories of:
(1) demand forecasting;
(2) production planning;
(3) inventory management; and
(4) transportation related issues.
In addition to these four major categories of operational issues there are certain other
issues which are operational in nature but do not fit into any of these four categories.
The examples of such are buyer-supplier relationship to reduce wastes, e-commerce
activities in FSCM, case studies on FSCM, etc. These issues have been put together in a
fifth category called “others”. A review of literature on these issues is presented in the
following sub sections.
4.1 Demand forecasting

Demand forecasting is one of the most researched topics in OM. It gained
importance due to the time lag in the knowledge of a future event and its occurrence
(Makridakis et al., 1983). It becomes even more important in case of agri-fresh produce
due to the short planning and selling horizon. This section classifies and reviews the
literature on demand forecasting for agri-fresh produce. Key findings from the demand
forecasting literature are presented later in this section.
IJOPM Agriculture has not received the required attention in the demand forecasting literature
33,2 as compared to manufacturing and service sectors. Within the agriculture sector, priority
is given to food grains with insignificant attention towards agri-fresh produce.
For example, Zou et al. (2007) addressed the price forecasting of wheat in the Chinese
wholesale market, Co and Boosarawongse (2007) studied Thailand’s rice forecast,
Jumah and Kunst (2008) studied the seasonal prediction of cereal (barley and wheat)
128 prices in European market. Several other authors also have studied the problem of
demand/price forecasting for food grains such as wheat and rice. The obvious reason is
that the major concern is to produce enough food grains to feed the population. It is more so
in the Asian countries where a huge population of the world poor live. The second major
concern is the food price and inflation as increasing prices make the food unaffordable for
a large number of people.

There exist a few studies addressing the role of elasticity on agri-fresh produce
demand. Authors such as, Fan et al. (1994), Halbrendt et al. (1994) and Wu et al. (1995)
evaluated the effect of income elasticity on the demand of agri-fresh produce. It was
observed by Chern and Wang (1994) that the agri-fresh produce demand is extremely
income inelastic. Studies also compared the role of income elasticity, own-price,
and cross-price elasticity of agri-fresh produce in the rural and urban areas
(Ahmadi-Esfahani and Stanmore, 1997; Mutuc et al., 2007). This is because changing
eating habits and rising income levels have changed the demand pattern in urban areas.
Studies focusing particularly on agri-fresh produce demand forecasting are very
few. This is mainly because of the low attention to FSCM by state agencies and private
firms. Moreover, the nature of agri-fresh produce that it can be substituted by other
agri-fresh produce and non-agri produce reduces its importance. For example, the role
of a fruit in any individual’s diet can be fulfilled by another fruit or dairy products but
same is not true for food grains such as wheat or rice. Liu et al. (2001) addressed the
daily demand forecast of a perishable ingredient in a fast-food franchise. They used
ARIMA models to forecast the daily demand of the ingredient and also analyzed the
effect of outliers on the forecast accuracy. Doganis et al. (2006) studied the demand for
milk on a daily basis. Most of the other papers addressing the demand of a fresh produce
have focused on the sales in retail shops/supermarkets (Aburto and Weber, 2007;
Ali et al., 2009; Chen and Ou, 2009). In such cases the retailer can control the demand and
supply. But, it is beyond the control of the wholesaler in the wholesale markets.
Therefore, it is expected to have higher forecasting errors for agri-fresh produce in the
wholesale markets (Adebanjo, 2009). Due to small market share the threshold volumes
where never present to attract the attention of the policy makers. Moreover, these
papers are also not necessarily focused on agri-fresh produce.
In the literature, the key variables used in modeling by several papers include sales,
price, day of the week, holiday, and special discounts. This is mainly because the
demand is highly dependent on the price and consumption patterns. The effect of
festivals and harvesting season shall be incorporated to enhance the forecast accuracy.
It is also found that among all the techniques such as, root mean-squared error (RMSE),
mean absolute error (MAE), and mean square error (MSE) mean absolute percentage
error (MAPE) is mostly used for judging forecasting accuracy. Key forecasting
techniques applied in literature include auto-regressive integrated moving average
(ARIMA) (Liu et al., 2001), artificial neural network (ANN) (Aburto and Weber, 2007),
genetic algorithms (GA) (Doganis et al., 2006), etc. It is also found that a combination
of two methods taking best of both performs better than the methods individually Agri-fresh
(Aburto and Weber, 2007; Zou et al., 2007). Most of these techniques have been adopted produce SCM
from the existing literature for electricity load determination or share market price
forecasting with very limited modification for FSCM. Aburto and Weber (2007) reported
that based on the MAPE values the forecasting error ranges from 56.83 to 28.8 percent
for vegetable oil. This value seems quite high but there seems a lack of a method to
forecast the demand more efficiently. 129
It is found that very few papers have addressed demand forecasting on a daily basis
as mostly demand is forecasted on a weekly or monthly basis (Zou et al., 2007). It is also
found that demand for agri-fresh produce is forecasted on aggregate level and not on a
disaggregate level. Very few author(s) showed interest in the demand forecasting of
agri-fresh produce at disaggregate level. Shukla and Jharkharia (2011) presented an

ARIMA model to forecast daily demand of onions in an Indian wholesales market.
Therefore, from this review it is evident that there is a lack of a research, forecasting daily
demand of agri-fresh produce on a disaggregate level, especially in a spot market. The
challenge for the researchers is to find out how to forecast the demand of an agri-fresh
produce on a daily basis in a spot market. The associated hurdles are in deciding the
agri-fresh produce for which the demand is to be forecasted, the source of data,
the appropriate methodology, tools, etc. Additionally, the validation and generalization
of the proposed model across products and geographies will pose a real challenge.
Biggest challenge will be the communication of the results with the farmers. In the
wholesale market there seems no mechanism to update the daily demand/price for
the farmers. There is also a lack of ownership in the unorganised sector as compared to
the manufacturer/retailer in the organized sector. There also exists a vacuum of interest
in demand forecasting and information sharing to increase the overall profits. Therefore,
it is required to quantify the overall effect of accurate demand forecasting on the revenues
of the shareholders in FSCM.
With the information of the market demand on time farmers also need to plan the
planting and harvesting activities. The next section classifies and reviews the literature
on the issue of production planning. It also presents the key findings from the production
planning literature.
4.2 Production planning

