Edition

Ninth
Ninth Edition Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Introduction
CHAPTER VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS: • Newton’s first and third laws are sufficient for the study of bodies at

12 DYNAMICS
rest (statics) or bodies in motion with no acceleration.

• When a body accelerates (changes in velocity magnitude or direction),

Ferdinand P. Beer Newton’s second law is required to relate the motion of the body to the
E. Russell Johnston, Jr. forces acting on it.
Kinetics of Particles:
• Newton’s second law:
Lecture Notes:
Newton’s Second Law
J. Walt Oler - A particle will have an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of
Texas Tech University the resultant force acting on it and in the direction of the resultant
force.
study of the relations existing
- The resultant of the forces acting on a particle is equal to the rate of
between the forces acting on change of linear momentum of the particle.
a body, the mass of the body,
- The sum of the moments about O of the forces acting on a particle is
and the motion of the body. equal to the rate of change of angular momentum of the particle
about O.
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Edition
Ninth

Edition
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics Ninth Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Newton’s Second Law of Motion Linear Momentum of a Particle
• Newton’s Second Law: If the resultant force acting on a
particle is not zero, the particle will have an acceleration • Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the
proportional to the magnitude of resultant and in the velocity yields
 
direction of the resultant. dv
F  m
• Consider a particle subjected to constant forces, dt

d  dL
F1 F2 F3
     constant  mass, m  m v  
a1 a2 a3 dt dt

 L  linear momentum of the particle
• When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a force F ,
the acceleration of the particle must satisfy
  • Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:
F  ma
If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear
• Acceleration must be evaluated with respect to a momentum of the particle remains constant in both
Newtonian frame of reference, i.e., one that is not magnitude and direction.
accelerating or rotating.
• If force acting on particle is zero, particle will not
accelerate, i.e., it will remain stationary or continue on a
straight line at constant velocity.
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Edition
Ninth

Edition
Ninth

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Systems of Units Equations of Motion
• Of the units for the four primary dimensions (force, • Newton’s second law provides
 
mass, length, and time), three may be chosen arbitrarily.  F  ma
The fourth must be compatible with Newton’s 2nd Law.
• Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving
vector equation into scalar component equations, e.g.,
• International System of Units (SI Units): base units are for rectangular components,
 
the units of length (m), mass (kg), and time (second).
The unit of force is derived, 
 
 
 

 Fx i  Fy j  Fz k  m a x i  a y j  a z k
 m kg  m  Fx  ma x  Fy  ma y  Fz  ma z
1 N  1 kg 1 2   1 2
 s  s  Fx  mx  Fy  my  Fz  mz

• For tangential and normal components,

• U.S. Customary Units: base units are the units of force
(lb), length (m), and time (second). The unit of mass is  F t  mat  F n  ma n
derived, dv v2
Ft  m Fn  m
1lb 1lb lb  s 2 dt 
1lbm  1slug  1
32.2 ft s 2 1ft s 2 ft

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1
Edition
Ninth

Edition
Ninth
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Sample Problem 12.1 Sample Problem 12.1
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the block
• Resolve the equation of motion for the into two rectangular component equations.
block into two rectangular component
 Fx  ma :
  
equations.
y
P cos 30  0.25 N  6.21lb  s 2 ft 10 ft s 2
• Unknowns consist of the applied force
 62.1lb
P and the normal reaction N from the
plane. The two equations may be
O
x  Fy  0 :
A 200-lb block rests on a horizontal solved for these unknowns.
W 200 lb N  P sin 30  200 lb  0
plane. Find the magnitude of the force m 
P required to give the block an accelera- g 32.2 ft s 2 • Unknowns consist of the applied force P and
tion or 10 ft/s2 to the right. The coef- the normal reaction N from the plane. The two
lb  s 2
ficient of kinetic friction between the  6.21 equations may be solved for these unknowns.
ft
block and plane is mk  0.25. N  P sin 30  200 lb
F  mk N
P cos 30  0.25 P sin 30  200 lb  62.1 lb
 0.25 N
P  151 lb

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Edition
Ninth

Edition
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics Ninth Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Sample Problem 12.2 Sample Problem 12.2
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the bob into
• Resolve the equation of motion for the
tangential and normal components.
bob into tangential and normal
components. • Solve the component equations for the normal and
tangential accelerations.
• Solve the component equations for the
normal and tangential accelerations.
 Ft  mat : mg sin 30  mat
at  g sin 30
• Solve for the velocity in terms of the
at  4.9 m s 2
normal acceleration.
The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes
 Fn  man : 2.5mg  mg cos 30  ma n
an  g 2.5  cos 30
an arc of a circle in a vertical plane. If
the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the
weight of the bob for the position an  16.03 m s 2
shown, find the velocity and accel- • Solve for velocity in terms of normal acceleration.
eration of the bob in that position.
an 
v2
v  an  2 m 16.03 m s 2 

v  5.66 m s
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