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interface is adopted for the solutions. Special attention has = ± × ± ×
been given where there are inactive parts of foundation, ∴ = −
∴ = × − ×× − × × − × ×
×
without contact with soil and necessary equations on ∴
== −−
∴ ×× ×× −− ×× ××
case to case basis are deduced. Flow Chart for computer ∴
= − ×
× − × ×
procedure is also provided at end. The solution for these
∴ =∴ −= −− −…………….….…….. …………….….…….. (1) (1
−− −− …………….….……..
cases is not yet given in any Indian Standards.
∴∴== …………….….……..(1)
(1)
∴ = − − …………….….…….. (1) ... (1)
IntroductIon
× ×
× ×
× Iy = Second moment ofarea × about
Centroidal Y-axis = First we divide the whole footing into four equal quadrants.
Assumed, biaxial moments are such that vertical load P
e =
x = Eccentricity of Load along
X-Axis alone may be considered acting at in the upper
=
=
rightmost quadrant wrt centre. Thereby, the lower
e y = Eccentricity of Load
along Y-Axis = left most corner of the footing will experience the least
= = =
= = + > , the lower left most
= = pressure. When
=
=
× × = = corner of the footing starts to uplift i.e. the neutral axis
= However, above equation remains valid till
= × whole starts to enter into the footing area from lower left most
− − >= , ×
− −
>= , or, + ×
or,
+
× <= <= corner intersecting the footing sides. Depending on the
× cross-sectional
area
× of
footing remains
intersection
of axis
neutral
with the sides of the footing,
− − >= , or,
bearing + <= underneath foundation is
−
− >=
, or, , or,
the + <=
pressure scenario
under compression
− − >= i.e. − −− − >= >= , or, +
, or, + <=
divided <=
>= , or,+
=+
+
, , =
or,
<=
assuming
, +
assuming
=
− <=
, =
= −
, =
>=
, or,
+
<= into ve different
cases :
>= >=, or,,or, + +<=<= which can be represented as
a general
+ =
, assuming 1. = , NA
When = lies outside the footing area. Effective
+ = , assuming = , = = , =
form of straight
line
and yaxis equation
at
+
= , assuming
.+ = , ,assuming assuming = , = shape remains rectangular and equation (1) is
+
assuming = , assuming
= , = = , =
and yaxis at +
.
= ,
assuming = , =
ing = , = applicable.
Issue is already discussed above
ssuming = , = i.e. intersecting the x-axis at and
yaxis at .
(Case – I).
and yaxis
and at at .
at
− on xaxis and −
yaxis
and yaxis . .
axis atand −yaxis
y-axis .ataton xaxis
. and − and
Considering the
yaxis.
on
yaxis on
opposite yaxis. .
at quadrant, . the adjacent two sides of
. 2. When NA intersects
xis at . − and
x-axis on xaxis and − lower left most corner of the footing. Contact area
on yaxis.
we can get the co-ordinates − on − on yaxis.
−
onxaxis
−and to apentagonal = ;shape. =Issue is. discussed
− on xaxis on xaxis and and − on yaxis.
on yaxis. reduces
−axisand on − xaxis and − on −
yaxis.
on xaxis and −
on
yaxis.
on y-axis. on yaxis.
Connecting these co-ordinates, we
under Case – II.
nd and
axis − − onyaxis. on yaxis.
geta diamond
shaped bounded zone around the centre 3. When NA intersects the + shorter +
of the footing which is called “KERN” or “Central Core”
= + two opposite
+
sides of the footing. Contact − reduces to a non-
area −
of the footing. So as the load is located
within this zone, rectangular shape. Issue is discussed under
whole cross-sectional
area
is effective in transferring Case – III.
loads to soil as compression.
4. When NA intersects the two opposite longer sides
ProBlem defInItIon Contact area reduces to a non-rect-
of the footing.
When the eccentricities are such that the load location angular shape. Issue is discussed under Case – IV.
crosses the boundary of the “KERN”, equation (1) shows
a negative pressure i.e. tensile pressure at some zone 5. When NA intersects the adjacent two sides of up-
under the footing. As underneath soil can not resist such per right mostcorner of the footing. Contact area
tensile forces, the footing area in that zone gets detached reduces to a triangular shape. Issue is discussed
& uplifted from soil and thus the above equations for under Case – V.
= Revised Moment at Revised CG location about = −General × equations = where for Sectional = Properties,
− Eccentricities
= − × = where = −
Revised Centroidal Axis YY & co-ordinate of Maximum Pressure Location wrt Revised
CG location about = −Centroidal × = where = −
= Revised Moment at Revised
Axis are found out and used in the above
== −− on
+equation × ==to case
wherewhere += ==nding − − × = where
I y
Revised Centroidal Axis XX
= + × = ×
casewhere = + for
basis − out the location
= × = where =
= Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area +of Neutral Axis as wellas Maximum + Bearing Pressure :
about Revised Centroidal Axis YY = × = where =
I x
= Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area = cASe
==× ==-II
where
where
where
= = = where =
=
=
= × = where =
about Revised Centroidal Axis XX NA cuts AB and AD.
I xy
When
Here uplift portion is APQ
= Product Moment of Inertia of the effective area = × = where =
m + portion is PQDCBP.
effective +++is
considered that
= X-Axis Co-ordinate of the location where pressure and
== + ×× == where
where
==This
= × = where =
NA cuts AB at P & AP = yBand NA cuts
AD at Q & AQ
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis = × =
where =
= × = where
=
= xL
= Y-Axis Co-ordinate of the location
where pressure
= × = where =
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis = − × = where = =− −
= − × = where = −× = where
∴∴ = = + + +− + + +− ………………………..(3)
………………………..(3)
Area − ………………………..(3)
(i)∴ =
Effective
+(Rectangular
+
− −
PBCS)+
+:
−
∴ = + ++−++ +
+− ………………………..(3)
∴∴ =
= = +
+− ×− = + where − = −………………………..(3) ………………………..(3)
−− −−
= − × = where = −
Centre = of −Gravity × from = AB where = −
:
= = − −= ××
= = =
where
where= =
where = − −
= − × = where = −
= − = ×
=
=
where
where = = − = × = where =
=
= −
− ×
× = where
= where =−
= −
= = +where
= +
= =of Gravity = from ×AD =:== where =
=+ where
Centre where
+ From
(i),(ii) =& (iii), × = where =
= = × = = × = where =
==
where = where = = × = where =
= +where = +
= =
==+ where × = == where
= + = × = where =
+ where
× = = ×where where
= +
= where =
TotalEffective Area,
== +
=
× − × = = +
=
where = − = × = where =
+=
× (Rectangular
= where
= × = where =
+ =
(ii)
= Effective ++ Area
where QRSD) :
+ − = + + = − = × Where = −
= ×− = ×= =× = =
where
= where
+
=
== ××
==
wherewhere
=
= × = where =
= = =−
= − +×= =×
=
where where
= = − −× × = =
× =
where = =
where
where
+− − = + + = − = × Where = −
= where = = + + = − = × Where = −
= +− × = where +=−
= Centre + +
=×== × = =
− = ×
where
where
where = = −
−
==
+ + = −
== of −−Gravity
+×× =
from = AB:
=
where =
=+−−
= = ××=Where × =
−
+ × =+ +where
where
= =− + + = × Where Therefore, = − Distance
=+
of revised
Centre
− of Gravity from AB
= = + ×=× =×==where where
where = = =
× = where = + : + + −
+= = + + + = − = × = − ×
= × =+ + where
=
−= = × = Where = − = × = × =
+× = where + − + −− −
= = +
+
== +=×××===where =
= =
wherewhere + + = − × = ×
+ + === − × = × Where, == = −
Centre
ofGravity
= =××= from==AD:
wherewhere
= − × = ×
× × = =where = − −
= = where
=
−
= ×
= + + =
where
−
− +
+ −
= ==××× = ==
where
= where = = where
= = × = ×+
+
Similarly, = =
distance
− of revised
Centre = of Gravity × from= AD −
×:
=
= × = × −
=
where = −
−
=
(iii)Effective = = ×
× =
× = = where
= =
+− + − −
Area (Triangular
+ +where PQR) :
−
= − = × = ×
× = ×
= × == where = = =
−
= × = where = − −
== ×× == + where +
== −
−
where
= = × = × Where, =
=
+ × −− − ×
− × −
−
Centre of Gravity from AB:
= + ×
− −
× − × −
= + × − − × − × −
= +
− −
= × = where = − −
2.