Researchers have presented several models for farm location, crop plantation, and
harvesting analysis. Several reviews present the status of research from different
perspectives. For example, Glen (1987) focused on farm planning, Lucas and Chhajed
(2004) on location analysis applied to agriculture, Lowe and Preckel (2004) on crop
planning, and, in a recent review, Ahumada and Villalobos (2009b) addressed the
production and distribution of crops.
Over the years, there is a significant rise in research on production planning
decisions pertaining to agri-fresh produce. This is mainly because of the significant rise in
the demand of the produce. However, the literature is still in its infancy (Ahumada and
Villalobos, 2009b). Traditionally, the decisions were based on experience or intuition
(France and Thornley, 1984), but the use of operations research techniques has given
considerable benefits to organizations. Some researchers (Caixeta-Filho et al., 2002;
Caixeta-Filho, 2006) have used mathematical modeling as a solution technique to
enhance the performance. One of the key areas for the application of mathematical
IJOPM modeling is to find the optimal harvesting pattern. Factors influencing the harvesting
33,2 pattern include sales price (Stokes et al., 1997), taxes (Stokes et al., 1997), plant maturation
(Darby-Dowman et al., 2000; Widodo et al., 2006), agri-fresh produce deterioration
(Widodo et al., 2006; Caixeta-Filho, 2006; Ferrer et al., 2008; Lodree Jr and Uzochukwu,
2008), and weather conditions (Darby-Dowman et al., 2000). Caixeta-Filho et al. (2002)
incorporated customer demand as a factor for deciding the harvesting pattern. Stokes et al.
130 (1997) introduced a variable sales price for the different levels of plant maturity to
incorporate customer demand. Most of these factors are relevant for revenue
maximization and not directly for waste reduction. Interestingly the price and income
elasticity are of interest in demand forecasting but not so much in harvest scheduling.
This reveals the hidden assumption that there exists a large enough demand.
The agri-fresh produce studied in the literature are ornamental plants (Stokes et al.,
1997), flowers (Widodo et al., 2006; Caixeta-Filho et al., 2002), fruits (Caixeta-Filho, 2006;
Ferrer et al., 2008; Arnaout and Maatouk, 2010; Bohle et al., 2010; Devadoss and
Luckstead, 2010), and vegetables (Hamer, 1994; Darby-Dowman et al., 2000; Lodree Jr
and Uzochukwu, 2008; Ahumada and Villalobos, 2011). Hence, it is observed that
research is concentrated on the flowers and fruits of the plants with only a limited
attention to roots and stems of the plants. It can also be interpreted that the research
interest is in expensive produce such as ornamental plants and fruits. This again shows
the orientation of research towards the primary objective of revenue maximization and
not waste reduction. Moreover, it is produce specific and cannot be exactly replicated
for another produce. The research is mainly limited to America (Caixeta-Filho et al.,
2002; Caixeta-Filho, 2006; Ferrer et al., 2008; Lodree Jr and Uzochukwu, 2008; Arnaout
and Maatouk, 2010; Bohle et al., 2010; Devadoss and Luckstead, 2010; Ahumada and
Villalobos, 2011) and Europe (Darby-Dowman et al., 2000), with limited attention to the
developing countries. One of the major reasons for this is the huge percentage of food
getting processed in developed countries as compared to developing countries. Thus, in
developed countries the harvest is scheduled for satisfying the demand of the food
processing factories which can be controlled as compared to the wholesale demand in
developing countries.
It is evident from this review that, the majority of the research papers have focused
only on the supply side assuming a large enough demand. It is also found that
mathematical modeling is the most prominently applied technique in production
planning. Most of the farm decisions earlier were related to the use of farm labor, capital,
and farm location (Glen, 1987). But, little attention is given to the operational issues such as
planting and harvesting activities. It was further found from this review that, developing
countries are yet to get attention of the researchers though being one of the largest
producers of agri-fresh produce. The gap exists in proposing an efficient harvesting
schedule for agri-fresh produce considering the stochastic nature of demand, maturation,
and deterioration characteristics and other factors such as the transportation time, etc.
It is hard to find a universal model applicable for all the agri-fresh produce across
geographies. But, the thrust should be on proposing a flexible model that can
accommodate the local factors.
The next section classifies and reviews the literature on the issue of inventory
management. It also presents the key findings from the inventory management literature.
4.3 Inventory management Agri-fresh
Over the past several decades, various models dealing with the inventory of agri-fresh produce SCM
produce supply chains have been studied by the researchers. These researchers tried to
model the deteriorating characteristic of the agri-fresh produce for inventory management.
A comprehensive literature survey of inventory models was first given by Nahmias (1982).
Raafat (1991) reviewed the literature on continuously deteriorating inventory models.
The latest review of the deteriorating inventory models is given by Goyal and Giri (2001). 131
These reviews partially addressed the agri-fresh produce taking various other products
in the deteriorating category such as blood platelets. Most of the publications in this field
deal with pricing, the effect of inflation, and delay of payments. Apart from pricing related
factors, other factors that are significant in modeling the deteriorating products inventory
include demand, deterioration rate, transportation lead time, and backlogging/shortage.

