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Project Management
Env 465
CHAPTER ONE

An Overview of Project Management.

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What is a Project?
• Project Defined
–A complex, nonroutine, one-time effort limited by time,
budget, resources, and performance specifications
designed to meet customer needs.
• Major Characteristics of a Project
–Has an established objective.
–Has a defined life span with a beginning and an end.
–Requires across-the-organizational participation.
–Involves doing something never been done before.
–Has specific time, cost, and performance
requirements.

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Program versus Project

• Program Defined
–A series of coordinated, related, multiple
projects that continue over an extended
time and are intended to achieve a goal.
–A higher level group of projects targeted
at a common goal.
–Examples:
• Project: completion of a required course
in project management.
• Program: completion of all courses required
for a business major.

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Comparison of Routine Work with Projects
Routine, Repetitive Work
Taking class notes
Daily entering sales receipts into
the accounting ledger
Responding to a supply-chain
request
Practicing scales on the piano
Routine manufacture of an Apple
iPod
Attaching tags on a manufactured
product
Project Life Cycle
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Projects
Writing a term paper
Setting up a sales kiosk for a
professional accounting meeting
Developing a supply-chain
information system
Writing a new piano piece
Designing an iPod that is
approximately 2 X 4 inches,
interfaces with PC, and
stores 10,000 songs
Wire-tag projects for GE and
Wal-Mart
TABLE 1.1
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FIGURE 1.1
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The Challenge of Project Management

• The Project Manager
–Manages temporary, non-repetitive activities and
frequently acts independently of the formal
organization.
• Marshals resources for the project.
• Is linked directly to the customer interface.
• Provides direction, coordination, and integration
to the project team.
• Is responsible for performance and success of the project.
–Must induce the right people at the right time to
address the right issues and make the right decisions.

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Current Drivers of Project Management

• Factors leading to the increased use
of project management:
–Compression of the product life cycle
–Knowledge explosion
–Triple bottom line (planet, people, profit)
–Corporate downsizing
–Increased customer focus
–Small projects represent big problems

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Project Governance:
An Integrative Approach

• Integration (or centralization) of project

management provides senior management with:
–An overview of all project management activities
–A big picture of how organizational resources are used
–A risk assessment of their portfolio of projects
–A rough metric of the firm’s improvement in managing
projects relative to others in the industry
–Linkages of senior management with actual project
execution management

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Integrated Management of Projects

FIGURE 1.2

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Alignment of Projects with

Organizational Strategy
• Problems resulting from the uncoordinated
project management systems include:
–Projects that do not support the organization’s overall
strategic plan and goals.
–Independent managerial decisions that create internal
imbalances, conflicts and confusion resulting in
dissatisfied customers.
–Failure to prioritize projects results in the waste of
resources on non-value-added activities/projects.

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Major Functions of Portfolio Management:

The “Science” and “Art” of Project Management

• Oversee project selection.

• Monitor aggregate resource levels and skills.
• Encourage use of best practices.
• Balance projects in the portfolio in order to represent a
risk level appropriate to the organization.
• Improve communication among all stakeholders.
• Create a total organization perspective that goes beyond
silo thinking.
• Improve overall management of projects over time.

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The Technical
and Sociocultural
Dimensions
of the Project
Management
Process

FIGURE 1.3

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT 
MANAGEMENT
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Objectives

▶Green Projects Versus Environmental projects

▶Environmental-Based Project Versus Business
Operations
▶Definition of Environmental Project Management
▶Examples of Environmental in Egypt

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Green Projects Versus Environmental

projects

▶To distinguish between a ‘green’ project, e.g.,

managing a road construction project in such a
manner that the wetlands are least disturbed, and
an environmental-based project,
▶it is essential, first and foremost, to define what is
meant by environmental-based project.

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Green Projects Versus Environmental

projects
▶ An environmental-based project has some key characteristics
which distinguishes it from other projects.
▶ The most obvious characteristic is that environmental-based
project has to :
▶ achieve a specific environmental objective, e.g. “to cut
greenhouse gas emission or reduce industrial waste by 20%
by the year 2020.
▶ ” Such an undertaking has some key characteristics which
signal that it is a project and not a routine activity that is
part of the organization’s normal business.
▶ As the environmental-based project becomes embedded in the
management structure of the organization, it will become a
routine operation and part of day-to-day environmental
management activity.