Second
Moment of
Inertia wrt revised Centroidal Axis
= + × − − × − × −
= =
× +=
× where − = − × − × XX −:
from AD: = − − −
Centre of Gravity + −
=
×=
= + =
+ − value − − −
where
× −= −
× − × Putting
Ix− = the MI of
of Area ABCD and about simplifying,
XX-axis –MI of Area APQ
= × = where =
=about XX-axis
+ − − − −
= + − − − − Putting the
value of and
simplifying,
Putting the value
of and
simplifying, −
= + + = − = × Where = −
= − +
=
+ − − − − Indian − Journal June 2014 63
= + + = − = × Where = − Putting the value of The Concrete
and simplifying,
and simplifying, −
Putting thevalue of = − −
+
= + + = ×−− Where
−
−
= × Where = −
+ + − −
− = = − × = × = If NA lies outside the section, Centroidal Axes are
× = = −
−
×
+ − =×
== − ++
××−
−
−× −− ××× −
−−
−
×× −
− − symmetrical at the centre of the footing. As in such
= + = + ×
×
+
−
−
− −
−
×
−
× −−−×
×
−
− −
= + ×
−
−
× −
×
condition, Centroidal axes are the principle axes, Product
= − × − + ×
Putting
the value of − = Putting
Putting
willsimplifying,
take ×
thecare
the
value
of of
value as
of if pressures and simplifying,
are
and simplifying, − being calculated with
and
Putting
× == thevalue
××
of and simplifying,
−
−
respect to Principle Axes.
=
= = ×
=
−×
+
mplifying,
×
−−−
− −
−
−
−
==
× −− −
× ==Moment + + ×× × of the Revised
= =×−−− ++ ×= − ×−− Putting the value of and simplifying,
− −
=
==
+ − + × ×−− = − +Product
Where,
of Inertia + (PMI) − Effective
= − = +
−− +×
+ ×
− −−
Where,
−
−
−
× − Footing Area,
=
− − − −
= − + =× − + ×
= = ×
− = −= × + × Where,
Where,
= − + × −Ixy
= PMI ×of
−
ABCD wrt
revised CG −
- PMI of APQ wrt
= =× + × − − × − × × −
of
− Ixy =
revisedPMI CG ABCD wrt revised CG PMI of APQ wrt revised CG
Inertia
3.
Second Moment of
wrt
−
Centroidal Axis YY:
−
= − + × = × Where,
− − −
×
−
−
Where,
= − Where,
+ ×= = − ++ × × −
+ × − × − ×× ×
− −− wrt − APQ
−I×y====
− ABCD
PMI
MI revised CG − = APQ of CG CG − −PMI × wrt+revised
− × CG×
+ MI − +of
Whole × − Area − × Ixy −
−
about
= of
××YY-axis ×
ABCD −
– −
wrt of
×
Ixy
PMI =PMI
of
ABCD
wrt revised revised of
= =
+
+ ×
+
×
×
−
− −
− −
×
× − − − × × × −
× × × − −
= + −about × − − − + × −
YY-axis
Triangular Area APQ
Where,
=
−
=
=
−
−
−
Putting−
× , in + −
above ×
and ×−
simplifying, − − −
− × +wrt × ×CG
revised
===−+ −−×−
+
− −
Ixy
=
− × ABCD
− wrt
Ixy = PMI
of ABCD
wrt
revised
CG PMI of APQ
+
+ +
× −− −
− −− −
×
PMI − of
−−
Ixyrevised = PMICG of
ABCD
PMI of wrt
APQ
revised
wrt CG
revised
PMI
CG of
APQ wrt revised CG
= =
=
++
−
−
−−− −−−
−
in above and
simplifying,
××
,
=
+ ×
− −
Putting × , in−
above × and ×
simplifying, −
of ABCD=wrt
Putting Putting =
G
x
, G −
in −
above
−
and − +
simplifying,
− −
−
×
−
+ −
− ×
− × × −
Ixy
= = PMI
− − = revised
−
CG−
y −
PMI
×
of
APQ − + wrt
−
revised
× − ×
CG
× −
+ −×
= + − − − −
− + −
= − =
− + − = =−
Putting
×−
,
, −
−
in −
above − and
× + × ×−
simplifying, −
− −
= + − − − −
Putting
in
above
and simplifying,
Putting
, in above and simplifying,
− − −
− − −
Puttingthe the valueofof and andsimplifying,
simplifying, , = ×
Putting
Putting the value value of F
and =
simplifying, × Putting in
above
and ==
simplifying, −
−
−
+
−
+ − −
gx = −
=
− +
−
−
+ − − −
−
−−
− −
== −− ++ ×× = − = − +
=
− − == −−−
− −
×
+ − −
+ −
−
− −
−
− = × = ×
and
; =
− −
−
=
= × ×
− = −×
Where,
= −
=
−
=
− + − −
and = = = −
; and
−
=
+ −
−
;
−
+
−
− −
−
− −
− −
− + −− and along Band
L−respectively
was calculated based
on Centroid b
Where, = ×
Where,
Where, = − + × = − − + − − −
− area, eccentricit
−− − is relocated = − − =−
=
due
to uplift of some ; portion of the footing
and =
on the
;andand = ;
=
− andnew Centroid tofind
− L− out the revised
− − moments
:
along − B and respectively
was calculated based on Centroid
and along B and L respectively was
(i) calculated
Revised based
Eccentricity on Centroid
along B : being
at centre of the footing. As Centr
is relocated due to uplift of some portion −
is relocated
of
the footing due toarea, −
uplift
of some portion
eccentricities are of the footing
required to be area, eccentrici
recalculated ba
and = ; = find :
64 Ixy Ixy
The Indian ==PMI PMI ofofABCD
Concrete
ABCD Journal wrt on
wrt June
the
revised
revised new Centroid to
CG PMI of APQ wrt revised
2014 CG PMI of APQ wrt revisedCG
find out the revisedon
CG − the new
moments Centroid: − to
= + − = + − × = + −
out the revised moments
(i) Revised Eccentricity along
and along B and B :
(i) Revised and Eccentricity
and
L respectively along along Band
was Bcalculated
along
and L respectively
B:
L respectively
based on Centroid
was calculated
was calculated
based
being at based
on Cen
centre on ofCentro
the
is relocated
due to uplift of some portion of the footing area, ecce
CG PMI of APQ − −revised
wrt ×CG + × × −
= PMI
ofPutting ABCDwrt
,revised
in above and
simplifying, == + +− − =
+ +− −××
= − = =
= Putting − −in − and − simplifying,
× + × × − (ii) (ii) =
− +Eccentricity
Revised Where,
Eccentricity −along along = L: := ++−−− ; = = = − −
= , ×
above
Revised
=
= =+ + +
−
Where, L =
=
− × × ;
= −
−+ +
−:−−
++ − :L
(ii) ==
Revised ++
Eccentricity Where, along (ii) (ii) L Revised
:
Revised
== −−− Eccentricity
Eccentricity
;;; ; === along along L
==
Where,
− = −−−−−−
=
+
Where,Where, =
Where, = − ;
=
− − − − × + × × − −
−
; = = −
Putting , in above and simplifying, = + + Where,
− = = − = −;
Revised
= ×5. = − of − + − − −
==−=−− = − ×
==−−−− ××××
where
=== =−−−−
− −
Eccentricities
= − Load − + revised
wrt. −Centroidal − −
== −− == where wherewhere
= − = − ×
where
where =
− −− −
= −−
− × where
=
Axes : =−
= −
× = −
− where where = −
− ; =
− = + Where, − − = − − − where
= × = − + − = = − − = − ×−
= − × − where =
and along −B and
Lrespectively − calculated = − = × − = −−
was
based on Centroid being at centre of the where
footing. As Centroid
=Earlier −
eccentricities
= − +
− e and e along
−= − Bportion
− −
= −
= = −
−
= =× = − −
−
× × where
where
where =
−−− − −
==
and
= due −to
;
; − and
L respectively
== == −− −−
area,
= ==required
×××× −−−− where where
where
= ==based
− −
−−
and is relocated = of the footing
b uplift l of some eccentricities
= − are =
= × − to
be
where recalculated
where
where
− =
− −
was calculated
based −
o n
Centroid − being at centre of = −
= × −
=
= −
− −
− : = − = × − where
= on−thenew
where −
=Centroid to find− out the
− − + − revised moments −
−
−− where
theand footing.