It was found that the capacity of the production plants or warehouses is also considered
by some of the authors.
The inventory models can be categorized as deterministic or stochastic based on
the demand characteristics. In the deterministic models, demand is assumed to be a
function of time and is known in advance. There are a large number of papers
considering the demand to be time dependent such as Teng and Yang (2004), Chern et al.
(2005), Yang (2005, 2006) and Hsieh et al. (2008). Some authors assumed demand to be
a log-concave function of time such as Teng et al. (2002) and Dye et al. (2006). Few
assumed demand to be constant such as Mandal et al. (2006), Li et al. (2007) and Lin
(2007). Some of the authors assumed the demand to be stock-dependent such as Balkhi
and Benkherouf (2004), Wu et al. (2006) and Dye et al. (2007). In stochastic models, the
demand is assumed to be a function with a known mean and standard deviation. Tekin
(2001) and Kopach et al. (2008) considered demand as a Poisson distribution with a
known mean whereas Kanchanasuntorn and Techanitisawad (2006) modeled the
demand as a function with a known mean and standard deviation. Studies also
considered the demand to be a function of the available stock. Some authors have
considered demand as following a trapezoidal type (Cheng and Wang, 2009) or a ramp
type (Manna and Chaudhuri, 2006; Deng et al., 2007; Skouri et al., 2009).
The deterioration rate is the most important factor in the inventory models for
deteriorating products. Most of the studies have considered that the inventory
deteriorates at a constant rate. A few authors such as Lin et al. (2006) and Huang and
Liao (2008) have considered the exponential deterioration rate. The deteriorating
pattern following Weibull distribution is also studied by the authors (Covert and
Philip, 1973; Wu et al., 1999; Wu, 2001; Giri et al., 2003; Skouri et al., 2009). Some of the
studies (Kopach et al., 2008; Broekmeulen and Von Donselaar, 2009) assumed that
products such as blood platelets and packaged food expires rather then decay after a
certain period of time.
Transportation lead time (from producer to retail stores/warehouse) is assumed
to be zero/negligible by most of the studies, but some assumed it to be positive (Tekin,
2001; Teng et al., 2003; Kanchanasuntorn and Techanitisawad, 2006; Kopach et al., 2008;
Skouri et al., 2009). Shortage and backlogging were considered either as allowed, not
allowed or partially allowed. Apart from these factors, some authors (Goyal, 2003;
Sana et al., 2004; Manna and Chaudhuri, 2006; He et al., 2010) modeled the inventory
considering the capacity constraint. They included the production capacity or warehouse
capacity in the model. Very little literature exists on the retrieval policy adopted
IJOPM by the consumers. Generally, the studies have assumed a first-in-first-out (FIFO) retrieval
33,2 policy, with limited attention on last-in-first-out (LIFO) policy (Broekmeulen and
Von Donselaar, 2009). Some of the studies (Cohen and Prastacos, 1981; Broekmeulen
and Von Donselaar, 2009) also compared FIFO and LIFO retrieval policies.
From this review, it is found that, very few papers have addressed the inventory
issues for agri-fresh produce. It is also evident that most of the papers addressing
132 the deteriorating products inventory problem are focused on the cost/price related
decisions. Very few papers addressed the operational decisions of the inventory
system. The factors that are considered in the modeling include demand, deterioration
rate, transportation lead time, shortage/backlogging, capacity, and retrieval policy.
The models as well as the factors such as demand variations, deterioration rate, etc. are
largely studied for manufactured products with little attention for agri-fresh produce.
The literature seems more concerned for revenue maximization with waste reduction
as a secondary objective. The social and environmental importance of agri-fresh produce
is neglected and the waste reduction decisions are left on the sole discretion of the
retailers. Agri-fresh produce is assumed similar to any other product without
considering the factors such as seasonal demand, effect of weather, etc. The major
question in front of the researchers and practitioners is in building an inventory model
by incorporating the characteristics of the agri-fresh produce. The optimal ordering
policy, retrieval policy and economic order quantity policy though well studied for
manufactured products needs to be tailored according to the needs of agri-fresh produce.
The other major issue is the flexibility required for generalization of the proposed
model across the diverse category of produce and geography. Incorporating the
deteriorating nature, stochastic and seasonal demand, and variety of substitutable
produce in the model in order to find a solution in real time will be a complex issue even
in the future. Thus, there exists a need for as in-depth study of the inventory policy for
agri-fresh produce.
The next section classifies and reviews the literature on the issue of transportation.
It also presents the key findings from the transportation literature.
4.4 Transportation
This section discusses the transportation related issues in the agri-fresh produce
supply chains. It has been observed that, waste in transportation is one of the highest in
the FSCM (Murthy et al., 2009). This waste is generally due to handling and deterioration
of the product. Thus, vehicle routing decisions are of high importance. Time being a
critical factor the vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW) gained the
attention of researchers addressing transportation issues in FSCM. VRPTW assumes
the location, demand and time window to be known for each customer (Osvald and Stirn,
2008). The objective is to satisfy the customer demand with minimum time, distance
traveled and vehicles used. Therefore, the aim is to find the routes for each vehicle
covering the customers. Other assumptions are that customers are assigned to only
one vehicle and the total load of all the assigned customers cannot exceed the capacity
of the vehicle.
In the case of agri-fresh produce, maintaining the delivery window with the earliest
and latest delivery time for each customer becomes even more complex. As for agri-fresh
produce there are losses due to the natural deterioration additional to the penalty for the
delayed delivery. The early application of VRP/VRPTW is generally for meat and
milk transportation. A detailed review of the literature for refrigerated vehicle Agri-fresh
transportation can be found in James et al. (2006). They discuss the historic evidence of produce SCM
agricultural produce transportation in refrigerated vehicles. The main focus was on
transportation through sea and modeling the temperature control system while
transportation.
The literature discussing the delivery of agricultural produce within a city is
very scarce. The milk collection and delivery system is studied by few researchers. 133
Tarantilis and Kiranoudis (2001) studied the milk runs of a heterogeneous fixed fleet
vehicle routing problem (VRP). They applied a threshold-acceptable based algorithm to
schedule the distribution of milk. Du et al. (2007) studied the parameters setting of a
real-time VRP for milk runs. They proposed a two phase solution to decide an initial
vehicle dispatch module and the other for deciding an inter route improvement module.
They also proposed a best-fit algorithm and two-exchange algorithm for both the
modules, respectively. Claassen and Hendriks (2007) focused on the milk collection
problem. They found that the application of special ordering set type (SOST) is
beneficial for decision making in milk collection. It seems that the researchers have
addressed the transportation of milk but not agri-fresh produce. It is to be noted that
the same research cannot be replication as there exists a significant difference in the
demand pattern and natural characteristics of the agri-fresh produce.
There also exist a few papers discussing the trade-off of factors such as
transportation cost, price, and perishability. Such as, Wilmsmeier and Sanchez (2009)
discussed the effect of transportation cost on food price in shipping by performing an
empirical analysis. Vanek and Sun (2008) discussed an energy consumption model to
investigate the relation between transportation and perishability of temperature
controlled food products, considering the environmental impact of both the factors.
Madadi et al. (2010) discussed the multi-level inventory management decision coupled
with the transportation cost. They proposed a centralised and decentralised model to find
the effect of the total retail orders on the inventory cost. Cai et al. (2010) focused on the
efforts by the producer and distributor to keep the produce fresh. They studied the
decisions to be taken by the producer and distributor and the co-ordination between them
in decentralised and centralised system. Broekmeulen (1998) proposed a model,
incorporating factors such as seasonality and perishability, to enhance the efficiency of a
fruit and vegetable distribution centre. Ahumada and Villalobos (2009a) presented
an integrated MILP model for production and distribution of fresh produce, incorporating
the produce characteristics and business constraints. Most of the research is focused on
co-ordination of transportation with other functions such as production or inventory
decisions. There seems an effort to address a lot of issues in transportation of food but
seems a lack in presenting a holistic view. The papers are trying to propose a solution to
the problem at hand by adopting standard methods from already developed theory.
There is a lack of theory developed for agri-fresh produce transportation.
Tarantilis and Kiranoudis (2002) proposed a solution for the fresh meat distribution
system by applying a special meta-heuristic algorithm. Faulin (2003) studied
the application of mixed algorithm procedure to optimize the food products delivery.
Hu et al. (2009) presented the distribution of food products from the wholesaler to the
retailers in Beijing, China. They proposed a two stage model for VRP taking several
constraints into consideration. They solved the proposed model using “left cutting”
algorithm and compared the results with the improved ant colony algorithm (IACA).
IJOPM Hsu et al. (2007) presented a heuristic to solve VRPTW with soft time window constraints.
33,2 The problem considered is the delivery of lunch boxes to a number of customers, with
stochastic and deterministic demands. The model considers the fixed cost, travel cost,
inventory cost, energy cost, and deterioration of food with respect to time. Very few
research papers have considered the deterioration of the products while transportation.
One of the early applications of deterioration in modeling was considered by
134 Amponsah and Salhi (2004). They studied the transportation of garbage and considered
the smell of garbage (which increases with time) and the total cost into the model.
Researchers have mostly adopted heuristics from the literature to address the problem at
hand. The key addition is the deterioration function for the agri-fresh produce
deterioration. Still the main objective is revenue maximization and not waste reduction.
Chen et al. (2009) presented a non-linear programming model for production

