'Urban Mobility'

Urban mobility is defined as the the movement is done in urban areas or between
cities. It is also associated with urban transportation where it aims to facilitate the people to
move from one place to another. Urban transportation are divided into three categories. The
three of categories is collective or public transit, individual and freight transportation.

The purpose of collective transportation is to provide publicly accessible mobility over

specific parts of a city. The systems are usually owned and operated by an agency and
access is open to all as long as a fare is paid, therefore the reason why they are called
public transit. Its efficiency is based upon transporting large numbers of people and
achieving economies of scale. It includes modes such as tramways, buses, trains, subways
and ferryboats.

The individual transportation is includes any mode where mobility is the outcome of a
personal choice and means such as the automobile, walking, cycling and the motorcycle.
The majority of people walk to satisfy their basic mobility, but this number varies according to
the city considered. An examples, in Tokyo 88% people walking in urban area but in Los
Angeles only 3% people walking in the urban area. For many countries, private car gives a
lot of problems to the urban traffic where happened many traffic jams due to the use of
private transport of uncontrolled.

Freight Transportation is a urban activities are accompanied by large movements of

freight. These movements are mostly characterized by delivery trucks moving between
industries, distribution centers, warehouses and retail activities as well as from major
terminals such as ports, railyards, distribution centers and airports.

Urban Mobility also linked to factors such as recurrence, income, urban form, spatial
accumulation, level of development and technology. The most common types of urban
movements are pendulum movements which is the movements involving commuting
between locations of residence and work. Professional movements is are movements linked
to professional, work-based, activities such as meetings and customer services, dominantly
taking place during work hours. Personal movements like a voluntary movements linked to
the location of commercial activities, which includes shopping and recreation. Touristic
movements it is important for cities having historical and recreational features they involve
interactions between landmarks and amenities such as hotels and restaurants. Distribution
movements are concerned with the distribution of freight to satisfy consumption and
manufacturing requirements. They are mostly linked to transport terminals, distribution
centers and retail outlets.

There are some studies that have been conducted, for example, the European
Commission conducting studies in 2014 to know are urban mobility gives effect to the
European citizens. Based on the survey on European countries such as Malta, Greece,
Cyprus and Solvakia, they stating there is the issue of air quality, traffic accidents and
congestion, traffic costs face in urban areas.

Based on the research that do by Brian Simpson on Urban Mobility “Getting Around
Town”, the main problems in urban mobility is also the private car. Although most in
European cities have intricate public transport systems that allow people to easily move from
one point to another, many still drive their car to work or to move around. Cars cause so
much congestion that, in some European cities, average traffic speeds at peak times are
lower than in the days of the normal time. Increased car use has caused safety and
environmental problems for the urban area.

Reference

https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/ch6c3en.html