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Environmental-Based Project Versus Business

Operations
• Projects and operations complement one another so that an
organization can continually achieve their goals and objectives
(see Table 1.1).
• Operational tasks sustain the business and frequently
generate income while projects have a specific objective and
may only have costs.
• An outcome or result of a project can become a part of
operations upon completion.
– Operations includes tasks that are repeatable, cyclical, and
ongoing, while projects have a defined start and end date,
temporary, and provide a unique product, result or service.

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Environmental-Based Project Versus

p
Business Operations

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Environmental-Based Project Versus Business

Operations
p

▶ In the environmental industry, with informal processes and

controls, and where staff work on business, project and
operational tasks concurrently, intermixing business, project
and operational tasks can easily occur.
▶ The business cycle is a preproject stage during which
business opportunities are explored.
▶ The environmental project cycle covers the project execution
through different environmental project management phases,
while the operation cycle covers the use of the project results
and represents the benefit stage.
▶ The difference between an environmental project cycle and
operation cycle, and the effects of an environmental-based
project and its output on usual business operations as an
ongoing needs of the environment for sustainability is illustrated
in Fig. 2.2.

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Examples of Environmental in Egypt

1. Project objective: A safe health and electronic waste

management programme in order to reduce emissions
of harmful solid organic pollutants.
2. increase the locally-manufactured component in the
micro-photovoltaic cell units and deploy their use on
rooftops of private and public facilities to generate
electricity
3. greenhouse gas emissions in order to fulfil Egypt's
obligations towards the Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC).

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Definition of Environmental Project Management

• Environmental project management (EnvPM) is a relatively
new term that can have different interpretations.
• Most people, when asked, would probably say it means just
what it says—managing the environment as a project.
The fine details of how this is done are of little interest to
them.
• However, to the people working in the field, the term may
cover the principles, knowledge areas, the processes, the
detailed tools and techniques used to manage specific
element of the environment, such as water, air, land and the
living organisms.
• Or they may associate the term with the environmental
management systems and processes that are used to
guide potential impact of project activities on the
environment.

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Definition of Environmental Project

Management

▶Environmental project management, is a concept

that uses project management principles, methods
and processes, to manage and improve an
element of the ecosystem, e.g., water, air, plants,
land or living organisms, in order to achieve a
sustainable outcome.

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Definition of Environmental Project

Management

▶ The concept can be illustrated as follows:

▶ EnvPM = Environment + Project + Management
▶ EnvPM = Ecosystem—the biological and physical elements of our life
▶ (e.g., water, air, plants, land, and living organisms)
+ a temporary and unique endeavor undertaken to create a sustainable
change
+ organizing, coordinating, and controlling an element of the ecosystem.

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Definition of Environmental Project Management

▶The following definitions of project, project

management, and environmental management are
useful in developing an environmental project
management frame-work:

A project is “a unique endeavor to produce a set of

deliverables, in which human, material and financial
resources are organized in a novel way, to undertake a
unique scope of work, of given specification, within
clearly specified time, cost and quality constraints”

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Definition of Environmental Project

Management
▶ A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique
product, service, or result.
▶ The temporary nature of projects indicates that a project has a definite
beginning and end.
▶ The end is reached when the project’s objectives have been
achieved or when the project is terminated because its
objectives will not or cannot be met, or when the need for the
project no longer exists.
▶ A project may also be terminated if the client (customer, sponsor,
or champion) wishes to terminate the project.
▶ Temporary does not necessarily mean the duration of the project
is short. It refers to the project’s engagement and its longevity.
Temporary does not typically apply to the product, service, or
result created by the project; most projects are undertaken to
create a lasting outcome.
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Project
• Project can create:
• A product that can be either a component of another item,
an enhancement of an item, or an end item in itself;
• A service or a capability to perform a service (e.g., a
business function that supports production or distribution);
• An improvement in the existing product or service lines
(e.g., A Six Sigma project undertaken to reduce defects); or
• A result, such as an outcome or document (e.g., a
research project that develops knowledge that can be used
to determine whether a trend exists or a new process will
benefit society).

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Definition of Environmental Project

Management
g

▶Project management is the

“art and science of planning,
organizing, integrating,
directing, and controlling all
committed resources
throughout the life of a project
to achieve the predetermined
objectives of scope, quality,
time, cost, and customer
satisfaction” .
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Definition of Environmental Project

Management
▶ Environmental management
is the “process of allocating
natural and artificial resources
so as to make optimum use of
the environment in satisfying
basic human needs at the
minimum, and more if
possible, on a sustainable
basis”

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THANK YOU

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