scheduling and vehicle routing for distribution of food products. Very few research
papers discussed the distribution of agri-fresh produce from a central depot (wholesaler)
to the retailers in a city. Osvald and Stirn (2008) proposed a multi-objective VRPTW
model for the distribution of fresh vegetables in a city. The main objectives were to
minimize the time, distance traveled, number of vehicles used and penalty by the
customers for delayed delivery. Waste reduction may be an outcome but was not
the primary objective. The problem was converted to a single objective by taking the
weighted average. They applied the Tabu search algorithm to find the solution for
the proposed model. It was assumed that the produce remains stable over a period and
starts deteriorating linearly till it reaches the end of life (or becomes rotten). But, the real
situation is different as the agri-fresh produce starts deteriorating just after harvesting
especially due to handling, poor packaging, and transportation. Rong et al. (2011)
proposed a mixed-integer linear programming model for production and distribution
of fresh produce incorporating food quality as a key factor. They presented a case study
of bell peppers supply chain to explain the implementation of the proposed model.
From this review it is evident that most of the research in transportation is
concentrated towards transportation of meat and milk only. The issues that got attention
are the maintenance of temperature and the handling of cargo, with little attention on waste
due to deterioration. Very few research papers have addressed the issues of agri-fresh
produce, especially the waste due to transportation and handling. Manikas and Terry
(2010) highlighted that there is a lack of literature addressing the distribution of fresh
fruits and vegetables. It is also been found that time is a critical factor due to strict delivery
window of the customers and continuous deterioration of the agri-fresh produce. Hence,
there exists a need to address the VRP for agri-fresh produce considering the cost and
time factors. The major complexity is in incorporating the agri-fresh produce
natural characteristics along with the practical and business constraints. Due to the
NP-hard nature of the VRPTW, finding a near optimal solution in real time will also be a
difficult task. The focus needs to be shifted from revenue maximization to post-harvest
waste reduction.
4.5 Others
This section discusses the issues which come in the operational domain but could not
be included in any of the four categories as described above. For example, the issues such
as case studies, fresh produce supply chains, buyer-supplier relations, e-commerce in
fresh produce supply chain have been included in this section. Wilson (1996a, b),
Grimsdell (1996) and Zuurbier (1999) discussed production and distribution of agri-fresh Agri-fresh
produce as SCM. Corbett (1993) discussed the experiments conducted to improve produce SCM
vegetable production. Authors such as Maia et al. (1997), Van der Vorst et al. (2000) and
Aramyan et al. (2007) applied advanced OR techniques to solve complex problems in
agri-fresh produce. Reiner and Trcka (2004) emphasised that the study of agri-fresh
produce is highly produce and company dependent and hence, further increased the
complexity of the already complex agri-fresh produce supply chains. These papers 135
contributed in developing the understanding of a supply chain in the production to
distribution of the agri-fresh produce.
The research on FSCM has got the attention of developed as well as developing
countries. For example, Fearne and Hughes (1999), Van der Vorst and Beulens (2002)
and Taylor (2005) have conducted study on FSCM in the context of developed countries.
On the other hand, there are evidences of FSCM studies in developing countries as
well. Joshi et al. (2009) and Sagheer et al. (2009) have conducted their studies in the
Indian context whereas Perera et al. (2004) has done the study in Sri Lankan context.
Swinnen and Maertens (2007) studied the effect of globalization on agri-fresh produce
supply chain in the developing countries. In the recent years there is a significant
increase in collaboration and globalization related issues in FSCM. Accordingly, the
research work on these topics by Matopoulos et al. (2007), Dunne (2008), Mikkola (2008)
and Van Donk et al. (2008) are also found in the literature. There are several other issues
such as quality, strategy (Blackburn and Scudder, 2009), technology implementation
(Salin, 1998), etc. addressed in the literature in order to understand the concept of
supply chain for agri-fresh produce.
The next section presents the classification of the literature based on the
methodology applied to address the problems.
5. Classification based on methodology

The literature on FSCM may also be classified on the basis of methodology used in:
mathematical modeling, simulation, empirical studies, case research, action research
and general. This helps us to understand FSCM from a different perspective of
methodological point-of-view. This section maps the methodology used vis-à-vis the
problem context of the FSCM. Table III presents the mapping of the papers addressing
any problem using the corresponding technique. It is to be noted that any methodology
used to solve a problem depends on the problem itself, the availability of data and
Demand Production Inventory

forecasting planning management Transportation Others Total
Modeling 15 2 7 3 27
Simulation 1 1 3 5
Empirical
studies 11 1 1 1 8 22
Case study 3 1 3 14 21 Table III.
Action The number of papers
research 2 2 addressing any issues
General 1 2 1 5 9 using the corresponding
Total 16 19 4 12 35 86 technique
IJOPM computational resources, and the comfort levels of the researcher in using that
33,2 particular methodology. Thus, the mapping is done to find the relation of the
methodology to the problem.
Linear programming (Saedt et al., 1991; Van Berlo, 1993; Hamer, 1994), non-linear
programming (Allen and Schuster, 2004) and MILP (Maia et al., 1997) have been used to
a great extent in production planning, inventory management and transportation.
136 Lately, LP, MILP (Ferrer et al., 2008) formulations and software packages
(Caixeta-Filho et al., 2002; Ferrer et al., 2008) for solution have been used. Dynamic
programming (Stokes et al., 1997; Widodo et al., 2006) and stochastic programming
(Darby-Dowman et al., 2000) are also used in some of the papers. This shows that
mathematical programming is the most preferred methodology especially for
production planning. The common trend is the proposing LP, MILP models and
adopting standard software to solve it. It is found that not very complex models are
introduced. Thus, the use of heuristics and meta-heuristics is very limited. The overall
understanding is that, with the progress in research more complex problems will be
addressed and tailored solution approaches will be required.
Empirical studies are mostly found focusing on demand forecasting. This is mainly due
to the availability of huge volumes of data for a large number of attributes. Researchers
have used moving average, exponential smoothing, and other traditional methods,
whereas some reported use of ARIMA models (Liu et al., 2001) to predict the demand in a
shorter time horizon. A number of studies have shown a comparison or fusion of two or
more forecasting techniques such as ARIMA, ANN, etc. These methods are generally
adopted from literature without much modification for FSCM. This shows a need for a
robust method to increase the forecast efficiency in FSCM.
Case studies have found special place in the FSCM research (Wilson, 1996a;
Van der Vorst et al., 2000; Aramyan et al., 2007; Alfaro and Rábade, 2009) as a tool for
general awareness and defining the boundary of the domain. It has also been found that
most of the case studies were coupled with system dynamic modeling to find a solution.
This is mainly due to the novelty of the topic which encourages the researchers to use
case study to introduce as well as define the boundaries of FSCM. A simulation approach
is also applied in a few papers (Reiner and Trcka, 2004), mostly systems dynamics
simulation. Other traditional tools and techniques such as algebraic equations,
heuristics, meta-heuristics and regression have also been used. Computer programming
and software packages have been used for input, interface, and computations.
6. Classification based on product