(i)
Revised As
Centroid
Eccentricity is ; along
relocated =B due
: to
uplift
of some ==−− ==−−×× = = where −where − = =− ×=×= − − where −−where
=
− − −
−
= −
= − × =
where =
−
− = =
− =− × ×
− − wher
=
portion of the ; footing = area, eccentricities are required to == −− ==×× −− where
where ==
and−
respectively
−
− −−
be − = + based
re-calculated
along −
B and −on L
the = new
− × to =nd
+ Centroid was calculated out the + −
based on Centroid
(ii) being
Co-ordinate of point Q at centre of the footing.
where NA is intersecting the
As Centroid footing
=is
revised
relocated along
and moments ;due
Bto =: and L respectivelysome portion
was calculated based on
Centroid AD being atrequired centre of to thebefooting. As Centroid − −
− uplift
− of of the footing area, side
eccentricities
=−= : are
−− ==××
−− where recalculated where==−−
based
is
onrelocatedthe new Centroid due to uplift of=some
to find −the
out = revised
portion− × of moments
the footing = =
area, eccentricities
: where = −−
are =
required = =××of to×−− be recalculated
=
where =
where where − −
based
==
= − −−×
× −
− −
where
wher
and along B and L respectively was calculated based on Centroid = − =
being −
at
− = × − where centre the −
footing.
As
Centroid
= =
−−−
−
on the
new Centroid to find out the revised moments :
== = −− − = = × − =
= −
(i)BRevised Revised Eccentricity along B :: based on Centroid being at centre =of = ××
= × Centroid to−
−−be
recalculated where
where
where
where ==−−
nd along (i) and Eccentricity
L respectively was along B
calculated
the −are
required
footing. As
where
−based
= −−−
is relocated
(i) Revised Eccentricity due to uplift along of some
B :
portion of the footing area, eccentricities
−= −= =− × = −× − where
where =
ocated due on to the new
uplift = of Centroid
some + tofind
portion of out
Where, the the
footingrevised =area, − eccentricities
;
moments : = are required
to be recalculated
=
based − −
= − × − − −
= −Centroid + where −being −
= = ×
− where
where
nd
e new along
Centroid
(i) B= and +respectively
Lfind
to
Revised
out−the = was
revised
Eccentricity +=calculated
along −B
moments−:×=based
: × on
−
at =
centre
= −ofthe =footing.− × As
where
Centroid where =
− −−
= + − = + − × = + − −=− = − − ×
= = − − = = × × −
where − where
where
= − −
−− −
= =
be =recalculated
=−−− ××× based where
= −
==− −−
where
located Eccentricity
Revised due to uplift along of some
B : portion of the footing area,
eccentricities required
are = =−to − = where
where
−=
=
−
= − = − ×
where −
−−−
he new Centroid = + − = + − × = + − =
to find out the revised moments : − = = − − × = − × wherewhere
= = − −
−× −− where
=Revised − = along
+ Eccentricity + −B : × = + − − 7. ==
Co-ordinate −− of ==maximum×× −− == − −where
where
pressure = = −
−location
× =
= C −: where −− whe
=
= − ; = −
= −
=
==−− ==−− × −
××
= where=
− −
where
= = =
where ==× − ×− −
−
where
= + Where,
− −−
= − ; = − = =− = −
= + − = = ++
− = −
− × Where,
= + −
− = =
= − − − = =
= −
− −
− ===−−−
==
× − −−
= −
where==
= + Where, ; = − ; = = − == = −−− −
= = =−
− × − −
= where −
= − = ×− − where = = −= −=−=× where = =
− − == −−= −−× −
× −
= + Where, = − ; = −
==−
−
= = − − = =
where wher
= −− − ===−−−−
−
−−
− − ∴ × + × + = ......…….……(4) ... (4)
− = − × =
= −
− =
=
where×
×
−
− =
where
==
=−
= −
× −
where
where −
− −
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 65
− − + − − −
where
− − − + −
= +
− − −
− +−
∴ +
+
POINT OF
∴ × + ×
VIEW
+ = ......…….……(4) −
− − ... (6)
∴ × + × + = ......…….……(4)
= ∴ × + ;× + = = …….…….…(5) ……………….(6
× + = ......…….……(4)
− + − − − − −
Where Where = ; ; =
− −
+ −= ......…….……(4) − − Where = − − −
∴ ×∴ × − +
+ ×
×
+ = + ......…….……(4) ; =
× +
− + −
Where = =
......…….……(4) − − ; = = − ;
In equation (6), it may beseen = − ,
−that
all right hand side
−= −
;
− − + − − − − terms are in x & y only.
= + +
− = = where, =
− − −+− − − − −
− ......…….……(4)
+ − = + − − = −
cASe – III − − − +
Where ∴ ×
Where − =+ ×
;+
+
==
−−
......…….……(4)
; ;
=
− −
− = +
+ ∴−=×
− + × +
− =
− −+−
......…….……(4) −
When +NA cuts
AB and
DC. −uplift
Here
portion
is APQDA −
+
− +
−
= = where, = ; = − = wh
at−= =
(ii) − Similarly, for NA location
and effective portion is PQCBP. This
is considered
that
− ∴ × + × −+ =−
......…….……(4)
+ × Where + ; −
==−=......…….……(4)
− + −
+− − ; = −
−− − NA
− cuts
AB at P where, AP = yB and NA cuts DC at Q
− +(ii) − − + + − − − −
− −
− −
=
NA
−
=;+
− + + =
where, DQ = xB
=
= +
Where Similarly, =
for +
location − at
=
+
;
= ………
=
= −−
−
−
−
−
−
+
−− − − −
for NA location − at
− − −
=
∴ + − + + + = = where, =
+
− − −
Therefore, considering
effective fraction in side AB is v
+ × Where + =
......…….……(4) − −
=− − + = −− − − ; − =
& in DC is u, and
uplift part in AB is y & in CD is x,
−
+ − ;
−
− −= −
−
− − + −
+Similarly,
(ii) (ii) Similarly,
Similarly for for
NA NA location
location
at at
+=at
= =−+ = and
= −+ ; = = − , where x, u and y, v are
for NA ∴
−
(ii)
location = − +
at =
for
− NA
location
−= + − − + + +
−
−
−
we
have +
=×
the
+ −+ −eqn we
− + = − parts of B & B respectively. We will now involve
+get
substituting all
×terms
+ in
(3),
fraction
+
− ∴ − + = …….…….…(5) −
+ −
− − −
onlythe effective
−
=
=
fractions u & v to ease formation of the
− +;− − − − − − + − = which
= can = in terms of
− − − − − + − bewhere,
equations as follows transferred
− ∴
=
− +=× =− −
+ −− + −
+
+ −
− +
onat
∴
∴
+ for + +
× − + − =
…….…….…(5)
=
+
=
+ −
+ +
+
+ = + =
× +Where
(ii) Similarly, = +
NA
location
− +
− ;
at
−
+ x=& y
from above.
