INTRODUCTION:

Local cemeteries are an excellent place to study human demography. Etched in the
gravestones are the dates of birth and death of the person below, at least in most cases.
From these data, we can calculate death rates and draw survivorship curves. A
survivorship curve is simply a graphical representation of the chance that an
individual will survive from birth to any particular age. By comparing survivorship
curves for different periods of time we may look for historical trends in demography
over the decades. Also, different cemeteries may represent different socio-economic
cross-sections of the population, and comparing data among cemeteries may reveal
different patterns of mortality.

Over the last few centuries, advances in health care and large-scale global political
conflict have left rather opposing marks on the demographics of the Malaysia
population. Two major time intervals stand out which before 1950 and after 1950 to
the present. Firstly, the time interval before 1950 includes the industrial revolution,
the ravaging effects of polio, and other presently curable diseases, as well as World
Wars I and II. What are your predictions about how the demographics of the Malaysia
population have changed during these two time periods?

Demographics from local cemeteries can be used, but in order to get a broader
scope of life in we can used the population in US since the world wide web can used
to gather data about birth and death rates all over the country. Many cemeteries now
have databases that list all individuals buried there. This is a much faster way than
visiting all cemeteries in an area and making assumptions about overall
World population.

OBJECTIVES:

1. Some of the basic concept of population demography.

2. How such factors such as advantages in medicine and environmental protection
may have affected human demography over the past 150 years.
3. How human demography might change in the future, based on the current
sociopolitical reality and the presence of incurable diseases (such as AIDS).
HYPHOTHESIS:

1. In general, what are your prediction about death rates prediction of people
before and after 1950?
In my expectation, the death rates of prediction of people before 1950 are greater
compared to after 1950. Maybe this is because there is better technology developing
after or through the year of 1950, causing decreasing number of death. Most of
modern technology as years past by is much better to prevent sickness or disease.

2. For infants of both sexes, would you expect infant mortality to be higher or
lower before or after 1950? Why?
I think the infant mortality would be higher before 1950. This is because before
1950, there are no medical treatment advancement or knowledge’s like we have today.
This indicate to infant of both sexes. Sex is not a big factor to this problem.

3. How might the survivorship of females differ from that of males in the 20-30
age groups? (Why?)
In my point of view , the survivorship of females differ from that of males in the
20-30 age because of the female commonly will give birth in their life time.
Females are facing a big risk on their life or might die during their pregnancy of labor.
Females also have a big risk of dying because we know that the fact is female is more
susceptible to certain type of disease’s. This is why the survivorship of males is
higher than the females.

PROCEDURE:
1. The data from Appendix A was used or extracted the data from cemetery data base
found at www.interment.net.
2. The data was recorded in table 1 and it was used to calculate and all questions
provided in this lab were answered.
3. For data table 2, the total number of death was placed in first row (0-9) of column
B.It was the total number of people in our group upon which death took its toll as they
grew older.
4. The number of who died was subtracted in each age interval (column A) from the
number who was “alive” in our sample from the beginning of that age interval. The number was
written in the next row in column B. To fill out the column, it was repeated.
5. The survivorship was calculated- for each row in column c, the number was
divided in column B by the TOTAL we found at the bottom of column A. This gave
us the fraction of people that survived to each age interval. By definition, the
survivorship of the first age interval equals 1.0 (all living newborns have survived that
point).

DATA/RESULT:

Table 1:

FEMALES WHO DIED BEFORE 1950

Name: Batik Binti Che Death Year: 1946

Birth Year: 1933

Age of Death: 13

Name: Esah Binti Ali Death Year: 1945

Birth Year: 1943

Age of Death: 2

Name: Kalsom Binti Yop Death Year: 1946

Birth Year: 1940

Age of Death: 6

Name: Melati Binti Awang Death Year: 1945

Birth Year: 1944

Age of Death: 1
Name: Minah Binti Jantan Death Year: 1908

Birth Year: 1840

Age of Death: 68

Name: Piah Binti Hasan Death Year: 1945

Birth Year: 1923

Age of Death: 22

Name: Rokiah Binti Awang Death Year: 1946

Birth Year: 1931

Age of Death: 15

Name: Salmah Binti Kasim Death Year: 1957

Birth Year: 1957

Age of Death: 0

Name: Senah Binti Karim Death Year: 1947

Birth Year: 1921

Age of Death: 26

Name: Senah Binti Rom Death Year: 1935

Birth Year: 1888

Age of Death: 47

Name: Siah Binti Jelon Death Year: 1941

Birth Year: 1940

Age of Death: 1
FEMALES WHO DIED AFTER 1950

Name: Basah Binti Mat Death Year: 1953

Birth Year: 1941

Age of Death:12

Name: Ah Binti Rashid Death Year: 1975

Birth Year: 1921

Age of Death: 54

Name: Bedah Binti Kosi Death Year: 1965

Birth Year: 1925

Age of Death: 40

Name: Biah Binti Li Death Year: 1990

Birth Year: 1931

Age of Death: 59

Name: Cekor Bin Mat Death Year: 1973

Birth Year: 1931

Age of Death: 42

Name: Che Ah Binti Aki Death Year: 2007

Birth Year: 1933

Age of Death: 74

Name: Ecah Binti Awang Death Year: 1962

Birth Year: 1962

Age of Death: 0
Name: Esah Binti Tok Death Year: 2000

Birth Year: 1934

Age of Death: 66

Name: Jenab Binti Mat Long Death Year: 2012

Birth Year: 1935

Age of Death: 77

Name: Jenab Binti Ngah Pi Death Year: 1977

Birth Year: 1934

Age of Death: 43

Name: Kalsom Binti Jantan Death Year: 1954

Birth Year: 1954

Age of Death: 0

Name: Kalsom Binti Mat Death Year: 2000

Birth Year: 1955

Age of Death: 45

Name: Kasih Binti Atan Death Year: 1970

Birth Year: 1930

Age of Death: 40

Name: Kecom Binti Teh Death Year:1971

Birth Year: 1970

Age of Death: 1
Name: Kembang Binti Long Death Year: 1954
Birth Year: 1891
Age of Death: 63
Name: Kesah Binti Kari Death Year: 2012
Birth Year: 1951
Age of Death: 61
Name: Koriah Binti Karim Death Year: 1980
Birth Year: 1902
Age of Death: 78
Name: Mawar Binti Long Death Year: 1999
Birth Year: 1939
Age of Death: 60
Name: Melur Binti Mat Death Year: 1989
Birth Year: 1915
Age of Death: 74
Name: Minah Binti Kasim Death Year: 1967
Birth Year: 1937
Age of Death: 30
Name: Rabiah Binti Deris Death Year: 1976
Birth Year: 1936
Age of Death: 40
Name: Rokiah Binti Jan Death Year: 1980
Birth Year: 1925
Age of Death: 55
Name: Raden Binti Lang Death Year: 2012
Birth Year: 1951
Age of Death: 61
Name: Rodiah Binti Zam Death Year: 1999
Birth Year:1932
Age of Death: 55
 Name: Rokiah Binti Ripin Death Year: 2012
Birth Year: 1950
Age of Death: 62
Name: Ros Binti Man Death Year: 1970
Birth Year: 1930
Age of Death: 40
Name: Salmiah Binti Kasim Death Year: 1957
Birth Year: 1957
Age of Death: 0
Name: Senah Binti Rahman Death Year: 1980
Birth Year: 1927
Age of Death: 53
Name: Som Binti Akop Death Year: 1999
Birth Year: 1925
Age of Death: 74
Name: Zenab Binti Talik Death Year: 1990
Birth Year: 1929
Age of Death: 61

MALES WHO DIED BEFORE 1950

Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
 Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:

MALES DIED AFTER 1950

Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
 Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
 Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
 Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:
Name: Death Year:
Birth Year:
Age of Death:

DATA TABLE 2:

FEMALES WHO DIED BEFORE 1950

Mortality (M) = “alive” at the
Age Group #of death per age beginning of the Survivorship (S)
interval age interval
0-9 5 11 1.0
10-19 2 6 (11-5) 0.55
20-29 2 4 (6-2) 0.36
30-39 0 0 0
40-49 1 2 0.18
50-59 0 0 0
60-69 1 1 0.09
70-79 0 0 0
80-89 0 0 0