The literature of FSCM can also be classified based on the produce studied. As the
produce are geography dependent, so the FSCM is affected by the environmental, social,
and infrastructural conditions of the produce’s origin. Table IV represent the number of
papers addressing an issue for a particular product. It is evident from Table IV that,
mostly agri-fresh produce is considered as a single product and the problems are
addressed on an aggregate level, taking either all products or all fruits/vegetables as
a single product. This is mainly because the studies were addressing the effect of a factor
on the overall demand/production of the agri-fresh produce and were not much
concerned about any specific produce. There are few cases where individual produce
such as fruits have been considered. This may be attributed to the demand of specific
produce such as potatoes and grapes by food processing companies.
Agri-fresh
Demand Production Inventory
forecasting planning management Transportation Others Total produce SCM
All 12 5 4 8 19 48
Apple 1 1
Banana 2 2
Bell 137
peppers 1 1
Broccoli 1 1
Flowers 2 2
Fruits 1 3 4
Grapes 4 4
Mango 1 1
Onion 1 1
Orange 1 1
Potato 1 1 Table IV.
Tomato 2 1 3 The numbers of articles
Vegetables 3 4 1 8 16 addressing an issue for a
Total 16 19 4 12 35 86 particular product
Introduction to FSCM, production planning and demand forecasting have gained most of the
attention, with less attention towards inventory management and transportation.
The co-ordination and integration related issues are discussed generally in case
studies, addressing produce at the individual and aggregate level. Production planning
of the fresh-products also have been studied on an aggregate, and in some cases on
a disaggregate level. Papers discussing demand forecasting generally tried to find the
price elasticity of various products. But, papers also considered fruits/vegetables as a single
product in most of the cases. Other issues such as inventory management and
transportation have also been discussed, but only on an aggregate level.
The FSCM for all kinds of produce cannot follow the same strategy, as the
agri-fresh produce has a high level of heterogeneity. The rate of deterioration and other
biological conditions also vary to a high degree across produce, so storage and
transportation conditions should also be different for all the produce. Table V shows the
products studied vis-à-vis geographical location. It is to be noted that most of the research
has taken place in developed countries and agri-business oriented countries such as
The Netherlands.
It is also to be noted that a large number of research papers have addressed
issues independent of the geography, generally taking all vegetables/fruits as a single
product. This was the introductory phase of research when there was a need to
establish awareness for an efficient FSCM. Countries such as India, though being one of
the biggest agri-fresh produce producers, have paid the least attention to the issues
related to FSCM. Countries like the UK, the USA, China, and The Netherlands have paid
the highest attention on FSCM related research. A lot of other relevant interpretations
can be drawn from the analysis presented in Sections 4-6 discussing the classification
of the literature. Moreover, the common themes within the categories are very well
explained though the analysis across the categories is less evident. We presented an
analysis in Appendix 2 to elaborate more on the synthesis across the categories. This
analysis is a snap-shot of the total literature discussed in this review. The interesting facts
that are revealed will be further taken up in the conclusion and discussion section.
33,2
138
location
Table V.
IJOPM
vis-à-vis geographical
The products studied
Bell
All Apple Banana peppers Broccoli Flowers Fruits Grapes Mango Onion Orange Potato Tomato Vegetables Total
USA 2 1 1 1 2 2 9
UK 6 1 1 8
China 4 1 5
TheNetherlands 3 2 5
India 2 1 1 4
Chile 3 3
Brazil 1 1 1 3
Vietnam 1 1 2
Spain 1 1 2
Australia 1 1 2
Russia 2 2
Ukraine 1 1
Turkey 1 1
Greece 1 1
Finland 1 1
Canada 1 1
France 1 1
Philippines 1 1
Sri Lanka 1 1
Thailand 1 1
Slovenia 1 1
Generic 23 1 1 3 1 2 31
Total 48 1 2 1 1 2 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 16 86
7. Discussion and conclusion Agri-fresh
This paper presents a state-of-the-art literature review of FSCM, discussing major produce SCM
operational issues accountable for post-harvest waste. The aim is to highlight the
trends and opportunities in research addressing the FSCM. To meet this objective,
literature is collected from various databases over a period of 20 years (1991-2011).
The literature is systematically reviewed and classified to provide a better
understanding of the research in the last two decades. In order to maintain the rigor 139
of the overall process, a structured and fit-for-purpose systematic research process is
followed in both the collection and content analysis of the literature. The review process
is inspired and guided by the principles of Mayring (2003), Tranfield et al. (2003) and
Rousseau et al. (2008), considering the advantages and ignoring the disadvantages of the
respective processes.
A two-step process is followed for literature segmentation and synthesis. First the
literature is segmented according to the journals, publications per year, and countries
to get an overview. The journals are categorized into OM-journals, agriculture journals,
and other journals. It was found that out of 86 papers, 46 were published in
OM-journals and 30 were published in agriculture journals. The papers in OM-journals
have addressed the problem by applying the existing tools/techniques with very little
consideration to the specific product characteristics, whereas the papers in agriculture
journals are more focused on the product characteristics. The result of this analysis
shows the absence of a journal with the prime attention towards FSCM. It is found that,
recently the number of publications per year has increased as more than 50 percent of
the papers are published in the last five years. This trend may be contributed to the
global factors in the last five years such as increased food and fuel prices, vegetable oil
consumption as a fuel, and the breakout of diseases such as bird flu and swine flu.
These factors attracted the attention of consumers, policy makers, researchers, and
practitioners towards the lack of research in agri-fresh produce.
The literature is also segmented according to the countries and it is found that
most of the research is in the USA, China, The Netherlands, and the UK, with only a
limited attention paid to the developing countries. This is also evident from the fact that
60 percent of the papers are addressing issues of developed countries while only
40 percent are focused on developing countries. This is quite similar to the research trend
in other disciplines with few exceptions. But, it is believed that in the coming years,
there will be huge change in this trend, with a majority of research publications from
Asian countries with growing economies such as India and China. These countries
are one of the largest producers and consumers of agri-fresh produce. It is also to be
noted that the highest proportion of the world’s poor are in Asia. It is expected that in the
future there will be several changes in the consumption pattern of the population
especially in these countries which will trigger the need for an efficient FSCM. It is found
that the post-harvest waste reduction is a secondary objective with the primary concern
towards revenue increment in almost all of the papers. Therefore, unless the direct
benefits of post-harvest waste reduction is shared among the stakeholders such as
farmers, wholesalers, and retailers it will be very difficult to implement the proposed
models. The current trend may also be attributed to the lack of government policies
and consumer awareness to reduce post-harvest waste in developing countries.
So, governments and private organizations have to put in the effort necessary to reduce
the post-harvest waste to reduce the levels of poverty, hunger, and malnutrition.
IJOPM In the second step, the literature is classified according to the problem context,
33,2 methodology, and product and geographical region for an in-depth analysis of the same.
The research in FSCM is in the nascent stage and is disintegrated into problem contexts.
The studies have addressed the problems in isolation with little attention to the
interdependence of the problems. This phenomenon can be attributed to the fragmented
nature of the FSCs itself. The lack of an integrated transportation and information
140 infrastructure adds to this fragmentation. Figure 5 shows the status of FSCM is several
developing countries where a large number of intermediaries exist between the farmers
and consumers.
Most of the problems are generally well studied and explored for manufacturing
products but have recently gained attention for agri-fresh produce. It is also implicit that
the research in specific problem contexts will continue to increase in the short term.
Nevertheless, with the increase in efforts, the requirement for integrative contributions
will emerge to understand the overall phenomena of FSCM. It is seen that the level of
interest varies across the problem contexts. There are a lot of context specific papers,
especially in demand forecasting and production planning. Other problems such as
inventory management and transportation have been explored to some extent but very
few studies considered the agri-fresh produce. Therefore, a huge potential exists for
exploring these problems in FSCM.
In the current scenario, there is almost no information sharing among the various
stakeholders of FSCM. This leads to the mismatch of demand and supply. The lack of
efficient demand forecast is another factor contributing to this mismatch. Figure 6
shows the typical scenario of agri-fresh supply chain with the missing demand and
supply link. In such cases, the transactions are through the commission agents which
take the maximum benefits without adding any value (De Boer and Pandey, 1997).
The missing information sharing infrastructure results in concealing of information
and a huge lag between consumer demand and farmers reaction to that demand.
Buyukbay et al. (2011) attributed lack of demand information as one of the main reasons
for waste. The spot market acts as an auction market where the agents of consolidators
Figure 5.
FSCM representing the
fragmented transportation
and information sharing
and retailers bargain and make transactions. Therefore, there is a lack of ownership Agri-fresh
within the chain. All the players are concerned with their own revenue maximization produce SCM
with limited attention towards the overall profit of the chain. This lack of a holistic view
of a supply chain is leading to the post-harvest waste.
The demand forecasting literature has addressed the issues for manufacturing
products with very less attention to agri-fresh produce. Generally, the studies have
considered the fresh produce as a single commodity and have tried to forecast the demand. 141
But, there is a need to forecast the demand of agri-fresh produce on a disaggregate level.
Considering the perishable and seasonal nature of the agri-fresh produce it is necessary
to study it at disaggregate level. Therefore, the challenge for researchers is to extract the
information from various sources and to decide on an efficient forecasting technique
building on the existing forecasting literature. The demand forecasting in unorganised