= =− −
=− …….…….…(5)
−
−
Similarly,
(ii)
forNA
location
−
at=
− −
= = where, = ; = − =
− + − − − − − − + −
1. Effective Area of the Section and Revised Centre of
− − Where = +−−+ +;−
−Similarly, =−= + − Gravity
(ii)
+− ∴ × for
+ + NA ×
location − + − at =
=
…….…….…(5) + = + −
×= :
+∴ × + + − = = …….…….…(5)
+ −−
; = −− +
−× =
∴ −
arly, for
location + at
…….…….…(5) −− + −
+ =
NA
−∴
− −
− + −
−
−
+− = axis system origin located
=
+
+ + +
Considering
−+ an orthogonal at
−
− −
− −
+ − =
= =
− − area
;− of
− − +
where,
−
A,
co-ordinate
− Where − Where = − −
− + = −
+ − CG
at O of the effective foundation
− + = ;= − =− ;
− + =
− + + −−− is calculated
NA
−
= for
arly, ∴location
…….…….…(5)
at
− − …….…….…(5)
+
...(5) −
PQCBP
+ as=follows :
− −−∴
= ×
+ ×
+
− + =
−+ +
+
−
−
+ − = +
∴ ×−++ ×
− + = …….…….…(5) +− −
− −
−
−
−
−
−−
;
+ −− − −
+ − −
− == −
=
= ; =
−−
;
,−
;
+
= =+=
− ……………….(6)
+……………….(6)
− +
; =
= =
=
−
−
where, ……………….(6) − − +
− = − , − −
−
− − − − +
− −
=
− −
; = − + −
− =− − = == where,
− = = ++
− −− = where, + = −
−
= = where,
; =
= − , − + −
−;−= ;+
= = = −,
=where,
−
= − , =− −
−
……………….(6)
; = − − ……………….(6)
= −
; = −
……………….(6)
− − =
− =
where,
−
=
+ ;
− −=
− = where, = −
= where, =; = − = = − =+ −
= = + = where, where,
where,
= where, −−= = = −
− = =− = = − ;
where, = − =
……………….(6)
;− ;− ==
− , ……………….(6) −
− = − ; = − − , = −
Solving −&
=
(4) == =where,
(5), where, = ; = ;=−− =− = =where, where, = −
= −where,
= where, = = ; = = = −
=where,
−
here, − = =
where,
− =
=
=
−
=
= ; ; = = −
where,
, ……………….(6)
−; = − , ==
− where, =
−
e, = ; = =−= − =
− = where, = − −= −
66=
=
= = =
where,
June where,
= where, = =− = where, = −
;
The
Indian where, =
Concrete =
Journal where, 2014
= where, = ; = − = where, = − =
=
,where,
= ; == − =
=
−
− + +
+ ++
== ; ;; = == where, += =
……………….(6)
……………….(6)
……………….(6)
where, +
= =
− −
−
−
−
− = where, =
=
=
− =
=+ + −++ +
− +
+ − =
= = =
− ……………….(6) − + +
=POINT where, ==
= − OF VIEW = + =+
; where,
= = ++=
== ; ……………….(6)
= =
= − − ; − ; =
; =−=−
−
− , ,
, − = where, = −
+where, −
=+
+ − =
+ + + +
= + = ==
= = = −
(i) Effective Area (Rectangular PBCS) :
where,
+
=
+ + + − + + + −
=
,
= = =
=
− =; = = =
, =
== where, = =
=
− =
−
where, where, = = + − +
+ − =
where,
where,
+ +
=+++−+
== where, +
− =
=
− =
+ where,
+
=
where, = == = ==where, = = ; ;; =
= ==−−− ====where,
−= = = −
=−+−= − +
= −
where,
where, where,
=
where, where,
= = where, = = + − + where,
=
= − − −
+ − −
+
−
== + − + −−+
− =
where, 4.
here, = ; = − = where, = −
=
=
Product +
Moment
+ =+− − −+ − of
Inertia + (PMI) of +the −
+ −section
effective
==
= ==where,
−−−= = where, = ;−− −= − − − −
+ − −
= where, wrt
revised
Centroidal Axes : −
=
−= + −
= == = ==
= + + − =
where,
where,
where, =
Area (Triangular PQS) = + − +(i) + − = B:
(ii) Effective
Revised Eccentricity − along
= + − + + − − =
−
− = − − − −−− + − −
where, = − = = where, = = + ; −
Eccentricity
=
= + along + + −
−B + +
+ − +
+ − − =
=
=
= = where, = (i) Revised = + − :
+
= + −
= − −×
= = where, = ; =
− + − +
+ − =
== == where, where, == ;; − = − − − + − − =
= = where, = ; =− = where, =+ ;−
− −
= = where, = =; = where, =
= + =Revised − = − +
+ − along + −
× B:=+ −
=
− − −
(i) Eccentricity
− − −−
− − − −
= + = = − = −− −− −−− =++
+ + −− −−+
− − = − =−
where,
=
== − −
==
== − − −−
5. =
Revised
+
−
Eccentricities −
Where, of Load
with
− = − ;
respect to revised
where,
where,
= = where, −= −: = +−− − × = ++ −− −
== − = where, ; = where,
= ; ==Revised
= along
− − Eccentricity where, = +=
= = where, (i)
= B=:
Centroidal Axes −
= + = =
+ −
+
== +− Where, − − = −+ ; − = − =
+− (i)
− − − − (i) RevisedRevised Eccentricity − along BB::
From
−
==(i)& (ii), −
where, ++= = where, = + =
= =
−
+ −== = + −
(i)
− Revised
× − =− Eccentricity
Eccentricity
+
+ − − − =
along
== =++ + == = + + = +
= = +
= + = = (i) Revised Eccentricity along B: +
= + = =where, = = +
Where,
= −
; =
Total Effective Area + (i) Revised
= +
= + −along
Eccentricity −
= + −
×
B= : + − × = + −
= + −
+ == + + ++ where, =
+ Revised Eccentricity
+ where,
where,
=where, =+
+ = (i) + = along + B−: = +
−
+ ×
= + −
= + = = = =
where,
=
= + Where, = = − ; =
where, =
= + − = + − × = + −
+ +
++
++ + = ++ − ×Where,
+ = ++ = + + = = + = + +
−= = = + = += = −−− ;; ==
, = where, = = = Where,
= = + = + = = =
+
= = where,
==
= + Where, = − ; = +
+ +
+ + + ++
+
where, = = + Where, = − ; =
where, =
= += = = = + =+
= =
+
= − ; = +
= where, = = +
where,
where, + =
where, =
Where,
+ +
++
++ =
= =
= = = ++ = + ==
+ +
== +
+ =
+ + == =
, = where, = = = where,
=
= Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii)
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along
(ii) Revised along LL ::
+
+ + + ++ where, = (ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
= == += = + where,
+
where,
where,
where, = = + = = (ii)
L : − × = + −
= + − = +
Revised Eccentricity along
2.