Total Number of Death for data set: 11

FEMALES WHO DIED AFTER 1950
Mortality (M) = “alive” at the
Age Group #of death per age beginning of the Survivorship (S)
interval age interval
0-9 4 30 1.0
10-19 1 26 (30-4) 0.87
20-29 0 0 0
30-39 1 25 0.83
40-49 7 24 0.8
50-59 4 17 0.57
60-69 8 13 0.43
70-79 5 5 0.17
80-89 0 0 0

Total Number of Death for data set: 30

MALES WHO DIED BEFORE 1950

Mortality (M) = “alive” at the
Age Group #of death per age beginning of the Survivorship (S)
interval age interval
0-9 4 21 0.81

10-19 6 17 0.52

20-29 5 11 0.29

30-39 5 6 0.05

40-49 1 1 0

50-59 0 0 0

60-69 0 0 0

70-79 0 0 0

80-89 0 0 0
Total Number of Death for data set: 21
MALES WHO DIED AFTER 1950
Mortality (M) = “alive” at the
Age Group #of death per age beginning of the Survivorship (S)
interval age interval
0-9 3 39 1.0
10-19 4 36 0.92
20-29 1 32 0.82
30-39 5 31 0.80
40-49 4 26 0.67
50-59 10 22 0.56
60-69 10 12 0.31
70-79 2 2 0.05
80-89 0 0 0

Total Number of Death for data set: 39

DATA ANALYSIS

1.2 Distribution of Survivorship by Age Group

1
FEMALES WHO DIED
0.8 BEFORE 1950

FEMALES WHO DIED

0.6 AFTER 1950

MALES WHO DIED

0.4 BEFORE 1950

MALES WHO DIED AFTER

0.2 1950

0
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 70-80

1. What is your interpretation of the juvenile (age 0-19) mortality pre and post 1950
for males and for females. List all factors that might account for any differences
you see.
Answer: Based on the graph, juvenile mortality before 1950 was higher compared to
after 1950. This could be caused by less advanced medicine technology such as lack
of vaccinations and antibiotics.

2. What is your interpretation of mortality for reproductive age adults (20-40) for
pre and post 1950 for males and for females? List all factors that might account
for any differences you see.
Answer: Based on the graph, mortality for reproductive age was higher for pre 1950
than post 1950. There are few possible factors that caused reproductive age was
higher for pre 1950 than post 1950. Firstly, most pregnant mother probably gave birth
at home instead of at the hospital. Secondly, lack of maternal care during labour.
Thirdly, medical care back then was less advanced. Next, it could be due to the
contraction of sexually transmitted infection.
3. In Africa, AIDS takes its toll on the population, but deaths occur most frequently
in the 20-40 age group. Show the survivorship curve that would illustrate this
pattern.

SURVIVORSHIP
1.5

0.5 SURVIVORSHIP

4. What shifts in survivorship and mortality curves would you expect if significant
cuts were made in social services such as prenatal and infant care?
Answer: The graph most probably would shift to the left since there would be more
mortality in infants.

5. Compare the two curves below: Which country is probably the better place to live?
Defend your answer.
Answer: In my opinion, Malaysia would be the best place to live in than Africa.
Obviously, the environment is much better as we have abundant of food supplies. In
contrast, Africa has a high demand of food or need supplies every single day. Most of
the children suffer from malnutrition from not having enough food and nutrition. It
will then lead to more serious diseases and eventually cause fatal. Malaysia also has
more advanced medical technology and supplies than Africa. Africa is also a home for
half the world population living with HIV. Today, the region continues to be the
epicentre of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with 48 per cent of the world’s new HIV
infections among adults, 55 per cent among children, and 48 per cent of AIDS-related
deaths. In conclusion, living in Malaysia is better than living in Africa.
REFERENCES

1. JC Nkomo. (2010). Development and Health: The Case of HIV/AIDS in

Southern Africa. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 26(1),

111-126. doi:10.1353/eas.0.0014

2. Survival of patients with AIDS and co-infection with the tuberculosis bacillus

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http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1413-81232017021103781&script=sci

_arttext&tlng=en

3. 470/670, N. (n.d.). Intro to population ecology. Retrieved from

https://naes.unr.edu/shoemaker/teaching/NRES-470/LECTURE2.html

4. MPIDR - What is Demography? (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/education_career/what_is_demography_1908

/default.htm

5.

6.