wholesales or spot market will be extremely complex as compared to demand forecasting
in the supermarket or organized retail sector. Shukla and Jharkharia (2011) studied an
ARIMA model to forecast demand of onions on a daily basis. But the literature addressing
demand forecasting for agri-fresh produce is still in nascent stage. Further, the
generalization of the proposed model across the agri-fresh produce category will be
another challenge.
As there is either an absence or a delayed input of the consumer demand to the farmers,
it is found that farmers are generally following the traditional product mix despite the
change in consumption patterns. This is also evident from the analysis of the literature.
The consumer demand is generally not considered in the modeling for the production
planning decisions. Moreover, it is found that the production planning decisions are
mostly focused on the use of farm land, allocation of resources, etc. (Glen, 1987) and very
little attention is given to the losses due to inefficient harvesting. The harvest scheduling
literature for agri-fresh produce is still in its infancy with only a few papers addressing
the problem. But, there is a huge amount of literature addressing forest harvesting
(Bredstrom et al., 2004), sugar cane harvesting (Grunowa et al., 2007), and food grains such
as rice harvesting (Deris and Ohta, 1990). The agri-fresh produce harvesting problem
may be attempted by incorporating the produce characteristics to the literature of food
grain harvesting. It is also found that most of the papers have proposed mathematical
models but there is a low utilization of the models in other situations. These models are
generally solved by software such as GAMS and AMPL using Cplex solver. Given the
current complexity of the models, it may be possible. But, the model incorporating real
life and business constraints will present a major difficulty and may need heuristics
and meta-heuristics to solve.
Figure 6.
Current status
of agri-fresh supply chains
in developing countries
IJOPM There is also very less integration between the production planning and inventory
33,2 management literature for agri-fresh produce. The inventory literature, strives to reduce
the waste, but the main focus is on consumer satisfaction and revenue maximization.
The literature on agri-fresh produce can gain heavily from the deteriorating product
inventory management literature. It is also found that there is a low integration of the
inventory literature to the demand forecasting and transportation literature even though
142 the mathematical models in inventory management use factors such as consumer
demand and transportation lead time. But, to reduce the complexity of the models, these
factors are assumed as either constant or as stochastic. There is almost no use of real life
values of consumer demand and transportation lead times in modeling the inventory
problem. Therefore, there is a need for mathematical models using these factors and
solution techniques that can produce real time results for complex models.
Transportation is one of the most developed and research topics in OM/research.
Till now there are a lot of established heuristics for a large number of transportation
problems. But, the use of these in the transportation of agri-fresh produce is very little.
Manikas and Terry (2010) emphasised that there exists a need for research in the
distribution of fresh fruits and vegetables. Generally, the transportation literature
addresses milk or meat transportation with little attention to the characteristics of
agri-fresh produce. It is also observed that only few researchers attempted the delivery
of processed food by using the VRP literature. Researchers and practitioners can make
use of the existing literature from these examples and can propose robust models for
transportation of agri-fresh produce. Moreover, there is a very little application of
advanced solution techniques to the transportation problem for agri-fresh produce. It is
required to apply the artificial intelligence techniques to find real time solutions for
these problems. Though, the transportation literature strives to reduce the total cost,
it is not much concerned about reducing post-harvest waste. This is a very significant
factor and shall be incorporated with the other factors such as the distance traveled,
and the time taken into mathematical modeling.
The literature was classified according to the applied methodologies to find out the
theoretical orientation of the field as a whole. From this analysis, it is revealed that most
of the problems were solved using mathematical modeling and simulation. Methods
such as case studies and empirical analysis are confined to areas such as problem
identification and forecasting. Taking into account the relative infancy of the field, it is
expected that in the future there will be an increase in use of other methodologies.
Even cross methodological approaches are expected considering the fragmented nature
of the problems. Best practices from the practitioners have not emerged in the papers.
This shows the lack of universally accepted practices and the complex nature of the
problem. With the increase in literature it is also assumed that best practices and
advanced techniques will emerge as in the manufacturing literature.
The classification according to the produce shows that, in a majority of the cases
all the agri-fresh produce is assumed as a single commodity, with only limited attention
to the individual product characteristics. It is very important to study the produce at
the individual level given its perishable and seasonal nature. The consumption habits
and climate of any geographical location plays an important role in deciding the relative
importance of the agri-fresh produce to that particular region. Produce that have an
international demand such as banana, grapes, oranges, potato, tomato, etc. have got
attention on an individual level. Most of the vegetables are generally treated in groups
due to their high level of substitutability and low profit margins. The study of literature Agri-fresh
across the geographies reveals that there is an increase in FSCM research but it is mainly produce SCM
limited to a few countries. It is interesting to note that these countries have almost the
same ranking for research in all other disciplines (www.scimagojr.com). There are a
few exceptions such as The Netherlands due to its commitment towards agriculture.
There is a need for research to be replicated and studied in the developing nations which
are among the biggest suppliers and consumers of agri-fresh produce. 143
The classification provided in this paper may be useful in understanding the
FSCM from a holistic perspective. The mapping of problem context to methodology and
to product shows a clear picture of the link of product-problem-methodology. This
mapping may be used as a framework to facilitate the work of managers and researchers
addressing the FSCM. It may serve as a frame of reference to decide a suitable