=
−
= + − × = + −
+ = + − −
where, Second Moment
of
Inertia wrt revised Centroidal Axis
+ − +
= =
XX :
+
(ii)
Revised −
Eccentricity
= along + L −
: = + − ×
=
+ −
+ =−− +
− +
= ++−
−
= = + −
−−
, = where, == ++= − ++ − ++ = − = + − ×
− =
=
+
− +
− + = + −
− = + + −
= +
= + − + − =
+
= + Where, = − ; = +
= + − − = + − × = + −
= − ; =
+ −= +
=Where,
= + − +
+
−
+ =−
− = +
+ =− + + − + + −−=−
−
Where,
Where, = − ; + =
+ − + ==+ + − Where, =
== = − ; =
++ −− ++ −+
+ −− ==
−
=
+
− +
− + = −
+ − = + − =
+
+ − =
= + − +
+ − = − ; = +
3. Second Moment of Inertia
wrt
revised
Centroidal
=Axis − =Where,
= − − −
+=− − − =
YY : −
− =
+ =− ++ −+ + −
−
+ − =
= = − − −
= −− − − − + − =
== −− − ++ −− =−−−
−− −− =− ==−− −
= − −
− − = +
−− −−
− = +
− =
= − − −
+ − −
= − −
=
(i) Revised Eccentricity along
= − B=:
− −
− (i) Revised = − 67
+B− :−−Eccentricity
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
(i) − Revised
= −Eccentricity
−− along − + − −along B=: − = = −
(i) Revised Eccentricity along B :
along B : = − −
(i) Revised Eccentricity (i) Revised Eccentricity along B :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
alongL L: : − + − −
POINT (ii)(ii) Revised
Revised
Eccentricity
Eccentricityalong ∴
= + OF
− VIEW = + − + + + +
= + − ×
= + − = + − × = + −
−
= + − = + − × = + −
= (ii)+ Revised
6. Co-ordinate − of = + P &
Eccentricity
points
Eccentricity − Q × NA
:=of
along :=intersecting
××+ −the
=
Wherefrom, we get
(ii) (ii)
Revised
Revised = = + +
Eccentricity −
(ii) −
along
(ii)Revised
L=along
Revised +L:Eccentricity
+Eccentricity
L − − along =along
L:L+
:+ −−
footing side AB & DC wrt revised Centroidal Co-ordinate
+
System :
= = + +− Where, + =− − = ; =+ +− × + × + = ......…….……(7)
∴ …(7)
== + = +− + = − + =
= − +
×
=
− −×
=×
=
+
−
= + − +
==+
Where,
+=−− =+=
;
++ −Where,−×
×+=
= −+
=
+ −; − =
=
L : (i) = +
Co-ordinate of point Where,
P where
NA is=intersecting − ; the footing
++ − + − −
== ++ Where, Where, = = − − ; ; ==
Where = − ;+ − −
side
AB : − +
Where −
−
= − ;
=
−
=− ; +=++ + + − Where = − +
Where Where ; ;
× = = −+ − + Where,
= = −==+ + Where, Where, =
= = =+−+ − = −
; ;= =
= = − − ==
Where, Where, − ; ;
−
+ − −− −
= −
Where = ; −
= =− −
= − − − =
− − −
= − −
= − − − − − −
=
= − − +
=
− − − −
= − ; = = = − −
− −
−
+
NA is intersecting − − −
(ii) =
=Co-ordinate
−Where =
−
− =ofpoint Q=where
; the =
−=
−
−
− − − −
footing side CD :
= − =
− + − −
= =−− + − −− ; − − −
= −−==−−− − Where + −−
−− = − = −
− + + −−−−
= − = = −−− − Where =
= =
;
; +
−
− − Where
+ +− −
− −
− − −
= − − = = − − =
−
+ −−
− − −
Where = ; − + −
= − −
− − −
= − = − = − − =
==−−− − −
− + − − − − − − − − −
= − ==−− = = − −+ −
+
= =
−
−
− − − − −
7. Co-ordinate
of maximum pressure
location C :
= = = =
−
−
− −
−
= = −
= =− −== −−− −−
= + = +
=
= =
+ where, =
+ − − +− − = +
where +
= = where, =
=
where, = =where,
= = + Where, = − ; =
POINT = OF + ; VIEW = + = where, = where, = L :+
= + L=:
= −
+ +−
+ +
+ = = = = = where
= where, = − −
= =
2. Second
Moment ofInertia wrt
=
revised where,
Centroidal =
Axis
where,
= = where, =
: = += −+ −= += −+× − ×= = + −+ −
=+−XX : − + +
+ + L
==− += where,
− += = = where, where = = +
+ =
; = = −
where,
=
= =
− = where, − −= =
+ + + + + −; = =
= = +where, = + = − × = + −
−
−= + += + = where, = + == +
−
==−− ;; =+ ++
= = = where ; = = == where, == where, = = +
++Where, Where,
Where, =
− ; = =
− +
+
+ − = ++ =+ +
+
= − =
where ++
= where = + +
+ = = − =
where, +
+ =
= === + Where, = − ; =
= = = + where,
− + = + −
− +
= L−: = −− Where,
+ +
+ − + =−
+ + =−
= += = ++ + =
where + =+ − = = + Where, = − ;; ==
=
=
+
= = +
3. =
Second
Moment
=
of Inertia wrt
= Centroidal
revised +
where,
where, Axis =+
= ++
Where, = −
− = = =
− =
− where,=
+ = Where,
=
− ; =
+ YY −+
: + − + −
+ = = + − −6.
=
Co-ordinate
+ − of points = +
P &−
Q ×ofNA=intersecting +
the
−
+
+ −
= + + −− +
= − =−side − −& = wrt + Centroidal
Where, = − ; =
= = − =−− where, + =− − = footing Co-ordinate
= = =BC AD revised
=
− where,
L
L ::
= + − −
+ + + − + =
= − System
:
+ − +
L :
= = + − = + ===
= +where, + = −==− +
L : + + = −
= = − −
=
Where,=
;
=
−
(i)
=
Co-ordinate
= +
+ −
where,
−ofpoint
=
= Pwhere+
+ − − NA ×
× is =
intersecting
=
+
the
+
−
footing
−
− + − − +
− + + − − −
=
+
L :
− × =
=++B:−−+ +=
= where, = =
= − side BC : = + − = +
− = = + − = + − × = + −
−
= − − −−
+ − − =−
+++
= − = − × =
; = −
== ++ − + ++
−
− = = =
−
− = + − = +
= + − = + − ×
= + − − = = + +
Where,
Where,
= = − − ; =
= of + the − + = −
+ = − − =
4. Product Moment of Inertia (PMI)
effective
section
− −Axes = + Where, = −
+ : = = −
− wrt Centroidal = + Where, = − ; =
== + − + +−− − + += − − − = = −
−
B :
== − − = + Where, = − ; =
+ − = + − × = − + − − = − − − −
(ii) =
Co-ordinate − of
point Q where NA is intersecting the
== +− − − + − + + − − = −
− = = − −
= + − − + footing + = −side − AD : =
= + − = + − × = + = − = − −
−
and
= − and
= + − − + + − =
= − −
− − + − − = = − − = −
= − − = −
−
B : & & = − −
+ − = =
+
− − ×
− = − +
−
+
− − and
= =
= −− −
− ==−−
= − − −
= +− − − =
5. Revised Eccentricities of Load to &= == = = − − =−
= + − = − − with respect revised
+ × =
+ − = −
= Centroidal
− − : − +
− − =7.
Co-ordinate
= of − maximum
Axes
pressure location C :
≠ , = −
B : = =≠ , = −
= + (i)− Revised
× Eccentricity
= + along − B: = −
= = − −
= −
B : = −
= + − = + − × = + − ≠, and = −
= + − = + − × =
=
+=− −−−−− −+ + − −
∴
−
∴ + +
+ KNOWN +++
= + − = + − × = + −
RELATIONSHIP
&
=
−
BETWEEN
− −
ECCENTRICITIES − AND FOOTING
FRACTIONS − − + − +
∴ + LIFTED
and
x&
y : + +
+ =
and =
= + Where, = − ; = −
and
∴ + × ∴ + × × +
; + × =+ = +
......…….……(10)
= lieon NA, Pressure p is 0
As
points and ......…….……(10)
& and
= + Where, == − + ; =Where,
=
−
&
≠
, Now in &
general
at these locations. and form
of two dimensional
+
+ L : Where, = − ; = bending
=
∴ × + ×= + = = ......…….……(10)
pressure
= &
equation
(3),
we put the co-ordinates of
NA points & = one = by one and all other
L : Revised Eccentricity along LL:: = = and
(ii)
sectional
≠ , properties
− − + area
of the
effective − of footing
equate ∴ ≠ + ,
the same =
=
to zero. +
+
= + − = + − × = + −
≠ −
,
= + − = + − × = =+ − + =− + − × = ≠ + , −
,
≠
+ − − + −
+ − = += − × = Where, + − = − +
− − + − +
+ ; =
∴
∴ + + +
+
+ ∴ ×
+ × + = + − − −
......…….……(10)
+
−
= ;=∴
= + Where, == − + ; =Where, − + −−
− +
−
70 The Indian Concrete
Journal June 2014
∴ +
−
+ +
− − + −
+
−
+ +
+ Where, = − ; = ∴ +
= − − − + −
− −∴ −+ − − ++ +−
−
& ∴ + & +
+ −
+
and = = ∴ − × + × + = …….…….…(11)
−
POINT = = OF VIEW
− − + −
= = Where =
= = −− + − ; −
&
− − −
and
∴ + ∴ × + × + ++ = …….…….…(11)
+
− − − − − −
∴ × + × + = +
≠ , = = for NA co-ordinate and
≠ , …….…….…(11)
=
− −
−
=
−
(i) For as
Where ;
& ∴ + −− + − −
+ +
substituting all the terms in eqn (3), we simplify to get,
=
−
− −
= =≠ ,
− − − +
∴ × + × − + − =
Where −
…….…….…(11) = − + ; − − =
− − + −Where = − − + + −− − +
− −= −
∴ + ∴ + +
; −+ =+ − + −
−
=
− + −
≠ , − ∴ ×
+ × +−−=−…….…….…(11)
+ −
−−
−
−= + − −
+
− − + − − − − − + − −
− =
− + = − −
∴ + − + − −
− Where
= +
+ −
−−
; −
+
+ +
+ = − −
−
− =
+
− − + −
∴ + − = ∴ × + × + +
− = + ......…….……(10) −− −− + − − +
× + × +− −=−......…….……(10)
∴ + +
+ −
Where =
+ − = ; =
−
−
= = − =
; −
−
= −
………………
−
Wherefrom ∴ we × get, + × + = ......…….……(10) − − − − + − −
= + − − − +
…(10)
− =
−
+
−
− +
− ∴
−
; − =
+
− ………………
= − − − ……………….(12) + −
∴ × + × + = ......…….……(10) = ...(10) = −
−
; +
− = − ; −=
− ,−
−
Solving (10) & (11),
− − + −
Where = − − + −−− + ; −− −
Where = Where = ; ; ; ∴ = × + × +……………….(12)
= −
− − − = − ; =
=−
− , = …….…….…(11)
= − ; = − , = where, =
− −
− − + = − ; = ………………
+ − − + − − − ; − ...(12)
= ;− −
+
− − Where =
=
− −+ +−
− −
− =
− −
= = where, =
− −
= −
− Where
=
; Where
; =
− − == − ; = = − where,
= = − = where,
−
, −
− + − −
− − = In = equation
−
;(12), = see − that , all right hand side terms are in
− − − −+ +
− − −
− − +
y.
− −
= = − − + −−−+ = − + −−=−− +
x &
−
+ −
= = +− −−where,
− −
== − +
= ; +
where, +
= − − −
− + −
− =
+
where, − =
+ +
Where =
−
;
−
V − −
−
− cASe
= –
= where, =
− + − − + − − − − +When −
NA cutsBC
− + − −
= =+
= + + and DC.
Here uplift portion is ABPQDA +
= =− − −+ + − −− = − =− −+where, − − portion is PQC. This
−
=
= − +
− =
and effective
+
is considered that NA
=
− − cuts − BC − −BP =yL and NAcuts at−Qwhere,
at P where, DC
− − −
− + =− ; =
= −
+=xL − − where,
= ………
∴ + − −
−
− − + − −
+ −
DQ
+ −
+− − = −
∴ Similarly,
+ ∴ for NA −
+ location at =+ =+
and −
+ = +
+ + =
(ii)
− substituting
− + in
−− −we
− − −
+= =
all the terms
equ (3), get
− − + +
Therefore, considering effective
fraction in side BC is v
− − + − −
− DC is x, we
− − =
− +∴ + −+− − − &
−
in DC
is u, and
+
+
uplift
+
part in
− BC isy+&in − −
+
=
+ +
×
− −
−= …….…….…(11)
− +
= −
−− + − −
have = − ; = −
, where x, u and y, v are
− ∴ × +
+
× + = …….…….…(11)
−
−
∴∴ ×+
+
+ × + = +…….…….…(11)
+ fraction parts of B & L +respectively. =
We will now involve
∴ ×
−
−
only the effective fractions u & v to ease formation of the
= = can be easilytransferred in
− − − − + equations − − =as follows = which where, =
−=…….…….…(11) −− − +− −∴ −× + −× ++ = …….…….…(11)
terms of−x+&yfrom above.