methodology for a given problem context. The mapping of products to geographies
gives the insights about the real-life problems. The problem-methodology mapping
helps in understanding the way in which these problems are addressed in other parts of
the world. This can help the practitioners analyze the similarities and differences from
other contexts and guide them to build, modify, and practice new solutions.
FSCM is an emerging area and offers a lot of opportunities for applying the
established methodologies to new problems. The problems are different, complex,
and challenging, due to the large number of associated variables and parameters.
It is also suggested to formulate a combination of various tool and techniques to
address problems. It is for sure that in the coming years a large number of changes will
be seen in the concepts, technologies, and management practices of the agri-fresh
produce SCM.
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Further reading
Adebanjo, D. and Mann, R. (2000), “Identifying problems in forecasting consumer demand in the
fast moving consumer goods sector”, Benchmarking: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No. 3,
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About the authors

Manish Shukla is a Doctoral Student in Operations Management area at Indian Institute of

Management Kozhikode. He has done his Bachelor’s in Manufacturing Engineering from
National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology Ranchi (India). He is currently working on
fresh supply chain management. His papers have been published in the International Journal of
Production Research and International Journal of Operations Research.
Sanjay Jharkharia is Associate Professor in Operations Management at Indian Institute of
Management Kozhikode (India). His Master’s is in Mechanical Engineering from Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi and PhD in Management from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. His
research interests include operations management, supply chain management, fresh supply
chain, Six Sigma, etc. He has published papers in International Journals such as Omega, Supply
Chain Management: An International Journal, Enterprise Information Management,
International Journal of Operations Research, etc. Sanjay Jharkharia is the corresponding
author and can be contacted at: sjharkharia@yahoo.co.in
To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight.com

Or visit our web site for further details: www.emeraldinsight.com/reprints
Author(s) with
Author(s) Geography Product Problem Methodology Citations professional affiliation(s)
Adebanjo (2009) UK All Others CS 3 No Appendix 1

Ahmadi-Esfahani and Stanmore (1997) China Vegetables IM ES 16 No
Ahumada and Villalobos (2009b) Generic All PP General 25 No
Ahumada and Villalobos (2011) USA Tomato PP Mod 0 No
Alfaro and Rábade (2009) Spain Vegetables Others CS 6 No
Allen and Schuster (2004) USA Grapes PP Mod 14 No
Aramyan et al. (2007) Generic Tomato Others CS 19 No
Arnaout and Maatouk (2010) Chile Grape PP Mod 0 No
Bertail and Caillavet (2008) France All DF ES 10 Yes
Blackburn and Scudder (2009) Generic Fruits Others Mod 9 No
Bohle et al. (2010) Chile Grape PP Mod 11 No
Broekmeulen and Von Donselaar (2009) Generic All IM Mod 3 No
Buyukbay et al. (2011) Turkey Vegetables Others General 0 No
Cadilhon et al. (2005) Vietnam Vegetables Others ES 9 Yes
Cai et al. (2010) Generic All Trans Mod 0 No
Caixeta-Filho (2006) Brazil Orange PP CS 16 No
Caixeta-Filho et al. (2002) Brazil Flowers PP Mod 6 Yes
Charlebois (2008) Canada All DF General 1 No
Chen et al. (2009) Generic All Trans Mod 4 No
Chern and Wang (1994) China All DF ES 24 No
Conner et al. (2009) USA All Others ES 8 No
Corbett (1993) Ukraine Vegetables Others AR 0 No
Darby-Dowman et al. (2000) Generic Vegetables PP Mod 17 Yes
Devadoss and Luckstead (2010) USA Apple PP Mod 0 No
Du et al. (2009) Generic All Others CS 6 No
Dunne (2008) Australia All Others CS 5 No
Eckert (2007) Generic All IM ES 0 Yes
Fan et al. (1994) China All DF ES 53 Yes
Fearne and Hughes (1999) UK All Others ES 96 No
Ferrer et al. (2008) Chile Grapes PP Mod 7 No
Grimsdell (1996) UK Broccoli Others CS 14 Yes
Halbrendt et al. (1994) China All DF ES 55 No
Hamer (1994) Generic Vegetables PP Mod 5 Yes
(continued)
Agri-fresh
produce SCM
Table AI.
155
33,2
156
IJOPM
Table AI.
Author(s) with
Higgins et al. (2010) Generic All Others General 0 No