+
Where + == − − ;− + = = − − − −
∴
×+−=−= − = − =− + − −
× + Where
Where ; ;
…….…….…(11)
+ −
∴ − − + + 1.− Effective Area − ofthe + Section = and Revised Centre of
− −
− Wherefrom − + Where − − − − Gravity − : = − =−where, + − −
we get, = ; =
=
−−−−−− −−− − − + −− −
;
+ − −
− +
−
− + −
−
…….…….…(11)
Where =
= − − − + −; =
−
Considering +
− − axis system origin located at
+ an orthogonal
= −
+
−
∴ × + ×= + −=
−
…….…….…(11) +
…(11)
−
−
+
−
A,
co-ordinate
−
of CG at O of the effective foundation area
PQC is calculated as follows :
− − − − + − −
−
−
− +
+ − −
− − = + +
+
= −− − − − + − −
+ +− −− −
;
− −Concrete
Indian Journal June 2014
=− −−−
− = + −
+ The 71
= −
Where
;−− = − ; =
……………….(12) −
−
= ; =
……………….(12)
……………….(12)
− −
= + Where, = − ; =
B : +
= + Where, = − ; =
= − ; = − , L :
POINT
= − ; = − ,
OF VIEW L : B :
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − = + − × = + −
Total Effective Area :
= = where, = L : = + − = + − × = + −
= + − = + − × = + −
= = where, =
= + − == + − + × Where,
= + =−− ; = +
+
= + Where, = − ; =
= + Where, = − ; += +
= − = where,
= + Where, = − ; =
= − = where,
+
= + L: Where, = − ; =
= − −
= L− : −
= − ; = − = where, = −
== − + − = + − × = + −
= − ; = − wrt
ofInertia = revised =Axis − P & Q of NA intersecting the
= −−=−
2. Second Moment where, Centroidal 6. Co-ordinate of points
XX :
= side
footing + BC − =
& DC wrt+revised − × = Co-ordinate
Centroidal + −
= − ; = − = where, = − System:
= −
= −
= = − where,
; = = = ; = = − − = where,
where, = − +
= −
= =
− + Where,
= − ; =
= = where, = = −
(i) Co-ordinate of point P where NA is intersecting the footing
+
=
3. Second −
Moment
; = −
of Inertia wrt = where,
revised
Centroidal = − side BC = : + Where,
= − ; =
= −Axis ; : = − = where, = −
=
− −
YY = ==− where, = = =−−
where,
=== −
; == =
= = − ; = − == − −
= = − −
where, = −
= =
where,
where, = where,
− ; = =− =
= where, where, =
=
−
= − − = − −
= = =
where,
= −
= 4. =
== where,
= = =
= =the effective
of where,
where,
=
Product Moment Inertia (PMI)
of
=
==
where,
where, = == = where, =
= − of point Q where NA is intersecting the
Co-ordinate
= = Axes = : = = where, (ii) =
section
wrt revised Centroidal
where,
=
where,
=
footing side AD :
= −
== = = =
where,
=
where,
= = =
where, = = where,
= =
=
where,
=
B= :
= where, ==
= where, === −−
: to revised −
5. B Revised Eccentricities
of Load with
respect
= = where, =
: = where,
=
= Centroidal Axes = = − −
= +
= +
− =
where, + − × = −
BB: : == +
where,
=
where,
=
=
= =
Eccentricity − = + B−::
× = + −
(i) Revised where, along
= =
B: = + − = +
− × = + −
= + − +
× = + −
= + − = + − =×
B : = + Where, =+ − −; = =+ −
= − ; = +
B :
= + Where, B:
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − =
+ − × = + − +
L:== + −+ = Where, + − × = =−− ;+ − = +
= + Where, ==+
− ; = = +− × = + − +
= + Where, = − ; =
+ − L : = + − × = + −
+
L: == ++− =
Where, + −× = = − ;
= + +−=
= + Where, = − ;
L : = + + − =Where,
+ −
× = −= ; + =−
+
+
=
L : = +
Where,
= − ; =
+
+ Where, = − ; =
L: = + − = + − × = + − +
= + − = + − ×= +=− + −+ − × = + −
L : = + Where, = − ; = =
+
L :
(ii) Revised = Eccentricity + Where, along L L : = −
: ;
=
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − =
+ − × = + − +
===+− −+ = Where, + − × == − +; − = +
= +Where, =
= +− − ; = = + − × = + − +
− − =
+ Where, = − ; =
=
+ − = + − × = + −
= − +
== − −+ Where, = − ; + =
= − =−
= − =
=−
−− −− ++ −− − −
− − +
−
+ + − −−
−
+ − −
+
= −
Where =
= =
−
=
=
+ =
; = − + ∴ −+
+ − +
= − =
−
= + = +
−
= − = = −−
∴
−
−
+ +
= −
RELATIONSHIP = − BETWEEN
KNOWN −
ECCENTRICITIES AND FOOTING
x
y:
− − + −
− −+ + −
−− −
LIFTED FRACTIONS & = = −= + − − ∴
= +
+
= + − − − + + ∴ −× − ++ × + + + =
−
+ + and
+× ++
× + = …….…….…(14)
∴ ∴
+ +
and ∴ − + + − − =
−
As points and
and
lieon NA, Pressure − p is 0 −
==
−
−
and
& Now ingeneral
and
of
& form and − + −− − + −−−− + −
at these locations.
two dimensional
× × + + + = …….…….…(14) + −+ +
∴∴∴ +× + +
== −
bending −
pressure
&
equation
&
(3),
we ∴
=put
+
the +
of
=co-ordinates
+
×
− + + = −
…….…….…(14) −
Where = −
…(14)
= & = ∴ × = + × + = …….…….…(14)
Where− =
−
; −
= −
& one = by one NA &and all
other
NA points for
−
sectional
== −properties = =
= = the
of for =NA
effective
for area NA of footing and
for NA − + − −
thesame
= to zero.
= × += ×for NA − = +…….…….…(14) − − − − +− −+ −
= (i) NA NA ×− − ++
equate forFor for ∴ +
=≠ −, ≠ ,∴∴ + +
− + − −
+
Where = − ×−
−−+
+
++
=…….…….…(14)
−
− − = ;
−
=− −
Where =
; =
co-ordinate
and≠Where as , ≠ =, , substituting
all the terms in ; − =
−
+ − −
− −
≠ ,and
and
−
−
≠ , ≠ ,
eqn (3), we simplify to get,
− − + − −
− + − −
& − ∴ − + + +
− +−−−+ + −− −− ++
−
+
−
− −
+
+++
−−− − −+ −− − + − − − = − − −
& ∴ − × − + − × + = − − −
= − − − −
∴ + −
Where
+ =
−
+ − +
−
…….…….…(14)
Where
=
− =
− ;
+ = −
+ +
; =
+ −
− +
∴ ∴ + +
+
−
+
+
+=+
−
+
− −−
+=
=
=
−−− −
+
− +
− +
−=− −
− −
+−
−
− +
∴
+ +
== and
− +
+−−
+
−
+
−
−
−
=
=∴
= for NA
for
+ NA +
− ∴ + −+
+
− −
+ −
+
− −
−
∴ × + × + =−− + −−−− − +−−−−−+− − − − −
......…….……(13)
= + +
&
= = + = + +
− ∴ ∴ ×
≠≠×,, + × + = ∴ + × × − + +Where
+ × = +
=
......…….……(13) ......…….……(13)
−− −−
;
∴
× + × + =
......…….……(10)
......…….……(13)
+ × =+ = ......…….……(13)
−
−
−
+
+ ∴ ×
∴
×
forNA
+
×
+ =
− − ......…….……(13)
+ − − +
− −
=
=
= −
Where
; −= +− −
− − − + − −+ − + − − −
Where = − −− +=−− −++
−− −
− + − −=; − −− − −++
−− −−− + −
−Where =
∴∴ ++ =++ − −=− +
− − −++=−; ++ + + − −
+ + − −− ==+ − − +
− = −
Where ≠ , =
;
……(13) Where = − Where
−
−
;
− −
= ; −
− − − −
−
Wherefrom, we get,
−− −
+ −
− +
− −
+ − −−−−−−∴ +− +− − − − + − − − − + −
+
++ +
−
−
−
− − +
+
−
−+− − + − in =
−− − + + − terms are
In equation (15), see that all
−right hand side
+−
+ −+ = − +− −+ −
+ +
=
=
Where ∴ ; =
=
;
+ +
−
− ∴ + + + ∴
+ + − +
+ − −
+ − +− − − += −
=
−−− −− −+−−
x−− +y − −
&
= ......…….……(13) ∴
+ −
−
+
−
−−
− − +
=−−
+ + ∴ − + + + + −+ +
− =
− ProBlem
−
−
= −
;
=
− −× − + = …….…….…(14) L or B.
and SolutIon
+ − −∴ − + ×++ − − + −
= −
−
−−
=
+
==−
+==
∴
× ∴
+ × × −
+ + × + =
+ …….…….…(14)
+ −
= −
+ …….…….…(14)
+ ; ………………
− − ∴ × + ; ×
= − − +
−= − −
(A)Method − generating
for thewhole − for
graph all cases
− + +
+ ∴ × +
×
…….…….…(14)
+ ∴
=
− ×
…….…….…(14)
+ × = + =: −…….…….…(14)
−
− + − − − − + −
−− =++ −− −− ; −− =−− + −
+ ∴ ∴ −
= ++ = ++
−
Where
− + +
−
−−− + − −++ ++ − − −+−+
− − +
− −− −
==of x and y which
Where
+ −
Where
= + = − −− − +−
;
+ − =;
−− − =
+ − −
− are all
functions
− −
− + − − − − + − + −
= ; ;−
− Where =
…….…(14)
Where =
− −
= −;
−
=
=
Where
−
− −
−
−− + − −
in
turn are
the
fractions−
− − + − of LL or or B. B. and
are known
− + − −
+ −
−=
= + − − −+− + −
L + or B. −
and − + − +
∴∴ ∴+×× +++ ×× + ++ = − −
+
…….…….…(14) +
− −
=
− − +− −+
−
+
…….…….…(14)
− −
=
−
=
+
− − − + − −+
+ − − +
= +
−
+−
− − − −
+
−
− &− −
+ − − −
− + −
; = +− +−
= =
−=
−+
−
+ − The Indian Concrete
+ Journal +
− −
June 2014 73
− − −
++
++
= − ; = − −……………….(15)
− −
−
−
−
−
= ; = = − ……………….(15)
; =
= ; −
−
= =
……………….(15)
− −
−
−− − −
− ; − = ……………….(15) ……………….(15)
= ; = L or B. and ……………….(15)
−
POINT
−− OF
∴ VIEW
= × −−
∆n = a ∆x &x∆y &&
xprev
prev yprev
yprev
∆x & ∆y ∆n = a.
Pmax
74 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 xprev & yprev ∆n = a x∆x &∆y
yprev
prev&
∆n = a
∆n
& =y a
POINT OF VIEW
shown later in Figure 6. Following notes may be 2. As the nal equations are dimensionless (as
read in conjunction with the ow chart : discussed above), L or B of the footing are not
necessary to use in a program and hence, equa-
1. Sets of Equations used in the Flow Chart are all tions in the given Equation Sets are provided as
taken from the above discussion in the paper and independent of L or B except for calculation of the
are provided at the end of the ow chart. Different Maximum Pressure Pmax.
variable names have been used in the Equation
Sets with that of the paper for use in VB Macro. 3. For each of the Equation Sets, different function
may be created and called as necessary by passing
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 75
POINT OF VIEW
8. Abbreviations Used in Flow Chart : P = Axial Case – V : Equation Set (5) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area = v * u / 2 ; CGX = 1 - v / 3 ; CGY = 1 - u / 3
force, Mx = Moment about x-axis, My = Moment
Icgx = v * u ^ 3 / 36 ; Icgy = v ^ 3 * u / 36 ; Icgxy = Abs(v ^ 2 * u ^ 2 /
about y-axis, Eb/B = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.) 72)
along y-axis, El/L = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.) X1 = 1 - v – CGX ; Y1 = 1 – CGY ; X2 = 1 – CGX ; Y2 = 1 - u - CGY
Set Of Equations for Use in Flow Chart :: Equations given below may Equation Set (B) : Max Pressure Equation at Corner of footing :
be directly used in computer program in excel sheet (VB macro) with X3 = 1 – CGX ; Y3 = 1 - CGY
the same variable names and suitable changes of operators are required a3 = (Icgy * Y3 + Icgxy * X3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; b3 = (Icgx * X3 +
for other languages :: Icgxy * Y3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
Max Pressure Coef cient Kmax = a + ((EbByB + Feccb) * a3 + (ElByL +
Case – II : Equation Set (2) : Effective Sectional Properties Feccl) * b3)
Area = 1 - x * y / 2 ; CGX = (3 - x ^ 2 * y) / (6 - 3 * x * y) ; CGY = (3 - x * Max Pressure = Kmax * P / (B * L)
y ^ 2) / (6 - 3 * x * y)
Icgx = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x * y ^ 3) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * y) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2)) References
Icgy = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x ^ 3 * y) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * x) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2))
Icgxy = Abs((CGX - 0.5) * (CGY - 0.5) + ((x ^ 2 * y ^ 2 / 72) - (x * y / 2 * 1. “Foundation Design” by Wayne C. Teng published by Prentice Hall
(CGX - x / 3) * (CGY - y / 3)))) of India Private Limited, New Delhi-110001 Published in : 1979 pp
X1 = -CGX ; Y1 = (y - CGY) ; X2 = (x - CGX) ; Y2 = -CGY 130-133
Annexure Table 2 . calculation of pressure co-ef cients Annexure Table 4. calculation of pressure co-ef cients
CASE - III (both the short sides intersected by na) CASE - V (Long Side & Short Side Intersected) - A Triangular Part remains effective
Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions and x<1 for DC portion, y<1 in AB portion, x<y to keep the Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in DC portion, y<1 in BC portion
eccentricity in rst quadrant
x 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 0.800
x 0.000 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800
y 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
y 1.000 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
u 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.200
u 1.000 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200
v 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
v 0.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
a1 0.280 0.210 0.150 0.100 0.060 0.030 0.010 0.010
a1 0.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
c1 0.733 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967
c1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
d1 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967 0.933
d1 1.000 0.650 0.700 0.750 0.800 0.850 0.900 0.950
a2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
a2 0.500 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
c2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
c2 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667
d2 0.667 0.267 0.367 0.467 0.567 0.667 0.767 0.867 d2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
ar 0.500 0.750 0.650 0.550 0.450 0.350 0.250 0.150 ar 0.280 0.210 0.150 0.100 0.060 0.030 0.010 0.010
Fgx 0.667 0.511 0.513 0.515 0.519 0.524 0.533 0.556 Fgx 0.733 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967
Fgy 0.667 0.624 0.674 0.724 0.774 0.824 0.873 0.922 Fgy 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967 0.933
Fix 0.028 0.035 0.023 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.001 0.0003426 Fix 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fiy 0.028 0.062 0.054 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.021 0.012 Fiy 0.010 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fixy 0.014 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 Fixy 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Feccl -0.167 -0.011 -0.013 -0.015 -0.019 -0.024 -0.033 -0.056 Feccl -0.233 -0.267 -0.300 -0.333 -0.367 -0.400 -0.433 -0.467
Feccb -0.167 -0.124 -0.174 -0.224 -0.274 -0.324 -0.373 -0.422 Feccb -0.267 -0.300 -0.333 -0.367 -0.400 -0.433 -0.467 -0.433
x1 -0.667 -0.511 -0.513 -0.515 -0.519 -0.524 -0.533 -0.556 x1 -0.533 -0.467 -0.400 -0.333 -0.267 -0.200 -0.133 -0.067
y1 0.333 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.174 -0.124 -0.073 -0.022 y1 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033 0.067
x2 0.333 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 x2 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033
y2 -0.667 -0.424 -0.374 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.173 -0.122 y2 -0.467 -0.400 -0.333 -0.267 -0.200 -0.133 -0.067 -0.133
x3 0.333 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 x3 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033
y3 0.333 0.376 0.326 0.276 0.226 0.176 0.127 0.078 y3 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033 0.067
P1 -24.000 -8.685 -10.138 -12.165 -15.185 -20.139 -29.638 -54.154 P1 -53.571 -81.633 -133.333 -240 -500 -1333.333 -6000 -12000
Q1 0.000 -9.912 -13.032 -17.884 -26.016 -41.143 -73.846 -160.000 Q1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R1 6.000 2.663 3.941 6.013 9.634 16.659 32.557 77.231 R1 16.071 26.531 46.667 90.000 200.000 566.667 2700 5700
P2 0.000 7.267 8.252 9.535 11.267 13.695 17.164 20.923 P2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Q2 -24.000 -11.327 -15.204 -21.461 -32.520 -54.857 -110.769 -320.000 Q2 -61.224 -95.238 -160.000 -300.000 -666.667 -2000 -12000 -6000
R2 6.000 2.662 4.084 6.486 10.927 20.294 44.782 140.615 R2 19.898 33.333 60.000 120.000 283.333 900 5700 2700
el/L 0.250 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.037 0.047 0.066 0.10714 el/L 0.300 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 0.475
eb/B 0.250 0.249 0.282 0.316 0.349 0.382 0.414 0.44643 eb/B 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 0.475 0.450
Kmax 6.000 2.840 3.307 3.956 4.918 6.486 9.474 17.143 Kmax 10.714 14.286 20.000 30.000 50.000 100.000 300 300
Max pressure p = Kmax * P/BL Max Pressure p = Kmax * P/BL