Hsu et al. (2007) Generic All Trans Mod 18 No
Jones (1993) Russia All Trans General 4 No
Joshi et al. (2009) India All Others ES 3 No
Kanchanasuntorn and Techanitisawad (2006) Thailand All IM Sim 13 No
Klein and Petti (2006) Generic All Others Mod 18 No
Kumar (2008) Generic All Trans ES 5 No
Li et al. (2007) Generic All IM Mod 8 No
Liu et al. (2001) Generic All DF ES 30 Yes
Lodree Jr and Uzochukwu (2008) USA Vegetables PP Mod 2 No
Lorentz (2008) Russia All Trans Mod 8 No
Lorentz et al. (2007) Generic All DF CS 14 No
Maia et al. (1997) Brazil Banana Others Mod 5 Yes
Malaga et al. (2001) USA Vegetables DF ES 29 No
Manikas and Terry (2010) UK All Trans CS 2 No
Matopoulos et al. (2007) Greece Vegetables Others CS 22 No
Mergenthaler et al. (2009) Vietnam All DF ES 10 Yes
Mikkola (2008) Finland Vegetables Others CS 11 No
Miller et al. (1997) USA Tomato PP Mod 16 Yes
Murthy et al. (2009) India Fruits Trans CS 0 No
Mutuc et al. (2007) Philippines Vegetables DF ES 2 No
Osvald and Stirn (2008) Slovenia Vegetables Trans Mod 10 No
Perera et al. (2004) Sri Lanka Vegetables Others CS 0 No
Prado-Prado (2009) Spain All Others CS 0 No
Reiner and Trcka (2004) Generic All Others Sim 40 No
Ridoutt et al. (2010) Australia Mango Others ES 2 No
Rong et al. (2011) Generic Bell peppers Trans Mod 4 No
Saedt et al. (1991) The Netherlands All PP Mod 3 Yes
Sagheer et al. (2009) India All Others General 0 No
Salin (1998) Generic All Others General 38 No
Salin and Nayga (2003) USA Potato Trans CS 7 No
Shukla and Jharkharia (2011) India Onion DF ES 0 No
Sørensen and Bochtis (2010) Generic All PP ES 10 No
(continued)
Author(s) with
Stokes et al. (1997) USA All PP Mod 0 No

Swinnen and Maertens (2007) Generic All Others ES 22 No
Taylor (2005) UK All Others AR 27 No
Taylor (2006) UK All DF CS 5 No
Taylor and Fearne (2006) UK All DF CS 18 No
Thron et al. (2007) Generic All Others Sim 2 No
Trienekens et al. (2008) Generic Fruits Others ES 7 Yes
Van Berlo (1993) The Netherlands Vegetables PP Mod 4 No
Van der Vorst and Beulens (1999) The Netherlands All Trans Mod 8 No
Van der Vorst and Beulens (2002) Generic All Others CS 94 No
Van der Vorst et al. (1998) The Netherlands All DF Sim 68 No
Van der Vorst et al. (2000) The Netherlands Vegetables Others Sim 88 No
Van Donk et al. (2008) Generic All Others CS 9 No
Verdouw et al. (2010) Generic Fruits Others ES 1 Yes
Weintraub and Romero (2006) Generic All PP General 18 No
Widodo et al. (2006) Generic Flowers PP Mod 3 No
Wilson (1996a) UK Banana Others CS 37 No
Wilson (1996b) Generic All Others General 22 No
Wu et al. (1995) China All DF ES 33 No
Zuurbier (1999) Generic All Others CS 13 No
Notes: DF, demand forecasting; Mod, modeling; PP, production planning; Sim, simulation; IM, inventory management; ES, empirical studies;
Trans, transportation; CS, case study; AR, action research
Agri-fresh
produce SCM
Table AI.
157
33,2
158
IJOPM
Table AII.
Problem
Appendix 2
context Demand management Production planning Inventory management Transportation
Issue Forecasting Harvest scheduling Ordering/retrieval policy Vehicle routing problem (VRP)
Theoretical Forecasting literature Scheduling literature Deteriorating inventory VRP literature
base literature
Produce Individual/group Individual Individual Individual
studied
Method Empirical studies Mathematical modeling/ Mathematical modeling Mathematical modeling
simulation
Tool AIDS/ARIMA/ANN LP, MILP, IP, SP, DP, SD LP, MILP LP, IP
Solution SPSS/LINDEP Heuristic, CPLEX/GAMS/AMPL Heuristic, CPLEX, GAMS Heuristic, meta heuristics,
CPLEX
Major factors Sales, holidays, price, weather, Sales price, demand, maturation, Demand, deterioration, lead time, Demand, deterioration, penalty,
special discount deterioration, lead time, weather holding cost, ordering cost, distance, travel cost, number of
capacity vehicles
Data Real life Real life/simulated/literature Real life/simulated Real life/bench mark problems
Location Developed/developing Mostly developed countries Mostly developed countries Mostly developed countries
countries
Desired Optimal forecast Harvest schedule Retrieval policy/ordering policy Routes for vehicles
outcome
Performance MAPE, RMSE, MME Benchmark from literature Benchmark from literature Benchmark from literature
evaluation
Main
Concentration Policy making Revenue Revenue/customer satisfaction Revenue/penalty cost
Audience Public policy makers Farmers Retailers/wholesalers Wholesalers/transporters
Limitation Grouping and aggregate Important factors such as No consensus on inventory Deterioration rate not included,
forecast demand, maturation, etc. are policy, retrieval policy, other variables not included
missing. Lack of efficient deterioration rate not properly
solution technique addressed
Publication Economics journals OR/production journals OM/OR journals Transportation journals
focus
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International Journal of Operations & Production Management

Agri-fresh produce supply chain management: a state-of-the-art literature review

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30 September 2011 Abstract

1.1 Factors affecting the agri-fresh produce supply chains

Agricultural Produce Feed Animals/ Birds and their produce

Long shelf life

FSCM by the technological innovations in seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and farm

Oakley (2003) has discussed the status of a systematic review in knowledge

120 2.1 Literature collection and boundary identification

2.2 Content analysis

Determining definitions and Revision of structural

Analyzing the material: Denotation

Analyzing the material: Editing and

3. Research segmentation and overview

3.2 Agricultural journals

International Transactions in Operational Research 2

3.3 Other journals

Country Number of studies

in developed countries which seriously lacks in the developing countries. There is an

4. Classification based on problem context

4.1 Demand forecasting

a large number of people.

agri-fresh produce at disaggregate level. Shukla and Jharkharia (2011) presented an

4.2 Production planning

include demand, deterioration rate, transportation lead time, and backlogging/shortage.

Chen et al. (2009) presented a non-linear programming model for production

5. Classification based on methodology

Demand Production Inventory

6. Classification based on product

building on the existing forecasting literature. The demand forecasting in unorganised

addressing the FSCM. It may serve as a frame of reference to decide a suitable

with capacity constraint and time-proportional backlogging rate”, European Journal of

Management & Business Excellence, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 301-9.

Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 105 No. 1, pp. 41-50.

About the authors

Manish Shukla is a Doctoral Student in Operations Management area at Indian Institute of

To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight.com

Adebanjo (2009) UK All Others CS 3 No Appendix 1

Higgins et al. (2010) Generic All Others General 0 No

Stokes et al. (1997) USA All PP Mod 0 No

context Demand management Production planning Inventory management Transportation

Freshness-Keeping Effort. Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 36:01, 1950008. [Crossref]

Transportation of Tomatoes. International Journal of Applied Logistics 7:1, 49-63. [Crossref]

International Journal 20:2, 218-236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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